BRAHMASTRA

FINAL REVISION MODULE BEFORE EXAMINATION

353
 FUNCTION
1. GENERAL DEFINITION

A relation R from set A to set B is called a function iff

(a) Every element of A should be associated with B but vice – versa is not essential.
(b) Every element of A should be associated with a unique (one and only one) element of B but any
element of B can have two or more relations in A.

f ( x) = y
x
Pictorially : ⎯⎯ → f ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ , y is called the image of x & x is the pre-image of y under f.
input output

Every function from A → B satisfies the following conditions .

(i) f AxB (ii)  a  A  (a, f(a))  f and
(iii) (a, b)  f & (a, c)  f  b = c

2. DOMAIN, CO−DOMAIN & RANGE OF A FUNCTION

Let f : A → B, then the set A is known as the domain of f & the set B is known as co-domain of
f . The set of all f images of elements of A is known as the range of f . Thus :
Domain of f = {a  a  A, (a, f(a))  f}
Range of f = {f(a)  a  A, f(a)  B}
It should be noted that range is a subset of co−domain . If only the rule of function is given then
the domain of the function is the set of those real numbers, where function is defined. For a
continuous function, the interval from minimum to maximum value of a function gives the range.

3. IMPORTANT TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

(i) POLYNOMIAL FUNCTION

If a function f is defined by f (x) = a0 xn + a1 xn−1 + a2 xn−2 + ... + an−1 x + an where n is a non
negative integer and a0, a1, a2, ..., an are real numbers and a0  0, then f is called a polynomial
function of degree n .

NOTE
(a) A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd linear
function . i.e. f(x) = ax , a  0
(b) There are two polynomial functions , satisfying the relation ;
f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x) . They are :
(i) f(x) = xn + 1 & (ii) f(x) = 1 − xn, where n is a positive integer.

(ii) ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION

y is an algebraic function of x, if it is a function that satisfies an algebraic equation of the form
P0 (x) yn + P1 (x) yn−1 + ....... + Pn−1 (x) y + Pn (x) = 0 Where n is a positive integer and P0 (x), P1 (x)
........... are Polynomials in x. e.g. x3 + y3 – 3xy = 0 or
y = x is an algebraic function, since it satisfies the equation y² − x² = 0.
Note that all polynomial functions are Algebraic but not the converse. A function that is not
algebraic is called TRANSCEDENTAL FUNCTION .

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(iii) FRACTIONAL RATIONAL FUNCTION
g ( x)
A rational function is a function of the form. y = f (x) = , where
h( x )
g (x) & h (x) are polynomials & h (x)  0.

(IV) EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

A function f(x) = ax = ex ln a (a > 0 , a  1, x  R) is called an exponential function. The inverse of
the exponential function is called the logarithmic function .
i.e. g(x) = loga x.
For f (x) = ex domain is R and range is R+.
1
For f (x) = e x domain is R – {0} and range is R+ – {1}.
Note that f(x) & g(x) are inverse of each other & their graphs are as shown.

(v) ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION

A function y = f (x) = x is called the absolut e value function or Modulus function. It is
 x if x  0
defined as : y = x= 
 − x if x  0
For f (x) = | x |, domain is R and range is R+  {0}.
1
For f (x) = , domain is R – {0} and range is R+.
| x|

(vi) SIGNUM FUNCTION

A function y= f (x) = Sgn (x) is defined as follows

1 for x0

y = f (x) = 0 for x=0

 −1 for x0

It is also written as Sgn x = |x|/ x ;

x  0 ; f (0) = 0
(vii) GREATEST INTEGER OR STEP UP FUNCTION
The function y = f (x) = [x] is called the greatest integer function where [x] denotes the greatest
integer less than or equal to x . Note that for :
−1  x < 0 ; [x] = − 1 0x< 1 ; [x] = 0
1x< 2 ; [x] = 1 2x < 3 ; [x] = 2
and so on .

