Signals_AI_lec8
Signals_AI_lec8
Lec 1
What is a Signal?
A signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies with time or any
other independent variables..
This quantity usually changes with time and that is what makes it
interesting. Signals of interest can include sound, images, time-varying
measurement values and sensor data, for example control system signals,
telecommunication transmission signals such as radio signals, voltage and
current, pressure, fluid level, temperature, and any others.
What is a System?
Input Output
System
R Y
What is Signal Processing?
In such type of signal processing the input signal, the output signal
and the system are all analog in nature.
Analog System
In such type of signal processing the input signal, the output signal
EX:
For the following example ,the input signal is a noisy fingerprint image,
and the output is filtered or noiseless fingerprint image. The filtering
operation is done by the digital signal processor or the computer.
Digital System
2
1 3
Digital Signal Processor
A/D / Digital System D/A
0 𝑡 Sampler 𝑛𝑇
0 𝑇 2𝑇 3𝑇 4𝑇 5𝑇 6𝑇 … …
(A/D converter)
Continuous-time Signal Discrete-time Signal
The sampling instants are normally represented by 𝑡 = 𝑛𝑇, thus the sampled signal (or
.......) and 𝑥 𝑛𝑇 = 𝑥 𝑡 .
𝑡 = 𝑛𝑇
by assuming the sampling time 𝑇 = 1 sec, the samples of the discrete time signal
𝑥(𝑛)
𝑥(𝑡)
𝒙∗ (𝒕)
T = 1 sec
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑥 ∗ (𝑡)
0 𝑡 Sampler 𝑛
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 ……
(A/D converter)
For simplification, we will assume 𝑇 = 1 sec for all discrete signals in our course.
Standard Continuous-time and
Discrete Time Signals
1- Unit impulse Signal (continuous-time form)
1 , 𝑡=0
𝛿 𝑡 =
0 , 𝑡≠0
𝛿(𝑡)
… … −3 −2 −1 𝑡
0 1 2 3 4 5 ……
1- Unit impulse Signal (discrete-time form)
1 , 𝑛=0 𝛿(𝑛)
𝛿 𝑛 =
0 , 𝑛≠0
In the sequence form, it can be represented as:
1
𝛿 𝑛 = …….0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ……
𝑛
… … −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 ……
• The arrow refers to the 0th sample, i.e., the sample
value at n = 0.
• In the absent of arrow, the first sample is considered
as the 0th sample. So, the above sequence can be
represented simply as 𝛿 𝑛 = 1 .
2- Unit Step Signal (continuous-time form)
1 , 𝑡≥0
𝑢 𝑡 =
0 , 𝑡<0
𝑢(𝑡)
𝑡
… … −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 ……
2- Unit Step Signal (discrete-time form)
1 , 𝑛≥0 1
𝑢 𝑛 = ……
0 , 𝑛<0
… … −3 −2 −1 0 1
𝑛
2 3 4 5 ……
In the sequence form, it can be represented as:
𝑢 𝑛 = …….0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ……
𝑡 , 𝑡≥0
𝑢𝑟 𝑡 =
0 , 𝑛<0
𝑢𝑟 𝑛
𝑡
… … −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 ……
3- Unit Ramp Signal (discrete-time form)
𝑛 , 𝑛≥0
𝑢𝑟 𝑛 =
0 , 𝑛<0
In the sequence form, it can be represented as:
𝑢𝑟 𝑛 = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 … …
5
𝑢𝑟 𝑛
4
3
2
1 ……
𝑛
… … −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 ……
4- Exponential Signal (continuous-time form)
𝑎𝑡 , 𝑡 ≥ 0
𝑥 𝑡 =
0 ,𝑡 < 0
𝑥 𝑡 𝑥(𝑡)
1
1
… … −3 −2 −1 0 1
𝑡 𝑡
2 3 4 5 …… … … −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 ……
0<a<1 a>1
4- Exponential Signal (discrete-time form)
𝑎𝑛 , 𝑛≥0
𝑥 𝑛 =
0 , 𝑛<0
In the sequence form, it can be represented as:
𝑢𝑟 𝑛 = 1 , 𝑎 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3, 𝑎4 … … …
𝑎5
𝑥 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
𝑎4
1 𝑎3
a 𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑎3 a
