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7.20 Physics for IIT·JEE: Mechanics I

19. A homogeneous rod of length L is acted upon by two 23. A body hangs from a spring balance supported from the
forces F, and F2 applied to its ends and directed opposite roof of an elevator.
to each other. With what force F will the rod be stretched a. If the elevator has an upward acceleration of 2.45 m/s 2
at the cross-section at a distance I from the end where Fl and the balance reads 50 N, what is the true weight of
is applied? the body?
20. In the arrangement shown in Fig. 7.84, a wedge of mass b. Under what circumstances will the balance read 30 N?
M = 4 kg moves towards left with an acceleration of c. What will the balance read if the elevator cable breaks?
a = 2 m/5 2. All surfaces arc smooth. Find the acceleration 24. An object of mass 5,00 kg attached to a spring scale, rests
of mass m = 1 kg relative to the wedge. on a frictionless, horizontal surface as shown in Fig. 7.87.
The spring seale, attached to the front end of a boxcar, has
a constant reading of 18.0 N when the car is in motion.
a. The spring scale reads zero when the car is at rest.
Determine the acceleration of the car.
b. What constant reading will the spring scale show if the
60"
car moves with constant velocity?
Fig. 7.84 c. Describe the forees on the object as ohserved by some-
21. A 20· kg monkey has a firm hold on a light rope that passes one in the car and by someone at rest outside the car.
---+
over a rrictionless pulley and is attached to a 20- kg bunch
of bananas (as shown in Fig, 7,85), The monkey looks up,
5.00 kg
sees the bananas, and starts to climb the rope to get them.
a. As the monkey climbs, do the bananas move up, down
at
or remain rest?
b. As the monkey climbs, does the distance between the Fig. 7.87
monkey and the bananas decrease, increase, or remain
constant?

CONSTRAINT RELATION
20 kg The equations showing the relation of the motions of a system
of bodies, in which onee motion is constrained by the others
motion, are called the constrained relations.
20
First we start our analysis with simple cases of pulleys. Con-
sider the situation shown in Fig, 7,88, Two bodies are connected
Fig. 7.85 with a string which passes over a pulley at the corner of a table.
c. The monkey releases her hold on the rope, What hap- Here if string is inextensible, we can directly state that the dis-
pens to the distance between the monkey and the ba- placement of A in downward direction is equal to the displace-
nanas while she is falling? ment of B in horizontal direction on table, and if displacements
d. Before reaching the ground, the monkey grabs the rope of A and B are equal in equal time, their speeds and accelerati0n
to stop her falL What do the bananas do? magnitude must also be equal.
22. A lift is going up, The total mass of the lift and the
passengers is 1,500 kg. The variation in the speed of the
lift is given by the graph (Fig, 7,86),

,..1_ _---,13

Case (a) Cnse (,,;)

Fig. 7.88
a-"" (} 2 4 (, X to 12C
Fig. 7.86 In this case (c) if the wedge and block are free to move it
a. Whot will be the tension in the rope pulling the lift at is obvious that the acceleration of the block and the wedge are
time f equal to (i) I s (ii) 6 s (iii) II s? related,
b. What will be the average velocity and the average ac- Applying Newton's law alone is not sufficient in most cases.
celeration during the course of the entire motion? If you apply Newton's laws based on the methods shown above,
you will get a few equations. You may however find that the
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Newton's Laws of Motion 7.21