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 1 1 y

1 1 4
1 1 3
1 1 2
1 1 1
1 1 x
1 11 -114 1- 3 1- 2 1- 1 1 11 112 13 4
1 1 -1
1 1 -2
1 1 -3
1 1 -4

Properties of greatest integer function :

(a) [x]  x < [x] + 1 and
x − 1 < [x]  x , 0  x − [x] < 1
(b) [x + m] = [x] + m if m is an integer .
(c) [x] + [y]  [x + y]  [x] + [y] + 1
(d) [x] + [− x] = 0 if x is an integer
= − 1 otherwise .

(viii) FRACTIONAL PART FUNCTION

It is defined as :
g (x) = {x} = x − [x] .
e.g. the fractional part of the no. 2.1 is
2.1− 2 = 0.1 and the fractional part of − 3.7 is
0.3. The period of this function is 1 and graph of
this function is as shown .

1 1 y

1 1 x
1 1 -4 -21 1 0 2 4

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4. DOMAINS AND RANGES OF COMMON FUNCTION

Function Domain Range

(y = f (x) ) (i.e. values taken by x) (i.e. values taken by f (x) )

A. Algebraic Functions

(i) xn , (n  N) R = (set of real numbers) R, if n is odd

R  {0} , if n is even
+

1
(ii) , (n  N) R – {0} R – {0} , if n is odd
xn
R+ , if n is even

(iii) x1/n , (n  N) R , if n is odd R, if n is odd

R  {0} , if n is even
+
R  {0} , if n is even
+

1
(iv) , (n  N) R – {0} , if n is odd R – {0} , if n is odd
x1/ n
R+ , if n is even R+ , if n is eve

B. Trigonometric Functions
(i) sin x R [–1, 1]
(ii) cos x R [–1, 1]

(iii) tan x R – (2k + 1) , k I R
2

(iv) sec x R – (2k + 1) , k I (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )
2
(v) cosec x R – k , k  I (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )
(vi) cot x R – k , k  I R

C. Logarithmic Functions
(i) logax , (a > 0 ) (a 1) R+ R
1
(ii) logxa = R+ – { 1 } R–{0}
log a x
(a > 0 ) (a  1)

D. Inverse Circular Functions (Refer after Inverse is taught )

   
(i) sin–1 x [–1, 1]  − 2 , 2 
(ii) cos–1 x [–1, 1] [ 0, ]
  
(iii) tan–1 x R − , 
 2 2
   
(iv) cosec –1x (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  )  − 2 , 2  – { 0 }

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  
(v) sec–1 x (–  , – 1 ]  [ 1 ,  ) [ 0, ] – 
2 
(vi) cot –1 x R ( 0, )

Function Domain Range

(y = f (x) ) (i.e. values taken by x) (i.e. values taken by f (x) )

E. Exponential Functions
(i) ex R R+
(ii) e1/x R–{0} R+ – { 1 }
(iii) ax , a > 0 R R+
(iv) a1/x , a > 0 R –{0} R+ – { 1 }

F. Integral Part Functions

(i) [x] R I
1 1 
(ii) R – [0, 1 )  , n  I − {0} 
[ x] n 

G. Fractional Part Functions

(i) {x} R [0, 1)

1
(ii) R–I (1, )
{ x}
H. Modulus Functions
(i) |x| R R+  { 0 }
1
(ii) R–{0} R+
| x|

I. Signum Function
| x|
sgn (x) = ,x0 R {–1, 0 , 1}
x
=0,x=0

J. Constant Function

say f (x) = c R {c}

5. EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTION

Two functions f & g are said to be equal if :

(i) The domain of f = the domain of g.
(ii) The range of f = the range of g and
(iii) f(x) = g(x) , for every x belonging to their common domain. eg.
1 x
f(x) = & g(x) = 2 are identical functions .
x x
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6. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS

One − One Function (Injective mapping)

A function f : A → B is said to be a one−one function or injective mapping if different
elements of A have different f images in B . Thus for x1, x2  A & f(x1) ,
f(x2)  B , f(x1) = f(x2)  x1 = x2 or x1  x2  f(x1)  f(x2) .
Diagrammatically an injective mapping can be shown as

OR
Note : (i) Any function which is entirely increasing or decreasing in whole domain, then
f(x) is one−one .
(ii) If any line parallel to x−axis cuts the graph of the function atmost at one point,
then the function is one−one .

