WORK METHODOLOGY

1 GENERAL

Us we understands we Describe the work

Construction of Pressurized irrigation system

We prepare our self for the above works and describe our detail
methodology below

1.1 Road Access to the Site

We responsible for inspecting the existing tracks and shall make his own assessment of the
work necessary to bring them to the required standard for constructional traffic.
We take all reasonable precautions to ensure the safety of members of the public using the
access roads.
We maintain access to properties adjacent to the tracks at all times throughout the duration
of the Contract.
Do not drive tracked Equipment on any bituminous sealed road surface. Only rubber tyre
vehicles, conforming to applicable load restrictions, will be permitted to use bituminous
sealed roads.

1.2 Independent Testing Organisation

Our Company have a nominal an Independent Testing Organisation in accordance with the
contract. The Independent Testing Organisation shall undertake all necessary tests on
Materials or items of Plant for the Contract. For each manufactured Materials or item of
Plant, and prior to dispatch from the manufacturer’s premises, the tests shall confirm:
a) the dimensions are correct to within specified tolerances;
b) the specified materials have been used;
c) The Materials or Plant will function as specified as far as can be determined by factory
test.

1.3 Survey and Setting out Work

General
Our company shall be solely responsible for the correct setting out of all the Works.
Check and Establish New Triangulation Stations
We carry out the following tasks.
a) Survey, check and certify that all levels and co-ordinates stated on the Drawings are
correct with respect to both the survey grids and triangulation station levels. If any
 survey markers are missing the we shall re-establish them in accordance with the
procedures outlined below (unless otherwise agreed with the Representative Engineer
that a lost, disturbed or displaced survey marker is no longer required). Any ambiguities
or discrepancies shall be referred to the Representative Engineer, as soon as possible,
for further instruction or clarification.
b) Establish on Site a sufficient number of permanent triangulation stations, generally at
intervals of 500 m or less. These stations shall be along and near the Works alignment
and securely away from all areas where they are likely to be disturbed. They shall be
securely concreted with the uppermost part of the monument a minimum of 50mm
below prevailing ground level. The locations and installation of these markers shall be
as agreed with the Representative Engineer. Each survey monument shall have at least
two recovery pegs of a similar type of construction.
c) When not in use, all survey monuments shall be covered with earth so as not to attract
casual vandalism.
d) The stations shall be painted in such distinguishing colors as may be agreed with the
Representative Engineer. The monument number and the values (levels and co-
ordinates) must be written on the concrete whilst it is wet.
e) All levelling shall be carried out to a minimum accuracy of:
 ±16 mm or ±20k mm (whichever is the lesser)
f) All measurement, calculations, plans etc. shall be in metric units.
g) The Contractor shall provide the Representative Engineer with a summary sheet, in an
approved format, for each newly installed triangulation station.

1.4 Mobilisation and Demobilisation

Mobilisation and demobilisation is understood to be the full process of furnishing all staff,
labour, materials, tools, equipment and incidentals necessary to perform, complete and
maintain all works required for moving in to the Site and for the removal of all installation
on completion of work and shall include:
a) Transport of all items of Equipment to the sites where they are to be used in the Works
and their installations.
b) Mobilisation and demobilisation of all staff and labour to and from the Site;
c) erection of all temporary works for Contractor’s facilities;
d) Dismantling of the work site and removal of all installations, Equipment and temporary
works so that the Site is left in a neat and tidy condition to the satisfaction of the
Representative Engineer.

1.5 Temporary Works

We execute, erect, maintain and remove upon completion of the Works, all Temporary
Works in accordance with the proposals submitted and approved in writing and with such
 modifications as approved by the Representative Engineer from time to time.
Temporary Works on which interim payments have been made shall be maintained in
good order and shall not be demolished, removed from the Site or otherwise disposed of
without the prior approval of the Representative Engineer.

1.6 Temporary Access, Diversion and Haul Roads

We design, construct and maintain all temporary access, diversion and haul roads (including
associated drainage and stream crossing facilities) to the various working sites and
designated borrow, quarry and disposal areas, as required for the execution of the Works.

1.7 Sign Board

We erect a minimum of two signboards as shown on the Drawings at the locations as
directed by the Representative Engineer.
No other signboard or notices shall be erected or displayed on the Site, other than those
required for purposes of traffic diversion or safety, without the written permission of the
Representative Engineer.

1.8 Commissioning the Works

Upon completion of all work and after completion of all tests the Contractor shall
commission the Works by operating the Plant for a minimum of one week, taking a full
record of all operational parameters. We submit his detailed proposal for such
commissioning tests to the Representative Engineer for approval at least 56 Days before
the intended start of the commissioning period. The Representative Engineer shall
instruct any modification to the commissioning procedures that he considers necessary for
the purpose of demonstrating the functionality of the Works. We provide all consumables
during the commissioning period.

1.8.1 Final Survey and ‘As-Built’ Drawings

On completion of the Works, the we submit to the Representative Engineer ‘As-Built’
drawings as specified, including final reduced levels and size and height of the elements of
the Works.
2 CLEARING, GRUBBING AND LAND-LEVELLING

