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DSP Chapter4

This document summarizes key concepts about discrete-time systems: 1) It defines discrete-time signals and some basic signals like unit sample and unit step. 2) It describes the input/output relationship of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems and convolution. 3) It discusses finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. It also covers causality and stability of discrete-time systems.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
69 views51 pages

DSP Chapter4

This document summarizes key concepts about discrete-time systems: 1) It defines discrete-time signals and some basic signals like unit sample and unit step. 2) It describes the input/output relationship of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems and convolution. 3) It discusses finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. It also covers causality and stability of discrete-time systems.

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Sang Nguyễn
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Chapter 4

Discrete-Time Systems
Nguyen Thanh Tuan, Click
M.Eng.
to edit Master subtitle style
Nguyen Khanh Loi, M.Eng.
Department of Telecommunications (113B3)
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology nkloi@hcmut.edu.vn
Email: nttbk97@yahoo.com
Content

❖ Input/output relationship of the systems

❖ Linear time-invariant (LTI) systems


❑ convolution

❖ FIR and IIR filters

❖ Causality and stability of the systems

Digital Signal Processing 2 Discrete-Time Systems


1. Discrete-time signal

❖ The discrete-time signal x(n) is obtained from sampling an analog


signal x(t), i.e., x(n)=x(nT) where T is the sampling period.
❖ There are some representations of the discrete-time signal x(n):
x(n)
✓ Graphical representation: 4

✓ Function: 1 for n = 1,3


 1 1
x ( n) =  4 for n = 2
0 -1
 elsewhere 0 1 2 3 4
n

n … -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 …
✓ Table: x(n) … 0 0 0 1 4 1 0 0 …

✓ Sequence: x(n)=[… 0, 0, 1, 4, 1, 0, …]=[0, 1, 4, 1]

Digital Signal Processing 3 Discrete-Time Systems


Some elementary discrete-time signals

❖ Unit sample sequence (unit impulse):


1 for n = 0
 ( n) = 
0 for n  0

❖ Unit step signal


1 for n  0
u ( n) = 
0 for n  0

Digital Signal Processing 4 Discrete-Time Systems


2. Input/output rules

❖ A discrete-time system is a processor that transform an input


sequence x(n) into an output sequence y(n).

Fig: Discrete-time system


❖ Sample-by-sample processing:

that is, and so on.

❖ Block processing:

Digital Signal Processing 5 Discrete-Time Systems


Basic building blocks of DSP systems

❖ Constant multiplier x(n) y(n) = ax(n)


(amplifier, scale)

❖ Delay x(n) y(n) = x(n − D)

x2 (n)

❖ Adder x1 (n) y(n) = x1 (n) + x2 (n)


(sum)
x2 (n)
x1 (n) y(n) = x1 (n) x2 (n)
❖ Signal multiplier
(product)
Digital Signal Processing 6 Discrete-Time Systems
Example 1

❖ Let x(n)={1, 3, 2, 5}. Find the output and plot the graph for the
systems with input/out rules as follows:
a) y(n)=2x(n)
b) y(n)=x(n-4)
c) y(n)=x(n+4)
d) y(n)=x(n)+x(n-1)

Digital Signal Processing 7 Discrete-Time Systems


Example 2

❖ A weighted average system y(n)=2x(n)+4x(n-1)+5x(n-2). Given the


input signal x(n)=[x0,x1, x2, x3 ]
a) Find the output y(n) by sample-sample processing method?
b) Find the output y(n) by block processing method.
c) Plot the block diagram to implement this system from basic
building blocks ?

Digital Signal Processing 8 Discrete-Time Systems


3. Linearity and time invariance

❖ A linear system has the property that the output signal due to a
linear combination of two input signals can be obtained by forming
the same linear combination of the individual outputs.

Fig: Testing linearity

Digital Signal Processing 9 Discrete-Time Systems


Example 3

❖ Test the linearity of the following discrete-time systems:


a) y(n)=nx(n)
b) y(n)=x(n2)
c) y(n)=x2(n)
d) y(n)=Ax(n)+B

Digital Signal Processing 10 Discrete-Time Systems


3. Linearity and time invariance

❖ A time-invariant system is a system that its input-output


characteristics do not change with time.