Many–one function
A function f : A → B is said to be a many one function if two or more elements of A have
the same f image in B . Thus f : A → B is many one if for ; x1, x2  A , f(x1) = f(x2) but x1  x2 .
Diagramatically a many one mapping can be shown as

OR

Note : (i) Any continuous function which has atleast one local maximum or local minimum,
then f(x) is many−one . In other words, if a line parallel to x−axis cuts the graph of
the function atleast at two points, then f is many−one .
(ii) If a function is one−one, it cannot be many−one and vice versa .

Onto function (Surjective mapping)

If the function f : A → B is such that each element in B (co−domain) is the f image of atleast one
element in A, then we say that f is a function of A 'onto' B . Thus f : A → B is surjective iff  b 
B,  some a  A such that f (a) = b .
Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown as

OR
Note that : if range = co−domain, then f(x) is onto.

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 Into function
If f : A → B is such that there exists atleast one element in co−domain which is not the image of
any element in domain, then f(x) is into .
Diagramatically into function can be shown as

OR
Note that : If a function is onto, it cannot be into and vice versa . A polynomial of degree even
will always be into.
Thus a function can be one of these four types :
(a) one−one onto (injective & surjective)

(b) one−one into (injective but not surjective)

(c) many−one onto (surjective but not injective)

(d) many−one into (neither surjective nor injective)

Note : (i) If f is both injective & surjective, then it is called a Bijective mapping.
The bijective functions are also named as invertible, non singular or bi uniform
functions.
(ii) If a set A contains n distinct elements then the number of different functions
defined from AA is nn & out of it n ! are one one.

Identity function
The function f : A → A defined by f(x) = x  x  A is called the identity of A and is denoted by
IA.
It is easy to observe that identity function is a bijection .
Constant function :
A function f : A → B is said to be a constant function if every element of A has the same f image
in B . Thus f : A → B ; f(x) = c ,  x  A , c  B is a constant function. Note that the range of a
constant function is a singleton and a constant function may be one-one or many-one, onto or
into .

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7. ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS

If f & g are real valued functions of x with domain set A, B respectively, then both f & g are
defined in A  B. Now we define f + g , f − g , (f . g) & (f/g) as follows :
(i) (f ± g) (x) = f(x) ± g(x)

(ii) (f  g) (x) = f(x)  g(x)

f  f ( x)
(iii)   (x) = domain is {x  x  A  B such that g(x)  0} .
g g ( x)
8. COMPOSITE OF UNIFORMLY & NON-UNIFORMLY DEFINED FUNCTIONS

Let f : A → B & g : B → C be two functions. Then the function gof : A → C defined by

(gof) (x) = g (f(x))  x  A is called the composite of the two functions f & g .
x→ f ( x)
Diagramatically ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯→ ⎯→ g (f(x)) .
Thus the image of every x  A under the function gof is the g−image of the f−image of x .
Note that gof is defined only if  x  A, f(x) is an element of the domain of g so that we can take
its g-image. Hence for the product gof of two functions f & g, the range of f must be a subset of
the domain of g.
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS :
(i) The composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof  fog .
(ii) The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are three functions such that
fo (goh) & (fog) oh are defined, then fo (goh) = (fog) oh .
(iii) The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f & g are two bijections such that
gof is defined, then gof is also a bijection.

