World Geography – Fall Final Review 2018

Tools of a Geographer – Foundations and Physical Geography

Label the following on the map below:

South America Antarctica Arctic Ocean

Europe Australia Southern Ocean
Africa Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean
Asia Atlantic Ocean
Arctic Ocean
North Europe Asia
America
Atlantic
Ocean Africa Pacific
Ocean
Pacific South Indian
Ocean America Ocean
Australia

Southern
Ocean

Label the following on the map below:

Prime Meridian Tropic of Capricorn South Pole

Equator Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle
Tropic of Cancer North Pole

North Pole
Arctic Circle

Tropic of Cancer Prime

Meridia
n
Equator

Tropic of Capricorn

Antarctic Circle

South Pole
Label the following as a component of PHYSICAL geography or CULTURAL geography.
PHYS climate CULT ethnicity
CULT government CULT religion
PHYS vegetation PHYS landforms
CULT language

xplain the use and what types of things can be found on each of the following maps.

Political Map - boundaries of countries, states. Cities and capitals

Physical Map – physical features (bodies of water and landforms) and elevation

Vegetation Map – vegetation zones

Climate Map – climate zones

Population Density - where people live

se your notes and textbook to define the following terms.

Large-scale map - gives a close up view of a small area with a lot of detail
Small-scale map -shows a larger area with fewer details
Global grid – latitude and longitude
Absolute location - the precise point where a place is located on Earth (latitude and longitude or exact address)
Relative location - where a place is located in relation to another place

Distortion- changes shape, size and position of Earth’s features.

Orientation – compass rose
Scale - tells you how to read distances on a map
Map projection - deal with distortion
Cartography – the study of map making
Magma - melted rock
Hydrosphere - Made up of all of the water on the Earth’s surface including Oceans, inland water bodies, groundwater,
and ice caps.

Atmosphere- An envelope of gases around the Earth that absorbs radiation from the Sun,moderates temperatures,
distributes heat and water, creates distinct weather patterns
Biosphere - Includes all forms of life, including humans

Lithosphere - The Earth’s crust and top layer of the mantle

Erosion The movement of weathered materials such as gravel, sand, and soil
Glaciation – the process of being covered with ice or a glacier
Sedimentation - the process by which particles and sediments are deposited after being eroded away
Ring of Fire - A circle of volcanic mountains that are surrounding the Pacific Ocean
 Tectonic activity – plate movement
Desalination – the process of taking salt from water
Desertification - relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid
Label and describe the stages of the Water Cycle

Condensation
Precipitation

Evaporation

Use your notes and textbook to answer the following questions.

What are the advantages of using globes instead of maps?
1) true size 2) no distortion

What are the advantages of using maps instead of globes?

1) compact (can be folded) 2) are able to show more detail 3) focus on specific areas

What is a physical process? What does it do? the natural forces that change Earth’s physical features, including forces
that build up and wear down Earth’s surface.

What is erosion? What are the 3 main types of erosion? The movement of weathered materials such as gravel, sand,
and soil – An agent of mechanical weathering Wind, Water, Glaciers

• What is weathering? Give examples of physical and mechanical weathering. Breaks down rock at or near the
earth’s surface into smaller pieces. Mechanical – frost wedging, seeds Chemical – Acid Rain, Carbonic Acid

Use your LACEMOP notes and the textbook to answer the following questions.
The earth’s atmosphere THINS as elevation increases.

What is continentality? How does it affect places that are not near large bodies of water? How close to water . The
closer to water the more moderate temps.

What is the relationship between a place and its distance from the equator? Explain the effect on each of the following
low latitudes, mid-latitudes, high latitudes. The closer a place is to the equator, the hotter it is. Low latitudes (tropics)
– HOT; mid-latitudes – moderate, 4 seasons; high-latitude (polar) – extremely cold.

How do mountains influence climate? Explain it using the terms rainshadow effect, leeward, and windward. Windward
– moist air blows in from the ocean. It hits the mountain and is forced upward. The air cools as it rises. Cool air
cannot hold as much moisture – rain falls. The windward side is lush and green with a lot of vegetation
 Leeward – the air continues over the mountain, but is now dry. This leads to the rain shadow effect – the leeward
side is dry and barren – desert like conditions.

