MODULE III: - 70S ribosomes

- Eg. bacteria,
ANIMAL CELL
cyanobacteria(BGA),
mycoplasmas
● Eukaryotic
The Cell Theory - >10-100 um
- All organisms are composed of cells - with nucleus
- Cell is the smallest functional unit of life - with membrane bound
- Cells arise from pre-existing cells organelles
- The characteristics of an organism - DNA packed in chromosomes
depend on each individual cells - unicellular/multicellular
- Continuity of characteristics is - divides by mitosis & meiosis
maintained through the genetic - w/ cytoskeleton
material - capable of endocytosis &
- Energy flow occurs within cells exocytosis
- 80S ribosomes
- Eg. plants, animals, fungi, algae,
Prokaryote protozoans

- “false” nucleus
- naked DNA PARTS OF THE CELL
- no organelles
● Plasma Membrane
- also called cell / cytoplasmic
Eukaryote membrane
- fluid (as described by the Fluid
- “true” nucleus Mosaic Model)
- membrane-bound nucleus - regulate the transport of
- membrane-bound organelles molecules in & out of the cell
- site of enzyme specific activity
● Cell Coat
Comparison between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic - for tissue organization
Cells - for cell adhesion & cell to cell
recognition
● Prokaryotic
● Cytoplasm
- ave 1-2 um in dia.
- thick fluid
- no nucleus
- 80% water—containing amino
- Without membrane bound
acids, lipids, carbohydrates,
organelles
ions, and enzymes
- circular, naked DNA (nucleoid)
- site of many chemical reactions
- unicellular
- suspends organelles & other
- divides by fission
substances
- cytoskeletons absent
● Nucleus
- not capable of endocytosis and
- “control center” bec. it
exocytosis
coordinates all the cell's
 activities, which include growth, ● Mitochondria
intermediary metabolism, - double-membraned
protein synthesis, and - site of ATP synthesis via Cellular
reproduction (cell division). Respiration
- stores the cell's hereditary - power generator of the cell,
material, or DNA converting oxygen and nutrients
● Nucleolus - where into adenosine triphosphate
ribosomes are (ATP)
produced ● Cytoskeleton
● Chromosomes - ○ Microtubules
threadlike structures - gives shape to the cell;
inside the nucleus that protoplasmic streaming
carries the genetic & bldg blocks of cilia,
material (where DNA is centriole (direct the cell
packed) during cell division),
● Endoplasmic Reticulum basal bodies & flagella
- processes, and transports a (locomotorystructure)
wide variety of biochemical ○ Microfilaments
compounds for use inside and - for strength when
outside of the cell exposed to mechanical
● Rough ER - contains stress; muscle
ribosomes; site of contraction
protein synthesis ○ Intermediate Filaments
● Smooth ER - w/o - maintain cell shape;
ribosomes; for suspend & organize
production of lipids & organelles; interconnect
hormones cytoskeletal elements &
● Ribosomes organize enzymes
- on the cytoplasm as free attached to them
ribosomes and in rough ER ● Lysosomes
- synthesize proteins - -“garbage system”of the cell
- produced in the nucleolus - contain hydrolytic enzymes for
● Golgi Apparatus digestion of biomolecules;
- also called Golgi body or Golgi protect cell from foreign
complex materials; digest subcellular
- found in both plant and animal parts as immediate fuel during
cells cell starvation (“suicidal bag”)
- composed of ● Microbodies
membrane-covered sacs called ○ Peroxisomes
cisternae - contain enzymes for
- the packaging and oxidation of substances
shipping/distribution
department for the cell's
chemical products
 ○ Glyoxisomes - Because membranes allow some
- contain enzymes for substances to cross or be
conversion of fats to - transported more easily than others,
carbohydrates they exhibit selective
● Vaults - permeability
- a newly discovered organelle ● Nonpolar molecules (carbon
(1990’s) dioxide and oxygen) cross easily
- Cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein ● Polar molecules (glucose and
shaped like octagonal barrels other sugars) do not cross easily
(as the shape of nuclear pore)
- thousands in a cell
- cellular “trucks” – dock at Transport Systems
nuclear pores, pick up
molecules synthesized in the ● Passive Transport
nucleus & deliver to various - movement of substances across
places in the cell (eg. mRNA to the membrane
ribosomesfor protein synthesis) - from higher to lower
concentration without the
_______________________________________ - expenditure of energy
- random movement of
molecules
MODULE III: - driven by the Law of Entropy
(tendency to move
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS ACROSS THE PLASMA
- from orderliness to a less
MEMBRANE
ordered state)