2.1.1 Construction Methods

Areas to be cleared
The area of the Works, as indicated on the Drawings shall be cleared as described above.
we ensure that no clearance, particularly of any existing forest, occurs beyond the limits of
the Works shown on the Drawings.
In areas which are to be cleared only, and in which grubbing is not required, the methods of
work shall be such as will not unduly damage the surface vegetation and care shall be taken
not to disturb the topsoil and the root systems of grasses and other surface vegetation. No
topsoil shall be removed from such areas, except as directed by the Representative
Engineer, and any topsoil, grasses and other surface vegetation otherwise removed or
disturbed shall be replaced and made good at the Contractor’s own expense, all to the
satisfaction of the Representative Engineer.
Areas to be Cleared and Grubbed
Except otherwise shown on the Drawings and/or directed by the Representative Engineer,
clearing and grubbing shall be carried out in all areas of the Works except that grubbing
shall not be carried out in those areas, along the permanent access roads where:
a) embankment is to be constructed on earth designated as swamp or soft ground;
b) Embankment is to be constructed to a height at the centre-line of 1.50 metres or more on
ground with a cross-slope of not more than 1 (vertical) to 30 (horizontal).
Except where further excavation is required, holes and cavities in the ground surface after
clearing, grubbing and stripping topsoil shall be filled with materials similar to the adjacent
ground, and such fill shall be compacted to a dry density similar to that of the surrounding
material, all to the satisfaction of the Representative Engineer.
This work shall be considered incidental to the work of clearing and grubbing and shall not
be measured for payment.
Timber
We clear the Works of all saleable timber. However, the ownership of timber is vested in
the Employer.
Saleable timber shall be trimmed and stacked in accessible places within the Site all as
approved or directed by the Representative Engineer.
Structures
Major structures are those that cannot practicably be cleared by bulldozer and/or hydraulic
excavator, whose demolition required pneumatic tools, explosives and/or other specialised
equipment. A brief description of each major structure (if any) and depth to which extent it
shall be demolished is given in the Bills of Quantities.
All fences, buildings, structures, and encumbrances of any character within the limits of the
Works, except those to be removed by others or designated to remain, shall be demolished
and removed by our company.
3 GENERAL EARTHWORKS

3.1 Earthworks Specification in Sub-divisions

Earth work excavation is classified as General and structural, general excavation is defined
as excavation for preparation of the main work and structural excavation is defined as
excavation under structure up to formation level.

3.2 Excavation
The Contractor shall make excavations in any material for the several parts of the Works
and shall dispose of the excavated materials as specified, shown on the Drawings, or
ordered by the Representative Engineer.

3.3 Notice to be given before Commencing Earthworks

Before commencing or recommencing each excavation on the Site, the Contractor shall
give to the Representative Engineer at least 7 Days written notice of the proposed date,
which shall not be less than 7 Days after the appropriate part of the Site has been cleared as
specified in Clause 2.1.1. Within this period an agreed record of the ground levels and
topography shall be made for the measurement of the Works.

3.4 Earthworks to Lines and Levels

Excavation which is to remain open permanently shall be carried out to the lines and levels
shown on the Drawings or to such other lines and levels as the Representative Engineer
may direct as the work proceeds depending on the nature of the ground exposed. In
common excavation the exposed faces shall be trimmed to the required profiles. In rock
excavation the face shall be trimmed so that no point of rock protrudes within the required
‘Payment Line’.
Excavation which is to remain open only temporarily shall be carried out in such a manner
as to permit the proper execution of the Works. Sides of common excavation which, at the
Contractor’s choice, are excavated to unstable slopes shall be adequately supported at his
own expense. No face of any excavation shall be covered before it has been approved by
the Representative Engineer.

3.5 Excavation of Sound Material

Notwithstanding the requirements of Clause 3.6, topsoil will not be removed from beneath
Structures or road embankments.
Where the formation of any excavation, being other than rock, is to support the foundation
or floor of a structure the bottom 150 mm thereof shall not be excavated and trimmed until
immediately before placing the Works upon it.
Boulders, logs and other objectionable materials encountered in excavation shall be
removed.
3.6 Excavation of Unsound Material
If any unsound material occurs in the bottom of any excavation, or at the foundation level,
the Contractor shall remove it and dispose of it to the satisfaction of the Representative
Engineer. Unsound material shall include organic matter, expansive clays, mud, loose soil
and any other deleterious material. Unsound material shall not be used as fill or backfill.
Unless otherwise specified or ordered by the Representative Engineer, the Contractor
shall fill the voids so formed with concrete of the same class as the adjacent structure in the
formations to structures, with the same material as that which comprises the fill in the
formation to embankments, and with suitable granular material to the approval of the
Representative Engineer in the case of pipelines and embankment pitching.
If the Contractor encounters any material which in his opinion may be unsound, he shall
immediately inform the Representative Engineer, who will instruct the Contractor in
writing as to whether or not the said material shall be treated as unsound, provided that if in
the Representative Engineer’s opinion the unsoundness of the formation is due to the
Contractor’s method of working or his failure to keep the excavation free from water, the
removal, disposal and replacement of unsound material shall not be measured for payment.
The omission by the Representative Engineer to give an instruction shall not relieve the
Contractor from any responsibility for defects in the Works, if prior to construction the
Contractor shall have failed to request the Representative Engineer, in writing, to inspect
the exposed foundation.
4 BLASTING WORK

4.1 Scope
This chapter deals with the requirements for blasting methods to be used for excavation, if
required, and for the operation of the quarry.

4.2 Definitions
a) ‘Specified excavation or Payment Line’
Means the excavation profile given on the Drawings or determined by the
Representative Engineer for the Works, within which no unexcavated or loose
material shall occur after the excavation is complete except as allowed within the
specified tolerances. It is also the line to which payment for excavation and
concreting or backfilling will be made.

b) ‘Pre-splitting’
Means drilling a line of closely spaced parallel holes of appropriate diameter along
the excavation surface, charging the holes with an appropriate amount of explosive
and detonating these holes simultaneously, prior to the main production blast, to shear
the rock along the line of drill holes.

c) ‘Smooth blasting’
Means the drilling of a number of closely spaced parallel holes along the excavation
surface, with a suitable burden/spacing ratio, loading all the holes lightly with a
uniform continuous charge of small diameter explosive and detonating all these
charges simultaneously, after the detonation of the main production blast.