𝑎4 1 ……
…… 𝑛
… … −3 −2 −1 0 1 …… … … −3−2 −1 0
𝑛
2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 ……
a>1
0<a<1
Basic Operations on Continuous-
time or Discrete-time Signals
Continuous-time System
𝒙(𝒕) 𝒚(𝒕)
T
continuous input continuous output
signal continuous-time signal (response)
system
𝒙(𝒏) 𝒚(𝒏)
T
Discrete input Discrete output
signal Discrete-time signal (response)
system
3. Addition operation
• 𝑦1 𝑡 = 𝑥 −𝑡
• 𝑦2 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 − 2
• 𝑦3 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 2
• 𝑦4 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑥 𝑡 − 1
• 𝑦5 𝑡 = 2𝑥 𝑡
𝑥 𝑡
1 , 0≤𝑡<1
𝑥 𝑡 = −𝑡 + 2 , 1≤𝑡≤2 1
0 , 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑡
−2 −1 0 1 2
𝑦1 𝑡 = 𝑥 −𝑡 (Folding operation)
𝑦1 𝑡
Solution
0
𝑡
−2 −1 1 2
𝑡
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦2 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 − 2 (Delay operation)
Solution 𝑦2 𝑡
𝑡
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑡
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦3 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 + 2 (Advance operation)
Solution 𝑦2 𝑡
𝑡
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑡
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑥 𝑡−1
1
𝑡
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Solution 𝑦4 𝑡
2
𝑡
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦5 𝑡 = 2 𝑥 𝑡
𝑥 𝑡
(Scaling operation)
1
𝑡
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Solution
𝑦5 𝑡
2
𝑡
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Example 2:
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡 + 2 + 2 𝑢 𝑡 + 1 − 2 𝑢 𝑡 − 1 − 𝑢(𝑡 − 2)
Solution 𝑥 𝑡
𝑡
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Example 3:
• 𝑦1 𝑛 = 𝑥 −𝑛
• 𝑦2 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 1
• 𝑦3 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 1
• 𝑦4 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 − 1 + 𝑥 𝑛 + 1
• 𝑦5 𝑛 = 2𝑥 𝑛
Note that
𝑦1 𝑛 = 𝑥 −𝑛 (Folding operation) 𝑥 n = 1 ,1 ,1 ,1
𝑥 0 =1
Solution 𝑥 1 =1
𝑥 2 =1
The sequence form is 𝑦1 𝑛 = 1 , 1 , 1, 1 𝑥 3 =1
𝑥 𝑛 𝑦1 𝑛
1 1
𝑛 𝑛
… … −3−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 …… … … −3−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 … …
𝑥 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑦2 𝑛
Delay by 1 sample
1 1
𝑛 𝑛
… … −3−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 …… … … −3−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5… …
𝑥 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑦3 𝑛
Advance by 1 sample
1
1
𝑛 𝑛
… … −3−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5… … … … −3−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5… …
𝑥 𝑛−1
1
… … −3−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 … … 𝑛
𝑦4 𝑛 2
𝑥 𝑛+1
1 1
𝑛 𝑛
… … −3−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 … … … … −3−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 … …
𝑦5 𝑛 = 2 𝑥 𝑛 (Scaling operation)
Solution
𝑥 𝑛 𝑦5 𝑛
2
1
𝑛 … … −3−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 … …
𝑛
… … −3−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 ……
Example 4:
Sketch and write in the sequence form the signal y(n),
where: 𝑦 𝑛 = 3𝛿 𝑛 + 2𝛿 𝑛 − 1 − 𝛿(𝑛 − 2)
Solution
𝑛 =0 : 𝑦 0 = 3𝛿 0 + 2𝛿 −1 − 𝛿 −2 = 3
𝑛 =1 : 𝑦 1 = 3𝛿 1 + 2𝛿 0 − 𝛿 −1 = 2
𝑛 =2 : 𝑦 2 = 3𝛿 2 + 2𝛿 1 − 𝛿 0 = −1
𝑛 =3 : 𝑦 3 = 3𝛿 3 + 2𝛿 2 − 𝛿 1 =0 +ve values of 𝑛
𝑛 =4 : 𝑦 4 = 3𝛿 4 + 2𝛿 3 − 𝛿 2 =0
. .