What is the relationship between elevation and climate? As elevation goes up, temperature goes down, this affects
climate. They are closely related

What is the significance of the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn? Cancer is the northern most line of
latitude to receive direct sunlight. Capricorn is the southernmost line of latitude to receive direct sunlight.

Explain why there are seasons. The tilt of the earth and the revolution around the sun allow for the season.

Label and describe each of the Earth’s Layers

CRUST- very thin layer; rocky surface
MANTLE—thick layer of rock (2,900 kms thick); mostly solid, but
has pockets of magma (melted rock)

OUTER CORE- molten (made liquid from heat)

INNER CORE - dense and solid

se your notes and textbook to illustrate and define the following Landforms.
Isthmus Basin
A narrow stretch of land connecting two larger Area of land drained by a given river and its
land areas branches; typically surrounded by lands of higher
elevations.
Archipelago Island
A group or chain of islands A body of land completely surrounded by water
on all sides
Source of a River Mouth of a River
Place where a river or stream begins, often in Place where a river or stream meets another
highlands. body of water like an ocean or sea
Tributary Sea
A small river or stream that flows into a large A large body of water completely or partly
river or stream; a branch of a river surrounded by land
Peninsula Strait
Body of land jutting into a lake or ocean, A narrow stretch of water joining two larger
surrounded on three sides by water bodies of water

Tools of a Geographer – Human/Cultural Geography

Use your population history/population pyramid notes to answer the following questions.
What is the approximate world population now? 7 billion

When did the population boom begin (exponential growth)? 200 years ago

What changes happened that improved life expectancy? Better public sanitation, improved farming technology,
advances in modern medicine
 Why did early humans live a nomadic lifestyle? They moved from place to place in search of food and water

Why do people choose to live in mid-latitudes? The warm climates provide the crop growing conditions needed for
food production

Use your government/economic systems notes to define the following terms.

Democracy (direct) – A type of government where the citizens hold power directly

Republic - A type of government where the citizens hold power through elected representatives

Theocracy - Any system of government in which religious leaders hold the power

Totalitarian - Form of government that has the power to govern without the consent of those being governed

Monarchy - A system of government headed by a king or queen and may or may not share the power with citizen
bodies

Traditional economy - Custom, traditional ways and beliefs are the base values of this economic system

Market economy - People are free to choose what to buy and sell. Businesses are private and profit seeking

Command economy – Government Controlled - Found in communist countries like China or North Korea

Use your Economic Development and Migration notes and textbook to define the terms and answer the questions below.

Birth rate - the number of births per thousand people per year

Death rate - the number of deaths per thousand people per year

Migration - the movement of persons from one country or locality to another

Population density - the number of people living per unit of an area (e.g. per square mile)

Label the following stages 1-4

Declining birth and death rates. Stage 3

High birth rate, high but fluctuating death rate. Stage 1

Low death rates and low but fluctuating birth rates. Stage 4

Declining death rates and continuing high birth rates. Stage 2

Identify the 3 most important factors in the population of a place.

 Medicine Birthrate Death rate Migration Population Density

Which two of the following would be most influenced by physical geography?

Government class system population distribution economic activities culture religion

What is the main reason for the differences in economic prosperity in various areas of the world? an unequal
distribution of resources
What are the main pull factors to the United States? Family, school, freedom, economic opportunity

What was the main pull factor when blacks moved from the southern states to the northern states? To escape unequal
treatment from white people

Identify the following as a Push or Pull factor

PUSH Civil War PULL Abundant housing

PULL Economic Opportunity PUSH Drought
PUSH Apartheid PUSH Lack of employment
PUSH Genocide PUSH Food and Housing Shortages
PULL Political Freedom PUSH Persecution
PUSH Famine PULL Healthy economy
PULL Religious freedom PUSH Poverty