4.3 Regulations
The proper storage, transport, importation, security arrangements during transport to the
Contractor’s storage magazine(s) at Site and the correct possession and use of explosives
shall be the responsibility of the Contractor.
The Representative Engineer shall have the right to inspect explosives magazines and
records kept in respect of the storage, receipt and issue of explosives.
The Contractor shall display in his site office and all his explosives magazines a copy of
any applicable Statutory Regulations and the applicable section of the approved Health and
Safety policy and shall supply a copy to the Representative Engineer.
A copy of all certificates issued to workmen to permit them to undertake blasting, and to the
Contractor to cover the purchasing, storage and transport of explosives shall be submitted
to the Representative Engineer before any blasting work is undertaken.
4.4 Safety Precautions
In addition to the requirements of Clause 4.3 the Contractor shall store, transport, possess
and use explosives in accordance with a recognised standard of no less a standard than that
of Safety and Health in Building and Civil Engineering Work of the International Labour
Office (Geneva).
Further the Contractor shall take particular precautions with respect of the high incidence
of lightning such as the use of non-electric detonators or electric detonators specially
manufactured for use in such circumstances coupled with the use of lightning warning
equipment.
The Contractor shall install and operate a siren of sufficient volume to be easily heard
above the general site noise from all points within a radius of 1.0 km of surface blasts.
5 CHANNEL PROTECTION WORKS

5.1 Preparation of Formation

The Contractor shall prepare the formation for pitching, stone masonry, gabions and canal
sub-surface drains by trimming the excavation accurately to the specified dimensions.
Where over-excavation occurs it shall be backfilled with specially compacted fill or, if a
gravel backing is used, with the gravel backing material, all to the approval of the
Representative Engineer.

5.2 Stone Pitching

5.2.1 Description
This work shall consist of the construction of all structures or parts of structures to be
composed of stone pitching either grouted or ungrouted as shown on the Drawings
including erosion protection pavements and aprons, drain linings, culvert inlets and outlets,
etc.
5.2.2 Materials
a) Stone
Stone shall be clean rough quarry stone, or pit or river cobbles, or a mixture of any of these
materials, and shall be essentially free from dust, clay, vegetative matter and other
deleterious materials. Individual pieces of stone shall be approximately cubical or
spherical and shall have least dimensions in the range 100 to 150 mm and a maximum
dimension of 250 mm unless otherwise specified or shown on the Drawings. The stone
shall be hard, tough, durable and dense, resistant to the action of air and water, and
suitable in all respects for the purpose intended.
b) Cement Mortar
Cement mortar shall be in compliance with Clause 6.25.
c) Graded Granular Material
Graded Granular Material shall be naturally occurring well-graded river or lake aggregate and
sand, and shall be essentially free from dust, clay, vegetative matter and other deleterious
materials.
5.2.3 Construction Methods
a) Grouted Stone Pitching
Prior to constructing grouted stone pitching, the surfaces against which it is to be
placed shall have been finished in accordance with the appropriate provisions of this
Specification. Notwithstanding any earlier approval of these finished surfaces, any
damage to or deterioration of them shall be made good to the satisfaction of the
Representative Engineer before grouted stone pitching is placed.
Construction of grouted stone pitching shall commence at the lowest part of each
structure or section of a structure and continue progressively upward. Long structures
such as drain linings and slope protection pavements shall be constructed in sections
of practicable length, to the satisfaction of the Representative Engineer. The surface
against which the work is to be placed shall be moistened with clean water a little in
advance of construction, and covered with a layer of cement mortar about 50 mm
thick. Stones shall then be firmly set by hand into the mortar, densely packed against
adjacent stones and built up to form a stone structure of more or less uniform
thickness which shall nowhere be less than the thickness shown of the Drawings. All
the while that stones are being placed, all voids in the structure shall be packed solidly
with mortar and stone spalls; however the surfaces of stones in the exposed faces and
edges shall not be covered with mortar. The exposed surfaces and edges of the
structure shall be constructed such that they have as large a proportion as practicable
composed of stone faces. Weep holes shall be provided as shown on the Drawings or
as directed by the Representative Engineer.
Cement mortar shall not be laid against the supporting surface more than 2 minutes
before pitching stone and building up the structure to full thickness is commenced on
any section of the work, as the construction advances.
The work shall be carried out and finished all to the satisfaction of the Representative
Engineer.
 b) Ungrouted Stone Pitching
Where shown on the Drawings, ungrouted stone pitching shall be hand set to provide
maximum interlocking effect.

5.3 Masonry for Structures

Mortared rock masonry shall comprise hard, clean rock fragments, bonded with cement
mortar, to form a dense homogeneous mass. The rock shall be clean, hard, durable, fresh or
slightly weathered rock which after excavation and handling is free from structural
weaknesses. The sizes and shapes of the individual rock fragments or rocks shall be chosen
so that the gaps formed between adjacent rocks as finally placed can be properly filled with
mortared.
The cement mortar used to fill the gaps between the rocks shall be one part cement to two
parts sand by volume and shall have a strength requirement equivalent to Class C20
concrete as defined in Clause 6.20 and be sufficiently workable to allow it to be placed in
gaps without segregation. At the time of positioning and mortaring, all rocks shall be clean
of all soil or material that would otherwise reduce the bond between the rock faces and the
mortar.
Mortared rock walls shall be constructed in vertical lifts of approximately uniform thickness
across the width of the wall. All rock shall be well wetted before setting. A blanket of
cement mortar shall be placed in stages over each lift so that when rocks in the succeeding
lift are placed, all gaps between the lifts are completely filled with cement mortar. As rocks
are placed, or on completion of each lift, cement mortar shall be worked into place in the
gaps between adjacent rocks so that at least 75 per cent of the volume of each void formed
between adjacent rocks is filled with cement mortar.