9. BOUNDED FUNCTION
A function is said to be bounded if f(x)  M , where M is a finite quantity .

10. INVERSE OF A FUNCTION

Let f : A → B be a one−one & onto function, then their exists a unique function
g : B → A such that f(x) = y  g(y) = x,  x  A & y  B . Then g is said to be inverse of f .
Thus g = f−1 : B → A = {(f(x), x)  (x, f(x))  f} .
PROPERTIES OF INVERSE FUNCTION :
(i) The inverse of a bijection is unique .
(ii) If f : A → B is a bijection & g : B → A is the inverse of f, then fog = IB and
gof = IA , where IA & IB are identity functions on the sets A & B respectively.

Note that the graphs of f & g are the mirror images of each other in the line
y = x . As shown in the figure given below a point (x ',y ' ) corresponding to y = x2 (x >0)
changes to (y ',x ' ) corresponding to y = + x , the changed form of x = y .

361
 (iii) The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection .
(iv) If f & g are two bijections f : A → B , g : B → C then the inverse of gof exists
and
(gof)−1 = f−1 o g−1 .

13. ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS

If f (−x) = f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an even function.
e.g. f (x) = cos x ; g (x) = x² + 3 .
If f (−x) = −f (x) for all x in the domain of ‘f’ then f is said to be an odd function.
e.g. f (x) = sin x ; g (x) = x3 + x .
NOTE : (a) f (x) − f (−x) = 0 => f (x) is even & f (x) + f (−x) = 0 => f (x) is odd .
(b) A function may neither be odd nor even .
(c) Inverse of an even function is not defined .
(d) Every even function is symmetric about the y−axis & every odd function is symmetric
about the origin.
(e) Every function can be expressed as the sum of an even & an odd function.
f ( x) + f ( − x) f ( x) − f ( − x)
e.g. f ( x) = +
2 2

(f) The only function which is defined on the entire number line & is even and odd at the
same time is f(x) = 0.
(g) If f and g both are even or both are odd then the function f.g will be even but if any
one of them is odd then f.g will be odd .
14. PERIODIC FUNCTION

A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a positive number T (T > 0) called the period of
the function such that f (x + T) = f(x), for all values of x within the domain of x.
e.g. The function sin x & cos x both are periodic over 2 & tan x is periodic over  .
NOTE : (a) f (T) = f (0) = f (−T) , where ‘T’ is the period .
(b) Inverse of a periodic function does not exist .
(c) Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period.
(d) If f (x) has a period T & g (x) also has a period T then it does not mean that
f (x) + g (x) must have a period T . e.g. f (x) = sinx + cosx.
1
(e) If f(x) has a period p, then and f ( x ) also has a period p.
f ( x)
(f) if f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period T/a (a > 0).

15. GENERAL
If x, y are independent variables, then :
(i) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = k ln x or f(x) = 0.
(ii) f(xy) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = xn, n  R
(iii) f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y)  f(x) = akx.
(iv) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)  f(x) = kx, where k is a constant.

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 SOLVED EXAMPLE
1. A function f from the set of natural numbers to integers defined by is
 n −1
 , when n is odd
 2
f (n) =  [JEE Main 2003]
− n , when n is even

 2
(A) neither one-one nor onto (B) one-one but not onto
(C) onto but not one-one (D) one-one and onto both

Ans. (D)
 n −1
 2 ; n = odd
Sol. f (n) =  f(n) : N → I
 − n ; n = Even
 2

n = 1  f(1) = 0

n = 2  f(2) = –1

n = 3  f(3) = 1

n = 4  f(4) = –2

n = 5  f(5) = 2

n = 6  f(6) = –3



 f(x) is one-one and onto.

