A. Title: Paper Chromatography B. Date: 28 C. Purpose: Determine RF On Markers Using Opaque Paper and Mineral

A.
Title : Paper chromatography

B. Date : 28th April 2020
C. Purpose : determine Rf on markers using opaque paper and mineral
water solvents
D. Basic Theory
Chromatography is a mixture separation technique based on the
principle of adsorption or partitioning. All types of chromatography
involve the interaction of solutes with the solvent as the mobile phase and
the adsorbent as the stationary phase, so as to achieve a dynamic
equilibrium, symbolized by K (distribution coefficient or partition
coefficient). The mobile phase can be either gas or liquid, while the
stationary phase can be liquid or solid (McNair & Miller, 2009).
Chromatography is a method of analyzing mixtures or solutions of
chemical compounds by choosing absorption of absorbent substances, the
liquid is allowed to flow through the column of absorbent substances, such
as chalk, alumina and the like so that the constituents are separated
according to molecular weight, at first the fractions were characterized by
their colors . Chromatography is the process of passing a sample through a
column, differences in the ability of adsorption of substances that very
similarly affect the resolution of solutes and produce what is called a
chromatogram (Khopkar, 2008).
Chromatography can be classified can be classified based on the
phases involved, among others:
a. Gas-liquid chromatography, if the mobile phase is a gas and the
stationary phase is a liquid superimposed on an inert supporting
solidKromatografi gas-padat, bila fase geraknya berupa gas dan
fase diamnya berupa padatan yang dapat menyerap/mengadsorpsi.
b. Liquid-liquid chromatography, when the mobile and stationary
phases are liquid, where the stationary phase is superimposed on
the surface of an inert solid support.
c. Liquid-solid chromatography, if the mobile phase is gaseous while
the stationary phase is an amorphous solid that can absorb.
d. Paper chromatography is the simplest, cheapest and easiest
chromatography that is widely used for qualitative analysis.
The paper chromatography technique was introduced by Consden,
Gordon and Martin (1994), which uses filter paper as a support for the
stationary phase. Paper is pure cellulose that has an affinity for water or
other polar solvents. If water is adsorbed on paper, it will form a thin layer
that can be considered analogous to the column. Paper sheets act as a
buffer and water acts as a stationary phase that is absorbed between the
pore structure of the paper. The mobile phase liquid, which is usually a
mixture of organic solvents and water, will flow carrying sample stains
that are deposited on paper at different speeds. Separation occurs based on
the partition of each component between the stationary phase and the
mobile phase. Paper chromatography is used for both qualitative and
quantitative analysis. The compounds that are separated are mostly very
polar, for example amino acids, sugars, and natural pigments (Yazid,
2005).
The principle of paper chromatography is adsorption and polarity,
where adsorption is based on the length of the components in the mixture
adsorbed on the surface of the stationary phase. and polarity of
components influences because components will dissolve and be carried
by solvents if they have the same polarity and speed of migration in the
stationary phase and the mobile phase (Yazid, 2005). The analyte that will
be separated is bottled on paper then hung on a glass vessel containing
solvent (eluent) until the paper is submerged 0.5 cm from the bottom. The
solvent (eluent) will rise along the paper with a capillary effect and carry
the analyte components so that it reaches the upper limit of the paper. This
method is included in the Ascending method (Sianita, 2019). There are
three development methods in paper chromatography, namely:
1. Ascending Method
The paper is hung so that the bottom of the paper is immersed in a
solvent located at the bottom of the vessel. Stains must be made not to
dip them because they can dissolve in solvents. The solvent rises
through the paper fibers by capillary forces moving the components at
different distances.
2. Descending Method
The paper is hung in a vessel with the end where the flow begins to
move dipped in a glass trough containing the solvent. The solvent
moves down carrying the component through the capillary force and
the gravitational force.
3. Horizontal (Radial) method
This method is very different than before. Usually the paper is
formed in a round whose center is given the axis of the thread or roll of
paper. The stain is placed at the center of the paper and then the
solvent rises through the axis so that it soaks the paper to then expand
in a circle carrying the separated components.
When the surface of the solvent has expanded or moved to a certain
extent, the paper is removed from the steel and the boundary of the solvent
paper is marked and then dried. If the compound to be separated in color
will appear like separate spots. But if the component of the substance is
colorless (generally organic compounds) then it can be detected by
physical or chemical means.The stains formed can be measured and the
retardation factor (Rf) calculated. The Rf formula is as follows:
the distance traveled by the component
Rf =
the distance traveled by the eluent
Each component has a specific Rf value, which is then compared to
the standard Rf compound. Two different components can have the same
Rf price in certain solvents. To separate components that have the same Rf
value, two-dimensional chromatography can be carried out, namely by
drying paper that has stains and then dipping it in another solvent at the
position of paper 90˚ from its original position (Sianita, 2019).
References
Sianita, Maria Monica. 2019. Buku Ajar Mahasiswa “Kromatografi”. Surabaya
McNair, H.M. & M. Miller. 2009. Basic Gas Chromatograhy (2nd ed). United
States of America: A John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Khopkar, SM. 2008. Konsep Dasar Kimia Analitik. Jakarta: UI-Press.
Yazid, Estien. 2005. Kimia Fisik untuk Paramedis. Yogyakarta: ANDI.

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A. Title: Paper Chromatography B. Date: 28 C. Purpose: Determine RF On Markers Using Opaque Paper and Mineral

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Title : Paper chromatography

Sianita, Maria Monica. 2019. Buku Ajar Mahasiswa “Kromatografi”. Surabaya

States of America: A John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Khopkar, SM. 2008. Konsep Dasar Kimia Analitik. Jakarta: UI-Press.

Yazid, Estien. 2005. Kimia Fisik untuk Paramedis. Yogyakarta: ANDI.

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