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Week 1 - 4 ERH

This document discusses anthropometry, which is the measurement of the human body. It covers: 1. The standards and equipment used to measure the body, including tapes, calipers, and scales. 2. How to measure specific body parts like stature, body mass, and skin folds. It also discusses proportionality and growth patterns. 3. Methods of assessing body composition, including hydrostatic weighing, skin folds, bioelectrical impedance, DEXA scans, MRI, and more. Body composition refers to levels of fat, fat-free mass, and other body tissues.

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David Mina
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55 views17 pages

Week 1 - 4 ERH

This document discusses anthropometry, which is the measurement of the human body. It covers: 1. The standards and equipment used to measure the body, including tapes, calipers, and scales. 2. How to measure specific body parts like stature, body mass, and skin folds. It also discusses proportionality and growth patterns. 3. Methods of assessing body composition, including hydrostatic weighing, skin folds, bioelectrical impedance, DEXA scans, MRI, and more. Body composition refers to levels of fat, fat-free mass, and other body tissues.

Uploaded by

David Mina
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Week 1 – 4 ERH

Anthropometry
Anthropometry is the science that deals with measurement of size, proportions
and composition of the human body

Measurement in Anthropometry
ISAK (International society for the advancement of kinanthropometry) – ISAK
sets the standard in anthropometry

Standards are used to measure : Somatotype, Body composition, Proportionality,


Body Density.

Anthropometry Equipment
Anthropometry Tapes
• Steel tapes, flexible – not soft tapes?
• Millimetre graduations
• 3 cm stub
• Used to assess girths
• Skin fold sites, distances from landmarks
• Stadiometer Measurement of stature
• Weighing scales Measurement of mass
• Skin fold Callipers Measuring skin + subcutaneous fat
• Anthropometer For vertical heights between landmarks
• Segmometer: Measure segment lengths directly
The Anthropometric profile

Stature
- Head must be in the Frankfort plane
Frankfort horizontal plane:
This plane is achieved when the orbitale is in the same horizontal plane as the
tragion. When this is achieved the vertex is at the highest point of the skull. The
measurer places the fingers under the mastoid processes and lifts gently while
the subject inspires.
• Body mass
- Best 12 hours after food in the morning and after voiding
• Skin folds
- 1 cm from landmark (NOT on landmark)

Proportionality and Growth

Plays an important part in the ‘selfselection’ process for most sports or


activities.
- Part of talent identification
- Somatotype
• Success and/or adherence to the activity
• However as you will observed in your labs, for a large number of body
characteristics, there is a linear relationship
- lengths, girths and breadths generally increase linearly with height

Growth periods affect proportionality:


• At birth: large head with reasonably developed trunk and lagging arms/legs.
• From birth: girls often more advanced than boys; particularly in height and
bone maturity.
• Greatest growth rates in adolescence occurs in tibia then femur, then fibula ,
then upper body bones
- explains the relative length of limbs

Changes in size
Hyperplasia – cell number increases
Hypertrophy – cell size increases
Accretion – cell material increases

The growth of the whole body is traditionally assessed by changes in stature


• Measured in a standing position (adults)
• Measured in a supine position for infants (recumbent)
• Measuring parts requires the appropriate anthropometric tools
• May require radiological tools e.g. bone
Measurement of Growth
Why use growth data?
• To serve as a screening device to identify those in need of specialist medical or
educational care
• Serve as a control in treatment of ill children (paediatrics)
• Index of general health and nutritional status of the population or sub-pop!
- Stature often used as a comparison to reference ‘norms’ and also as measure of
growth velocity

BM can be measured by dental (teeth eruption)


- skeletal (bone ossification) ***
- reproductive (puberty)
- morphological (stature)
***Most commonly used indicator of biological maturation

Measurement of body composition

Body Composition
Refers to the make-up of the body, the relative contributions of specific body
Fat Free Mass
- Although the two-compartment model is well accepted and used extensively in
research and clinical settings, it is not without problems.
• The technique relies on two main assumptions: (1) the density of fat tissue is
0.9007 g·cm3 while the density of fat-free tissue is 1.100 g·cm3 which remains
consistent at different sites within the same individual and between different
individuals.
(2) each tissue type represents a constant proportion of the fat-free mass. It is
assumed that fat-free mass is composed of:
- protein (20.5%)
- bone mineral (7.1%)
- water (72.4%)
BMI
The central distribution of body fat significantly increases the risk of a range of
diseases eg. Type 2 Diabetes.

• BMI measure was developed to classify obesity-related disease risk within


populations; therefore there is a significant limitation when interpreting
individual results.

