FUNCTION- a function is a binary relation over two sets that associates to every element of the first set

exactly one element of the second set. Both the sets must be non-empty.
Function Visualization & Examples-

FUNCTION

3 9 A function defines
6 INPUT OUTPUT 18 a particular output
(X) X 3 (F) (Y)
24
for a particular
input
8

A B
F(input) =output F
F(X) = Y
3 9
F(3) = 9 F: A B
6 18
F(6) = 18 8 24
F(8) = 24

DOMAIN AND RANGE:

DOMAIN is all set of possible input values & RANGE is all set of possible output values.
Example: Y=F(X)
Domain= all values of X, for which F(X) is defined / gives valid answer.
Range = all values of Y.
REMEMBER-
1st trick 2nd trick- 3rd trick-

Denominator ≠ 0 Root should be Non-negaative Square- of any number ≥ 0)

Numerator ≥ 0 √exp
Numerator (exp ≥ 0)

Denominator (exp>0)
Questions – Find domain of the equation.
1) F(x) = x^2
 Domain= all values of x
= x∈ R

-∞ ∞
0

2) F(x) = √(x-2)
 For f(x) to be defined
x-2 ≥ 0
x≥2
 Domain = [2, ∞)

1
3) F(x) =
√ (1−x)
 For f(x) to be defined
(1-x) > 0
x<1
 Domain = (-∞, 1)

x−1
4) √
2−x
 For f(x) to be defined
 (2-x) ≠ 0
X≠2
x−1
 Also, ≥ 0 [ tips- divide by denominator]
2−x
( x−1 ) (2−x)
≥0
(2− x)(2−x )
( x−1 ) (2−x )
≥ 0 [as x ≠ 2, for all other value ( 2−x ) ² is going to be positive ]
(2−x ) ²
So (x-1) (2-x) ≥ 0

-∞ ∞
(-ve) 1 (+ve) 2 (-ve)

 Domain = [1,2)
 5) √(16-x² )
 For f(x) to be defined
 (16-x²) ≥ 0
(4-x) (4+x) ≥ 0

-∞ ∞
(-ve) -4 (+ve) 4 (-ve)

 Domain = [-4,4]

6) √(x² -16)
 For f(x) to be defined
 (x² -16) ≥ 0
 (x-4) (x+4) ≥ 0

-∞ ∞
(+ve) -4 (-ve) 4 (+ve)

 Domain = (-∞, -4] U [4, ∞)

1
7)
√ (x ²−16)
 For f(x) to be defined
 (x² -16) > 0
 (x-4) (x+4) > 0
 Domain = (-∞, -4) U (4, ∞)
RANGE OF A FUNCTION: Y=F(X)
STEP1 - Express X as function of Y
STEP2 - find possible values for Y (just like domain) - Ask yourself: Is Y always positive?
Always negative? Or maybe not equal to certain values?
STEP3 - Eliminate values by looking at the definition of the initial function. (Specially used for
square root function)
REMEMBER - Draw a sketch! In math, it's very true that a picture is worth a thousand words.
QUESTIONS:
x−3
1) F(x) =
4−x
x−3
 y=
4−x
 x-3= 4y-xy
x+xy= 4y+3
x(1+y) = 4y+3
4 y +3
x=
1+ y
 Range =y∈R-{-1}

1
2) f(x)=
√ (x−3)
1
 y=
√ (x−3)
square both sides
1
 y² =
x−3
 1= xy² -3y²
1+ 3 y ²
 x=
y²
 Range= y∈R- {0}

3) F(x)= √(16-x² ¿
 y= √(16-x² ¿
Square both side
y² = 16-x²
x² = 16-y²
 x² ≥ 0, so 16-y² ≥0
 (4-y) (4+y) ≥0

-∞ ∞
(-ve) -4 (+ve) 4 (-ve)
y∈ [-4,4] - square root of the number cannot be –ve so we need to eliminate the values [-4,0)
Range = [0,4]

