MONASTIC SUPREMACY

Ang Pagdodomina ng mga Prayle sa Pilipinas

PI 100 THV1 Group 3

September 22, 2013
 Monastic Supremacy
• Patronato Real
• “Service to the God and King”
• Clerical Ascendancy
THE FIVE RELIGIOUS ORDERS
 01 Augustinians (1565)
Fray Andres de Urdaneta and four other Augustinians landed in
the province of Cebu on April 27, 1565 from Mexico with Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi.

Religious Orders
Timeline of Five
02 Franciscans (1577)
The Ordo Fratum Minorum (OFM), the First Order of
Franciscans, Friars Minor. They arrived in Manila on July 2, 1578.

03 Jesuits (1581)
They arrived in 1581, expelled in 1768 as a result of the
suppression of the Jesuits in Europe in 1767, and returned to
Manila in 1859.
04 Dominicans (1587)
The first fifteen missionaries of the Dominican Order, also
known as the Order of Preachers (OP), arrived from Spain by
way of Mexico on July 21, 1587.
05 Recollects (1606)
They boarded a ship in Cadiz, Spain in July 1605 and arrived in
the province of Cebu in May 1606. By 1608, they had a priory in
the walled city of Intramuros.
Spiritual Geography

Visayas, Ilocos, Pangasinan, Pampanga, Manila

Laguna, Tayabas (Quezon), Camarines

Manila, Cebu, Leyte, Samar, Bohol, Mindanao

Cagayan and Pangasinan, some areas in

Manila

Remaining scattered places in the Visayas and

Mindanao
 Contributions of the Missionaries

Builders of Roads, Bridges, 3 Introduced New

4
Forts, Irrigation Dams Industries

Founders of Hospitals and 2

Orphanages 5 First Teachers of the Natives and
Pioneers in the Establishment of
Propagation of Catholicism 1 the Printing Press
Augustinians
 Augustinians
• April 27, 1565: Andrés de Urdaneta, Diego de Herrera,
Martin de Rada, Andrés de Aguirre, and Pedro de
Gamboa: first Augustinian priests to arrive (Cebu) with
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi from Mexico
• 1565: first house established in Cebu
• 1571: first house established in Manila
AUGUSTINIANS
Mga ipinatayo:
• San Agustin Church
• Agustinian Seminary and
College sa Vigan
• Orphanage at industrial school
sa Tambhon
Franciscans
 Franciscans
• July 2, 1578: Ordo Fratrum Minorum (OFM) Franciscans
arrive on Philippine soil.
• Orden na sinusunod ang pamumuhay ni St. Francis of
Assisi, kilala din bilang Order of the Minor
• 1580: San Juan de Dios Hospital ; San Lazaro Hospital
• 1586: Naga Hospital of San Diego
• November 15, 1586: Province of St. Gregory the Great
• 1592: Hospital of Holy Waters (Los Baños)
FRANCISCANS Hospital San Juan de Dios, Manila
FRANCISCANS San Lorenzo Hospital, Manila
Jesuits
 Jesuits
• Orden na itinayo ni St. Ignatius of Loyola, kilala din bilang Society
of Jesus.
• 1581: Arrival from Mexico, headed by Antonio Sedeño
• 1585: Accepted first Novice (Juan Garcia Pacheco)
• 1591: Mission stations established in Balayan, Batangas, in
Taytay, and in Antipolo, Rizal.
• 1593: first Jesuit mission stations were established in the Visayas
in Tibauan, Panay
 Jesuits
• June 1595: Fr. General Claudio Acquaviva made the Philippine
Mission into a Vice Province dependent on the Province of Mexico
• September 1595: College of Manila was opened
• August 25, 1601: The residential College of San Jose, attached to
the College of Manila opened
• 1605: made the Philippine Vice Province into an independent
Province
• 1768: Jesuits were banned from the Philippines.
JESUITS Escuela Municipal de Manila, Intramuros
JESUITS Manila Observatory, Padre Faura
Dominicans
 Dominicans
• Orden na kilala rin bilang The Order of Preachers/Order of
St. Dominic
• July 21, 1587: first 15 missionaries of the Dominican Order
arrive from Spain via Mexico.
• Domingo Salazar - ang unang Obispo ng Maynila, ang kauna-
unahang Dominicanong pari na dumating sa Pilipinas
• 1593: first two books published
Doctrina Christiana, one in Chinese, the other in
Spanish and Tagalog)
• 1594: Dominicans evangelized the fertile Cagayan Valley
• 1611: University of Santo Tomas established
• 1619: extended missionary work in the Babuyanes
• 1783: Permanently set-foot in Batanes
DOMINICANS Sto. Domingo Church, Intramuros
DOMINICANS University of Sto. Tomas, Manila
DOMINICANS Binondo Church, Manila
DOMINICANS Tumauini Church, Isabela
DOMINICANS University of San Carlos, Cebu
DOMINICANS Colegio de San Juan de Letran,Manila
DOMINICANS Doctrina Christiana
• Noong 1593, naimprenta
ang unang libro sa
Pilipinas, ang Doctrina
Christiana sa
pamamagitan ni Padre
Blancas de San Jose sa
tulong ng Tsinong si Juan
de Vera.
• Unang itinayo sa Binondo
pero inilipat sa Unibersidad
ng Sto. Tomas na ngayon
ay tinawag na UST Press.
DOMINICANS Villa Verde Trail
Padre Juan Villaverde
- naging arkitekto sa
pamosong Villa Verde trail
sa Nueva Vizcaya.
Augustinian Recollects
 Augustinian Recollects
• Kabilang sa Augustinian Order ngunit sumusunod sa mas striktong
mga alituntunin. Ang kanilang patron ay si St. Nicholas of Tolentino.
• May 1606: Arrived in Cebu
• 1607: took charge of Bataan, Zambales and western Pangasinan which
were previously abandonded by the Augustinians and the Dominicans
• 1608: Priory based in Intramuros
• 1622: Pope Gregory XV declares the Recollects a congregration and
the Philippines formed one of four separate provinces
• 1635: exchanged their small mission in Negros with the islands of
Romblon
• 1679: Archbishop of Manila gave them Mindoro
• 1687: took charge of Masbate
RECOLLECTS San Sebastian Church, Quiapo
Nagpakilala ng mga Bagong Industriya