5.4 Gabions
5.4.1 Description
This work shall consist of the construction of miscellaneous erosion protection and retaining
structures to be composed of stone filled wire mesh gabions.
5.4.2 Materials
a) Wire Mesh Gabions
Gabions shall be rectangular baskets of the required dimensions as shown on the
Drawings.
b) Polyvinyl Chloride Coating
When shown on the Drawings wire used in the fabrication of gabions and in the
wiring operation during construction shall, after galvanising, have extruded on to it a
 coating of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The PVC coating, not inclusive of galvanising,
shall nowhere be less than 0.55 mm in thickness.
c) Stone
Stone fill for gabions shall be clean rough quarry stone, or pit or river cobbles, or a
mixture of any of these materials, and shall be essentially free from dust, clay,
vegetative matter and other deleterious materials. Individual pieces of stone shall
have least dimensions not less than 20 mm larger than the gabion mesh openings and
greatest dimensions not more than 250 mm. The stone shall be hard, tough, durable
and dense, resistant to the action of air and water, and suitable in all aspects for the
purpose intended.
5.4.3 Construction Methods
Prior to placing gabions, the surface on and against which they are to be constructed shall
have been prepared and finished in accordance with the relevant provisions of the
appropriate chapters of this Specification.
Each gabion basket shall be put in place in its turn, completely fabricated except for the
fastening down of the lid, stretched to the correct shape and dimensions, and fastened
securely to all contiguous baskets along each edge with tying wire. The basket shall then be
tightly packed with approved stone by hand in such a manner that voids are kept to a
practicable minimum and are uniformly distributed in the stone mass.
6 CONCRETE AND REINFORCEMENT

6.1 Cement
Unless otherwise specified the cement used in the Works shall be Ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC) for a tropical climate complying with ASTM C150.

6.2 Aggregate
Aggregates for concrete shall comply with BS 882 at the time of use.
a. Fine aggregate shall be derived from natural sand and shall conform with Grading Zones
2 and 3 of BS 882 but for concrete Class C15 (Clause6.20) the range may extend to
Zones 1 and 4. The Representative Engineer will permit the addition of suitable
crushed rock fine aggregate, as necessary, to the sand where in his opinion it is
impracticable to obtain the required grading of the combined aggregates otherwise than
by such addition. The maximum quantities of clay, silt and fine dust shall, in any event,
not exceed 3% by weight when using the test given in Clause 7.2.4 of BS 812, Part 1.
b. Coarse aggregate shall comply with the requirements in Table 1 of BS 882 for graded
aggregate to the nominal maximum size specified for the appropriate class of concrete.
c. The shape of the aggregate shall be rounded, or irregular or angular as defined in BS
812, Part 1.
d. The aggregates shall be such that concrete when made and tested in accordance with
Building Research Establishment (BRE) Digest 357 (January 1991), shrinkage of
natural aggregates in concrete and the drying shrinkage should not exceed the limits
specified in BRE Digest 357.
e. Immediately after commencement of the Works, the Representative Engineer will
make preliminary tests before giving approval to the source of aggregates proposed by
the Contractor. Alternatively, and subject to the approval of the circumstances by the
Representative Engineer, the Contractor may submit a certificate from an
independent laboratory.
Unless otherwise specified, separate fine aggregate and 20 mm nominal maximum size
coarse aggregate shall be used. Where 40 mm nominal maximum size coarse aggregate is
specified or approved it shall be made up by addition of a separate aggregate to the 20 mm
nominal maximum size aggregate at the time of batching the concrete ingredients.
During the performance of the Contract, the Contractor shall allow sampling of
aggregates when required by the Representative Engineer (the samples shall be taken in
accordance with BS 812). The Representative Engineer will make regular tests, at least
weekly, of the aggregates from each source of each grading in accordance with BS 812, BS
882 and BS 1377 (Test 1B). Any rejected aggregate shall be promptly removed from Site.
6.3 Alkali-Aggregate Reaction
The Contractor shall ensure that the sources of aggregate, cement and water are such that
no alkali-aggregate reaction occurs in the finished concrete work.

6.4 Water
The water used for making and curing concrete shall be from a source approved by the
Representative Engineer and at the time of use shall be free from polluting matter in any
quantity which:
a) Affects the initial setting time of the cement by 30 minutes or more or reduces the
compressive strength of test cubes by 20% or more when tested in accordance with BS
3148;
b) Prevents the achievement of the specified test cube strengths at 28 Days for the
appropriate class of concrete;
c) Produces discoloration or efflorescence on the surface of the hardened concrete.
The water shall be free from hydrocarbons and from suspended organic matter. Inorganic
matter in solution shall not exceed 2 000 parts per million by weight and in suspension shall
not exceed 50 parts per million by weight, subject to the requirements of Clause 6.6 and the
total alkali bicarbonate/carbonate content of the water being less than 1 000 parts per
million by weight.
The Contractor shall submit samples of the water which he proposes to use to the
Representative Engineer for his approval before placing any concrete in the Works.
The Contractor shall allow the Representative Engineer to regularly sample the water
during concrete construction. The water shall be sampled at the point of discharge into the
mix.

6.5 Additives
Concrete shall be made from cement, aggregates and water as specified. No other
ingredient shall be mixed with the concrete or mortar without the Representative
Engineer’s approval. The use of chlorides will not be permitted.
The Contractor may consider the use of natural pozzolans as a partial cement replacement,
or alternatively the use of hydraulically blended cement containing pozzolans, for mass
concrete.
These materials shall comply with ASTM C618-73 and ASTM C595-75 respectively, and
shall be tested in combination with the cement and/or aggregates to be used on the Works
to determine their suitability to the satisfaction of the Representative Engineer before
approval for use will be given.
If the use of retarding or workability agents, conforming to BS 5075, is approved by the
Representative Engineer this use shall be subject to the following conditions:
 a) no reduction of testing plan mean strength compared with additive-free concrete of the
same class;
b) no reduction of cement or cementations material content below the minimum specified
for the class of concrete concerned;
c) approved tests shall be made to determine the setting time, workability and strength of
concrete mixes containing the admixtures;
d) dosage and admixture strictly in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions in
respect of the specific conditions obtaining.

