DOS - Steel Bridge - Lecture 4 PDF

Design Example – 1:
Design a single span steel beam bridge of span 12.250m with minimum AASHTO shear connection
between the steel beam and the concrete deck slab. The curb-to-curb roadway width is 11.24m with
380mm curb and barrier on each side. The loading is HL-93. Besides a wearing surface of 15mm, provide
allowance for 75mm thick bituminous overlay. fc ’ = 30 MPa, fy = 415 MPa. Use structural steel of A36 Grade.
1. Arrangement of Steel Beams

Overhang of deck = 35% to 40% of the inner spacing of beam to get nearly same forces on exterior and
interior beams.
The usual range of stringers/steel beams spacing is 1.5 m to 3.0 m.
If inner spaces are 4, the spacing of inner steel beams “S” is:
0.8S+4S = 11240 + (2x380)
S = 2500 mm
2. Design of concrete deck slab
Slab depth =
Slab depth = take 190 mm
Adding 15 mm for wearing surface = 190+15 = 205 mm

Slab depth for overhang portion = 230 mm [considering resistance against collision force]
Clear cover to reinforcement: on the top of deck subject to wear = 60 mm
on bottom of cast-in-place concrete slab = 25 mm
Conditions of Empirical Method of Design:

1. Effective span of slab, Se = inner spacing of beams – assumed bf of selected steel section
Page 1 of 9
= 2500 – 10% of the inner spacing
= 2500 – 250 = 2250mm < 4100 mm [OK]
2. Se /h = 2250/190 = 11.84 (between 6.0 and 18.0) [OK]
3. Core depth = 205-60-25 = 120 mm > 100 mm [OK]
4. Deck slab depth = 190 mm > 175 mm [OK]
5. Overhang portion = 620+380 = 1000 mm versus 5h = 5 x 190 = 950 mm [OK]
6. fc ’ = 30 MPa > 28 MPa [OK]
7. A minimum of two shear connectors will be placed at a spacing of 600 mm c/c [OK]
 Bottom layer steel = 0.570 mm 2/mm [No.13 @250 mm c/c]
 Top layer steel = 0.380 mm 2/mm [No.10 @250 mm c/c]
Note: Both these spacing of steel are less than the maximum permissible value of 450 mm [OK]
3. Number of Lanes
NL= 11240/3600 = 3.12 = 3 [integer value]
4. Multiple presence factor

For three loaded lanes, multiple presence factor is 0.85
5. Dynamic load allowance

IM = 33% for design truck and tandem, excluding joints and fatigue for which the value is different
IM = 0 for lane loading
6. Distribution Factors
Interior Girders
Page 2 of 9
For Moment
One design lane loaded
S = 2500 mm L = 12250 mm
0 .1
 S   S   K g 
0 .4 0 .3
g  0.06     
 4300   L   L t s 
3
= 0.560
Two or more design lanes loaded

S = 2500 mm L = 12250 mm
0 .1
 S   S   K g 
0 .6 0 .2
g  0.075     
 2900   L   L t s 
3
= 0.741
g = 0.741
For Shear
S = 2500 mm L = 12250 mm
 S 
g  0 . 36   
 7600 
= 0.689

S = 2500 mm L = 12250 mm
2 .0
 S   S 
g  0 .2    
 3600   10700 
= 0.840
g = 0.840
Page 3 of 9
Exterior Girders
For Moment
Mc = 0
R x 2500 = P/2 x 720 + P/2 x 2520
R = 0.648 P
g = 1.2 x 0.648 g = 0.778

d e = 1000 – 380 = 620 mm between -300 & 910 mm [OK]
e = 0.77 + (d e / 2800) ≥ 1.0 = 0.99 take equal to 1.0
g = e x g interior
g = 1.0 x 0.741 = 0.741
g = 0.778
For Shear
As already calculated for moment, g = 0.778
Page 4 of 9
e = 0.6 + (d e / 3000) = 0.807
g = e x g interior
g = 0.807 x 0.840 = 0.678
g = 0.778
7. Maximum Central Live Load Moment

For Standard Axle Loads
Ma = 145 (3.0625) + (145+35) (0.9125) = 608.3 kN-m
For Standard Tandem Loads
Mt = 110 (3.0625+2.4625) = 607.8 kN-m
Page 5 of 9
For Lane Load
Ml = (9.3 x 12.252) / 8 = 174.5 kN-m
Maximum Live Load and Impact Moment

For Interior Girder
MLL+IM = g [(larger of Ma and Mt) x (1+IM/100) + Ml]
= 0.741 [608.3 x 1.33 + 174.5]
= 728.80 kN-m
For Exterior Girder

MLL+IM = g [(larger of Ma and Mt) x (1+IM/100) + Ml]
= 0.778 [608.3 x 1.33 + 174.5]
= 765.19 kN-m
8. Maximum Central Live Load Shear

