BEDURAL, CHRISTINE MAE A.

2BSMT 2 READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

1ST WEEK TASK

ACCOUNT/VERSION OF SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES
CHRONOLOGICAL EVENT
 All reported that Rizal The newly discovered text retraction varies
RETRACTION OF JOSE RIZAL retracted, although they significantly from the text found in the
expressed it in different Jesuits’ and the Archbishop’s copies.
terms.  First, instead of the words "mi cualidad"
 The accounts were based (with "u") which appear in the original
The first text was published in La Voz Española on the testimonies of the and the newspaper texts, the Jesuits’
and Diaro de Manila on the very day of Rizal’s Jesuits and other colonial copies have "mi calidad" (without "u").
execution, Dec. 30, 1896. officials who visited and  Second, the Jesuits’ copies of the
talked to Rizal the day retraction omit the word "Catolica" after
before he was executed. the first "Iglesias" which are found in the
 Up until this day, all of the original and the newspaper texts.
The second text appeared in Barcelona, Spain, texts are still debated by  Third, the Jesuits’ copies of the retraction
on February 14, 1897, in the fortnightly scholars and historians, add before the third "Iglesias" the word
magazine in La Juventud; it came from an citing its authenticity and "misma" which is not found in the original
anonymous writer who revealed himself truthfulness. and the newspaper texts of the
fourteen years later as Fr. Balaguer.  While the issue of who retraction.
among them should be  Fourth, with regards to paragraphing
used as reference still which immediately strikes the eye of any
looms around, all of them critical reader, Fr. Balaguer’s text does not
agree that Jose Rizal begin the second paragraph until the fifth
“retracted” before he was sentences while the original and the
The "original" text was discovered in the shot in Bagumbayan to newspaper copies start the second
archdiocesan archives on May 18, 1935, after “die peacefully”, and to be paragraph immediately with the second
it disappeared for thirty-nine years from the able to marry Josephine sentences.
afternoon of the day when Rizal was shot. Bracken before his  Fifth, whereas the texts of the retraction
imminent death. in the original and in the manila
newspapers have only four commas, the
text of Fr. Balaguer’s copy has eleven
commas.
 Sixth, the most important of all, Fr.
The fourth text appeared in El Imparcial on the Balaguer’s copy did not have the names
day after Rizal’s execution; it is the short of the witnesses from the texts of the
formula of the retraction.  newspapers in Manila.
 BEDURAL, CHRISTINE MAE A. 2BSMT 2 READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

2ND WEEK TASK

ACCOUNT/VERSION OF SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES
CHRONOLOGICAL EVENT
 On all accounts, they  The date of the “Cry” has been
CRY OF BALINTAWAK OR PUGAD LAWIN tore their cedulas as an placed any time between August
expression of defiance 23 and August 25 and the venue in
L.T. Olegario Diaz against Spanish rule. Kangkong, Caloocan, or in Pasong
-officer of the Spanish Guardia  These events, though Tamo in Banlat, Caloocan, or in
Civil, took place in Balintawak on August stated in different Bahay Toro, Caloocan.
25, 1896. accounts by different  Santiago Alvarez’s account is more
Teodoro Kalaw people involved in the detailed than the other
-in his 1925 book The Filipino scene, vitalized the testimonies, as it includes the
Revolution, took place during the last week unity of the Filipino objectives and the approved
of August 1896 at Kangkong, Balintawak. People and brought matters of the meeting. However,
Santiago Alvarez "thirst" for Pio Valenzuela’s account is the one
-son of Mariano Alvarez, the leader independence. The Cry we consider up until now.
of the Magdiwang in Cavite stated in 1927 of the Rebellion in  Guillermo Masangkay, a
that it took place in Bahay Toro now in Pugad Lawin, marked Katipunero, claimed cédulas were
Quezon City on August 24, 1896. the start of the torn more than once – on the 24th
Pio Valenzuela Philippine Revolution in as well as the 26th of August 1896.
-at September 1896, stated that 1896 which eventually
Katipunan meetings took place from led to Independence of
Sunday to Tuesday or August 23 to 25 at the country in 1898.
Balintawak.  All started with a
-at 1911, states that Katipunan tumultuous meeting,
began meeting on August 22 while the and ended with all of
"Cry" took place on August 23 at Apolonio the people included in
Samson's house in Balintawak. the assembly screaming
Guillermo Masangkay at the top of their lungs
-according to him, the Cry of their expression to
Balintawak occurred on August 26, 1896. “revolt” against the
Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Spaniards.
Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas
-taken place in Tandang Sora's
barn in Gulod, Barangay Banlat, Quezon
City.
Santiago Alvarez
-the “Cry” happened at Bahay
Toro, Quezon City on August 24, 1896.
 BEDURAL, CHRISTINE MAE A. 2BSMT 2 READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