6.6 Chemical Content of Concrete

The total sulphate content, whether as gypsum or more soluble salts, of concrete mix when
measured as SO3 shall together not exceed 4% of the weight of cement in the concrete.

6.7 Storage of Materials

The Contractor’s arrangements for storing and handling the materials for concrete shall be
to the approval of the Representative Engineer. Such arrangements shall be directed
towards preventing the deterioration, adulteration or segregation of the various materials
and ingredients thereof.

6.8 Concreting Records

A diary of the concreting operations shall be kept by the Contractor. This diary shall be
submitted every working day to the Representative Engineer for examination and his
signature. At the same time, the Representative Engineer will enter in the diary any
appropriate comments on the Contractor’s notes, and / or on observations made at the Site.
The diary shall contain notes and records of:
a) the names of the Contractor’s engineers who are responsible for the different phases of
the concrete work, and also the names of their assistants;
b) the temperatures of air, water, cement, aggregates and concrete, together with the air
humidity and weather conditions;
c) deliveries to the Site of concrete materials (quantity, brand of cement, etc.);
d) any special instructions given by the Representative Engineer;
e) inspections carried out;
f) times of commencement and completion of different parts of the concreting operation,
and times of erection and striking of forms;
g) quantity of cement or cementitious materials, fine and coarse aggregate and admixture
used for each section of work, and the number of test samples taken on these ingredients
and water.
6.9 Formwork (Shuttering)
Formwork (or shuttering) shall be constructed to obtain the required profiles and surface
textures of the structures and be such that it remains rigid during the placing and setting of
the concrete, so that the final concrete structure is within the limits of dimensional
tolerances specified in Clause 6.13
All formwork shall be designed and detailed by the Contractor and shall be constructed in
accordance with BS 8110, Part 1, Clause 6.9.
When so instructed the Contractor shall submit the design and details of formwork for the
Representative Engineer’s approval.
For concreting in hot or drying weather the Contractor shall design and strike the
formwork so that the concrete surfaces can be exposed for curing to commence as soon as
practicable.
Formwork shall be fixed in correct alignment and to the true shape and dimensions of the
Works shown on the Drawings. All internal fastening shall be so arranged that when the
shutters are removed no metal left permanently in the work shall be within 50 mm of any
surface. Any holes left in the face of the concrete by the use of ties shall be filled
immediately after removal of the shutters with a mortar of sand and cement in the same
proportions as that used in the concrete.
Temporary openings for cleaning and inspection before concreting shall be provided at the
base of column and wall formwork and where necessary. Formwork for walls or other thin
sections of considerable height shall have openings for the placing and compacting of the
concrete as selected by the Contractor, subject to the approval of the Representative
Engineer.
Before each concreting operation is commenced, formwork shall be carefully examined and
cleaned. Formwork shall be treated with an approved composition before each usage to
prevent adhesion of the concrete (under no circumstances shall diesel be used for such
purposes). Care shall be taken to ensure the composition does not contaminate
reinforcement or previously placed concrete. To this end the composition should be applied
before the formwork is erected. No concreting shall be started before the formwork has
been inspected and approved by the Representative Engineer.
Top formwork shall be provided to concrete faces where the slope is steeper than 20º from
horizontal. All exposed corners and arises shall be formed with a chamfer or fillet
measuring 25 mm  25 mm unless otherwise shown on the Drawings. The classes of
concrete surface finish are specified in Clauses 6.11 and 6.12.
Formwork shall be removed in accordance with the recommendation of Clause 6.9 in
BS 8110. After receipt of permission to remove the formwork, the work of removing it
shall be carried out under the personal supervision of a competent foreman. Great care shall
be exercised during the removal to avoid shocks to, or reversal of stress in, the concrete.
6.10 Surface Finishes
The classes of finish required for concrete surfaces, both those formed against formwork and
those unformed (i.e. horizontal or sloping surface finished without the use of formwork) and
the maximum tolerances on true position, dimension and shape of the completed work which
will normally be permitted and accepted by the Representative Engineer are described in
the following Clauses 6.11 to 6.13.
No treatment to the finished concrete other than that specified in the class of finish shall be
carried out unless an instruction to do so is given by the Representative Engineer.
The faces of all concrete shall be left sound, solid and to the class of finish specified. If the
Representative Engineer should decide to allow minor defects to be rectified rather than
have the whole lift removed then voids shall be properly opened out and repaired with
cement sand mortar and projections shall be ground off.
The finish of the surface of blinding concrete shall be matched to the requirement to bond
with or to be free from the subsequently placed concrete.