Manufacture
Cattle Industry of Hats and
Cultivation of Mats
Silk raising Coffee
Indigo and
and tile Cultivation
Corn
manufacturing

FR. FR.
FR. ANTONIO FR. PEDRO DE FR. MATIAS MARIANO AGUSTIN
SEDENO SAN AGUSTIN OCTAVIO GRANDIA JIMENEZ
DISCRIMINATION AMONG SPANISH
AND FILIPINO PRIESTS
Agenda

• The Opening of the Suez Canal

• The Secularization Controversy
 The Opening of the Suez Canal
Suez Canal
- connected the Red Sea and the Mediterranean
Sea
-inaugurated in 1869
-built by a French engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps
-vessels journeying between Barcelona and Manila
no longer had to pass by the Cape of Good Hope
at the southern tip of Africa
-traveling time from three months to 32 days.
 The Opening of the Suez Canal
Suez Canal
-trading in the Philippines became increasingly
profitable
-foreign merchants and businessmen came to the
colony, bringing with them a lot of progressive ideas.
-Filipinos gained more knowledge and information
about the world at large
-Filipinos gained the desire for freedom and
improvement in their lives
The Secularization Controversy
Two kinds of priests served the Catholic Church in the Philippines:

• Regular priests - belonged to religious orders and has the main

task to spread Christianity
(Ex. Franciscans, Recollects)

• Secular priests - did not belong to any religious order. They were
trained specifically to run the parishes and were under the
supervision of the bishops.
 The Secularization Controversy
• Conflict began when the bishops argued that it’s their duty to
check on the administration of parishes run by regular priests.

• Regular priests refused these visits, saying that they were not
under the bishop’s jurisdiction. They threatened to abandon their
parishes if the bishops persisted.
 The Secularization Controversy
Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa Sancho
de Rufina (1728-1787)

• accepted the resignations of the

regular priests in 1774.
• assigned secular priests to take their
place
• Since there were not enough seculars
to fill all the vacancies, he hastened
the ordination of Filipino seculars.
 The Secularization Controversy

• November 9, 1774 - a royal decree was issued which

provided for the secularization of all parishes or the
transfer of parochial administration from the regular
friars to the secular priests.

• Regulars resented the move because they considered the

Filipinos unfit for the priesthood due to reasons such as
the Filipinos’ brown skin, lack of education, and
inadequate experience.
 The Secularization Controversy
• The Spaniards were clearly favouring their own
regular priest over Filipino priests.