Population Pyramids
If a country has a population pyramid that looks like B now, but 35 years ago had a population pyramid that
looked like C, then what could be the main cause of the change? Increased educational opportunities for
women

Which of the above population pyramids best represents a less developed nation? C

Which one of the population pyramids represents the largest number of countries in the world?C

Which of the above population pyramids best represents a developed nation?B

The biggest indicator of a rise in the standard of living in a country can be traced to?
Decrease in # of children per women

United States and Canada

Use your notes and the textbook to answer the following questions.
Why are Canada’s climates generally so much colder than the climates of the United States?
Higher latitude – farther from the equator than the US

The highest point in North America is? Mt. McKinely

Where do populations in US and Canada cluster? Along coasts, rivers, and other bodies of water
 Canada and the United States differ in their: (choose all that apply)
Population Density Government Health Programs Types of Government Climate

Which French speaking province is interested in gaining independence from Canada? Quebec

True - Most people of the United States and Canada are immigrants or their descendants.

Describe the ideal place for a permanent settlement. Flat, plains. Near water. Mid – Latitudes. Access to natural
resources and trade routes

List factors that would hinder settlement. Extreme temps (hot or cold), mountains, no access to water, too little rain

Use your Economic Development notes and textbook to complete the chart and answer the questions below.

Higher GDP per capita High number of children/woman High infant mortality
Lower GDP per capita Long life expectancy Highly industrialized countries
Short life expectancy Low birth rate Subsistence Agriculture
Low infant mortality High birth rate

More Developed (Wealthy) Less Developed (Poor)

Higher GDP per capita Lower GDP per capita

Long life expectancy Short life expectancy
Low infant mortality High infant mortality
High number of children/woman
Low birth rate High birth rate
Highly industrialized countries Subsistence Agriculture

What is the single most effective thing a country can do to lower birthrate? Education of women.

Describe the socioeconomic status of most North Americans. It

is among the world’s highest

A megalopolis is an urban area made up of

adjoining cities and their suburbs. Using the map, describe
what they all have in common.

are adjacent to bodies of water

Latin America
Use your notes Life in the Central Andes and the Geography Alive textbook to answer the following:
Illustrate the 4 Elevation climate zones. Complete with the names of each level, elevation ranges and crops grown.
• Tierra Helada - 12,000-15,000
• Extreme environment; cold windy climate; often freezes at night; snow falls at the highest elevations;
snow line lies at the upper edge of this zone; trees are rare; the most common plant life are low-lying
shrubs and hardy grass; crops: quinoa, certain types of potatoes.

• Tierra Fria - 6,000-12,000

• Average temps vary from 55-65; night temperatures dip below freezing at higher elevations; steep,
rugged mountains, flat basins and plateaus lie between the mountains; a high plateau, the Altiplano, lies
between Peru and Bolivia and contains Lake Titicaca; pines and other conifers grow where is enough
rain; only shrubs and grasses grow in dry areas; crops: potatoes, wheat, barley, corn, apples, and pears.
• Tierra Templada - 3,000-6,000
• Climate is temperate; temperature range from 65-75; frost is rare; pleasant weather lasts all year;
palms, bamboo, and jungle vines are common at lower elevations; broadleaf evergreen forest is typical
at higher elevations; crops: farmers choose crops based on elevation. Lower level – bananas and
oranges. Higher level – corn, beans, and other vegetables. Flowers for export. The main commercial
crop – coffee.
• Tierra Caliente - 0-3,000
• Climate is generally hot and humid; average temps range from 75-80; broadleaf evergreen forests cover
the eastern slopes of the Andes; natural vegetation on the western slopes ranges from lush rainforest to
tropical grassland; Peru’s coast gets little rainfall and is a desert; crops: farmers plant crops that do well
in the heat- bananas, rice, & sugarcane
Quito, the capital of Ecuador, is located at 9,250 feet above sea level. According to the diagram on the right, Quito is in
which elevation zone? Tierra Fria

Where is the tree line found? Tierra Helada

What is vertical trade? Who traded with whom? Trading of crops between different elevations. Lowland and highland
areas trade.