3rd WEEK TASK

1. Briefly discuss the history of land reform program in the Philippines

Pre-Spanish Period
“This land is Ours God gave this land to us”
Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, Filipinos lived in villages or barangays ruled by chiefs or
datus. The datus comprised the nobility. Then came the maharlikas (freemen), followed by the aliping
mamamahay (serfs) and aliping saguiguilid (slaves).
However, despite the existence of different classes in the social structure, practically everyone had access
to the fruits of the soil. Money was unknown, and rice served as the medium of exchange.
Spanish Period
“United we stand, divided we fall”
When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the concept of encomienda (Royal Land Grants) was
introduced. This system grants that Encomienderos must defend his encomienda from external attack,
maintain peace and order within, and support the missionaries. In turn, the encomiendero acquired the
right to collect tribute from the indios (native).
The system, however, degenerated into abuse of power by the encomienderos The tribute soon became
land rents to a few powerful landlords. And the natives who once cultivated the lands in freedom were
transformed into mere share tenants.
First Philippine Republic
“The yoke has finally broken”
When the First Philippine Republic was established in 1899, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo declared in the Malolos
Constitution his intention to confiscate large estates, especially the so-called Friar lands.
However, as the Republic was short-lived, Aguinaldo’s plan was never implemented.
American Period
“Long live America”
Significant legislation enacted during the American Period:
 Philippine Bill of 1902 – Set the ceilings on the hectarage of private individuals and corporations
may acquire: 16 has. for private individuals and 1,024 has. for corporations.
 Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496) – Provided for a comprehensive registration of land
titles under the Torrens system.
 Public Land Act of 1903 – introduced the homestead system in the Philippines.
 Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054 and 4113) – regulated relationships between landowners and
tenants of rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar cane lands.
The Torrens system, which the Americans instituted for the registration of lands, did not solve the
problem completely. Either they were not aware of the law or if they did, they could not pay the survey
cost and other fees required in applying for a Torrens title.
Commonwealth Period
“Government for the Filipinos”
President Manuel L. Quezon espoused the "Social Justice" program to arrest the increasing social unrest in
Central Luzon.
Significant legislation enacted during Commonwealth Period:
 1935 Constitution – "The promotion of social justice to ensure the well-being and economic
security of all people should be the concern of the State"
 Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act No. 4045), Nov. 13, 1936 –
Provided for certain controls in the landlord-tenant relationships
BEDURAL, CHRISTINE MAE A. 2BSMT 2 READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC), 1936 – Established the price of rice and corn thereby
help the poor tenants as well as consumers.
 Commonwealth Act. No. 461, 1937 – Specified reasons for the dismissal of tenants and only with
the approval of the Tenancy Division of the Department of Justice.
 Rural Program Administration, created March 2, 1939 – Provided the purchase and lease of
haciendas and their sale and lease to the tenants.
Commonwealth Act No. 441 enacted on June 3, 1939 – Created the National Settlement
Administration with a capital stock of P20,000,000.
Japanese Occupation
“The Era of Hukbalahap”
The Second World War II started in Europe in 1939 and in the Pacific in 1941.
Hukbalahap controlled whole areas of Central Luzon; landlords who supported the Japanese lost their
lands to peasants while those who supported the Huks earned fixed rentals in favor of the tenants.
Unfortunately, the end of war also signaled the end of gains acquired by the peasants.
Upon the arrival of the Japanese in the Philippines in 1942, peasants and workers organizations grew
strength. Many peasants took up arms and identified themselves with the anti-Japanese group, the
HUKBALAHAP (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon).
Philippine Republic
“The New Republic”
After the establishment of the Philippine Independence in 1946, the problems of land tenure remained.
These became worst in certain areas. Thus the Congress of the Philippines revised the tenancy law.
President Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948) enacted the following laws:
 Republic Act No. 34 -- Established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and regulating share-tenancy
contracts.
 Republic Act No. 55 -- Provided for a more effective safeguard against arbitrary ejectment of
tenants.
Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953) enacted the following law:
Executive Order No. 355 issued on October 23, 1950 -- Replaced the National Land Settlement
Administration with Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the
responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production