4) F(x)= √(x²−16 ¿
 y= √(x²−16 ¿
Square both side
y² = x² -16
x² = y² +16
 y² +16 ≥0
 so y∈R , square root of the number cannot be –ve so we need to eliminate the values
(-∞,0)
 Range= [0, ∞)
 1
5) F(x) = 2
√ (16−x )
1
 y= 2
√ (16−x )
Square both side
1
 y² =
16−x 2
16y² -x² y² =1
x² y² = 16y² -1
16 y 2−1
x² =
y²
 x² ≥ 0 & y≠ 0
2
16 y −1 0
 ≥
y²
 y>0, so 16y² -1≥0
 (4y-1) (4y+1) ≥0

-∞ ∞
1 1
(+ve) - (-ve) (+ve)
4 4

1 1
 y= (-∞, - ] U [ , ∞)
4 4
1
 Range = [ , ∞)
4

3
6) F(x) =
2−x ²
3
 y=
2−x ²
 3= 2y- x² y
x² y= 2y-3
2 y −3
x² =
y
2 y −3
x² ≥ 0 , ≥0
y
 Multiply by denominator
y (2 y−3)
≥0
y²
y≠ 0 -------(eq.i)
 y(2y-3) ≥0
 -∞ ∞
3
(+ve) 0 (-ve) (+ve)
2

3
 y= (-∞,0] U [ , ∞) -----(eq.ii)
2
3
 Range = (-∞,0) U [ , ∞)
2

TYPES OF FUNCTIONS:

1) One to One Function: A function f: A → B is One to One if for each

element of A there is a distinct element of B. It is also known as
Injective. Consider if a1 ∈ A and a2 ∈ B, f is defined as f: A → B
such that f (a1) = f (a2)
 2) Many to One Function: It is a function which maps two or more elements of A to the
same element of set B. Two or more elements of A have the same image in B.

3) Onto Function: If there exists a function for which every element of set B there is (are)
pre-image(s) in set A, it is Onto Function.

4) One – One and Onto Function: A function, f is One – One and Onto if the function f is
both One to One and Onto function. In other words, the function f associates each element of
A with a distinct element of B and every element of B has a pre-image in A.

OTHER TYPES OF FUNCTIONS:

1) Linear functions- are those whose graph is a straight line.  A linear function has the
following form.
 y = f(x) = mx+c

2) Constant function- If the function f: R→R is defined as f(x) = y = c, for x ∈ R and c is a

constant in R, then such function is known as Constant function.
For example, the function is a constant function because the value of is 4 regardless of
the input value.
3) Identity Function: Let R be the set of real numbers. If the function f: R→R is defined
as f(x) = y = x, for x ∈ R, then the function is known as Identity function. The graph is
always a straight line and passes through the origin.

4) Quadratic Function: If the degree of the polynomial function is two, then it is a quadratic
function. It is expressed as f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 0 and a, b, c are constant & x is a
variable. 

5) Inverse Function: Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B. Then the
inverse function f −1 has domain B and range A and is defined by

f −1 ( y ) =x ⇔ ḟ ( x )= y
for any y in B.

 Note: f −1 ( x ) does not mean 1/f(x).

1
 Example: The inverse of f(x) = x 3 is f −1 ( x ) = x 3
 Note: f −1 (f ( x ) ) = x for every x in A
f( f −1 ( x)¿ = x for every x in B
6) Composite Function: It is the process of combining two functions where one function is
performed first and the result of which is substituted in place of each x in the other
function.
Given the two functions, f and g, the composition of g with f, denoted by g o f (read as “g
circle f”), is defined by the equation:
(g o f) (x) = g [f(x)]
Wherein f is considered to be the dependent function and g is considered to be the
independent function.

7) Trigonometric Function: Trigonometric functions are elementary functions, the

argument of which is an angle. Trigonometric functions describe the relation between the
sides and angles of a right triangle.
y=sinx, domain: x∈R, range: −1≤sinx≤1
MAIN FORMULAS:
x−b
1) If f(x) = ax+b, then f −1 ( x ) = a
a x+ b b−dx
2) If f(x) = cx + d , then f −1 ( x ) = cx −a
3) gof(x) = (gof) (x) = g (f(x))
4) fog(x) = (fog) (x) = f(g(x))
5) f 2 ( x) = fof(x) = f(f(x))
6) f 3 ( x) = fofof = f(f(f(x)))