Experiment No-5: Pumps Are The Fluid Moving Machineries Which Increase The Mechanical Energy of

Experiment No-5
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CHARACTERISTICS

1. Aim
Study and analysis of centrifugal pump characteristics.
2. Objectives
1. To study the operating characteristics of a centrifugal pump.
3. Theory
Pumps are the fluid moving machineries which increase the mechanical energy of
the fluid to be displaced. The energy increase may be used to increase the velocity, the
pressure or the elevation of the fluids. A large number of pumps, differing widely in
principle and mechanical construction, have been developed to meet wide variety of
operating condition. For selection of pumps for a specific application requires the
knowledge of operating condition of the system and applicability of different available
pumps.
The mechanical energy of the liquid is increased by centrifugal action. Centrifugal pumps
are classified as single suction and double suction pumps depending upon the suction
from either one side or from both sides respectively.
In a single suction centrifugal pump the liquid enters through a suction connecting
concentric with the axis of a high speed rotary element called the impeller, which
carries radial vanes integrally cast in it. Liquid flows outward in the space between
the vanes and leaves the impeller at a considerably greater velocity with respect to
the ground than at the entrance to the impeller. In a properly functioning pump the
space between the vanes is completely filled with liquid flowing without
cavitations. The liquid leaving the outer periphery of the impeller is collected in a
spiral casing called the volute and leaves the pump through a tangential discharge
connection. In the volute, the velocity head of the liquid from the impeller is
converted into pressure head. The power is supplied to the fluid by the impeller
and is transmitted to the impeller by the torque of the drive shaft, which usually is
driven by a DC motor at different variable speed. A centrifugal pump converts the
input power to kinetic energy in the liquid by accelerating the liquid by a revolving
device - an impeller. The most common type is the volute pump. Fluid enters the
pump through the eye of the impeller which rotates at high speed. The fluid is
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accelerated radially outward from the pump chasing. A vacuum is created at the
impellers eye that continuously draws more fluid into the pump. .
Pressure and Head
If the discharge of a centrifugal pump is pointed straight up into the air the fluid
will pumped to a certain height -or head - called the shut off head. This maximum
head is mainly determined by the outside diameter of the pump's impeller and the
speed of the rotating shaft. The head will change as the capacity of the pump is
altered.
The kinetic energy of a liquid coming out of an impeller is obstructed by creating

a resistance in the flow. The first resistance is created by the pump casing which
catches the liquid and slows it down. When the liquid slows down the kinetic
energy is converted to pressure energy.
● It is the resistance to the pump's flow that is read on a pressure gauge

attached to the discharge line
A pump does not create pressure, it only creates flow. Pressure is a measurement
of the resistance to flow.
Different Types of Pump Head
← Total Static Head -Total head when the pump is not running.
←
← Total Dynamic Head (Total System Head) - Total head when the pump is
running.
← Static Suction Head - Head on the suction side, with pump off, if the head
is higher than the pump impeller
←
← Static Suction Lift - Head on the suction side, with pump off, if the head is
lower than the pump impeller
← Static Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of pump with the pump off
←
← Dynamic Suction Head/Lift - Head on suction side of pump with pump on
2
← Dynamic Discharge Head - Head on discharge side of pump with pump on
The head is measured in either feet or meters and can be converted to common
units in pressure as psi or bar.
● It is important to understand that the pump will pump all fluids to the same
height if the shaft is turning at the same rpm.
The only difference between the fluids is the amount of power it takes to get the
shaft to the proper rpm. The higher the specific gravity of the fluid the more
power is required.
● Centrifugal Pumps are "constant head machines" Note that the latter is not a
constant pressure machine, since pressure is a function of head and density. The
head is constant, even if the density (and therefore pressure) changes.
Head described in simple terms :
● A pump's vertical discharge "pressure-head" is the vertical lift in height -

usually measured in feet or m of water - at which a pump can no longer exert
enough pressure to move water. At this point, the pump may be said to have
reached its "shutoff" head pressure. In the flow curve chart for a pump the
"shut-off head" is the point on the graph where the flow rate is zero .
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4
Diagram of Centrifugal Pump
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6
Experimental Procedure:
Steps:
1. Take the initial reading of manometer no 7 (suction pressure) and

manometer no 8 (delivery pressure) before starting the centrifugal pump.
2. Before starting the centrifugal pump make sure that the gate valve no 3
should be fully opened and the gate valve no 2 should be fully closed.
3. Start the centrifugal pump and fixed the pump at certain rpm with the
help of variac.
4. At this rpm the suction pressure difference and delivery pressure is noted
down and at the same time quantity of water collected for certain height
of water level for a specific time is noted down by closing the valve no 1
, thus output power is calculated.
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5. At the same time note the time taken by the energy meter to revolve a
certain number of revolution, thus input power is calculated.
6. Take at least six readings by closing the valve no 3 to a certain position

in each reading and repeat the steps no 4 and 5.
RPM of the Pump=
Sl. Height of Volume Reading on Reading on Pressure Power Efficiency

Water flow rate Suction delivery Head Consumed
Filled (cm) (cm³/s) Manometer Manometer ( cm of Hg) (W)
( cm of Hg) ( cm of Hg)
Output Power = 9810 HQ
Q= Volume collected (m³)

Time (sec)
Total head (H) = Suction head (cm) + Delivery head (cm) + h (1.5) x (density of
mercury)
Input Power = 36000 (W)

T (sec)
T= time in second to rotate 9 revolution of energy meter

Energy meter= (900 rev = 1 kWh)
Efficiency (η) = Output Power

Input power
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Plot the graphs between :
1. Pressure Head developed versus quantity pumped by the pump.
2. Power consumed versus quantity pumped by the pump.
3. Quantity of water versus efficiency delivered by the pump.

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Experiment No-5

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP CHARACTERISTICS

Pressure and Head

The kinetic energy of a liquid coming out of an impeller is obstructed by creating

● It is the resistance to the pump's flow that is read on a pressure gauge

Different Types of Pump Head

head is constant, even if the density (and therefore pressure) changes.

Head described in simple terms :

● A pump's vertical discharge "pressure-head" is the vertical lift in height -

1. Take the initial reading of manometer no 7 (suction pressure) and

6. Take at least six readings by closing the valve no 3 to a certain position

RPM of the Pump=

Sl. Height of Volume Reading on Reading on Pressure Power Efficiency

Output Power = 9810 HQ

Q= Volume collected (m³)

Input Power = 36000 (W)

T= time in second to rotate 9 revolution of energy meter

Efficiency (η) = Output Power

1. Pressure Head developed versus quantity pumped by the pump.

2. Power consumed versus quantity pumped by the pump.

3. Quantity of water versus efficiency delivered by the pump.

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