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Basic Memory Operation: Static RAM, SRAM: An SRAM Is More Expensive and Less Dense Than DRAM. It Uses A

The memory supports basic read and write operations that require an address. The read operation retrieves stored data without altering it, while writing destroys the old data and stores new data. There are two major types of RAM: dynamic RAM uses capacitors that must be periodically refreshed to retain data, while static RAM uses transistors and does not need refreshing but uses more space. The document then focuses on static memory circuits.

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57 views

Basic Memory Operation: Static RAM, SRAM: An SRAM Is More Expensive and Less Dense Than DRAM. It Uses A

The memory supports basic read and write operations that require an address. The read operation retrieves stored data without altering it, while writing destroys the old data and stores new data. There are two major types of RAM: dynamic RAM uses capacitors that must be periodically refreshed to retain data, while static RAM uses transistors and does not need refreshing but uses more space. The document then focuses on static memory circuits.

Uploaded by

madesrrrr
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic memory operation

The memory unit supports two basic operations: read and write. The read operation reads
previously stored data and the write operation stores a new value in memory. Both of these
operations require a memory address. In addition, the write operation requires specification of
the data to be written. The address and data of the memory unit are connected to the address and
data buses of the system bus, respectively. The read and write signals come from the control bus.

The read operation is nondestructive in the sense that one can read a location of the memory as
many times as one wishes without destroying the contents of that location. The write operation,
however, is destructive, as writing a value into a location destroys the old contents of that
memory location.

Two major families of RAM are in use today—dynamic memory and static memory.
Dynamic memory cells use a minute capacitor to store a signal voltage, and they are
used in the smallest and cheapest memory circuits. Since capacitor voltage decays over
time, dynamic memory cells must be periodically refreshed or they will lose their stored
value. Although this refresh requirement adds significant overhead, dynamic memory
cells are very small, so they have become the most widely used of all memory circuits. 

Most static memory circuits store a logic values using two back-to-back inverters. Static
memory devices do not need to be refreshed, and they can operate much faster than
dynamic circuits. But since they require far greater chip area than dynamic memory
cells, they are used only where they are most needed—in high speed memories, for
example—or when only small amounts of memory are required. In this project, we will
focus on static memory circuits and devices.

The RAM, random access memory is used to store temporary data within the computing system.It
takes the form of integrated circuit that allow stored data to be accessed in any order. RAM is a
volatile memory because its information is lost when the power is turned off.

There are two main forms of RAM that are used:

 Static RAM, SRAM:   An SRAM is more expensive and less dense than DRAM. It uses a
memory cell comprising of six transistors. However it is faster and requires less power. As a
result it is often used as a cache memory in many forms of computer.
 Dynamic RAM, DRAM:   A DRAM cell consists of a transistor and capacitor pair. The
capacitor holds a high or low charge equating to a logic state 1 or 0 and the transistor acts as a
switch that lets the control circuitry on the chip read the capacitor's state of charge or change it.
Requiring many fewer components per memory cell, a DRAM is less expensive to produce than
SRAM. As a result DRAM is the predominant form of memory used in computers and embedded
systems for RAM applications.

Classification and Programming of Read-Only


Memory (ROM)
Read-Only Memory (ROM) is the primary memory unit of any computer system along
with the Random Access Memory (RAM), but unlike RAM, in ROM, the binary
information is stored permanently .

1.  PROM – It stands for Programmable Read-Only Memory . It is first prepared as


blank memory, and then it is programmed to store the information . The difference
between PROM and Mask ROM is that PROM is manufactured as blank memory
and programmed after manufacturing, whereas a Mask ROM is programmed
during the manufacturing process.
To program the PROM, a PROM programmer or PROM burner is used . The
process of programming the PROM is called as burning the PROM . Also, the data
stored in it cannot be modified, so it is called as one – time programmable device.
Uses – They have several different applications, including cell phones, video game
consoles, RFID tags, medical devices, and other electronics.

2. EPROM – It stands for Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory . It


overcomes the disadvantage of PROM that once programmed, the fixed pattern is
permanent and cannot be altered . If a bit pattern has been established, the PROM
becomes unusable, if the bit pattern has to be changed .
This problem has been overcome by the EPROM, as when the EPROM is placed
under a special ultraviolet light for a length of time, the shortwave radiation makes
the EPROM return to its initial state, which then can be programmed accordingly .
Again for erasing the content, PROM programmer or PROM burner is used.
Uses – Before the advent of EEPROMs, some micro-controllers, like some
versions of Intel 8048, the Freescale 68HC11 used EPROM to store their
program .

3. EEPROM – It stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory


. It is similar to EPROM, except that in this, the EEPROM is returned to its initial
state by application of an electrical signal, in place of ultraviolet light . Thus, it
provides the ease of erasing, as this can be done, even if the memory is positioned
in the computer. It erases or writes one byte of data at a time .
Uses – It is used for storing the computer system BIOS.
4. Flash ROM – It is an enhanced version of EEPROM .The difference between
EEPROM and Flash ROM is that in EEPROM, only 1 byte of data can be deleted
or written at a particular time, whereas, in flash memory, blocks of data (usually
512 bytes) can be deleted or written at a particular time . So, Flash ROM is much
faster than EEPROM .
Uses – Many modern PCs have their BIOS stored on a flash memory chip, called
as flash BIOS and they are also used in modems as well.

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