What is terracing?
 What would be the best title for the picture above? The Columbian Exchange

What would be considered the New World? North America

What would be considered an undesirable item to have been traded? Diseases

What would be considered the Old World? Europe

Use your textbook and notes to answer the following questions.

Where are the Andes Mountains located? West coast of South America

What countries do the Andes Mountains run through? Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and
Argentina

What two oceans does the Panama Canal connect? Atlantic and Pacific

What is the longest river in South America? Amazon River

What areas make up Latin America? Middle America, South America, Caribbean

What countries in South America are landlocked? Paraguay and Bolivia

What are the pampas? Grasslands in Argentina

What is the major religion of Latin America? Christianity (Roman Catholic)

What types of areas do most people of Latin America live in? Coastal areas

What indigenous groups were in Latin America? Maya, Aztec, and Inca

Use your Spatial Inequality in Mexico City notes and the Geography Alive textbook to answer the following:

What is spatial inequality? The unequal distribution of wealth or resources in a geographic area, so that some places
are richer than others.

What is a major cause of rural decline in Mexico? Poverty and unemployment

What happened in Mexico because of rural decline? People moved to cities – increase urbanization
 What are the pull factors that draw farm families to Mexico City? Economic opportunities, better school, higher
standard of living.

With population growth in Mexico City, what are some other things that have increased? Crime rates, air pollution,
poor slum neighborhoods.

What is urbanization? The movement of people from rural to urban areas, resulting in the growth of urban areas.

What is rural? Countryside. Urban? City.

Mapping

Label the following on the map below:

Nova Scotia Ontario Lake Huron

Northwest Territories Quebec Lake Ontario
British Columbia Hudson Bay Lake Superior
Yukon Territory Labrador Sea Lake Erie
Saskatchewan Baffin Bay Lake Michigan
Manitoba Bering Sea Pacific Ocean
Alberta Greenland Sea Atlantic Ocean
 Label the
Greenland
following
Sea
onBering the map
Sea below:

Baffin Bay

Yukon
Territories
Northwest
Labrador Sea
Territories

Hudson Bay
British Alberta
Columbia Manitoba
Quebec
Pacific Saskatchewan
Ocean Ontario

Nova Scotia
L . Superior
L . Huron
L . Ontario Atlantic Ocean
L . Michigan

L . Erie

Idaho Pacific Ocean

Oregon Atlantic Ocean
Nevada Gulf of Mexico
California Missouri River
Utah Colorado River
Tennessee Great Salt Lake
Kentucky Mississippi River
Missouri Rio Grande River
Illinois
North Carolina
Virginia
South Carolina Illinois
Alabama Virginia
Pacific
Georgia Oregon
OceanFlorida Idaho

Great Salt
 Missouri
Kentucky
Colorado
N. Carolina
River
Tennessee
Mississippi
S. Carolina
River
Alabama
Atlantic
Georgia
Rio Grande
Ocean
River
Florida

Gulf of
Mexico
Label the following on the map below:

Guatemala Colombia Pacific Ocean

El Salvador Ecuador Rio Grande River
Mexico Peru Gulf of Honduras
Nicaragua Suriname Amazon River
Panama Chile Parana River
Honduras Uruguay Lake Titicaca
Costa Rica Bolivia Paraguay River
Bahamas Argentina Sierra Madre Occidental
Haiti Brazil Patagonia
Dominican Republic Paraguay Andes
Puerto Rico Caribbean Sea Mexican Plateau
Cuba Gulf o fMexico
Venezuela Atlantic Ocean

Rio Grande R.

Mexico
Bahamas
Gulf of Mexico

Cuba
Dominican Republic
Puerto
Haiti
AtlanticRico
Ocean
Honduras
Caribbean Sea
Guatemala
El Salvador
Nicaragua
Pacific Ocean
Costa Rica
Venezuela
Panama
Columbia

Amazon R.
Ecuador

Peru
Brazil
Andes
Bolivia
Lake Titicaca

Paraguay
Chile

Argentina
Uruguay
Patagonia