2. The graph of the function y = f(x) is symmetrical about the line x = 2, then
[JEE Main 2004]
(A) f(x) = –f(–x) (B) f(2 + x) = f(2 – x) (C) f(x) = f(–x) (D) f(x + 2) = f(x – 2)

Ans. (B)
Sol. For a function to be symmetric about the line

x = 2, f(2 + x) = f(2 – x)

363
3. The range of the function f(x) = 7–xPx–3 is [JEE Main 2004]
(A) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (B) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (C) {1, 2, 3, 4} (D) {1, 2, 3}

Ans. (D)
7 − x 1 

Sol. f(x) = 7 – xPx – 3 : Domain :– x − 3  0   x [3, 5]
7 − x  x − 3

 Range  {f(3), f(4), f(5)}  x  {3, 4, 5}

 {4P0, 3P1, 2P2}

 {1, 2, 3}

sin −1 (x − 3)
4. The domain of the function f (x) = is [JEE Main 2004]
9 − x2
(A) [1, 2] (B) [2, 3) (C) [1, 2) (D) [2, 3]

Ans. (B)
sin −1 (x − 3)
Sol. f (x) =
9 − x2

−1  x − 3  1
 2x4 
Domain :– n n  x  [2,3)
9−x  0 
2
  −3  x  3

5. A real valued function f(x) satisfied the functional equation

f(x – y) = f(x) f(y) – f(a – x) f(a + y)
where a is a given constant and f(0) = 1, f(2a – x) is equal to [JEE Main 2005]
(A) –f(x) (B) f(x) (C) f(a) + f(a – x) (D) f(–x)

Ans. (A)
Sol. f(x – y) = f(x) · f(y) – f(a – x) f(a + y)

Put x = y = 0  f(0) = f2(0) – f2(a)  f(a) = 0

Put x = a & y = x – a

 f(2a – x) = f(a) · f(x – a) – f(0) · f(x)

 f(2a – x) = –f(x) { f(0) = 1 & f(a) = 0}

364
  x   x 
6. The period of the function f(x) = sin 2x + sin   + sin   is
 3   5 
(A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 15 (D) 30

Ans. (D)
 x   x 
Sol. f (x) = sin 2x + sin   + sin  
 3   5 

  

 2 2 2 
LCM  , , 
 2 /3 /5

 LCM (1, 6, 10) = 30

7. The period of the function, f(x) = [x] + [2x] + [3x] +.....+ [nx] – x, where n  N and []
denotes the greatest integer function, is :
1
(A) 1 (B) n (C) (D) Non periodic
n

Ans. (A)
n (x + 1) x
Sol. f(x) = [x] + [2x] +……+[nx] –
2

n (n + 1)
= (x – {x}) + (2x – {2x}) + …. + (nx – {nx}) – x
2

= – ({n} + {2x} +….+ {nx})

 1 1
LCM  1, ,......,  = 1
 2 n

 Period = 1

8. If f : R → R, f(x) = ex, & g : R → R, g(x) = 3x – 2, then the value of (fog)–1 (x) is equal to
2 + ln x  x +3
(A) log(x – 2) (B) (C) log   (D) None of these
3  2 
Ans. (B)
Sol. f(x) = e x & g(x) = 3x – 2

 fog(x) = f(g(x) =f(3x – 2) = e3x – 2 = y(let)

1
 3x – 2 = n y  x = (n y + 2)
3
1
( fog ) ( 2 + n x ) Ans.
−1
 =
3
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9. If the function f : [1, ) → [1, ) is defined by f(x) = 2x (x − 1), then f−1(x) is
[JEE 99]
x ( x −1)
1
(A)  
2
(B)
1
2
(
1 + 1 + 4log 2 x (C) )
1
2
(
1 − 1 + 4log 2 x ) (D) not defined

Ans. (B)
Sol. f (x) = 2x(x −1) : [1, ) → [1, )

Let y = 2x(x–1)

 log 2 y = x 2 − x  x 2 − x − log 2 y = 0

1  1 + 4log 2 y
 x=
2

1 + 1 + 4 log 2 y
 x= { x  1}
2
1
 f −1 (x) = 1 + 1 + 4 log 2 x 
2

0 if x is rational 0 if x is irrational
10. 
Let f (x) =  
and g (x) = 
 x if x is irrational  x if x is rational
Then the function (f – g) x is
(A) odd (B) even
(C) neither odd nor even (D) odd as well as even

Ans. (A)
 – x; x  Q
Sol. Let h(x) = (f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x) = 
x ; x  Q '

Case-I : x  Q  h(x) = – x

 h(– x) = x = – h(x)  odd function

Case-II : x  Q  h(x) = x

 h(– x) = – x – h(x)  odd function

 From Case-I & II h(– x) = – h(x)  x  R

 h(x) = f(x) – g(x) is an odd function.