• Pedro Sebastian Pelaez (1812-1863)

- ecclesiastical governor of the Church, sided with the
Filipinos.
-died in an earthquake that destroyed the Manila
Cathedral in 1863.
-after his death, was succeeded by other priests
fighting for the secularization movement.
(Ex. Gomburza)
CRUSADES AGAINST MONASTIC
SUPREMACY
 Mga kumalaban sa pagdodomina mga
prayle:
• Mga Gobernador
• Hari
• Mga Indio
• Mga Obispo
• Gomburza
• Propagandista
 Governors complain to Spanish
Monarchs…
• Gov. Dasmarinas (1592) – slavery of indios
• Gov. Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera (1636) – friars monopolized
the business

They complained that the friars were infinitely more powerful than
the Crown’s representatives.
 … But not without a price.
• Gov. Diego de Salcedo – imprisoned and died while being shipped
back to Mexico in 1669.
• Gov. Juan de Vargas
- After his term, Archbishop Pardo forced him to stand each day for 4
months in Manila’s streets wearing sackcloth and a rope around his neck
- Also died while being shipped back to Mexico
• Gov. Fernando Manuel de Bustamante
- found out that the friars were stealing money from the obras pias
- Imprisoned the Archbishop
- Friars stabbed him to death
 The Crown tries to investigate the Friars
• 1578 – Spanish Crown ordered the governal general & the
president of the Royal Audiencia to examine land titles
- nothing happened

• 1697 – the Crown ordered a visitador (oidores) from Mexico to

determine validity of land titles
- friars refused to show titles, claiming exemption
- nothing happened
 Who has the real power?
“If the King sends troops here, the Indians will return to the
mountains and forests. But if I shut the church doors, I shall have
them all at my feet in twenty-four hours.”
GOMBURZA
Mariano Gomez
• 1799-1872 (age 72)
• Tornatra (mixed Chinese & Spanish descent)
• Theology (UST)
• Head priest of Bacoor, Cavite (well-loved)
• Printed the newspaper La Verdad – describing the deplorable
conditions in the country
• Accused of taking part in the Cavite mutiny (1872)

"Let us go where the leaves never move without the will of God."
Jacinto Zamora
• Born in Pandacan, 1835-1872 (Age 36)
• Insulares
• Marikina, Pasig, Batangas, Manila Cathedral
• Continued the secularization movement of Pelaez
• Had a habit of playing cards (panguigui)
• "Grand reunion...our friends are well provided with
powder and ammunition.“ – means that they have much
money to gamble with
• Misinterpreted by Spaniards and used as evidence
Jose Burgos
• 1837-1872 (age 35)
• Born in Vigan to a Spanish officer & Mestiza
mother
• Two doctorate degrees (Letran & UST)
• Liberal views, secularization, “defender of the
native clergy”-> caught the attention of Spanish
authorities
• 1869 – Felipe Buencamino
• Close friend of Paciano Rizal
"What crime have I committed to deserve such a
death? Is there no justice in the world?"
• Execution: February 17, 1872 – Bagumbayan
- Gomez -> Zamora -> Burgos
• Ordered by Gov. Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo
• Francisco Zaldua
- Testified against Burgos
- Expected a pardon
- also executed that day (1st)
• This event influenced a whole generation of revolutionists (Rizal,
Mabini, Bonifacio, Aguinaldo, etc.)
• El Filibusterismo dedication
Without 1872, there would have been no Plaridel, Jaena or
Sanciongco; nor would the brave and generous Filipino colonies in
Europe have existed. Without 1872, Rizal would now have been a
Jesuit and instead of writing "Noli Me Tangere," would have written
the opposite. Observing those injustices and cruelties fired my
young imagination and I pledge to dedicate myself and to avenge
some day those victims. With this idea, I have studied and this can
be discerned in all my works and writings. God will give me the
opportunity someday to keep my vow.