Fig: Testing time invariance

❖ If yD(n)=y(n-D)  D→ time-invariant system. Otherwise, the


system is time-variant.

Digital Signal Processing 11 Discrete-Time Systems


Example 4

❖ Test the time-invariance of the following discrete-time systems:


a) y(n)=x(n)-x(n-1)
b) y(n)=nx(n)
c) y(n)=x(-n)
d) y(n)=x(2n)

Digital Signal Processing 12 Discrete-Time Systems


4. Impulse response
❖ Linear time-invariant (LTI) systems are characterized uniquely by
their impulse response sequence h(n), which is defined as the
response of the systems to a unit impulse (n).

Fig: Impulse response of an LTI system

Fig: Delayed impulse responses of an LTI system


Digital Signal Processing 13 Discrete-Time Systems
5. Convolution of LTI systems

Fig: Response to linear combination of inputs


❖ Convolution:
y(n) =  x(m)h(n − m) = x(n)  h(n) (LTI form)
m

y(n) =  h(m) x(n − m) = h(n)  x(n) (direct form)


m

Digital Signal Processing 14 Discrete-Time Systems


6. FIR versus IIR filters

❖ A finite impulse response (FIR) filter has impulse response h(n)


that extend only over a finite time interval, say 0 n  M.

Fig: FIR impulse response

❖ M: filter order; Lh=M+1: the length of impulse response


❖ h={h0, h1, …, hM} is referred by various name such as filter
coefficients, filter weights, or filter taps.
M
❖ FIR filtering equation: y(n) = h(n)  x(n) =  h(m) x(n − m)
m =0

Digital Signal Processing 15 Discrete-Time Systems


Example 5

❖ The third-order FIR filter has the impulse response h=[1, 2, 1, -1]

a) Find the I/O equation, i.e., the relationship of the input x(n) and the
output y(n) ?
b) Given x=[1, 2, 3, 1], find the output y(n) ?

Digital Signal Processing 16 Discrete-Time Systems


6. FIR versus IIR filters

❖ A infinite impulse response (IIR) filter has impulse response h(n)


of infinite duration, say 0 n  .

Fig: IIR impulse response



❖ IIR filtering equation: y(n) = h(n)  x(n) =  h(m) x(n − m)
m =0

❖ The I/O equation of IIR filters are expressed as the recursive


difference equation.

Digital Signal Processing 17 Discrete-Time Systems


Example 6

❖ Determine the output of the LTI system which has the impulse
response h(n)=anu(n), |a| 1 when the input is the unit step signal
x(n)=u(n) ?

n +1
n
r m
− r
❖ Remark:

k =m
r k
=
1− r
 m
r
❖ When n=  and|r| 1 
k =m
r k
=
1− r
Digital Signal Processing 18 Discrete-Time Systems
Example 7

❖ Assume the IIR filter has a casual h(n) defined by

 2 for n = 0
h( n) =  n −1
 4 ( 0 .5) for n  1

a) Find the I/O difference equation ?

b) Find the difference equation for h(n)?

Digital Signal Processing 19 Discrete-Time Systems


7. Causality and Stability

Fig: Causal, anticausal, and mixed signals


❖ LTI systems can also classified in terms of causality depending on
whether h(n) is casual, anticausal or mixed.
❖ A system is stable (BIBO) if bounded inputs (|x(n)| A) always
generate bounded outputs (|y(n)| B).

❖ A LTI system is stable  | h(n) |  
n = −

Digital Signal Processing 20 Discrete-Time Systems


Example 8

❖ Consider the causality and stability of the following systems:

a) h(n)=(0.5)nu(n)
b) h(n)=(-0.5)nu(-n-1)

Digital Signal Processing 21 Discrete-Time Systems


8. Static versus Dynamic systems

❖ Static (memoryless): output at any instant depends at most on the


input sample at the same time, but not on past or future samples of
the inputs.

❖ Otherwise, the system is dynamic.


✓ Finite memory
✓ Infinite memory

Digital Signal Processing 22 Discrete-Time Systems


9. Interconnection of discrete time systems

❖ Cascade (series):

➢ LTI systems:

❖ Parallel:

Digital Signal Processing 23 Discrete-Time Systems


10. Energy versus Power signals

❖ Energy:

❖ Power:

Digital Signal Processing 24 Discrete-Time Systems


11. Periodic versus Aperiodic signals

❖ Periodic:

❖ Otherwise, the signal is nonperiodic or aperiodic.

Digital Signal Processing 25 Discrete-Time Systems


12. Symmetric versus Antisymmetric signals

❖ Symmetric (even):

❖ Antisymmetric (odd):

Digital Signal Processing 26 Discrete-Time Systems


13. Crosscorrelation and Autocorrelation

❖ Crosscorrelation:

❖ Autocorrelation:

Digital Signal Processing 27 Discrete-Time Systems


Example 9

Digital Signal Processing 28 Discrete-Time Systems


Homework 1

Digital Signal Processing 29 Discrete-Time Systems


Homework 2

Digital Signal Processing 30 Discrete-Time Systems


Homework 3

Digital Signal Processing 31 Discrete-Time Systems


Homework 4

Digital Signal Processing 32 Discrete-Time Systems


Homework 5

Digital Signal Processing 33 Discrete-Time Systems


Homework 6

Digital Signal Processing 34 Discrete-Time Systems


Homework 7

Digital Signal Processing 35 Discrete-Time Systems


Homework 8

Digital Signal Processing 36 Discrete-Time Systems


Homework 9

Digital Signal Processing 37 Discrete-Time Systems


Homework 10

Digital Signal Processing 38 Discrete-Time Systems


Homework 11

Cho hệ thống rời rạc tuyến tính bất biến có đáp ứng xung h(n)={0↑,
@, -1}.
a) Xác định phương trình sai phân vào-ra của hệ thống trên.
b) Vẽ 1 sơ đồ khối thực hiện hệ thống trên.
c) Tìm giá trị của mẫu tín hiệu ngõ ra y(n = 1) khi tín hiệu ngõ vào
x(n) = {1, 0↑, -1}.
d) Tìm giá trị của mẫu tín hiệu ngõ ra y(n = 2) khi tín hiệu ngõ vào
x(n) = δ(n) – δ(n–2).
e) Tìm giá trị của mẫu tín hiệu ngõ ra y(n = 3) khi tín hiệu ngõ vào
x(n) = u(n) – u(n–3).
f) Tìm giá trị của mẫu tín hiệu ngõ ra y(n = 4) khi tín hiệu ngõ vào
x(n) = u(n+4) – u(n–4).
g) Tìm giá trị của mẫu tín hiệu ngõ ra y(n = 5) khi tín hiệu ngõ vào
x(n) = u(–n) – u(–n–5).
Digital Signal Processing 39 Discrete-Time Systems
Homework 12

Cho hệ thống rời rạc có phương trình sai phân vào-ra y(n) = 2x(n) –
3x(n–3).
a) Tìm đáp ứng xung của hệ thống trên.
b) Tìm các giá trị của tín hiệu ngõ ra khi tín hiệu ngõ vào x(n) =
δ(n+@) + 2δ(n – 2).
c) Tìm 5 giá trị (n=0,1,2,3,4) của tín hiệu ngõ ra khi tín hiệu ngõ vào
x(n) = u(n).
d) Tìm 5 giá trị (n=0,1,2,3,4) của tín hiệu ngõ ra khi tín hiệu ngõ vào
x(n) = u(– n).
e) Tìm 5 giá trị (n=0,1,2,3,4) của tín hiệu ngõ ra khi tín hiệu ngõ vào
x(n) = u(2 – n).
f) Tìm 5 giá trị (n=0,1,2,3,4) của tín hiệu ngõ ra khi tín hiệu ngõ vào
x(n) = u(n – 2).