366
 2(e x − e − x )(sin x + tan x)
11. f(x) = is (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)
 x + 2 
2 −3
  
(A) an odd function (B) an even function
(C) neither even nor odd (D) both even and odd

Ans. (A)
Sol. Case i > If x = n, then f(x) = 0  f(x) is even as well odd
Case ii > If x  n, then

2(e x − e − x )(sin x + tan x)

f(x) =
 x
2 2 +  − 3
 
−x
2(e − e )(sin x + tan x)
x
f(x) =
x
1+ 2  

−x
2(e − e )( −(sin x + tan x))
x
 f(– x) =
 −x 
1+ 2  
  
−x
2(e − e )(sin x + tan x)
x
x
= ; n
 x 
1 + 2  −1 −   
 
−2(e x − e − x )(sin x + tan x)
=
x
1+ 2  

f(– x) = – f(x)  f(x) is odd
 from case i > & case ii > ; f(x) is an odd function

12. If a  R and the equation – 3(x – [x])2 + 2(x – [x]) + a2 = 0 [IIT Mains 2014]
(where [x] denotes the greatest integer  x) has no integral solution, then all possible
values of 'a 'lie in the interval
(A) (– , – 2)  (2, ) (B) (– 1, 0)  (0, 1)
(C) (1, 2) (D) (– 2, – 1)

Ans. (B)
Sol. x – [x] = {x} = t  [0, 1)
–3t2+ 2t + a2 = 0
 a2= 3t2 – 2t  [0, 1)
Since eqn cannot have integral
root : t0
 a2  (0, 1)
 a  (–1, 0)  (0, 1)

367
13. The range of the function f(x) = sin(cos x) + cos(sin x) is :
(A) 1,1 + cos1 (B)  cos1,1 + cos1 

(C)  cos1,1 + sin1  (D) 1,1 + sin1 

Ans. (C)
Sol. f(x) = sin (cos x) + cos (sin x)

Domain : -

sin(cos x)  0 and cos(sin x)  0

cosx  [– 1, 1] sinx [– 1, 1]

but for cos x  [– 1, 0),  x  R

sin(cos x) is – ve

 sin(cos x) to be  0 cos x  [0, 1]

 x  [0, /2] and x  R

 
 Domain of f(x) is x   n, n + ; nI
 2 

Now, f (x) = sin (cos x) + cos (sin x)

cos (cos x) (– sin x) (– sin (sin x)) cos x

f '(x) = +
sin (cos x) cos (sin x)

 
f (x) < 0  x   0, 

2 

 
 f(x) is decreasing function  x   0,
 2 

  
 Range   f   , f (0) 
 2 

f(x)   cos1,1 + sin1 

 

368
14. Let f(x) = ([a]2 – 5[a] + 4)x3 – (6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1) x – (tan x)sgn x, be an even function for
all x  R, then sum of all possible values of ‘a’ is
(where [ ] and { } denote greatest integer function and fractional part functions
respectively)
17 53 31 35
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 6 3 3

Ans. (D)
Sol. f(x) = ([a]2 – 5[a] + 4)x3 – (6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1)x – tan xsgn(x)

f(– x) = – ([a]2 – 5[a] + 4) x3 + (6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1) x – tan xsgn(x)

 f(x) is an even function

 f(– x) = f(x)  x  R

 2([a]2 – 5[a] + 4)x3 – 2(6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1) x = 0  x  R

 [a]2 – 5[a] + 4 = 0 and 6{a}2 – 5{a} + 1 = 0

 [a] = 1, 4 and {a} = 1/2, 1/3

 a = [a] +{a}

=1 + 1/2, 1 + 1/3, 4 + 1/2, 4 + 1/3

= 3/2, 4/3, 9/2, 13/3

 Sum of all possible values of ‘a’.