6.11 Classes of Formed Surfaces

Unless shown otherwise on the Drawings formed concrete surfaces shall comply with one of
the classes of finish described below.
a) Class F1
This finish is for surfaces against which backfill or further concrete will be placed or which
will remain hidden. Formwork shall be such as will prevent the loss of any ingredients from
the concrete and will produce a dense concrete surface.
b) Class F2
This finish is for all surfaces that will remain exposed in the Works unless otherwise shown
on the Drawings. Formwork shall be such as will prevent the loss of any ingredients from
the concrete and will produce a dense smooth concrete surface without discontinuities of line,
texture or appearance. The surface shall be free from surface pitting but other minor defects
shall be remedied by methods approved by the Representative Engineer.
c) Class F3
This finish is for all surfaces in contact with flowing water. Formwork shall be such as will
produce a surface that is smooth, true and accurately formed to the required lines and levels
and free from all lips, pitting, excrescences etc. If considered necessary by the
Representative Engineer, the hardened faces shall be ground down to produce the desired
finish.
Any special finish shall be described on the Drawings, but shall conform in all relevant
aspects with the requirements for Class F2 finish.
Where a surface is partly hidden and partly exposed the finish appropriate to the exposed
surface shall extend 500 mm below the level of exposure.
6.12 Classes of Unformed Surfaces
Unless shown otherwise on the Drawings unformed concrete surfaces shall comply with one
of the classes of finish described below.
a) Class U1
This finish is for surfaces of roads or of foundations, beds, slabs, and structural members
to be covered by backfill, and for exposed surfaces of paving where a superior finish is
not required. It is also the first stage for finishes U2 and U3. The finish shall be similar
to that left by a vibrated hardwood board, 50 mm thick, when used for screeding concrete
to its proper level and profile immediately after deposition.
b) Class U2
This finish is for all exposed unformed (or un-shuttered) surfaces in the Works unless
otherwise shown on the Drawings and as an intermediate stage for a U3 finish. The
surface shall be floated with a wood float to a smooth finish free from screed marks. The
floating shall be executed so as not to bring excess laitance of the material to the surface.
c) Class U3
This finish is for all unformed (or un-shuttered) surfaces in contact with flowing water
and shall be achieved by floating with a steel trowel to a fine open surface finish. The
fine open surface shall be obtained by first screeding and floating the concrete to a Class
U2 finish then leaving it until the concrete has stiffened and the film of moisture has
disappeared. Floating shall then be applied with a steel float to produce a ‘glossy’ surface
without bringing excess laitance of fine material to the surface. Whenever necessary a
properly constructed overhead cover shall be erected before the work is commenced to
prevent the finished surface from being marred by raindrops or dripping water.
Except at movement joints, concrete surfaces which are to be covered by the further
concrete or mortar shall be prepared in accordance with Clause 6.26.

6.13 Tolerances in Finished Work

6.13.1 General
The irregularities in formed and unformed surface for the various classes of finish shall be
within the target limits shown in Table 6.1.

6.14 Reinforcement
Bar reinforcement shall be high yield steel to Ethiopian Standard ES 547-2:2000 (equivalent
to ISO 6935-2:1991 ‘Steel for Reinforcement of Concrete; Part 2: Ribbed Bars’, published
by the ‘International Organization for Standardization’ (ISO)). The Ethiopian Standard
deviates from ISO 6935-2:1991 in the technical requirements for the chemical composition
and bar sizes only.
The Contractor shall supply the Representative Engineer with certificates of the
manufacturer, issued in accordance with ES 547-2:2000 for all required tests, including the
re-bend test, in respect of each consignment of reinforcement delivered to Site.
 The grade of reinforcement to be used shall be as specified in structural drawings .if
information regarding grade of steel is not specified, then use Grade RB400 (as defined in
ES 547-2:2000) for all works. All steel fabric reinforcement shall comply with BS 4483.
The reinforcement, at the time of incorporation in the Works, shall be clean and free from
damage, oil or grease, loose mill scale and loose rust. Bars, which have become bent, shall
not be straightened or re-bent for incorporation in the Works, without the Representative
Engineer’s approval.
Steel reinforcement shall be stored clear of the ground and supported to prevent distortion.
The Contractor shall supply samples of reinforcement, from the stocks on Site, when
required to do so by the Representative Engineer.

6.15 Reinforcement Information

The Contractor shall ascertain for himself, from the information given on the Drawings, in
the Specification and in the Bill of Quantities, the requirements for the steel reinforcement
to be obtained for the Works. The Contractor shall prepare all necessary bending
schedules and drawings to show bar details, for approval by the Representative Engineer.
Laps shall be kept to a practical minimum. Unless otherwise specified by
REPRESENTATIVE ENGINEER, reinforcement shall be placed within tolerance stated
in ACI-318R-08.

6.16 Fixing Reinforcement

Steel reinforcement shall be cut from straight bars free from kinks and bends or other
damage, and cold bent by experienced competent workmen.
Bars of diameter equal to or greater than 20 mm diameter shall be bent in a bending
machine designed for the purpose and approved by the Representative Engineer.
Cutting, bending and marking shall be in accordance with ES 547-2:2000, unless otherwise
specified or ordered by the Representative Engineer.
Steel bar reinforcement shall not be lapped, except where shown on the Drawings, without
the written approval of the Representative Engineer.
The Contractor shall place and fix steel reinforcement accurately in the positions shown on
the Drawings and shall ensure that it remains rigidly in that position during the placing of
concrete. Tack welding, shall not be permitted. Supports, spacers and ties shall be subject
to the approval of the Representative Engineer; concrete spacers shall be made of the same
quality concrete as that for the work in which they will be embedded or of plastic material
to the approval of the Representative Engineer. Metallic spacers, fixing clips and tying
wire shall be compatible with the material of the reinforcement, and the specified cover
shall be maintained.
Reinforcement projecting from previously cast concrete and not wholly embedded in
concrete shall not be bent and re-bent or reshaped without the prior approval of the
Representative Engineer.
 The main bars of adjacent sheets of steel fabric reinforcement shall be lapped by at least
300 mm and the transverse bars by at least 150 mm.
The Contractor shall not place any concrete around the reinforcement until the
reinforcement has been inspected and approved by the Representative Engineer.

6.17 Cover to Reinforcement

Except where otherwise shown on the Drawings the nominal concrete cover to the nearest
reinforcement (exclusive of concrete blinding and rendering) shall be 50 mm. However, for
internal faces of structural members in buildings the minimum cover shall be 25 mm or the
maximum aggregate size, whichever is the larger, exclusive of plaster or decorative finishes.
The distance between any two parallel bars shall not be less than 5 mm more than the
nominal maximum size of aggregate in the concrete, except at approved laps.

6.18 Lap Length of Reinforcement

The length of lap shall be 47 x bar diameter.