Administration.
Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) enacted the following laws:
 Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 -- Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National
Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless
farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in
Palawan and Mindanao.
 Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) -- governed the relationship between
landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system. The law
provided the security of tenure of tenants. It also created the Court of Agrarian Relations.
 Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) -- Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA)
which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands
over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations.
 Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) --
Provided small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of six to eight percent.
President Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
Continued the program of President Ramon Magsaysay. No new legislation passed.
President Diosdado P. Macapagal (1961-1965) enacted the following law:
BEDURAL, CHRISTINE MAE A. 2BSMT 2 READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963 (Agricultural Land Reform Code) -- Abolished share tenancy,
institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit at 75 hectares, invested rights of preemption and
redemption for tenant farmers, provided for an administrative machinery for implementation,
institutionalized a judicial system of agrarian cases, incorporated extension, marketing and supervised
credit system of services of farmer beneficiaries.
The RA was hailed as one that would emancipate Filipino farmers from the bondage of tenancy.
President Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)
Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972 ushered the Period of the New Society. Five days after the
proclamation of Martial Law, the entire country was proclaimed a land reform area and simultaneously the
Agrarian Reform Program was decreed.
President Marcos enacted the following laws:
 Republic Act No. 6389, (Code of Agrarian Reform) and RA No. 6390 of 1971 -- Created the
Department of Agrarian Reform and the Agrarian Reform Special Account Fund. It strengthen the
position of farmers and expanded the scope of agrarian reform.
 Presidential Decree No. 2, September 26, 1972 -- Declared the country under land reform
program. It enjoined all agencies and offices of the government to extend full cooperation and
assistance to the DAR. It also activated the Agrarian Reform Coordinating Council.
 Presidential Decree No. 27, October 21, 1972 -- Restricted land reform scope to tenanted rice and
corn lands and set the retention limit at 7 hectares.
President Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)
The Constitution ratified by the Filipino people during the administration of President Corazon C. Aquino
provides under Section 21 under Article II that “The State shall promote comprehensive rural development
and agrarian reform.”
On June 10, 1988, former President Corazon C. Aquino signed into law Republic Act No. 6657 or otherwise
known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL). The law became effective on June 15, 1988.
Subsequently, four Presidential issuances were released in July 1987 after 48 nationwide consultations
before the actual law was enacted.
President Corazon C. Aquino enacted the following laws:
 Executive Order No. 228, July 16, 1987 – Declared full ownership to qualified farmer-beneficiaries
covered by PD 27. It also determined the value remaining unvalued rice and corn lands subject of
PD 27 and provided for the manner of payment by the FBs and mode of compensation to
landowners.
 Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987 – Provided mechanism for the implementation of the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).
 Proclamation No. 131, July 22, 1987 – Instituted the CARP as a major program of the government.
It provided for a special fund known as the Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF), with an initial amount of
Php50 billion to cover the estimated cost of the program from 1987-1992.
 Executive Order No. 129-A, July 26, 1987 – streamlined and expanded the power and operations
of the DAR.
 Republic Act No. 6657, June 10, 1988 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law) – An act which
became effective June 15, 1988 and instituted a comprehensive agrarian reform program to
promote social justice and industrialization providing the mechanism for its implementation and
for other purposes. This law is still the one being implemented at present.
 Executive Order No. 405, June 14, 1990 – Vested in the Land Bank of the Philippines the
responsibility to determine land valuation and compensation for all lands covered by CARP.
 Executive Order No. 407, June 14, 1990 – Accelerated the acquisition and distribution of
agricultural lands, pasture lands, fishponds, agro-forestry lands and other lands of the public
domain suitable for agriculture.
BEDURAL, CHRISTINE MAE A. 2BSMT 2 READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

President Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)

When President Fidel V. Ramos formally took over in 1992, his administration came face to face with
publics who have lost confidence in the agrarian reform program. His administration committed to the
vision “Fairer, faster and more meaningful implementation of the Agrarian Reform Program.
President Fidel V. Ramos enacted the following laws:
 Republic Act No. 7881, 1995 – Amended certain provisions of RA 6657 and exempted fishponds
and prawns from the coverage of CARP.
 Republic Act No. 7905, 1995 – Strengthened the implementation of the CARP.
 Executive Order No. 363, 1997 – Limits the type of lands that may be converted by setting
conditions under which limits the type of lands that may be converted by setting conditions
under which specific categories of agricultural land are either absolutely non-negotiable for
conversion or highly restricted for conversion.
 Republic Act No. 8435, 1997 (Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act AFMA) – Plugged the
legal loopholes in land use conversion.
 Republic Act 8532, 1998 (Agrarian Reform Fund Bill) – Provided an additional Php50 billion for
CARP and extended its implementation for another 10 years.
President Joseph E. Estrada (1998-2000)
“ERAP PARA SA MAHIRAP’. This was the battle cry that endeared President Joseph Estrada and made him
very popular during the 1998 presidential election.
President Joseph E. Estrada initiated the enactment of the following law:
Executive Order N0. 151, September 1999 (Farmer’s Trust Fund) – Allowed the voluntary consolidation of
small farm operation into medium and large scale integrated enterprise that can access long-term capital.
During his administration, President Estrada launched the Magkabalikat Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo or
MAGKASAKA. The DAR forged into joint ventures with private investors into agrarian sector to make FBs
competitive.
However, the Estrada Administration was short lived. The masses who put him into office demanded for
his ouster.
President Gloria Macapacal-Arroyo (2000-2010)
The agrarian reform program under the Arroyo administration is anchored on the vision “To make the
countryside economically viable for the Filipino family by building partnership and promoting social
equity and new economic opportunities towards lasting peace and sustainable rural development.”
Land Tenure Improvement - DAR will remain vigorous in implementing land acquisition and distribution
component of CARP. The DAR will improve land tenure system through land distribution and leasehold.
Provision of Support Services - CARP not only involves the distribution of lands but also included package
of support services which includes: credit assistance, extension services, irrigation facilities, roads and
bridges, marketing facilities and training and technical support programs.
Infrastrucre Projects - DAR will transform the agrarian reform communities (ARCs), an area focused and
integrated delivery of support services, into rural economic zones that will help in the creation of job
opportunities in the countryside.
KALAHI ARZone - The KALAHI Agrarian Reform (KAR) Zones were also launched. These zones consists of
one or more municipalities with concentration of ARC population to achieve greater agro-productivity.
Agrarian Justice - To help clear the backlog of agrarian cases, DAR will hire more paralegal officers to
support undermanned adjudicatory boards and introduce quota system to compel adjudicators to work
faster on agrarian reform cases. DAR will respect the rights of both farmers and landowners.
President Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016)
President Benigno Aquino III vowed during his 2012 State of the Nation Address that he would complete
before the end of his term the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), the centerpiece program
of the administration of his mother, President Corazon Aquino.
 BEDURAL, CHRISTINE MAE A. 2BSMT 2 READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