. .
. .
𝑛=∞ : 𝑦 ∞ =0
𝑛=−1 : 𝑦 −1 = 3𝛿 −1 + 2𝛿 −2 − 𝛿 −3 = 0
𝑛=−2 : 𝑦 −2 = 3𝛿 −2 + 2𝛿 −3 − 𝛿 −4 = 0
𝑛=−3 : 𝑦 −3 = 3𝛿 −3 + 2𝛿 −4 − 𝛿 −5 = 0
. . − ve values of 𝑛
. .
. .
𝑛=∞ : 𝑦 ∞ =0
The sequence form of y(n) is
𝑦 𝑛 = 3 , 2 , −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 𝑛 = 3 , 2 , −1
𝑦(𝑛)
3
2
2
𝑛
… … −3−2 −1 0 1 3 4 5 ……
-1
Example 5:
−1
𝑛
… … −3 −2 0 1 2 3 4 5… …
1 −1
Folding 𝑥 −𝑛 2 𝑥 −(𝑛 − 4) = 𝑥 −𝑛 + 4
2 2 2 2
1 1 Delay by 4 samples 1 1
1 5
𝑛… … …… 𝑛
… … −3−2−1 0 2 3 4 5…… −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 8
−1 −1
𝑥 n = 2 , −1 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 1
−1 3
𝑛 𝑛
… … −3 −2 0 1 2 3 4 5 …… … … −2 −1 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 ……
−1 2 −1
𝑥 −𝑛 − 4 = 𝑥(− 𝑛 + 4 )
Folding 2 2
1 1
−3
The result in a sequence form is 𝑛 …… 𝑛
−8 −7 −6−5 −4 −2 −1 0 1 2… …
𝑦(𝑛) = 𝑥 −𝑛 − 4 = 1 , 2 , 0, 1 , −1 , 2 , 0 , 0
−1
Example 6:
1 , −1 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 2
𝑥 𝑡 =
0 , 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
• 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 −𝑡 − 2
Solution • 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 −𝑡 − 2 = 𝑥(− 𝑡 + 2 )
1 fold first
𝑥 𝑡
1
2 Then, advance by 2 − time units
𝑡
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑥 −𝑡
1
𝑡
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 −𝑡 − 2 = 𝑥(− 𝑡 + 2 )
1
𝑡
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
• 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 −𝑡 − 2
Another Solution
1 delay first 2 − time units
𝑥 𝑡
2 Then, fold
1
𝑡
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑥 𝑡−2
1
1
𝑡
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 −𝑡 − 2
1
2
𝑡
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Example 7:
1) 𝑥 −𝑛
2) 𝑥 −𝑛 + 2
3) 𝑥 −𝑛 − 2
Solution
The results in a sequence form are 𝑥 n = 2 , 1 , 1 , 1 , −1 , −1 , −2
1) 𝑥 −𝑛 = −2 , −1 , −1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2
2) 𝑥 −𝑛 + 2 = 𝑥 −(𝑛 − 2) = −2 , −1 , −1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2
1 fold first 𝑥 −𝑛 = −2 , −1 , −1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2
3) 𝑥 −𝑛 − 2 = 𝑥 −(𝑛 + 2) = −2 , −1 , −1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2
1 fold first 𝑥 −𝑛 = −2 , −1 , −1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2
1) 𝑥 −𝑛 = −2 , −1 , −1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2
2) 𝑥 −𝑛 + 2
1 Advance first by 2 samples 𝑥 𝑛 + 2 = 2 , 1 , 1 , 1 , −1 , −1 , −2
2 Then, fold 𝑥 −𝑛 + 2 = −2 , −1 , −1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2
3) 𝑥 −𝑛 − 2
2 Then, fold 𝑥 −𝑛 − 2 = −2 , −1 , −1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2