6.19 Classes of Concrete

The concrete used in the Works shall be of the class or grade shown on the Drawings or
indicated in the Bill of Quantities as required to attain reasonable durability whichever is
the greatest. Grade of concrete required to ascertain the durability shall be taken as specified
in BS 8007. The requirements for each class of concrete, which may be used, are given in
Table 6.2.
The Contractor shall not commence concreting in the Works until details of the trial mixes
and the test results, for each class of concrete, have been approved by the Representative
Engineer.
Adjustments to the concrete mix proportions shall be made during the Contract if, in the
opinion of the Representative Engineer, such adjustments are necessary.
The Contractor shall not alter the mix proportions or the source of supply of any of the
ingredients without having previously obtained the approval of the Representative
Engineer.
Trial mixes shall be made by the Contractor and tested by the Representative Engineer
for each class of concrete using the same type of Equipment and the same materials as
proposed for the Works.

6.20 Concrete Mix Design

The Contractor shall determine to the approval of the Representative Engineer the actual
proportions of ingredients for each class of concrete to be used in the Works. The concrete
shall meet the requirements given in Water/cement (W/C) ratio is the ratio by weight of free
water to cement in the mix based on aggregates being in a saturated surface dry condition.
The target mean may be reviewed from time to time at the Representative Engineer’s
discretion provided all relevant standards requirements are met.
Unless otherwise specified or agreed by the Representative Engineer for concrete Class
C20 and above the proportions of coarse and fine aggregates shall be selected to achieve
one of the grading curves defined in
within an allowable tolerance of generally 5%. A change from a maximum positive
tolerance to a maximum negative tolerance in consecutive sieve sizes will not be allowed.
The Contractor shall submit details of the source of all materials and the proposed
quantities of each ingredient per cubic metre of fully compacted concrete. The Contractor
shall then make trial mixes for each class of concrete using the same type of Equipment
and the same materials as are proposed for the Works. The Contractor shall give 24 hours
notice of such trials to enable the Representative Engineer to attend. For each trial mix,
three separate batches of concrete shall be made by the Contractor and will be tested at 28
Days all in accordance with BS 1881. Such trial mixes shall not be the first batch through
the plant in any one sequence of concrete production.

Test Frequency of Testing

Slump of fresh concrete On each trial mix and on selected batches of
concrete at point of deposit.
Compacting factor of fresh On each proposed mix design, including each
concrete change in the materials or in the proportion of
the materials.
Weight of cement (per m³) Not exceeding 10 Nr or as required by the
Representative Engineer.
Compressive strength of test As specified above.
cubes
Water absorption of hardened Not exceeding 5 Nr or as required by the
concrete Representative Engineer.
Bulk density of hardened Each cube made for strength tests.
concrete
Cement content As required by the Representative Engineer
Water/cement ratio As required by the Representative Engineer
Air content of fresh concrete As required by the Representative Engineer

The Contractor shall, for the duration of the Contract, supply labour and transport
necessary for sampling and preparing for testing concrete in accordance with BS 1881 for
the specified tests and for sampling and preparing for testing aggregates and water.
6.21 Compliance with Strength Requirements
Compliance with the specified strength requirements shall always be judged by tests made
on cubes at an age of 28 Days unless there is evidence satisfactory to the Representative
Engineer and at his sole discretion that a particular testing regime is capable of predicting
the strength at 28 Days by tests made at an earlier age.
Concrete shall be considered to have failed to comply with the Specification:
a) if a test result is less than the testing plan minimum specified strength, in which case the
concrete which it represents may be rejected by the Representative Engineer and shall
be broken out and removed by the Contractor when ordered;
b) if the average of four consecutive test results shall have failed to exceed the testing plan
‘Minimum mean of 4’ strength as specified, in which case no further concrete of that
class shall be placed in the Works until the Contractor shall have discovered the cause
of such failure and rectified it to the satisfaction of the Representative Engineer.

6.22 Control and Mixing Ingredients

The Contractor shall proportion the ingredients of each batch of concrete accurately by
weight. The water shall be added to the aggregates and cement in a mechanical batch mixer
and shall be the minimum amount necessary consistent with complete compaction. The
device for measuring the water shall be calibrated to show accurately the weight required
with a given moisture content of the aggregate and shall be so designed that the water
supply will be automatically stopped when the correct quantity has been discharged into the
mix. The concrete ingredients shall be thoroughly mixed.
The minimum mixing time shall be:
a) for mixers of 1.5 m³ capacity or less: 1.5 minutes;
b) for mixers of larger capacity than 1.5 m³ the time shall be increased by 15 seconds for
each additional 0.75 m³ capacity, for intermediate sizes the time shall be assessed by
proportion.

6.23 Preparation of Surfaces for Concreting

Rock surfaces against which concrete is to be placed shall be thoroughly cleaned off by
means of compressed air and water jets immediately before concreting is to start. Excess
water shall be removed, and the surface shall be liberally spread with cement mortar. Only
that area which will be covered with concrete within half an hour shall be mortared at any
one time.
Concrete surfaces in construction joints shall be treated carefully to expose the aggregate
over the full section and to leave a sound irregular clean surface free from laitance by
scabbling, wire-brushing, washing with water and air under pressure or other approved
means. Immediately before the fresh concrete is to be placed, the set concrete shall be
dampened, without excessive water remaining.
6.24 Construction Joints
Where not shown on the Drawings, the details and positions of construction joints shall be
submitted to the Representative Engineer for approval before any concreting takes place.
They shall be located so that, in conjunction with the programme for concreting, the effects
of shrinkage and temperature are minimised. Where long lengths or large areas of work are
to be concreted and where in the opinion of the Representative Engineer it is practicable,
the Contractor shall arrange his programme of construction so that concrete is four weeks
old before new concrete is placed alongside it. A period of at least one week shall elapse
between the casting of slabs and footings having kickers and the construction of concrete
walls upon them.
Construction joints shall be watertight. They shall be formed in straight lines with rigid
formwork perpendicular to the principal line of stress and as far as practicable at points of
least shear. They shall be the plain butt type unless otherwise specified or approved.
Joints shall be constructed in such a manner that the level difference between the sides, as
indicated by a straight edge laid across the joint, is limited to 2 mm, including the joint
sealing strip or filler, if any. Where waterstops are required in construction joints they are
shown on the Drawings, and the waterstop is detailed in the Bill of Quantities.
7 MOVEMENT JOINTS, JOINT SEALERS AND BEARINGS