• Individual feedback should only be provided


in combination with other measures

Based on the principle of a desired ratio between height and weight


[Wt. (kg) / Ht.2 (m)]
• Attempt to adjust weight for height and obtain a height free measure of obesity
• A number of indices have been developed
- most widely used & correlates well with body fat by hydrostatic weighing
(r = 0.7)
• Simple, non-invasive and low cost eg. BMI = 70 kg = 23.4 kg.m-2
(1.73) 2 m This places the individual in healthy weight range BUT

BMI Classification
< 18.5 Underweight
18.5-24.9 Normal weight
25.0-29.9 Overweight
30.0-34.9 Obesity

Values do not apply to athletes and body builders, pregnant and nursing women,
the frail or elderly, or people under 18 (children). Why?
• does not differentiate fat and muscle
• Index was designed for population study not to compare individuals

BMI limitations
• Fat around heart and liver which is associated with diabetes...this is not picked
up with BMI estimates
• Evidence suggests association between BMI and fat distribution differs across
ethnic groups
• BMI age percentage charts should be used
• Large amount of muscle mass will influence results
• Designed for population studies not the individual
Measurement of Body fat
1. Hydrostatic weighing
2.Skin folds
3.Bio- electrical impedance
4. Dual x-ray absorptiometry
5.MRI
6.CT scans
7.Bio-Pod chamber

Whole body density is calculated from body volume


Density = Mass/Volume

Bio-Electrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)


• Has become increasingly popular as a tool for assessing body composition due
to ease of use, portability and cost effectiveness
• Involves the resistance (impedance) of an electrical current transmitted
through the body
• The bio-electrical properties of hydrous and anhydrous tissue are studied.
• It is a safe and non invasive method based on differing electrical conductivity of
FM and FFM

**FFM contains nearly all the water and electrolytes of the


body, and is thus, almost, totally responsible for the
conductance of electrical current, whereas impedance is by
anhydrous tissue

Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)


• Involves the scanning of the body by an x-ray source, which compartmentalises
the body by tissue densities (fat, lean, bone).
• Based on the principle that the relative density of the body tissues will
selectively attenuate the x-ray beam. This method does not require assumptions
about the biological constancy of the fat and fat-free components as does
hydrostatic weighing.

DEXA
• Allows simultaneous measurement of bone mineral, fat and non-bone tissue
• Low radiation dose
• Rapid (approx 30 mins)
• More work on validation and population specific equations
• High cost - research method
MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Cross-sectional slice
• High quality image and can accurately quantify both subcutaneous and visceral
fat
• Relatively rapid (approx 30 mins)
• No metal pins or plates as magnet may alter positioning
• Expensive

Computerised Tomography (CT Scanning)


• Cross sectional measurement
• Can calculate lean and fat area of slice
• Good for measuring visceral fat
• High radiation dose  problem with repeated measures
• Unable to be used for general screening

BOD POD
Works on the gas law - expansion of Boyles Law
• Changes in pressure can be used to
calculate volume and then density
• Error range is 1-2% similar to UWW
• Takes 5 minutes
• Can accommodate persons up to 500 kg
• Has been used on NFL & NBA teams

Validity of Measures
Works on the gas law - expansion of Boyles Law
• Changes in pressure can be used to calculate volume and then density
• Error range is 1-2% similar to UWW
• Takes 5 minutes
• Can accommodate persons up to 500 kg
• Has been used on NFL & NBA teams

Why measure
The measurement of body composition has become a popular and
standard practice for many physicians, athletic trainers, and health
professionals.
Evidence supports the notion that having excess body fat is
associated with:
• musculoskeletal injury
• non-adherence to exercise training
• reduced athletic performance
• many health problems such as:
- hypertension
- diabetes mellitus
- depression
- hyperlipidemia
- coronary heart disease
- osteoarthritis
Somatotyping

A method to appraise or describe body shape/composition


• A quantitative summary or description of physique and morphology of a
person
• Results are expressed as a three number rating (eg. 3.5 -3 -2.5)
• Numbers represent the endomorphy (3.5), mesomorphy (3) and ectomorphy
(2.5) of a subject.
• Recommended method of rating is based on both anthropometric measures
and visual inspection (photoscopic) of front and side views by a trained
anthropometrist
• Somatotyping is a method of describing the human
physique

Methods of Assessment of Physique


• There are three ways of obtaining somatotype:
1. Photoscopic (Sheldon, 1940) (Objective rating by a trained individual)
2. Anthropometric (Parnell, 1958) (Based on 10 anthropometric measurements)
3. Anthropometric + photoscopic (Heath Carter 1963)
(combination of anthropometry and photography)
Skinfold Measures
• Involves the measurement of skin and subcutaneous fat at various sites on the body.
• A double fold of skin and subcutaneous fat is taken up under the tip of a calliper.
Even this simple techniques is based on large assumptions
However
• Most widely used, practical method of measuring subcutaneous fat
• Inexpensive, quick, relatively easy if trained
Postural Assessment

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