The younger Aquino distributed their family-owned Hacienda Luisita in Tarlac. Apart from the said farm
lots, he also promised to complete the distribution of privately-owned lands of productive agricultural
estates in the country that have escaped the coverage of the program.
Under his administration, the Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and Economic Support Services
(ARCCESS) project was created to contribute to the overall goal of rural poverty reduction especially in
agrarian reform areas.
Agrarian Production Credit Program (APCP) provided credit support for crop production to newly
organized and existing agrarian reform beneficiaries’ organizations (ARBOs) and farmers’ organizations
not qualified to avail themselves of loans under the regular credit windows of banks.
The legal case monitoring system (LCMS), a web-based legal system for recording and monitoring various
kinds of agrarian cases at the provincial, regional and central offices of the DAR to ensure faster resolution
and close monitoring of agrarian-related cases, was also launched.
Aside from these initiatives, Aquino also enacted Executive Order No. 26, Series of 2011, to mandate the
Department of Agriculture-Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Department of Agrarian
Reform Convergence Initiative to develop a National Greening Program in cooperation with other
government agencies.
President Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016 – present) 
Under his leadership, the President wants to pursue an “aggressive” land reform program that would help
alleviate the life of poor Filipino farmers by prioritizing the provision of support services alongside land
distribution.
The President directed the DAR to launch the 2nd phase of agrarian reform where landless farmers would
be awarded with undistributed lands under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).
Duterte plans to place almost all public lands, including military reserves, under agrarian reform.
The President also placed 400 hectares of agricultural lands in Boracay under CARP.
Under his administration the DAR created an anti-corruption task force to investigate and handle reports
on alleged anomalous activities by officials and employees of the department.
The Department also pursues an “Oplan Zero Backlog” in the resolution of cases in relation to agrarian
justice delivery of the agrarian reform program to fast-track the implementation of CARP.

2. What are the salient features of each program of each agrarian system?

 CARP covers not only those privately owned tenanted lands but also that of agricultural lands
owned by multinational corporations and commercial farms.  Lower retention limits of three
hectares.  Rights of indigenous communities, to their ancestral lands are protected to ensure
their economic, social and cultural well being.  In determining just compensation, the cost
acquisition of the land, the current value of like

Properties, its nature, actual use and income, the sole valuation of the owner, the tax
declarations and the assessment made by the government assessors shall be considered.  Lands
awarded to beneficiaries shall be paid to the Land Bank of the Philippines in 30 annual amortizations at
six percent interest per annum.

3. What is the general condition of the current agrarian system in the Philippines?

After the 1986 EDSA Revolution, the Center for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (CARRD) has
been involved in major agrarian reform campaigns. Together with other organizations and farmer
BEDURAL, CHRISTINE MAE A. 2BSMT 2 READING IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

groups, Filipinos, farmers in particular, made a stand against the oppression experienced by landless
farmers all over the country, particularly when it comes to land acquisition and labor oppression. We
preserved – and we still do – that land, being the primary driver of economic development in the rural
areas, is a right of men and women whose bent backs and sweating brows nourished our children with
food on our tables.

We are now in the 21st century. With the advancement of human knowledge on technology, we now
know enough to acknowledge that mobilizations aren’t what they used to be. In spite of valid reasons to
picket, we see our numbers dwindle. This may seem like good news for all, but it’s not.

Every year, lesser and lesser people choose agriculture as their focus, as they view it only at the surface,
which is plowing and working on a sunny day, with two feet submerged on mud. Lots of our farmers
have managed to improve their land tenure, improved their socio-economic conditions, sent their
children to colleges and universities to become urban professionals and avoid the gruesome work on the
land, and retired to become managers of the farms that they got under the Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Program (CARP).

To sum it up, the current progress we have in our agrarian system is a double-edged sword. At first
glance, we see the improvement on our farmers’ lives as a sign that we’re on the right track, but on the
other hand, we are actually turning a blind eye on our future – the agrarian system’s future – to be
exact. If we continue on this track, who else would feed us the food that we receive every day?