- Jose Rizal
• itinatag ng Propaganda
Movement sa Espanya
noong Disyembre 13, 1888
• layuning iparating sa
Espanya ang mga
pangangailangan ng
Pilipinas bilang kolonya
nito
• Graciano Lopez Jaena:
unang editor, pinalitan ni
Marcelo H. Del Pilar noong
Oktubre 1889
 Graciano Lopez Jaena
• isinilang noong ika-18 ng Disyembre 1856 sa
Jaro, Iloilo
• anak nina Placido Lopez at Maria Jacoba
Jaena
• pinadala ng ina sa Seminario De San Vicente
Ferrer upang magpari ngunit mas gusto
niyang maging physician kaya sinubukan
niyang mag-aral sa University of Santo Tomas
ngunit hindi sya natanggap
• magaling na mananalumpati kaysa
manunulat
• para sa kanya, ang Pilipino at Kastila ay iisa,
at ang pinakamatayog niyang pangarap ay
maging bahagi ni Espanya ang Pilipinas
• “Diego Laura”
 FRAY BOTOD (1874)
• Padre Botod – taguri dahil sa kanyang
malaking tiyan
• isang maikling nobela at character
sketch tungkol sa isang Kastilang prayle
at paggamit nila sa relihiyon para sa
pagmamalabis nito sa mga Pilipino
• ipinakita ang mga bisyo ng mga prayle at
ang pagsingil nang mahal sa
pagpapalibing at pagpapatubo nang
malaki sa mga utang
• umikot ang ang kwento sa diskusyon ng
isang Pilipino at liberal na kaibigan
nitong Kastila
• nilarawan niya ang prayle bilang
abusado, malupit, tamad, sakim, at
mahalay
• hindi man nalimbag ay nabasa ng
taumbayan ng kopya nito hanggang
makarating sa mga prayle dahilan upang
ipahanap ang may akda
 Marcelo.H. Del Pilar
• isinilang sa Kupang, Bulakan, Bulakan
noong ika-30 ng Agosto 1850
• pangsiyam na anak nina Julian H. Del
Pilar at Blasa Gatmaitan
• nag-aral sa Colegio de San Jose at
University of Santo Tomas kung saan
nagtapos ng abogasya
• ‘Di tulad ni Rizal, si Del Pilar ay gumamit
ng wikang Tagalog sa paglaban sa mga
pang-aabuso ng mga Kastila sa Pilipino
• “sinasabing ang panitik ni Del Pilar ay
walang-takot, walang-pagod, walang-
pangingilag, tapat, tahas, at di-
mapagkakamalian”
• “Piping Dilat”, “Plaridel”, “Pupdoh”, at
“Dolores Manapat”
 DIARIONG TAGALOG (1882)

• isang pahayagang pampulitika at

unang diyaryong Tagalog
• tinustusan ang pagpapalimbag ni
Franciso Calvo
• dito niya sinulat ang kanyang mga
artikulo tungkol sa mga pang-
aabuso ng mga prayleng Kastila at
mga repormang hiling ng mga
Pilipino
• ikinagalit ito ng mga Espanyol at
inutusang ipaaresto siya ngunit
nakaalis na siya papuntang
Espanya bago ito mangyari
• nagtagal lamang ito ng limang
buwan
DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN
• pinakamabangis na akda ni Del Pilar
(Prayer Book and Teasing Game)
• Isang akdang nakakatawa dahil
ipinapakita kung paano sobrang kaiba o
kabaliktaran ang mga ginagawa ng mga
prayle noon sa kanilang mga sinasabi sa
mga Pilipino
• dahilan ng pagkakatawag na ‘filibustero’
kay Del Pilar
• sinulat niya ang mga dasal gayundin ang
mga tanong at sagot sa katesismo at
pinalitan nya ang ilang mga salita upang
tuligsain ang mga prayle
• May mga nagsasabing ito’y kawalang-
galang sa relihiyon, ngunit mapapansing
hindi Diyos ang tinutuligsa ni Del Pilar
kundi ang mga prayle
DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN Amain Namin
(Prayer Book and Teasing Game) (Parody ng “Our Father“)
• Amain naming sumasaconvento
ka, sumpain ang ngalan mo,
malayo sa amin ang kasakiman
mo, quitlin ang liig mo dito sa lupa
para nang sa langit. Saulan mo
cami ngayon nang aming kaning
iyong inaraoarao at patauanin mo
kami sa iyong pagungal para nang
pag papataua mo kung kami
nacucualtahan; at huag mo kaming
ipahintulot sa iyong manunukso at
iadya mo kami sa masama mong
dila.
DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN
(Prayer Book and Teasing Game)
Aba Guinoong Barya
(Parody ng “Hail Mary“)
• Aba guinoong Baria
nakapupuno ka nang
alcancia ang Fraile’I
sumasainyo bukod ka
niyang pinagpala’t pina
higuit sa lahat, pinagpala
naman ang kaban mong
mapasok. Santa Baria Ina
nang Deretsos,
ipanalangin mo kaming
huag anitan ngayon at
cami ipapatay. Siya naua.
Ang Mga Utos ng Fraile
(Parody ng “The Ten Commandments“)
• Ang nauna: Sambahin mo ang Fraile na lalo sa lahat.
• Ang ikalaua: Huag kang mag papahamak manuba nang ngalang deretsos.
• Ang ikatlo: Mangilin ka sa Fraile lingo man at fiesta.
• Ang ikapat: Isangla mo ang catauan mo sa pagpapalibing sa ama’t ina
• Ang ikalima: Huag kang mamamatay kung uala pang salaping pang libing
• Ang ikanim: Huag kang makiapid sa kanyang asaua.
• Ang ikapito: Huag kang makinakaw.
• Ang ikaualo: Huag mo silang pagbibintangan, kahit ka masinungalingan.
• Ang ikasiyam: Huag mong ipagkait ang iyong asaua.
• Ang ikapulo: Huag mong itangui ang iyong ari.
Itong sampong utos nang Fraile’I dalaua ang kinaoouian. Ang isa: Sambahin
mo ang Fraile lalo sa lahat.
Ang ikalaua: Ihayin mo naman sa kaniya ang puri mo’t kayamanan.
• Siya naua.
CAINGAT CAYO - BEWARE
• sinulat ni Fr. Jose Rodriguez
• "Ang polyetong ito'y ipinangalat
nang walang bayad halos noong
taong 1888 bilang paghamak kay
Dr. Rizal at sa mga akda nito. Ang
may katha ay isang paring kastila
sa pangkat ng mga agustino”

