The cell theory  

 All living organisms are composed of cells. They

may be unicellular or multicellular Endomembrane System
 The cell is the basic unit of life  A series of membranes throughout the
 Cells arise from pre-existing cells (they are not cytoplasm
derived from spontaneous generation)  Divides cell into compartments where different
  cellular functions occur
The modern version of the cell theory includes the ideas  
that: (NEGLECV)
 Energy flow occurs within cells 1. Nucleus and Nuclear membrane
 Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
cell to cell 3. Golgi Apparatus
 All cells have the same basic chemical 4. Lysosomes
composition 5. Endosomes
  6. Cell Membrane
Virus: nonliving organism but has DNA 7. Vesicles
Inference: based on experience  
  CELL PARTS
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes  
1. Nucleus, Nucleolus, and Nuclear membrane
Primitive Evolved    
Nucleus      Aka "brain of the cell"
Not distinct DNA Distinct  Appearance:
o Round
False nucleus True nucleus
o Usually at the center of the cell
Circular linear
Ex. Bacteria,  Function:
cyanobacteria o It tells the cell what to do and how to
do the function
scattered CHROMATIN BODIES nucleus o Carries the genetic material
0.1-0.5 Mm SIZE   NUCLEAR MEMBRANE:
(micrometer) o Surrounds the nucleus
Peptidoglycan CELL WALL cellulose o With multiple pores (function: passage
of macromolecules, water, ions and ATP)
- MITOCHONDRIA +
 
70s RIBOSOMES 80s 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
- GOLGI APPARATUS +  
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
- ENDOPLASMIC + a. Function:
RETICULUM i. Membranes that create a network of
  channels throughout the cytoplasm
- LYSOSOME + ii. Synthesis of proteins to be secreted,
sent to lysosomes or plasma
Asexual SEXUAL sexual
membrane
REPRODUCTION
b. Appearance
+ FLAGELLA, PILI & - i. Rough
FIMBRIAE Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Inside WHERE DOES Inside  Appearance:
cytoplasm TRANSCRIPTION nucleus o relatively few ribosomes attached
OCCUR  Functions
  o Synthesis of membrane lipids

1
 o Calcium storage  Appearance
o Detoxification of foreign substances o Membrane bound vesicles floating the
  cytoplasm
Cisternae: collective name for the folds in the cell (?) o Formed via a complex family of
  processes collectively known as endocytosis
 3 primary mechanism:
o Receptor mediated endocytosis
(LIGANDS)
i. Most common
ii. Active protein will be engulfed
by this
iii. Bristle like structure
iv. Macromolecules
v. Produce vesicles that has
  bristles (sea urchin-like)
3. Golgi Apparatus o Pinocytosis
a. Appearance i. Engulfs: Ions, water, smaller
i. Flattened stacks of molecules
interconnected membranes o Phagocytosis
b. Functions
i. Bigger particles
i. Packaging and distribution of
ii. Energy
materials to difference parts of the
 
cell
transport
ii. Synthesis of cell wall
Endocytosis
components
 Loob tas magfflip para lumabas yung product
 
 
Polymers- sisirain yung dna (representative protein)
Exocytosis
Mahahati yung dna, magiging mRNA
 Release
Tas lalabas sa nucleus
 
Maghahanap ng ribosome sa rough ER
Then didiretso sa smooth ER (synthesis of lipids and
calcium storage)
vesicle
 

 
6. Lysosomes
a. Appearance
i. Membrane bound vesicles
containing digestive enzymes (break
down macromolecules)
b. Function:
i. Destroy cells or foreign matter
that the cell has engulfed by
  phagocytosis
4 & 5. Endosome, Vesicles and Endocytosis  
2
 
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
 Organelles present in all types of eukaryotic
 
cells
 Contain oxidative metabolism enzymes for
transferring the energy within macromolecules
to ATP
 Found in all types of eukaryotic cells
 Inner, outer and intermembrane
 Matrix of chromosome (conversion of glucose
to ATP)
 Has ribosomes
o (Also, chlorophyll has ribosomes)
 Needs oxygen
 
 
Membrane -Bound Non-Membrane -Bound
Organelles Organelles
Nucleus Ribosomes
Smooth ER Centrioles
Rough ER Cytoskeleton
Golgi Pili
Vacuoles Flagella
  Mitochondria Fimbriae
Adenosine Triphosphate
 The major energy currency of the cell that Chloroplast  
provides the energy for most of the energy- Lysosomes  
consuming activities of the cell Peroxisomes  
 Mechanism: when the third phosphate group of
 
ATP is removed by hydrolysis, a substantial
Endosymbiosis
amount of free energy is released
 Proposal that eukaryotic organelles evolved
 
through a symbiotic relationship
Chloroplasts
 One cell engulfed a second cell and a symbiotic
 Organelles present in cells of plants and some
relationship developed
other eukaryotes
 Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to
 Contain chlorophyll from photosynthesis
have evolved this way
 Surrounded by 2 membranes
 
 Thylakoids (thylakoid disk) are membranous
Evidences that states mito and chloro are bacteria
sacs within the inner membrane
 Both contains own dna
 Grana (Granum) are stack of thylakoids
 Own membrane
 
3
  Mito- same size sa bacteria • The machinery of the cell is compartmentalized into
 Mito- purple bacteria organelles. The compartmentalization of the cell into
 Photosynthetic-bacteria- chloroplast membrane-bound organelles:
  • allows conflicting functions (i.e., synthesis vs.
7. Cell membrane breakdown) and several cellular activities to
 Appearance: semi-permeable membrane occur simultaneously without interference from
 Location: encloses the cell (wall around the cell) each other
 Composition: phospholipids and proteins
• separates the DNA material of the nucleus,
 Lipid bilayer (Fluid Mosaic Model)
mitochondria, and chloroplast
 Boundary that separates the living cell from its
non-living surroundings • increases the surface area-volume ratio of the
 Phospholipid bilayer cell
 Amphipathic: having both  
o Hydrophilic heads  
o Hydrophobic tails
o 8nm thick
 

Plant Animal
Have plastids (e.g. Do not have plastids
chloroplast)
Have a cell wall (made of Do not have cell wall
cellulose)
 
Non-Membrane Bound Structures Have a large, central Have a small, temporary
Ribosomes vacuole vacuoles (if any)
 The site of protein synthesis in the cell May have plasmodesmata Do not have
 Composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins plasmodesmata
 Location: found floating in the cytoplasm and Do not have centrioles Have paired centrioles
attached to internal membranes within centrosome
 
Cytoskeleton Do not have cholesterol in Have cholesterol in the
 Network of proteins fibers found in all cell membrane cell membrane
eukaryotic cells Store excess glucose as Store excess glucose as
 Supports the shape of the cell starch glycogen
 Keeps organelles in fixed locations
Generally have a fixed, Generally have an
 Helps move materials within the cell
regular shape amorphous shape
 Cytoskeleton fibers include:
o Actin filaments
 Responsible for cellular
contractions, crawling, "pinching"
o Microtubules
 Provide organization to the cell
and move materials within the cell
o Intermediate filaments
 Provide structural stability
 
Generalization: Eukaryotic Cell