Digital Signal Processing 40 Discrete-Time Systems


Homework 13

Cho hệ thống rời rạc tuyến tính bất biến nhân quả có phương trình sai
phân vào-ra y(n) = 2x(n–2) – y(n–1).
a) Vẽ 1 sơ đồ khối thực hiện hệ thống trên với số bộ trễ là ít nhất có
thể.
b) Tìm giá trị của đáp ứng xung h(n = @).
c) Tìm giá trị mẫu ngõ ra y(n = @) khi ngõ vào x(n) = 2δ(n).
d) Tìm giá trị mẫu ngõ ra y(n = @) khi ngõ vào x(n) = δ(n–2).
e) Tìm giá trị mẫu ngõ ra y(n = @) khi ngõ vào x(n) = δ(n)–δ(n–2).
f) Tìm giá trị mẫu ngõ ra y(n = @) khi ngõ vào x(n) = u(n)–u(n-2).
g) Tìm giá trị mẫu ngõ ra y(n = @) khi ngõ vào x(n) = u(n).
h) Tìm giá trị mẫu ngõ ra y(n = @) khi ngõ vào x(n) = u(–n).
i) Tìm giá trị mẫu ngõ ra y(n = @) khi ngõ vào x(n) = u(–n–1).
j) Tìm giá trị mẫu ngõ ra y(n = @) khi ngõ vào x(n) = 1.

Digital Signal Processing 41 Discrete-Time Systems


Homework 14

Kiểm tra tính chất tuyến tính, bất biến của các hệ thống rời rạc sau:
1) y(n) = x(n) + 2.
2) y(n) = 2 – x(n).
3) y(n) = x(2 – n).
4) y(n) = x2(n).
5) y(n) = x(n2).
6) y(n) = x(2n).
7) y(n) = x(2n + 1).
8) y(n) = nx(n).
9) y(n) = x(2|n|).
10) y(n) = 2x(n).
11) y(n) = 2nx(n).
12) y(n) = 2-nx(n).

Digital Signal Processing 42 Discrete-Time Systems


Homework 15

Kiểm tra tính chất tuyến tính, bất biến, nhân quả, ổn định, tĩnh của các
hệ thống rời rạc sau:
1) y(n) = cos{x(n)}.
2) y(n) = cos{x(2n)}.
3) y(n) = cos{x2(n)}.
4) y(n) = cos2{x(n)}.
5) y(n) = cos(n)x(n).
6) y(n) = cos{nx(n)}.
7) y(n) = cos(n) + x(n).
8) y(n) = x(n) + 2x(n – 3) – 3x(n + 2).
9) y(n) = 2x(n) + y(n – 1).
10) y(n) = x(n) + 2y(n – 1).
11) y(n) = x(n) + y(n – 1)/2.
12) y(n) = y(n – 1) – y(n – 2).
Digital Signal Processing 43 Discrete-Time Systems
Homework 16

Xác định và vẽ tín hiệu ngõ ra tương ứng với tín hiệu ngõ vào x(n) =
{– @, 0, 1, 2, 3} của các hệ thống rời rạc sau:
1) y(n) = nx(n).
2) y(n) = x(n – 2).
3) y(n) = x(n + 2).
4) y(n) = x(n) + 2.
5) y(n) = x(2n).
6) y(n) = x(2n – 1).
7) y(n) = x(– n).
8) y(n) = x(2 – n).
9) y(n) = x2(n).
10) y(n) = x(n) + x(n + 2).
11) y(n) = x(n) – x(n – 2).
12) y(n) = x(n) + x(– n).
Digital Signal Processing 44 Discrete-Time Systems
Homework 17

Xác định và vẽ tín hiệu ngõ ra tương ứng với tín hiệu ngõ vào x(n) =
{0, 4, 5, @} của các hệ thống rời rạc sau:
1) y(n) = nx(n).
2) y(n) = x(n – 2).
3) y(n) = x(n + 2).
4) y(n) = x(n) + 2.
5) y(n) = x(2n).
6) y(n) = x(2n – 1).
7) y(n) = x(– n).
8) y(n) = x(2 – n).
9) y(n) = x2(n).
10) y(n) = x(n) + x(n + 2).
11) y(n) = x(n) – x(n – 2).
12) y(n) = x(n) + x(–n).
Digital Signal Processing 45 Discrete-Time Systems
Homework 18