CAIINGAT CAYO – BE SLIPPERY AS

AN EEL
• Noong ika-3 ng Agosto ng taon
ding yaon, ang polyetong ito ay
tinugon ni Marcelo H. del Pilar sa
isang polyeto na may lagdang
"Dolores Manapat".
ANG CADAQUILAAN
NANG DIOS (God’s
Goodness)
• isang sanaysay na pagtuligsa
laban din sa mga prayle,
ngunit nagpapahayag ng
pilosopiya at pag-ibig sa
kalikasan ni Del Pilar
 LA SOBERANIA MONACAL EN
FILIPINAS
(Monastic Supremacy In The
Philippines)
• isang polyeto na tumutuligsa sa mga
prayleng Espanyol tungkol sa mga
maling pagtuturo nila na nagresulta sa
paghihirap ng mga Pilipino
• ginamit ang ngalang-sagisag na
“Plaridel”
• Tatlong aspeto:
• politika
• ekonomiya
• relihiyon
STATE OF THE CHURCH:
THE PAST AND TODAY
 Composition
• Philippines today consists of many religions:
• Roman Catholic - 86%
• Other Christian religions - 6%
• Protestant - 2%
• Muslim - 4%
• Non-Western, indigenous beliefs and practices - 2%
 Traditions
• Roman Catholic traditions are still done in the
country like fiestas, re-enactments, celebration
of special days, etc.
 Filipino Priests
• Before, they do not allow otherwise 'trained'
Filipino priests to ascend into the higher
positions of the Catholic Church hierarchy.
• Today, Filipinos can freely study and become
priests.
 Land/money Acquisition
• “Down payment for a place in heaven”
• Buying of land
• Foreclosure of mortgages
• Land-grabbing
• Friars to Encomenderos
 Political influence
• Before, friars have a strong hold on the
Philippine government. They have the power to
endorse certain officials, or have them
replaced.
• Today, politicians ask to be endorsed by the
Church officials, the Church also demands in
political decisions, and leaders of our country
ask guidance from priests, bishops, and the
like.
 Morals
• During the Spanish era, the Spaniards rigorously
destroyed all local religious practices, including
indigenous holy places, idols, statues and
representations of indigenous spirits, gods and
goddesses.

• They also imposed new moralities such as

discouraging slave holding, polygamy, gambling and
alcohol consumption.

• Today, these moralities are still taught in the church.

 Marriage
• Before, it was considered customary and
desirable for the heads of two friendly families
to cement their 'alliance' by arranging an
appropriate marriage for their children--in many
cases while their children were still very young.
• Today, this is not customary anymore. These are
rare cases in society today.
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
 “Separation of Church & Government”

• malakas na impluwensya ng simbahan sa mga

mananampalataya o taumbayan
• kapalit ng di pagsunod sa mga utos ng pari
Fight vs RH bill is Catholic Church’s
biggest challenge
Partial divorce bill worries church leaders

Philippine bishop says divorce law is

'the devil at work'
Ang Kaparian: Sex, Politika at Pera

South America has become a safe haven for the Catholic Church’s
alleged child molesters. The Vatican has no comment.
Sexual Misconduct among Priests in the Philippines: Key Cases
PANG-AABUSO
 KORUPSYON

• karangyaan sa gitna ng paghihirap ng lipunan

• pagiging “tax-free” ng mga lupang pagmamay-ari
ng simbahan/kaparian