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    Recap: - Structuralism - Functionalism - Gestalt Psychology

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    Mehar Jahanzaib
    The biological/medical perspective views human behavior and mental disorders as having physiological roots. It assumes that biochemical processes and physical structures like genes, hormones, neurotransmitters and brain structures determine one's behavior and the development of disorders. Therapies under this perspective aim to treat abnormalities through pharmacological and somatic medical interventions like psychotropic medications, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery. While research in neurobiology and genetics has provided valuable insights, critics argue this perspective overlooks critical psychological and environmental factors.

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    Recap: - Structuralism - Functionalism - Gestalt Psychology

    Uploaded by

    Mehar Jahanzaib
    32 views32 pages
    The biological/medical perspective views human behavior and mental disorders as having physiological roots. It assumes that biochemical processes and physical structures like genes, hormones, neurotransmitters and brain structures determine one's behavior and the development of disorders. Therapies under this perspective aim to treat abnormalities through pharmacological and somatic medical interventions like psychotropic medications, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery. While research in neurobiology and genetics has provided valuable insights, critics argue this perspective overlooks critical psychological and environmental factors.

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    The biological/medical perspective views human behavior and mental disorders as having physiological roots. It assumes that biochemical processes and physical structures like genes, hormones, neurotransmitters and brain structures determine one's behavior and the development of disorders. Therapies under this perspective aim to treat abnormalities through pharmacological and somatic medical interventions like psychotropic medications, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery. While research in neurobiology and genetics has provided valuable insights, critics argue this perspective overlooks critical psychological and environmental factors.

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    32 views32 pages

    Recap: - Structuralism - Functionalism - Gestalt Psychology

    Uploaded by

    Mehar Jahanzaib
    The biological/medical perspective views human behavior and mental disorders as having physiological roots. It assumes that biochemical processes and physical structures like genes, hormones, neurotransmitters and brain structures determine one's behavior and the development of disorders. Therapies under this perspective aim to treat abnormalities through pharmacological and somatic medical interventions like psychotropic medications, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery. While research in neurobiology and genetics has provided valuable insights, critics argue this perspective overlooks critical psychological and environmental factors.

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    Recap

    • Structuralism
    • Functionalism
    • Gestalt psychology
    Perspective/Model/Approach

    A distinct way of describing,


    observing, understanding, and
    predicting any given psychological
    phenomena

    Includes assumptions about what


    drives human behavior, how disorders
    develop, and treatment prescriptions
    Biological /Medical Perspective:

    Based on the assumption of


    materialism i.e.,all behavior has a
    physiological basis
    i. An understanding of biochemical
    processes will give an understanding
    of psychological and social
    phenomena
    ii. Physical structures and hereditary
    processes determine behavior or
    behavior potential
    iii. Physical/physiological interventions
    can alter mental processes and
    behavior
    iv. Root cause of abnormalities and
    disorders lies in biology and
    requires medical intervention
    Historical Background
    HIPPOCRATES: (460-377B.C)
    • Greek physician/philosopher
    • Regarded as the “Father of Medicine”
    • Talked about basis for medical problems
    GALEN: (129-199 A.D)
    • Born to Greek parents in Asia Minor
    • Great physician with an empirical approach
    • Known for anatomical studies on animals
    and observations of human body
    JULIEN OFFROY de LA METTRIE
    1709-1751
    • French priest turned physician
    • Noticed that his fever and the resulting
    physical condition affected his mental
    state as well his physical state
    • Body is like a machine and the soul is no

    different from mind


    • Mind was a part of the body
    CABANIS
    • French physician
    • Consciousness was a function of brain
    and was proved by the fact that
    guillotine victims were not conscious
    after beheading

    PHILIPPE PINEL 1745-1826


    • French physician
    • Believed that abnormal behavior is
    caused by some hereditary defects or
    nervous system defects
    WILHELM GRIESINGER:(1817-
    1868):

    •German psychiatrist
    • Believed that the best way to understand
    mental disorder is to assume that they are
    caused by brain pathology
    PAUL BROCA: 1824-1880
    • French surgeon and anthropologist
    • Localization of function; specific areas 0f
    brains are responsible for specific
    functions
    • Discovered speech center in brain
    EMIL KRAEPELIN (1856-1926)
    • German psychiatrist
    • Stressed the likely physical cause of
    mental illness
    CHARLES DARWIN: (1809-1882)

    • British scientist
    • “The Origin of Species” (1859)
    • Variations among individuals of a
    species would occur by chance, but
    could in turn be passed on
    • “Survival of the Fittest” ;only those
    variations which helped the individuals
    survive long enough to breed would be
    passed on
    Biological/Medical
    Theories

    Genetic
    Theories Diathesis-stress
    Theory

    Biochemical Theories
    Genetic Theories

    Gregor Johann Mendel:


    Charles Darwin: (1822-1884)
    Theory of Evolution Genes=fundamental
    units of heredity,Laws
    of genetics
    DIATHESIS-STRESS THEORY:
    • Predisposition = diathesis(including
    genes) and stressful environment
    combine together to cause abnormal
    behavior
    • Traits are influenced by genes and by
    environment
    BIOCHEMICAL THEORY:
    • Very small amounts of certain chemicals
    in the body can cause profound changes
    in behavior
    Focus of Study