number of unknowns are much larger than the number of equa- the other end B moves downward when the rod makes an
tions. That is, you will have a situation where, say the number of angle 0 with the horizontal.
variables are three but the number of equations are only two. It
is, therefore obvious that you cannot solve the equations to get B
the value of the variables.
Look at the diagram in Fig. 7.88(a)
In this case let us say that you have to find the acceleration of
the masses. y
The number of unknowns will be e x
v
A.
1. tension T,
2. acceleration a! of the mass, and Fig. 7.90
3. acceleration of the other body (/2.
Sol. Let us first find the relation between the two displacements
There are three unknowns. However we will get only two equa- then differentiate with respect to time. Here if the distance from
tions - one for one mass and another for the other mass. the corner to the point A is x and that up to B is y. Now the left
Clearly you can see that Newton's Jaws are not sufficient to .. . elx
solve the problem. In such cases we need additional equations. velOCIty of pOInt A can be gIven as Vii = ~ and that of B can
elt
These are provided by what are called as constraint equations. . ely ( . . d' . decreasmg.
.)
be gIven as VB = - -....:.... -SIgn In lcates, Y IS
Constraints mean that two bodies (in this case the bodies elt
which are attached to the puliey) are not free to move the way If we relate x and y: x 2 + y' = [2
they want. The accelerations between them are dependent on ." .. . dx dy
DllterentJatmg With respect to t = 2x- + 2y- = 0
each other. We need to find out the relationship to be able to elt elt
solve these equations; therefore, constraints provide additional x
::::::} XVA = yVB => xu = yVs ::::::}v/J = u- = u cote
equat.ions. y
Alternatively: In cases where distance between two points is
always fixed, we can say the relative velocity of one point of an
object with respeet to any other point of the same object in the
direction of the line joining them will always remain zero, as
their separation always remains constant.
Here in the above example, the distance between points A
and B of the rod always remains constant, thus the two points
must have same velocity components in the direction of the line
joining. i.c., along the length of the rod.
The need for constraints If point B is moving down with velocity v 11, its component
Fig. 7.89 along the length of the rod is VB sinO. Similarly, the velocity
Constraints are the geometrical restrictions imposed on the component of point A along the length of rod is v cosO. Thus
motion of a body, which also governs the trajectory of the body. we have
For example, a block placed on the table cannot move normal V/J sine = u case or VB = U cote
to the surface, it is bound to move parallcl to the: surface.
~ InFig.7.91,ahallofmassm,undablock
We have to use the method of constraint equations to relate
the accelerations between the bodies. of masS1n2 are joined together with an inextensible string.
Tn many cases you can write down the relation of accelera- The ball can slide on a smooth horizontal surface. If v! and V2
are the respective speeds of the ball and the block, determine
tion by just looking at the situation. In other cases, for complex
relationships, we can think of four types of constraints. the constraint relation between the two.

1. General constraints
2. Wedgc constraint.
3. Puliey constraint
4. Combination of the wedge and pulieys
Fig. 7.91
General Constraints
Sol. Method 1: Distances are assumed from the center of the
Fig. 7.90 shows a rod of length I resting
pulley as shown in Fig. 7.92.
on a wall and floor. Its lower end A is pulled towards left Constraint:Length of the string remains constant.
with a constant velocity u, as a result of this end B starts
moving down along the wall. Find the velocity with which ;;f + hT' = X2 constant
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7.22 Physics for IIT-JEE: Mechanics I

,r------- Case-I
Mass A is connected with a string which passes through a fixed
~
hi:
VI :
pulley. The other end of string is connected with a movable pul-
+- ley N. Block B is connected with another string which passes
through the pulley N as shown in Fig. 7.95.
Fig. 7.92

Differentiating both the sides w.r.t. the time, we get

2Xl dXI dx,
+-=0
2J x i + h; dt dt

Since the ball moves $0 as to increase Xl with time and block

moves so as to decrease Xl with time, therefore,
p
dXj dX2 Xl
- = +Vj and - = -V2 also, r-: = cose
dt dt Fig. 7.95 Fig. 7.96
yXj2 +1112
or V2 = VICOS(}
Consider the situation shown in Fig, 7.96. If we consider that
mass A is going up by distance x, pulley N which is attached
Method 2: to the same string will go down by the Same distance x. Due
to this the string which is connected to mass B will now have
free lengths ab and cd Cab = cd = x) which will go on the
side of mass B due to its weight as the other end is fixed at
point P. Thus mass B will go down by 2x hence its speed and
acceleration will be twice that of block B.
Hence,

Above example can be understood by another -approach in

Fig. 7.93
which we will consider the total length of the string will always
Change in the length of segment (1) be constant.

= Xl cose - 0 = Xl cose To relate the acceleration of the bodies.

Change in the length of segment (2) = - X2 assume that the various bodies move by
M
Total change in the string length should be zero. a distance Xl, X2, ... , and so on. Calcu-
late the number of segments in the rope,
Xl cos e - X2 = 0 =} X2 = Xl cos e N
Hence V2 = v! cosO The segments in the first rope arc
Method 3: The problem can be solved very easily if we look at marked 1 and 2. The distance moved
the problem from a ditferent viewpoint and identify a different by the various elements are also marked
constraint; i.e., velocity of any two points along the string is (as shown in the figure). Note that the
same. Obviously, from Fig. 7.94. VI cose = "2. pulley, which is connected to the ceil-
ing, cannot move,
Relate the distance moved. (total
change in length of the string must be
zero). To do this, calculate the changc
in length of each segment of the string.
"I
then add these changes to get the total
change in length of the rope.
Change in length of segment 1 = -XI
Fig. 7.94 Change in length of segment 2 = +X2.
Therefore total change in length of
string I -XI + X2 = () =} XI = x,
Writing Down Constraints-Pulley Once we have the relation between the
Pulley constraints are applicable when the bodies concerned arc distances, the relation between acceler-
connected through pulleys and the rope connecting them is il1- ations is simple, r'or the first string it is
extensible. OJ = 02·
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Newton's Laws of Motion 7.23

For second string Case-III

Let us apply steps 3, 4, and 5 for the

second inextensible string.
The distanccs moved by the pulley
N and block Bare X2 and X3 as
shown in figure. The ground is at
rest. Therefore the end of the string
that is connected to the ground will
not move.
Change in length of segment (a) (b)
3 = -X2 (Why negative? Because Here three blocks A, B, and Care connectcd with strings and
as the pulley moves down, the rope pullcys as shown in figure.
comes closer to the ground and the Here we develop constraint relation between the motion of
length of the segment decreases). masses A, Band C. Let us assume that masses A and C would
Change in length of segment go up hy distance XA and xc, respectively, these lengths of i
4 = +X3 - X,. the string will slack as length ab .. cd below the pulley Z,
To see why this is so, let us consider Thus this will go down hy a distance XB as shown in Fig.(b).
a string with either points moving Thus we have
by a distance X2 and X3. This is ab + cd = XA + Xc or 2xfJ = XA + Xc ,
shown in the figure. differentiat.ing w,r.t. time, we get 2v B = VA + Vc (i) I'
« ) Because the other end moves by X3, diffcrentiating again w,r.t. time 2aB= QA + ac (ii)
--+ ----+ the length of the string increascs by Equations (i) and (ii) arc the constraint relation.s. for motion
.1:2 .1:3
Rope with either PaliS
moving by a distance
X3·
When the other end moves by X2,
Lof masses A, B, and C. ._ ..__._ J
X2 and Xl.
the length reduces by X2.
The change in length is therefore
Your Shortcut
X3 - X2· In the cases where pulley moves along with the blocks connected
The total change in length of the rope is X2 + X3 X2 - 0 on both the sides, we can say that the displacement of the pulley
:::::} X3 - 2X2 = 0 :::::} X3 = 2X2 is the average of the displacement on both sides of the pulley.
Once we get the relation between the distances moved, the ac-
celeration relation will be the same. The acceleration relation'
~_~_lso_, _a3_=_.?:~1_2_ _ . _________ .._____ x=--
XA+XB
p 2
Case-II

Fig, 7,97

If onc end of the string is connected with the fixed end, the
displacement of that end can be considered as zero,

Analysis of Case-I using shortcut method

a
In the given situation M is a fixed pullcy and N is movable .
pulley. The blocks A and B are tied to strings and axTanged
as shown,
If mass A goes up by the distance x, wc can observe that the
string lengths ab and cd are slack, due to the wcight of block
B, this length (ab + cd = 2x) will go on this sidc and block
B will descend by a distance 2x. As in equal time duration
B has travelled a distance twice that of A.
So, VA. = 2vlJ and aA = 2aB
Fig, 7,98
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7.24 Physics for IIT-JEE: Mechanics I

• As pulley 1 is fixed, hence the displacement should be

0, If the displacement of block A is XA (down) then the In the arrangement of three blocks as
displacement of other end should bexA (up)(sec Fig, 7,98), in the Fig. 7.101, the string is inextensible. If the di-
XA +X{) rections of accelerations are as shown in the given figure,
X 1',1 = 0 = 2 => XD = -XA
then determine the constraint relation.
• Displacement of bloek B = Displacement of pulley 2 "2
+-
XA +0
• Xp2 = --2- => XA = 2Xp2 :;;:} Xli = 2XB

Analysis of Case-II using Shortcut Method

• As pulley I is fixed IXp,,1 = IXAI
If block A moves up by XA, pulley 2 should moves XA in
downward direction as shown in Fig, 7.99. Fig. 7.101
• For pulley 2
Sol. Method 1: Let us assume the respective distance of each
block as shown in Fig, 7,101. Since the length of the string is
constant, therefore, Xl + X2 + 2X3 = constant
On differentiating twice w,r,t, time, we get
x,
~Ia,
+-

Fig. 7.102
X8

Fig. 7.99

Analysis of Case-Ill using Shortcut Method Sincex\ and X2 arc assumed to be decreasing with time, there-
• As pulley M is fixed XM = 0 (sec Fig, 7, j 00) fore,

=
;fA +
XW
·-·2"~~ => =
d2x! d 2x2
XW -XA ---- = -al and --- = -a2
dt' dt'
• Pulley N is also fixed
Xc + Xz and x] is assumed to be increasing with time, therefore,
XN=O= 2 =} xz=-xc
(PX1
XIV +xz --" =+a1
XIJ = dt' "
2
Thus -al - a2 = 2a3 = 0 or aj + a2 = 203_
2Xl/ = Xw +xz = XA +xc Method 2: As total change in the length of string should be zero,
The summation of the change in the lengths of segment should
be zero.

Xl X2
--+ CD (1) +--

XI~

X2~
CV
,
CD
X3

In)
XB
Fig. 7.100 Fig. 7.103
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Newton's laws of Motion 7.25

-Xl + X2 + X3 - X2 = 0
1', 1',
-Xl +2X3 -X2 =0
+ Xl la,
2X3 = xl 1/11 ""'2 kg m2""2kg la2
Hence, 2a3 = (11 + aZ
Xl +X2
Shortcut method: X3 =
2 20N 20N

1',
1',
In the pUlley-rope-mass arrangement
shown in the 7.104 tn, = 2 kg, "'2 = 2 kg, and tn3 = 4 111] = 4 kg la, l
kg. Find the tension in the ropes and the accelerations of the T2 Ii
masses when the masses are sct free to move. Assume that
the pulley and the ropes are ideal. Take g = 10 m/s2 • 40N
Fig. 7.106

- 50 , 30 2 70 , , 50 ,
IT m/s ,a, = IT m/s ,a3 = IT m/s ,a" = IT m/s
320
T, = - N,
11
7, = -160
N
11

Fig. 7.104
Note: You can also establish equatio1ls(1)alld (25 some,
whatilUiirectly in this case.
Sol. Step 1: Constraint relations
Now, 11 :;:: constant gives,
1. For the rope length /lnol jochange and jar this
ropeno~ toslackenaccelerationofml w.r.t the fiXed
11 =Xj +.'f,,+JTR pulley =:.. acce'erati~1l of themova~lepulley w.r.t.the
d 2 /, d'x, d2xp d'" R fiXed pulley .
-=-+--+-~
dt' dt' dt' dt' Oral =~ap =} lall=='lupl
a,
0= +a p =} lad = lapl (I) 2; For the rope 'e1lgth I,n,o(10 change and for this
and 12 = constant gives, rope not . to .slilcken-acceleration of m2 .w.r.t movable
pulley = - acce'erationof"'3w,r.tthetnovable pulley
I, = (x, - xI') + (X3 - xp) +" R
=} I, = X2 + X3 - 2xp +" R or (a2 .,..up)=~(a3 __ ap)

d2
h
d x2 2
d2X3 2d x p d~JrR 2 lI2't"t :"').(1;"",0
-=-+--~,-+-,-
dt 2 dt' dt' cit' dt' =} 2al = a, + a3
=} 0=a,+a3-2ap =} 2(/'=(/2+ a 3 (2) 3; fOl' can even use any,of the methods given tn previous
discussions'.

In the arrangement shown in the

::t=±=i===
X, III!
tensions in the rope and the acceleration
of the masses m I and m, and pnlleys PI and P2 when the
system is selfree to move. Assnme the pulleys to be massless
and strings to he are light and inextensihle.

Fig. 7.105
Step 2: Free body diagrams (Fig, 7,106)
Step 3 : Equations of motion
20 ~ T, = 2a, (3)
20 - 7, = 2a, (4)
40 - 7, = 4a3 (5)
2T2 - T, = 0 (6)
Solving these equations for the required quantities, Fig. 7.107
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7.26 Physics for IIT-JEE: Mechanics I

Sol. Step 1: Free body diagrams

---j---- -----
tl'J
T T2

aPI~ T T
--- ----
all lIJl a2~ 1112
T

mig

Fig. 7.108

Step 2: Applying the equations of motion for pulleys and blocks

For m,: m,g - T = m,a, (I)
Fig, 7,110
For 1112: m2g - T2 = InZQ2 (2)
For pulley p,: 27' - T ; Oxal" (3)
Wedge Constraint
For pulley pz: Tz - 2T ; 0 xal'2 (4)
We can observe that the wedge M can only move in horizontal
From equation (3), T ; 0
direction towards left, and the block m can slide on an inclined
From equation, (4) 1,;0 and from equations (l) and (2), Q, = g, smiace of M which is always in contact with the wedge.
az = g.
• Let us define our x and y axis parallel to the inclined and
Calculating all) and a p2 : perpendicular to inclined, respectively, as in Fig. 7. Ill.
Step 3: Constraiut relations: Consider the reference line and
the position vectors of the pulleys and masses as shown in the
Fig. 7.109. Write the length of the rope in terms of the position
vectors and differentiate it to obtain the relations between the
accelerations of the masses and the pulleys. M

x
t4-- X--..J
Fig, 7,111
T
• We can observe that the displacement of m and M in x'-
direction will be same as the block never loses contact with
the wedge.
• If the wedge moves in horizontal direction by a distance
,nil
of x during this time the block will move x in x-direction
• We can relatc these displacement x and X as
x .
- = S111
X
e '* x = X sinO (i)
Fig. 7.109 Hence velocity relation can be written as
1. For the length of the string connecting Pz and mz not to be V, = VsinO (ii)
change and for this rope not to slacken. and acceferation relation can be written as
a p2 = a2 = g.
ax = A sinO (iii)
2, Length of the string Here Vx and ax arc the velocity and acceleration of the
Connecting P, to In,
not to change and for this rope not to block in the direction perpendicular to the inclined surface.
slacken:
I = (x, - XI'I) + XI'I + (X1'2 - XI") + XI'2 A block of mass m is placed on the in-
dined surface of a wedge as shown in Fig. 7,112, Calculate
:::::} I=X\--X p1 +2X P2
the acceleration of the wedge when the block is released.
Differentiating this equation w.r.t, twice, Assume that all the surfaces are frictionless,
2 2 2 So!'
e1 [ = d xJ _ d x PI + 2 (J2x P2 :::::}O=al Step 1: Constraint relation (Fig. 7.113)
dt' <it Z dt' dt' From the previous discussion we can write
:::::} 0 = g - apt + 2ap2 ::::} a p1 = 3g ax = A sinB (i)
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Newton's Laws of Motion 7.27

M
e
Fig. 7.112 M

M
e
Fig.7.113

Step 2: Free body diagrams shown in Fig. 7.114.

Fig. 7.115
Nsin e
~-:A Neose
increase by (x + x cos8). As overall length of the string is con-
stant, then we can write
, + (x + X cos 0) = 0
1 !!Ig T - X
x = X(1 - cos e). and
a, = A(l-cose) (i)
From wedge constant it is clear that ~ = sin ()
x
=} Y = X sin 8 and a y = A sin 8

/",!i<g cos 0 Find the accelerations of rod A and

B in the arrangement shown in the Fig. 7.116 if the
mass of the rod is In and that of the wedge is M. The friction
~mgSine hetween all the contact surfaces is negligible.
OJ"
____________ 2:".

Fig. 7.114

Step 3: Equation of motions is

For M: N sin e =MA OJ)
For In in x' direction
mgcose - N = fila, = meA sine) (iii)
From equations (ij) and (iii)

A=
mg sin e cosO
~---:-o-::c
Fig. 7.116
2
(M +m sin 0)
Sol. The rod (mass m) is constrained to move in the vertical
direction (with the help of the guides). and the wcdge will move
Pulley and Wedge Constraint along the surface in the horizontal direction.
Consider a block of mass m is placed on the inclined surface of Let the acceleration of m w.r.t. ground be a, vertically down-
the wedgc. Thc block is connccted with a string and arranged as wards and acceleration of M W.r.t. ground be A. horizontally
shown in Fig. 7.115. Now the system is released from the rest. towards right.
We can divide the string in two segments (1) and (2). Let at Constraint relation: The motion of the system is constrained by
any interval of time the wedge move a distance X towards right the fact that the "bottom face of the rod must always be in contact
and the block move a distance" x parallel to inclined direction. with the inclined plane". Ifin time t. X oe the displacement of the
From the diagrams it is clear that the length of the segment wedge and x be the displacement of the rod. then the constraint
(1) will decrease by X while the length of the segment (2) will demands that (see Fig. 7.117).
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7.28 Physics for IIT-JEE: Mechanics I

Motion in vertical direction

mg-N cos a = ma (2)
and the forces acting on the wedge arc (Fig. 7.] 20):
''''"-- x:
1. the weight, Mg,
/.:::~---
/':~~ __ ~~~-L________- L____- - " 2. N, reaction of N acting on the rod, and
Fig. 7.117 3. N" norma] force by the surface.

x N cos ex
- = tana N
X
x = Xtana (1)

Differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. t twice,

d2x) = (d2X)
(d(i .
.
tana [tana=constantl
dl2
--
A

Q' cosa = A sina

The fact that the rod (or a particle on the wedge) and the wedge Fig. 7.120
must not lose contact is usually called "wedge constraints", For
this, the component of the acceleration of the rod perpendic- The force equations are:
ular to the wedge plane should he equal to the component of Nj-Mg-Ncosa=O,and (3)
acceleration of the wedge perpendicular to the wedge plane.
Nsina = MA (4)

aSina~ a
a os a
£sa A block of mass /1l is placed on an in-
clined plane (Fig. 7.121). With what acceleration A towards
right should the system move on a horizontal surface so that
,,~A does not slide on the surface of the inclined plane? Assume
/1l
that all the snrfaces alee smooth.
A sin (X

Fig. 7.118

acasa = A sina
a=Atana
Solving the above equation for a and A.
tana
a = ----"---:-:--- Fig. 7.121
mtana + Meota
Sol. If the motion of m is analysed from ground, its accelerat.ion
is A and the forces acting on it are: its weight mg and normal
mg reaction R.
If the motion of m is analysed from the view point of an ob-
Fguide

1 Nsin a
server standing on the inclined plane (i.e., relative to the plane),
and its acceleration is 0 m/5 2 and the forces acting on it arc: its
weight, the normal reaction, and a pseudo force of magnitude
mA towards left. dividing, we get, A = g tan fJ.

Ncos a R
Fig. 7.119
The forces acting on the rod are: mA
(pseudo force)
1. the weight mg, vertically downwards,
2. the normal force N, normal to the bottom surface of the rod,
and
mg
3. the force (Fg"ido) exerted by the guide to nullify the horizontal
component of N as for the rod aUorizonlal= O. Fig. 7.122
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Newton's laws of Motion 7.29

Analysis offorces on In relative to the inclined plane:

As In is at rest, forces must balance each other along both direc- Mass of wedge as shown in Fig. 7.126 is
tions
and that of the block is m = 5 kg . Neglecting
Rcos8=mg (i)
friction at all the places and mass of the pulley, calcnlate the
R sin e::::::: mA (ii) acceleration of the wedge. Thread is inextensible.

R cos 8

Smooth
mA R sin ()
!JIg
M

Fig. 7.123
Fig. 7.126
Find the acceleration of the blocks in
Sol. Let the acceleration of the wedge be a rightward then ac,
pulley and the strings are massless.
celeration of block relative to wedge will also be a but down the
incline. Hence, net acceleration of the block will be equal to the
vector sum of these two as shown in Fig. 7.127.

Fig. 7.124
Sol. Let a = acceleration of block M and pulley. a
a : : : : acceleration of m.
Let x, X be the co~ordinates of m and pulley as shown. a sin 3r

Fig. 7.127

Now considering FBDs (see Fig. 7.128).

,,--1'
N,
Fig. 7.125
T
Length of string passing over the "pulley is:
L=X+X-x
L = 2X-x
Differentiating twice with respect to time, ------;.
Ma
0= 2A - ({ co} a = 2A (I)

Note: We tan generalise this resul~ If one end ofa string, Fig. 7.128
passing over a moving pulley, is fixed tizenthe acceleration
of other enei is twice the acceleration ofpulley. For the wedge.
From the force diagrams of m and iW, we have N2 = N, cos 37° + T sin 37° (i)
T = ma, and (2) T - T cos 37" - N, sin 37" = Ma (iO
F-2T=MA (3) For the block.
Comparing equations 1, 2, and 3, we get
F
N, sin 37"- T cos 37° =rn(a + a cos 37°) (iii)
A = - , ' - - and mg - N, cos 37" - T sin 37" = rna sin 37" (iv)
M+4m'
2F Solving the above equations. N, = 41.5 N, T = 25.5 N, and
({ = - - - , . -
(M + 4111) a = 0.5 ms- 2 •
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7.30 Physics for IIT-JEE: Mechanics I

~---I COl1ceptApplication Exercise 7.3 1 - - ,

5. A ring A which can slide on a smooth wire is connected
to one end of a string as shown in Fig. 7.133. Other end
1. Figure 7.129 shows a system of four pulleys with two of the string is connected to a hanging mass B. Find
masses A and B. Find, at an instant: the speed with the ring when the string makes an angle
e with the wire and mass B is going down with a velocity v.
A

Fig. 7.129
a. Speed of the block A when the block B is going up at
~ Fig. 7.133
6. Figure 7.134 shows a block A constrained to slide along
I mls and the pulley Y is going up at 2 m/s. the incline plane of the wedge B. Block A is attached
b. Acceleration of block A ifblock B is going up at3 mis' with a string which passes through three ideal pulleys and
and the pulley Y is goiug down at I m/s'. connected to the wedge B.lfthe wedge is pulled towards
2. Figure 7.130 shows a pulley ovcr which a string passes right with an acceleration 'a'.

~BeA
and is connected to two masses A and B. Pulley moves
up with a velocity v p and mass B is also going up at a

~
velocity VB. Find the velocity of mass A if: ...... a
VI'
Fig. 7.134
a. find the acceleration of the block with respect to wedge.
b. find the acceleration of the block with respect to ground.
A 7. Find the acceleration of the block B as shown in
Fig. 7.135 (a) and (b) relative to the block A and relative
B iVs to the ground if the block A is moving towards left with
an acceleration Q,
Fig. 7.130
a. = 5 mls and V8 = 10 mls

LZ1
Vp
b. Vp = 5 mls and V8 = -20 mls

3. Find the relation in the acceleration of the three masses

shown in Fig. 7.13I(a) and Fig. 7.13I(b).
(a) (b)
l<'ig.7.135
8. If all the surfaces are smooth, to keep the block sta-
tionary with respect to the wedge, the wcdge should
be given a horizontal acceleration towards _____ .
The magnitude of the acceleration is given by the hori-
zontal force to be applicd on the wedge would be _ __

Fig. 7.131
4. Figure 7.132 shows a small mass In hanging over a pulley.
The other end of the thread is being pulled in horizontally
~ Fig. 7.136'
with a uniform speed u. Find the speed with which the 9. If the string is inextensible, determine the velocity u of
mass ascend at the instant the string makes an angle e each block in terms of v and e.
with the horizontal.
c
v v v
,,
~ __e __ u
(a)
B A Unifonll velocity
Fig. 7.137
(i) Fig. 7. 137(a) (A) u = _ . __ _
Fig. 7.132 (ii) Fig. 7.137(b) u = ___ _
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Newton's Laws of Motion 7.31

10. Calculate the aecelerations of the block A and B in cases 14. The velocities of A and B are shown in the Fig. 7.142.
of Figs 7.138 (i), (ii), and (iii). Find the speed (in m/s) of block C. (Assume that the
A~
pulleys and the string are ideal.)
3 m/s
-<--

B
(i)
II

B
(iii) Fig. 7.142
Fig. 7.138 15. A 20 kg bloek B is suspended from an ideal string
11. The rod of mass m is constrained to move along the attached to a 40 kg block A. The ratio of the acceleration
guide and always in contact with the wedge of mass M of the block B in cases (I) and (II) shown in Figs. 7.143
as shown in Fig. 7.139. Assume that there is no friction and 7.144 immediately after the system is released [rom
anywhere. Calculate the acceleration of thc wedge and 3n
rest is 10' Find value of n. (Neglect friction.)
rod. 2,,2
/

M A
e /I

Fig. 7.139
12. A man (mass = m) is standing on a platform (mass. = M). Fig. 7.143
By puJIing the string he causes the motion of platform. /
What is the ratio of m/ M such that the man and the
platform move together?
~ /

~
~
~

'// /
Fig. 7.144

Fig. 7.140
13. In Fig. 7.141 no relative motion takes place between
the wedge and the block placed on it. The rod slides
downwards oyer the wedge and pushes the wedge to SPRING FORCE AND COMBINATIONS OF
move in the horizontal direction. The mass of the wedge SPRINGS
is the same as that of thc block and is equal to M.
I Springs can be of many types such as helical [Fig. 7.145(a)]
If tan e = '7:3'find the mass of the rod. (Negleet the
or spiral [Fig. 7.145(b)]. These springs are either (b) and are
rotation of the rod), stretchable or compressible.
-5 Regarding springs it is worth nothing that
o
g
Rod IZl

o e Smooth
(a) (b)

Fig. 7.141 Fig. 7.145

Springs are assumed to be the same everywhere.