3 4 9 13 35
= + + + =
2 3 2 3 3

1 1
15. For x  R – [0, 1], let f1 (x) = , f 2 (x) = 1 − x and f3 (x) = be three given functions.
x 1− x
If a function, J(x) satisfies (f2oJof1 ) (x) = f3(x) then J(x) is equal to [JEE Main 2019]
1
(A) f3(x) (B) f3 (x) (C) f2(x) (D) f1(x)
x
Ans. (A)
Sol. f2 ( J ( f1 ( x)) = f3 ( x)
1 1
1–J  =
 x  1− x
1 1
J  = 1–
x 1−x

 1  1 − x –1 x
J  = =
x 1– x x −1
1/x
J(x) =
1 / x –1
1
J ( x) =
1− x
 J(x) = f3(x)

369
16. The number of functions f from {1, 2, 3, ....... , 20} onto {1, 2, 3, ..........., 20} such that
f(k) is a multiple of 3, whenever k is a multiple of 4, is : [JEE Main 2019]
(A) 65 × (15)! (B) 5! × 6! (C) (15)! × 6! (D) 56 × 15

Ans. (C) 1 1
Sol. for k = {4, 8, 12, 16, 20} 2 2
 f(k) = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18} 3 3
No. of ways = 6! 4 4
for remaining = 15! . .
 6! × 15! . .
. .
. .
20 20

17. For a suitably chosen real constant a, let a function, f : R–{–a}→ R be defined by
a−x
f (x) = . Further suppose that for any real number x  – a and f(x)  –a, (fof)(x) = x.
a+x
 1
Then f  −  is equal to:
 2
[JEE Main 2020]
1 1
(A) –3 (B) 3 (C) (D) –
3 3

Ans. (B)
a−x
Sol. f(x) =
a+x
a − f ( x)
f(f(x)) = =x
a + f ( x)
a − ax a−x
= f ( x) =
1+ x a+x

 1− x  a − x
a = a=1
 1+ x  a + x
1− x
So f(x) =
1+ x
 −1 
f  =3
 2 

370
18. Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = sin x for all x  R. Then the set of all x satisfying (f o g o g o f)(x)
= (g o g o f)(x), where (f o g)(x) = f(g(x)), is
[JEE Adv. 2011]
(A) ± n , n  {0, 1, 2, ....} (B) ± n , n  {1, 2, ....}

(C) + 2n, n  {...., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2.....} (D) 2n, n  {...., –2, –1, 0, 1, 2.....}
2
Ans. (A)
Sol. (g o f)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(x2) = sinx2
g o (g o f)(x) = g(sinx2) = sin (sinx2)
f o (g o g o f(x)) = f(sin(sinx2)) = (sin (sinx2) )2
 (sin (sinx2))2= sin(sinx2)
 (sin (sinx2)){ sin(sinx2) − 1) = 0
sin (sinx2) = 0 or sin (sinx2) = 1

 sinx2 = n  or sinx2 =2n  +
2
at n = 0 at n = 0

 sinx2 = 0 sinx2 = (Not possible)
2
 x2 = n 
 x =  n ; n {0,1, 2,.....}

4x
19. Let the function f: [0,1] → R be defined by f ( x) = Then the value o
4x + 2
 1   2   3   39  1
f  + f  + f   + ....... + f  − f   is [JEE Adv 2020]
 40   40   40   40  2

Ans. (19)
Sol. f : [0, 1] → R
4x
f(x) = x
4 +2
4
41− x x 4
f(1 – x) = 1− x = 4 =
4 +2 4 4 + 2.4x
+ 2
4x
2

2 + 4x
 f(x) + f(1-x) = 1

 1   2   39  1
f  + f  + ...... + f   −f 
 40   40   40  2
 20  1
 19 pairs + f   − f   = 19
 40  2

371