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Chemistry Project Class 11 Topic: Foaming Capacity of Soap

This chemistry project document discusses the foaming capacity of soap in hard and soft water, and how adding sodium carbonate can increase foaming capacity. It provides background on soap molecule structure and how hard water ions like calcium and magnesium decrease foaming by forming insoluble precipitates. The aim is to study the effect of adding sodium carbonate on the foaming capacity of different soap solutions, with observations showing foaming capacity is highest in distilled water and increases further with sodium carbonate addition.

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abhishek singh
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481 views

Chemistry Project Class 11 Topic: Foaming Capacity of Soap

This chemistry project document discusses the foaming capacity of soap in hard and soft water, and how adding sodium carbonate can increase foaming capacity. It provides background on soap molecule structure and how hard water ions like calcium and magnesium decrease foaming by forming insoluble precipitates. The aim is to study the effect of adding sodium carbonate on the foaming capacity of different soap solutions, with observations showing foaming capacity is highest in distilled water and increases further with sodium carbonate addition.

Uploaded by

abhishek singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemistry project

class 11 th

Topic:
FOAMING
CAPACITY OF
SOAP
FOAMING CAPACITY OF SOAP

INDEX
contents Page no.
Acknowledgement
Certificate
Aim of the project
Introduction
Theory
Procedure
Observations
Calculations
Conclusions
Bibliography
Introduction
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids
like stearic, palmitic and oleic acids can be either saturated
or unsaturated. They contain a long hydrocarbon chain of
about 10-20 carbon with one carboxylic acid group as the
functional group. A soap molecule a tadpole shaped
structure, whose ends have different polarities. At one end
is the long hydrocarbon Chain that is non-polar and
hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but oil soluble. At the
other end is the short polar carboxylate ion which is
hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but insoluble in oil and
grease. When soap is shaken with water it becomes a
soap
solution that is colloidal in nature. Agitating it tends to
concentrate the solution on the surface and causes
foaming. This helps the soap molecules make a
unimolecular film on the surface of water and to penetrate
the fabric. The long non-polar end of a soap molecule that
are hydrophobic, gravitate towards and surround the dirt
(fat or oil with dust absorbed in it). The short polar end
containing the carboxylate ion, face the water away from
the dirt. A number of soap molecules surround or encircle
dirt and grease in a clustered structure called 'micelles',
which encircles such particles and emulsify them.
Cleansing action of soaps decreases in hard water. Hard
water contains Calcium and magnesium ions which react
with sodium carbonate to produce insoluble carbonates of
higher fatty acids.
2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO) 2 Ca↓ + 2Na+
(Water soluble) (ppt.)
2C17H35COONa + Mg2+ → (C17H35COO)2 Mg ↓ + 2Na+

This hardness can be removed by addition of


Sodium Carbonate.

Ca2+ + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 ↓ + 2Na+


Mg2+ + Na2CO3 → MgCO3 ↓ + 2Na+

Aim

Study the effect of the addition of Sodium


Carbonate (Washing Soda) on the foaming
capacity of different soap solutions.

Apparatus:
3 test tubes, test tube stand, Bunsen burner and stop watch.

Materials Required:
0.5 g sample of soap, water (distilled & tap both) and M/10
Na2CO3 solution.
Theory:
When sodium or potassium soaps are put into water
containing calcium and magnesium ions (Hard water),
results in formation of scum which applies grey
appearance on the cloth. To achieve the same washing or
cleaning action, more soap must be added.

2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO) 2 Ca↓ + 2Na+


(Water soluble) (ppt.)

Hard water is water that has high mineral content (mainly


calcium and magnesium ions) (in contrast with soft water).
Hard water minerals primarily consist of calcium (Ca2+),
and magnesium (Mg2+) metal cations, and sometimes
other dissolved compounds such as bicarbonates and
sulphates. Calcium usually enters the water as either
calcium carbonate (CaCO3), in the form of limestone and
chalk, or calcium sulphate (CaSO4), in the form of other
mineral deposits. When Na2CO3 is added to tap water the
calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) ions precipitate
as
their carbonates .i.e. foaming capacity of soap increases.

Ca2+ + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 ↓ + 2Na+


Mg2+ + Na2CO3 → MgCO3 ↓ + 2Na+
Procedure:

I. Dissolve 0.5g of soap and dissolve it in 50 ml of


distilled water.
II. Take three test tubes and add distilled water in
first, tap water in second and third test tube.
III. Add 5 ml of M/10 sodium carbonate to third test
tube.
IV. To above test tubes add soap solutions separately.
V. Now shake first test tubes for formation of foam.
VI. Now start the stop watch to calculate time taken
for disappearance of foam.
VII. Similarly, perform the experiment with other soap
solutions.
VIII. Record the observations in a tabular form.
Observations:
Amount of each soap sample taken = 0. 5 gm.
Amount of distilled water taken = 50 ml.
Volume of each soap solution take = 1 ml.
Volume of distilled water added = 10 ml.

Conclusions:
Foaming capacity of soap is maximum in distilled
water.
The foaming capacity of soap increases on the
addition of Sodium Carbonate.
Bibliography

Chemistry (Part-1)— class 12th NCERT Book


Modern abc class 12th
Website- WWW.google.com

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