For Standard Axle Loads
Va = 145 + 145(0.649) + 35(0.298) = 249.5 kN
For Standard Tandem Loads
Vt = 110 (1.0) +110 (0.902) = 209.2 kN
Page 6 of 9
For Lane Load
Vl = (9.3 x 12.25) / 2 = 57 kN
Maximum Live Load and Impact Shear

For Interior Girder
VLL+IM = g [(larger of Va and Vt) x (1+IM/100) + Vl]
= 0.840 [249.5 x 1.33 + 57]
= 326.62 kN
For Exterior Girder

VLL+IM = g [(larger of Va and Vt) x (1+IM/100) + Vl]
= 0.778 [249.5 x 1.33 + 57]
= 302.51 kN
9. Dead Load Forces

For Interior Girders
DC Deck Slab = 0.205 x 2.5 x 23.5 = 12.04 kN/m

Girder (assume 15% of deck slab) = 1.80 kN/m
WDC = 13.84 kN/m
MDC = (13.84 x 12.252) / 8 = 259.6 kN-m

VDC = (13.84 x 12.25) / 2 = 84.8 Kn
DW 75 mm thick asphaltic paving = 0.075 x 2.5 x 22.0 = 4.13 kN/m

WDW = 4.13 kN/m
MDW = (4.13 x 12.252) / 8 = 77.5 kN-m
Page 7 of 9
VDW = (4.13 x 12.25) / 2 = 25.3 kN
For Exterior Girders
DC Deck Slab = 0.205 x 2.5 x 23.5 x (1250/2500) = 6.02 kN/m

Overhang = 0.230 x 1.0 x 23.5 x (3000/2500) = 6.49 kN/m
Barrier = (0.17 x 23.5) x (3400/2500) = 5.43 kN/m
Girder = 1.80 kN/m
WDC = 19.74 kN/m
MDC = (19.74 x 12.252) / 8 = 370.3 kN-m

VDC = (19.74 x 12.25) / 2 = 120.9 Kn
DW 75 mm thick asphaltic paving = 0.075 x (2.5 + 0.62) x 22.0 x (1560/2500) = 3.21 kN/m
WDW = 3.21 kN/m
MDW = (3.21 x 12.252) / 8 = 60.2 kN-m

VDW = (3.21 x 12.25) / 2 = 19.7 kN
10. Design Forces
Load combination
U = η [1.25 DC + 1.50 DW + 1.75 (LL+IM)]
Page 8 of 9
Interior Girders
Mu = 0.95 [1.25 (259.6) + 1.50 (77.5) + 1.75 (728.80)] = 1630.34 kN-m
Vu = 0.95 [1.25 (84.8) + 1.50 (25.3) + 1.75 (326.62)] = 679.75 kN
Exterior Girders
Mu = 0.95 [1.25 (370.3) + 1.50 (60.2) + 1.75 (765.19)] = 1797.64 kN-m
Vu = 0.95 [1.25 (120.9) + 1.50 (19.7) + 1.75 (302.51)] = 674.56 kN
Mumax = 1797.64 kN-m

Vu max = 679.75 kN
Assignment -3
Design of Steel Girder
[Compression flange fully braced laterally by the concrete haunch]
Page 9 of 9

DOS - Steel Bridge - Lecture 4 PDF

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What are the steps involved in designing a single span steel beam bridge?

What are the steps involved in designing a single span steel beam bridge?

How are the distribution factors calculated for interior and exterior girders?

How are the distribution factors calculated for interior and exterior girders?

Design Example – 1:

1. Arrangement of Steel Beams

2. Design of concrete deck slab

Slab depth = take 190 mm

Adding 15 mm for wearing surface = 190+15 = 205 mm

Conditions of Empirical Method of Design:

4. Multiple presence factor

5. Dynamic load allowance

Two or more design lanes loaded

Two or more design lanes loaded

Two or more design lanes loaded

7. Maximum Central Live Load Moment

Ma = 145 (3.0625) + (145+35) (0.9125) = 608.3 kN-m

For Standard Tandem Loads

Mt = 110 (3.0625+2.4625) = 607.8 kN-m

Maximum Live Load and Impact Moment

For Exterior Girder

8. Maximum Central Live Load Shear

Va = 145 + 145(0.649) + 35(0.298) = 249.5 kN

For Standard Tandem Loads

Vt = 110 (1.0) +110 (0.902) = 209.2 kN

Maximum Live Load and Impact Shear

For Exterior Girder

9. Dead Load Forces

DC Deck Slab = 0.205 x 2.5 x 23.5 = 12.04 kN/m

MDC = (13.84 x 12.252) / 8 = 259.6 kN-m

DW 75 mm thick asphaltic paving = 0.075 x 2.5 x 22.0 = 4.13 kN/m

MDW = (4.13 x 12.252) / 8 = 77.5 kN-m

For Exterior Girders

DC Deck Slab = 0.205 x 2.5 x 23.5 x (1250/2500) = 6.02 kN/m

MDC = (19.74 x 12.252) / 8 = 370.3 kN-m

MDW = (3.21 x 12.252) / 8 = 60.2 kN-m

10. Design Forces

Mumax = 1797.64 kN-m

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