Xác định và vẽ tín hiệu ngõ ra tương ứng với tín hiệu ngõ vào x(n) =
{– @, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, @} của các hệ thống rời rạc sau:
1) y(n) = nx(n).
2) y(n) = x(n – 2).
3) y(n) = x(n + 2).
4) y(n) = x(n) + 2.
5) y(n) = x(2n).
6) y(n) = x(2n – 1).
7) y(n) = x(– n).
8) y(n) = x(2 – n).
9) y(n) = x2(n).
10) y(n) = x(n) + x(n + 2).
11) y(n) = x(n) – x(n – 2).
12) y(n) = x(n) + x(– n).
Digital Signal Processing 46 Discrete-Time Systems
Homework 19

Xác định và vẽ tín hiệu ngõ ra tương ứng với tín hiệu ngõ vào x(n) =
@δ(n) + 2δ(n – 2) – 3δ(n + 3) của các hệ thống rời rạc sau:
1) y(n) = nx(n).
2) y(n) = x(n – 2).
3) y(n) = x(n + 2).
4) y(n) = x(n) + 2.
5) y(n) = x(2n).
6) y(n) = x(2n – 1).
7) y(n) = x(– n).
8) y(n) = x(2 – n).
9) y(n) = x2(n).
10) y(n) = x(n) + x(n + 2).
11) y(n) = x(n) – x(n – 2).
12) y(n) = x(n) + x(–n).
Digital Signal Processing 47 Discrete-Time Systems
Homework 20

Vẽ sơ đồ khối thực hiện các hệ thống rời rạc sau:


1) y(n) = x(n) + 2x(n – 1) – 3x(n – 3).
2) y(n) = 2x(n – 1) + y(n – 1).
3) y(n) = x(n – 1) + 2y(n – 1).
4) y(n) = x(n – 1) + y(n – 1)/2.
5) y(n) = y(n – 1) – y(n – 2).
6) y(n) = x(n – 1) – y(n – 2).
7) y(n) = x(n – 2) – y(n – 2).
8) y(n) = x(n – 2) – y(n – 1).
9) y(n) = 2x(n) – y(n – 2).
10) y(n) = 0.5{2x(n) – y(n – 2)}.
11) y(n) = x(n) + 2x(n – 1) – 3y(n – 2).
12) y(n) = x(n) + 2x(n – 2) – 3y(n – 2).

Digital Signal Processing 48 Discrete-Time Systems


Homework 21

Vẽ dạng sóng của các tín hiệu rời rạc sau:


1) x(n) = δ(n) – δ(n – 2).
2) x(n) = 2δ(n – 2) – δ(n + 2).
3) x(n) = u(n) – u(n – 2).
4) x(n) = u(–n).
5) x(n) = u(2 – n).
6) x(n) = u(2 + n).
7) x(n) = u(n) + u(–n).
8) x(n) = u(– n) – u(–n – 1).
9) x(n) = nu(n).
10) x(n) = nu(–n – 1).
11) x(n) = u(n) – 1.
12) x(n) = 1 – u(–n – 1).

Digital Signal Processing 49 Discrete-Time Systems


Bộ lọc IIR nhân quả có đáp ứng xung ràng buộc
bởi phương trình sau:
h(n) − 0.2h(n −1) = 2 (n) −  (n −1)
a. Xác định đáp ứng xung nhân quả của hệ thống
b. Viết phương trình vi sai I/0 của bộ lọc từ giá trị
đáp ứng xung nhân quả ở câu a
Cho hệ thống sau:
x(n) y1(n) y2(n) y(n)
S1 S2 S3

Biết rằng quan hệ vào ra của các hệ S1, S2, S3 như sau:
• S1: y1(n) = 2x1(n)+x1(n-1)
• S2: y2(n) = x2(n-1)+x2(n-2)-x2(n-3)
• S3: y3(n) = x3(n)-x3(n-2)

a. Hãy xác định phương trình quan hệ vào ra của hệ


thống trên.
b. Vẽ sơ đồ khối thực hiện hệ thống.

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