    Heredity/ Endocrine Glands/


    Genes Hormones

    Nervous System/
    Neurotransmitters
    NEUROTRASMITTERS:
    “The synapse of the neuron releases a
    special chemical called
    “neurotransmitters”
    • existence of neurotransmitters known
    since 1920’s but their relationship with
    psychological disorders evident since
    1950s
    • More than 50 neurotransmitters exist in
    human body
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND
    THEIR ROLE
    • Acetylcholine : learning, memory and
    Muscle control
    • Dopamine : Motor activity,coordination,
    emotion and memory
    • Epinephrine: Emotion, stress
    • GABA (Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid):
    Anxiety, arousal,learning
    • Serotonin : Sensory processing, sleep,
    arousal
    • Glutamate: Anxiety, mood
    ENDOCRINE GLANDS:

    “The body’s “slow” chemical


    communication system; a set of
    ductless glands that secrete hormones
    (special chemicals) into the
    bloodstream

    ENDOCRINE
    Hormones
    GLANDS
    ENDOCRINE GLANDS and
    ABNORMALITY:
    • Low secretions of the thyroid produce
    anxiety like symptoms such as irritability
    and tension
    • Low level of pituitary secretions produce
    depression like symptoms—Fatigue,
    apathy etc.
    • Abnormal secretions of hormones may
    cause major depression
    THERAPUTIC TECHNIQUES
    IN
    BIOLOGICAL MODEL

    PHARMACHOLOGICAL
    TREATMENT/ NON-PHARMACHOLOGICAL/
    PSYCHOTROPIC SOMATIC
    MEDICATIONS TREATMENT
    PHARMACHOLOGICAL
    TREATMENT/
    PSYCHOTROPIC
    MEDICATION

    NARCOSIS CHEMOTHERAPY

    PROLONGED NARCOANALYSIS
    NARCOSIS

    TRANQUILIZERS ENERGIZERS
    Pharmacological Treatment:
    •“Pharmacology is the science of the study
    of drugs to treat a wide range of less
    severe psychological disorders”.
    I.NARCOSIS:
    The word “Narcosis” is derived from the
    Greek word meaning “be numb”.
    a.Prolonged Narcosis:
    •Person sleeps for15-24 hours a day and is
    kept under constant observation
    • Prolonged narcosis is difficult and
    dangerous to administer, because a
    number of physiological complications
    develop under prolonged sleep
    • Seldom used today
    b.Narcoanalysis:
    • Drugs are given in amounts that produce a
    state of “grogginess”
    II.CHEMOTHERAPY:
    • “It is the type of therapy that treats mental
    and behavioral disorders with drugs and
    chemicals”
    a. Tranquilizers:
    • Drugs that produce soothing and
    calming effects
    b. Energizers:
    • They are used with the depression
    sufferers who are not helped by
    sedatives
    Types Of Drugs:
    • Stimulants: Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine

    • Depressants: Alcohol, barbiturates

    • Anti-anxiety drugs: Benzodiazepines:


    diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan)

    • Antidepressants: phenezine (Nardil),


    paroxatine (Paxil)

    • Hallucinogens: lysergic acid (LSD), MDMA


    (Ecstasy)-in large doses, cannabis
    (marijuana)-in large doses
    NON-PHARMACHOLOGICAL
    SOMATIC TREATMENT

    INSULIN-
    SHOCK PSYCHO-SURGURY
    THERAPY

    ELECTRO-CONVULSIVE
    THERAPY
    Non-pharmacological Somatic
    Treatment:
    • In 1930’s,several therapies were
    developed which draw considerable
    attention.They are;
    I. Insulin-Shock Therapy:
    • Developed by MANFRED SAKEL to cure
    psychological disorders by
    administrating insulin to produce a state
    of comma
    • Comma is caused because of a reduction
    in blood sugar level
    b. Depression of metabolic processes tissues
    and cells
    • Found to be effective with schizophrenics,
    addicts etc.,if used with psychotherapy
    • Now rarely used as a method of treatment
    II. ELECTRO-CONVULSIVE
    THERAPY:
    • A biochemical therapy for severely
    depressed patients in which a brief electric
    current is sent through the brain of the
    anesthetized patient
    • This controversial therapy is applied to
    severely depressed patients
    III.PSYCHO-SURGURY:
    • It involves brain surgery which is used
    in the treatment of severe psychotic
    patients who have resisted all other
    forms of treatments
    Merits of Biological
    Approach:
    • Although psychological causes are
    significant,biological causes are worthy of
    examination and study too
    • Research work is rapid,producing valuable
    new information
    Demerits Of Biological
    Approach:
    • Explains human behavior in biological
    terms , treats with the help of biological
    methods, and ignores psychological
    factors
    • Mental life is an inter play of both
    biological and non-biological
    (environmental) factors; biological has
    been emphasized at the cost of ignoring
    the non biological

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