Path Profile Analysis of A LOS System Using 3-D Digital Map
Path Profile Analysis of A LOS System Using 3-D Digital Map
Path Profile Analysis of A LOS System Using 3-D Digital Map
1, 2008 pp 28-37
Abstract:
Exponential growth of mobile communications, The radio wave did not follow the natural curvature of
radio links and wireless networks has increased the earth. Earth's curvature is a direct block to line-of-
interest in many topics in radio propagation. Much sight communication. When enough distance separates
effort is now devoted to refine radio propagation the two radio stations so that their antennas fall behind
path-loss models for urban, suburban, and other the curvature, the earth itself blocks the transmitted
environments together with substantiation by field signals from the receiver [2].
data. Diffraction of a radio wave front occurs when There are certain radio frequencies, which can travel
the wave front encounters an obstacle that is large only in the line-of-sight. This means that higher the
compared to the wavelength of the ray. The actual antenna of the radio transmitter, greater the distance
amount of obstruction loss is depended on the area covered by its transmission. That explains why
of the beam obstructed in relation to the total television transmission towers are made as high as
frontal area of the energy propagated and to the possible [3]
diffraction properties of the obstruction. The Buildings, hills, and airplanes easily reflected radio
objective for the system designer is to provide wave signals, so some of your signals reach the other
sufficient clearance of the obstacle without station by a direct path and some may be reflected [1].
appreciable transmission loss due to the obstacle. When reflections occur, it is possible to contact other
The degree of intersection between the obstacle and stations by pointing your antenna toward the reflecting
the first Fresnel zone gives a good measure for object rather than station you are trying to contact [1].
obstruction loss. A propagated ground wave takes three separate paths
Remote sensing technologies (satellite images, to the receiver. They are the direct wave, the ground-
aerial photography, and image processing) give reflected wave, and the surface wave, the effectiveness
attractive facilities which can be sacrifice to of ground waves depends on the radio frequency,
determine the topography differences and the path transmitter power, transmitting antenna characteristics,
profile between any two points on the image of the electrical characteristics (conductivity and dielectric
area under test. constant) of the terrain, and electrical noise at the
Merging these facilities with the principle of receiver site. Low and very low frequencies are
wave propagation (First Fresnel Ellipsoid) propagated much better by surface path than are higher
represent the proposed idea of this paper. Data of frequencies [5].
path profile extracted from 3D remote sensing The direct wave is the ground-wave component that
image by using ERDAS IMAGINE was used and travels directly from the transmitting antenna to the
analyzed by MATLAB tools to test the validity of receiving antenna. In terrestrial communications, the
any suggested path. direct path is limited by the distance to the horizon
from the transmitter. This is essentially line-of-sight
Keyword: Attenuation, line-of-Sight, distance [5].
Propagation, Remote Sensing. It can be extended by increasing the height of the
transmitting antenna, the receiving antenna, or both.
1. INTRODUCTION: The direct path is also useful for extraterrestrial
communications.
Propagation is the study of how radio waves travel The ground-reflected path reaches the receiving
from one point to another, and can be a fascinating part antenna after being reflected from the ground or sea.
of ham radio. When signals travel directly from the Upon reflection from the earth s surface, the ground
transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna, this is wave undergoes a 180°-degree phase shift.
referred to as line-of-sight propagation [1]. Since the reflected path travels longer reaching its
destination, a phase displacement somewhat greater
Pr Pt Ar At d2 2
5
Po Pt 4 d 2 1
Where:
In Figure (1) the transmitters and receivers must
Pt compensate for loss of signal strength in free space.
= transmitted power
d = distance between terminals
3. Atmospheric effects:
Assuming a plane wave front at a receiving antenna, The concept of free space transmission assumes that
the space loss is given by: the atmosphere is perfectly uniform and nonabsorbent,
and that the earth is either infinity far away or that its
reflection coefficient is negligible [7].
Pr Pt Ar 4 d 2 2 In a practical line-of-sight communication system, the
Where: received signal will be near the free space value. When
the wave is propagated in the atmosphere and near the
Pr = received power ground, the free space transmission equivalent is
Ar = effective area of the receiving antenna
2 Hence
r1 d2 h2 d1 1 h d1
7
d 1 1 1 h d1
2
2 h 2 2 1 d1 1 d 2 2 9
For the above three cases the third location is the best
one because it gives the better clearance. The
attenuation factor was taken as validity criteria to
check whether the link is accepted or not.
8. Conclusions:
For mobile and Communication networks, there are a
huge number of base and control stations, so that site
survey becomes impracticable. This job can be easily
done by the proposed simulation. This procedure
enables the designer to select the optimum numbers
and positions of the base and control stations.
The accuracy of path profile and then the obstruction
Figure (19) The First Fresnel Ellipsoid between the loss depends mainly on the height resolution of digital
points A and B3. image used in the calculation process.
Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.
Alternative Proxies: