Threaded Fasteners

Design of Bolts, Screw

and Turnbuckle Joint
Bolts and Screws
These are threaded
fasteners which are
used to hold together
machine members
which require easy
dismantling.

Bolts are provided with

nuts while screws are
without nuts
Bolts and Screws
Bolts and Screws
Bolts and Screws
 Bolts and Screws
Square and Acme threads are used when the
threads are intended to transmit power

Square Acme
thread thread
Bolts and Screws
 Bolts and Screws
The tensile stress area, At , is the area of an
unthreaded rod with the same tensile strength
as a threaded rod.
•It is the effective area of a threaded rod to be
used for stress calculations.
•The diameter of this unthreaded rod is the
average of the pitch diameter and the minor
diameter of the threaded rod.
 D p  Dmi
At  ( ) 2

4 2
 Bolts and Screws
The American National (Unified) thread standard
defines basic thread geometry for uniformity and
interchangeability
• American National (Unified) thread
• UN normal thread
• UNR greater root radius for fatigue applications
Metric thread
• M series (normal thread)
• MJ series (greater root radius)
 Bolts and Screws
Coarse series UNC
•General assembly
•Frequent disassembly
•Not good for vibrations
•The “normal” thread to specify
Fine series UNF
•Good for vibrations
•Good for adjustments
•Automotive and aircraft
Extra Fine series UNEF
•Good for shock and large vibrations
•High grade alloy
•Instrumentation
•Aircraft
 Bolts and Screws
Head Types of Bolts-
Hexagonal head bolts
• Hexagon-head bolts are one
of the most common for
engineering applications
• W is usually about 1.5 times
nominal diameter
• Bolt length L is measured
from below the head
 Bolts and Screws
Head Types of Bolts-
Hexagonal head bolts
Thread Lengths
 Bolts and Screws
Nuts
 Bolts and Screws
Bolts Specification
Bolts and Screws
Power screw
• Used to change
angular motion into
linear motion
• Usually transmits
power
• Examples include
vises, presses, jacks,
lead screw on lathe
 Bolts and Screws
Machine Screws
 Bolts and Screws
Machine Screws
 Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in English Units)- Elasticity not
considered S 1
St  y
( At ) 2

St= design tensile stress

6
Ft= design tensile load
3
Sy=yield stress Sy
Ft  ( At ) 2
At= stress area 6
 Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in English Units)- Elasticity not
considered

Depth of Tap,DT(in English Units)

D= nominal diameter
For Cast Iron: DT=1.5D
For Steel and Wrought Iron: DT=D
 Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in English Units)- Elasticity not
considered

Working Strength of Bolts,W(in English Units)

2
W  Sall (0.55D  0.25D)
Sall= allowable stress
 Bolts and Screws
Lowering Torque:

Raising Torque:

dm=mean diameter of threads If the lowering torque is negative, the

tanλ=Lead/(πdm), λ =helix angle load will lower itself by causing the
θ=14.5⁰(acme), θ=15⁰(trapezoidal) screw to spin without any external
effort.
f=friction
If the lowering torque is positive, the
l=lead
screw is self-locking.
 Bolts and Screws
If Acme threads are used instead of square
threads, the thread angle creates a wedging
action.
Bolts and Screws
Torque to overcome collar
friction:

dc=mean diameter of collar

fc=friction of collar

Total torque required to

operate the screw:
Tt=T+Tc
 Bolts and Screws
Power of torque transmitted by a single set screw

P=horsepower transmitted, hp
T=torque,lb-in
D=shaft diameter,in
N=speed,rpm
d=set screw diameter,in

2 .3
DNd T  1250Dd 2.3
P
50
 Bolts and Screws
Efficiency of power crew:
tan  (cos  f sin )
e
fcDc
tan  cos  f cos  (cos  f sin )
dm
Fl Fl
e 
2TtR  Fdm l  fdm 
2  ( )  TC 
 2 dm  fl 
 Bolts and Screws
An eyebolt is lifting a block weighing 350 lbs.
The eyebolt has yield strength of 55ksi. Find
the stress area of the bolt.
 Bolts and Screws
Compute for the working strength of 1” bolt
which is screwed up tightly in packed joint
when the allowable working stress is 13000
psi.
 Bolts and Screws
A 12cm air compressor is operating with
maximum pressure of 16 kg/cm2. There are 5
bolts with yield stress of 64 ksi which held the
cylinder head to the compressor. Determine
the shearing stress of the bolt.
 Bolts and Screws
How many 3/8” diameter set screws would be
required to transmit 3 hp at a shaft speed of
1000rpm if the shaft diameter is 1”?
 Bolts and Screws
What is the frictional HP acting on a collar
loaded with 100kg weight if the outer and
inner diameters of the collar are 100mm and
40mm,respectively with speed at 1000 rpm
and coefficient of friction of 0.15?
 Bolts and Screws
A square thread power screw has pitch of 4-mm
with double threads. Applicable data are thread
and collar coefficient of friction equal to 0.08,
collar diameter of 40-mm, and a load of 6.4-kN
per screw and mean diameter of 30mm
Determine:
a. Torques required to rotate the screw with”
and “against” the load.
b. Overall efficiency.
Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in
English Units)-
Elasticity considered
• Grip length l includes
everything being
compressed by bolt
preload, including
washers
• Washer under head
prevents burrs at the
hole from gouging
into the fillet under
the bolt head
 Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in English
Units)- Elasticity
considered
• Hex-head cap screw in
tapped hole used to
fasten cylinder head to
cylinder body
• Note O-ring seal, not
affecting the stiffness of
the members within the
grip
• Only part of the threaded
length of the bolt
contributes to the
effective grip l
Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in
English Units)-
Elasticity
considered
• For screw in tapped
hole, effective grip
length is
 Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in English
Units)- Elasticity
considered
• During bolt preload
bolt is stretched
members in grip are
compressed
• When external load P is
applied bolt stretches
further
• Members in grip
uncompress some
• Joint can be modeled as a
soft bolt spring in parallel
with a stiff member
spring
Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in
English Units)-
Elasticity
considered
• Axially loaded rod,
partly threaded and
partly unthreaded
• Consider each
portion as a spring
• Combine as two
springs in series
Bolts and Screws
 Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in English
Units)- Elasticity considered
• Model compressed members
as if they are frusta spreading
from the bolt head and nut
to the midpoint of the grip
• Each frustum has a half-apex
angle of a
• Find stiffness for frustum in
compression
 Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in English Units)- Elasticity
considered

To find stiffness for each frustum

Combine all frusta as springs in series

 Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in English Units)- Elasticity
considered
If the grip consists of any number of members
all of the same material, two identical frusta
can be added in series. The entire joint can be
handled with one equation where dw is the
washer face diameter
 Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in English Units)- Elasticity
considered
Using standard washer face diameter of 1.5d,
and with a = 30⁰
Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in English Units)-
Elasticity considered

Proof load(Fp) is the maximum load

that a bolt can withstand without
acquiring a permanent set
Proof strength(Sp) is the quotient of
proof load and tensile-stress area
◦Corresponds to proportional limit
◦Slightly lower than yield strength
◦Typically used for static strength of
bolt
Good bolt materials have stress-strain
curve that continues to rise to
fracture
 Bolts and Screws
Load Nomenclature in Bolts-Elasticity considered
 Bolts and Screws
During bolt preload
-bolt is stretched
-members in grip are
compressed
When external load P
is applied
-Bolt stretches an
additional amount d
-Members in grip
uncompress same
amount d
 Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in English Units)- Elasticity
considered
Since P = Pb + Pm

C is defined as the stiffness constant of the joint

 Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in English Units)- Elasticity considered

Resultant Bolt Load:

Resultant Load on Bolt Members:

These results are only valid if the load on the members

remains negative, indicating the members stay in
compression.
 Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in English Units)- Elasticity
considered
Relationship of Torque and Preload:

Define term in brackets as torque coefficient K

 Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in English Units)- Elasticity
considered

Initial Tension and Torque (in English Units)

T-Initial Torque
d=nominal diameter
Fi=initial tension
K=0.2 for as received, 0.16 for lubricated
 Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in English Units)- Elasticity
considered
Fb C ( P / N )  Fi
Axial Stress:  bolt  
At At

Yield Factor of Safety:

Sp Sp S p At
n fs   
 bolt (C ( P / N )  Fi ) / At (C ( P / N )  Fi )

N=number of bolts
 Bolts and Screws
Bolts in Tension(in English Units)- Elasticity
considered
C ( P / N )  F S p At  Fi
Load Factor: S p  i nL 
At C(P / N )
Fi
Joint Separation Factor: no 
P(1  C )
 Bolts and Screws
A total of N 5/8”-11 UNC X 2 ¼” grade 5 finished
hex head bolt are to be used to resist a
separating force of 36 kips in No.25 cast iron
flange. Determine the number of bolts needed
for this connection if factor of safety is 2 and
bolts may be reused when the joint is taken
apart.Ebolt=30Mpsi and ECI=12Mpsi.
 Turnbuckle Joint
Turnbuckle is an adjustable screwed joint for
round rods

2
 Turnbuckle Joint
Turnbuckle Joint
 Turnbuckle Joint
Dimensions of Turnbuckle Joint
d = diameter of rod (mm)
dc = core diameter of threads of the tie rod (mm)
dp = pitch diameter or mean diameter of the threaded
rod (mm)
l = length of coupler nut (mm)
D = outside diameter of the coupler nut (mm)
D1 = inside diameter of the coupler (mm)
D2 = outside diameter of the coupler (mm)
L = length of the coupler between nuts (mm)
t = thickness of the coupler (mm)
t1 = thickness of coupler nut (mm)
 Turnbuckle Joint
Failure Stress Analysis of Turnbuckle Joint
 Turnbuckle Joint
Failure Stress Analysis of Turnbuckle Joint
 Turnbuckle Joint
Failure Stress Analysis of Turnbuckle Joint
 Turnbuckle Joint
Empirical Formula:
dc=0.84d(if table is not available )
d<l<1.5d
D=1.25d
D1=d+6
D2=1.5d
L=6d
t=0.75d
t1=0.5d
 Turnbuckle Joint
Design Procedure for Turnbuckle Joint
1. Solve design load Pd using Pd=1.3P

2. Determine the core diameter dc of the rod

using

3. Determine diameter of rod d from table.

 Turnbuckle Joint
Design Procedure for Turnbuckle Joint
4. Solve for L shearing resistance .
Compare L from d to 1.5d,choose larger L.
5. Solve for number of threads per mm n then
check L for crushing
 Turnbuckle Joint
Design Procedure for Turnbuckle Joint
6. Determine outside diameter of coupler nut D
using

Compare with D=1.25d, choose larger D.

7.Solve for inside diameter of coupler D1 using

D1= d+6
 Turnbuckle Joint
Design Procedure for Turnbuckle Joint
8. Determine outside diameter of coupler D2 using

Compare with D2=1.5d.Choose larger D2.

9. Solve for length of coupler between nuts L using
L=6d

10. Solve for thickness of coupler t and coupler nut

t1 using t=0.75d and t1=0.5d, respectively
 Turnbuckle Joint
Design a turnbuckle subjected to a load of 50 kN
with permissible stresses are in 75 Mpa in
tension , 37.5MPa in shear and 90 MPa in
crushing.