Types of Passive Transport

Membranes are a Fluid Mosaic of Phospholipids
1. Simple Diffusion
and Proteins
- movement of substances from
- Membranes are composed of higher to lower concentration
phospholipids and proteins without the expenditure of
- Membranes are commonly described as energy
a fluid mosaic - Example: diffusion of gases in &
- This means that the surface appears out of a) blood cell b) plant cell
mosaic because of the proteins 2. Facilitated Diffusion
embedded in the phospholipids and - movement of substances from
fluid because the proteins can drift higher to lower concentration
about in the phospholipids without the expenditure of
- Many membrane proteins function as energy & with the aid of
either of the following: transport proteins (TP)
● Enzymes 3. Osmosis
● signal transduction - movement of water molecules
● Transport from higher to lower
concentration without the
expenditure of energy
 - Tonicity is a term that describes ● Na+, H+ = enters the cell by
the ability of a solution to cause diffusion but pumped out from
a cell to gain or lose water the cell by active transport
- Tonicity is dependent on the
concentration of a
nonpenetrating solute on both Bulk Transport
sides of the membrane
● hypertonic - high solute - Movement of large substances across
concentration, low the membrane by forming vesiclesthat
water concentration fuse with the membrane
● hypotonic - low solute - Endocytosis–is used to import
concentration, high substances useful to the livelihood of
water concentration the cell
● isotonic - solute ● Phagocytosis –“cell-eating”
concentration= water (engulfment) eg. WBC’s engulf
concentration bacteria, amoebas engulf
microorganisms
● Pinocytosis–“cell-drinking” eg.
Kidney cells take up water to
Passive Transport is Diffusion across a
maintain fluid balance
Membrane with No Energy Investment
● Receptor-mediated endocytosis
- Diffusion is a process in which particles –requires the aid of a receptor
spread out evenly in an available space protein to take up substances
- Particles move from an area of more eg. intestinal cells take up large
concentrated particles to an area where molecules from the inside of
they are less concentrated gut
- This means that particles diffuse down - Exocytosis-is used to export bulky
their concentration gradient molecules, such as proteins or
- Eventually, the particles reach polysaccharides
equilibrium where the concentration of ● eg. Sciatic nerve releases
particles is the same throughout acetylcholine (a
neurotransmitter) to initiate
muscle contraction
Active Transport
_______________________________________
- movement of substances across the
membrane against a concentration
gradient (from lower to higher
concentration) using energy and with
the aid of transport proteins
- Example:
● Ca+ –pumped by active
transporter across muscle cell
membrane
MODULE III: Stages in Cell Division

CELL REPRODUCTION I. Nuclear Division (Karyokinesis) = Mitosis

- follows the interphase (G1,
S-phase, G2)
The Cell Cycle II. Cytoplasmic Division (Cytokinesis)
- immediately follows nuclear
- the sequence of events in a eukaryotic division
cell between one cell division & the - it is followed by cell growth
next.
I. Interphase - “Rest Stage”
● Gap 1 (G1) phase -
Interphase
growth phase 1
● Synthesis (S) phase - - Nuclear membrane intact
most critical stage - DNA synthesis ( chromosomes are
● Gap (G2) phase - duplicating)
growth phase 2 - Growth (Gap) phase
II. Mitosis - M-phase / Nuclear - Chromatin –highly
Division - dispersed state of DNA
- immediately followed
by cytoplasmic division
Stages in Mitosis

● Prophase
Cell Division in Eukaryotic Cells
- Nuclear membrane
1. Mitosis disintegrating
- production of a cell into 2 cells - Thickening, coiling, and
of equal amount of DNA as the condensation of duplicated
parent cell chromosomes
- involves mostly somatic cells - Formation of centriole(in
(body cells) animals) & spindle fibers (plants
- produces 2 identical diploid (2n) & animals)
cells ● Centriole - produces
2. Meiosis spindle fibers forming
- reductional cell division astral rays
- involves gametes or sex cells in ● Spindle fibers - direct
animals (gameticmeiosis) or the chromosomes
spores in plants & fungi during cell division
(sporicmeiosis) ● Metaphase
- produces 4 unidentical haploid - Nuclear membrane disintegrate
(n) cells - Chromosomes align at the
center of the cell
- Spindle poles at opposite ends
- Stages in Mitosis
 ● Anaphase
- Nuclear membrane still
disintegrated
- Sister chromatids separate &
move at opposite poles
- Cytoplasmic Division is
underway
- Formation of cleavage furrow in
animal cell and primary cell wall
in plant cell
● Telophase
- Nuclear membrane reforms
- Chromosomes decondense
characteristic of interphase
-

Meiosis

- reductional cell division

Advantage of Meiosis

- Fertilization-fusion of an egg cell &

sperm cell to form a diploid zygote

- Maintain constant number of

chromosomes from one generation to
another
- Produces variable genes that increases
chance of survival