7.1 Water stops

7.1.1 General
The Contractor shall supply and fix water stops in all contraction and expansion joints in
members which are to be water retaining and where shown on the Drawings. Such joints
shall be watertight.
Water stops unless otherwise specified shall be of rubber or PVC all as shown on the
Drawings and detailed in the Bill of Quantities. They shall be obtained from
manufacturers approved by the Representative Engineer and shall be stored, fixed and
jointed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. They shall be fabricated into the
longest practicable units complete with angles and junctions, at the manufacturer’s works,
and shall be made continuous throughout the structure below highest water level and where
shown on the Drawings. The Contractor’s proposals for jointing water stops on Site shall
be to the approval of the Representative Engineer. Rubber water stops shall be jointed
with an approved sleeve jointing system, and PVC joints shall be welded. The minimum
dimensions and shape of water stop types shall be as tabulated below.
Table 7. 1: Minimum Dimensions and Shape of Water stop Types

Material Width Web Edge bulb Centre bulb Centre core

thickness diameter diameter diameter
(mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Rubber 305 9.5 25 50 33
230 9.5 25 38 19
150 9.5 19 30 15
PVC 230 5.0 19 To the approval
Hydrofoil of the
230 5.0 13
Representative
190 5.0 13 Engineer

The edge bulb section shall be circular or in the case of PVC it may be semi-circular. The
webs shall be plain without serrations.
The water stop shall be carefully maintained in the position shown on the Drawings and
properly protected from damage and the harmful effects of light and heat during all stages
of construction. The stop-boards on each side of the water stop shall be accurately wrought
to match the profile of the water stop. The concrete shall be carefully compacted under and
around the water stop so as to leave no cavities.
The Contractor shall supply the manufacturer’s test certificates for each consignment of
water stop delivered to Site, and shall if requested supply to the Representative Engineer
 sufficient of each type and consignment for confirmatory tests to be carried out in
accordance with the appropriate standard test procedure. Such confirmatory tests shall be
arranged by the Independent Testing Organisation appointed pursuant to Clause 1.13 and
performed at the Contractor’s cost.
7.1.2 Rubber Water stop
The rubber for rubber water stop shall satisfy the following requirements when tested as
moulded sheet in accordance with BS 903.

Table 7. 2: Rubber Water Stop Requirements

Minimum tensile strength 20 N/mm² (204 kg/cm²)

Minimum elongation at break 500%
Hardness 60 to 65 degrees
Maximum compression set by constant 20% of original deflection
deflection method
Maximum water absorption after 2 Days at 20C 5%
After accelerating ageing [48 hours at 70C in oxygen at 2.0 N/mm² (20 kg/cm²) ]
(i) Minimum tensile strength 75% of initial value
(ii) Minimum elongation at break 75% of initial value
7.1.3 PVC Water stop
The PVC for PVC water stop shall be high grade virgin polyvinyl chloride containing no
filler, reclaimed or scrap material. It shall comply with the requirements of BS 2571 for
Type A3 of Class 1 but shall have improved tensile qualities. The minimum tensile strength
shall be 12.5 N/mm² (127 kg/cm²) and the minimum elongation at break shall be 285%.
8 METALWORK

8.1 Standards of Materials and Workmanship

Steel and other metalwork shall comply with the following British Standards.

Table 8. 1: British Standards Relating to Steel and Metalwork

Structural Steel Section Part 1, Hot rolled sections BS 4

Steel Girder Bridges BS 153
Steel Wire Ropes BS 302
Covered Electrodes for the Manual Metal-Arc Welding of Mild BS 639
Steel
Welding of Mild Steel BS EN 499
Methods of Testing Welds BS 709
Hot Dip Galvanised Coatings on Iron & Steel Articles BS 729
Black Bolts, Screws and Nuts BS 4190
Precision Hexagonal Bolts Screws and Nuts BS 3692
Specification for Wrought Steels for Mechanical and Allied BS 970
Engineering Purposes
Steel Tubes and Tubulars suitable for Screwing to BS 21 Pipe BS 1387
Threads
Grey Iron Castings BS EN 1561
Steel Tubes for Structures BS 6323
Sprayed Metal Coatings BS 2569
Electroplated Coating on Threaded Components ISO Metric BS 3382
Precision Hexagon Bolts, Screws and Nuts
ISO Metric Precision Hexagon Bolts, Screws and Nuts BS 3692
ISO Metric Black Hexagon Bolts, Screws and Nuts BS 4190
Wrought Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys for General BS 4300/
Engineering Purpose 6
Weldable Structural Steels BS EN 7668
High Strength Friction Grip Bolts and Associated Nuts and BS 4395
Washers for Structural Engineering
The Use of High Strength Friction Grip Bolts in Structural BS 4604
Steelwork, Metric Series
Structural Hollow Sections BS 4848
Sheradized Coatings on Iron and Steel Articles BS 4921
 Metal-Arc Welding of Carbon and Carbon Manganese Steels BS EN 1011-
1
The Use of Structural Steel in Building BS 5950
Cast Steel for General Engineering Purposes BS 3100
Steel Tubes and Tubulars suitable for Screwing to BS 21 Pipe BS 1387
Threads BS 1387:1985
Phosphor Bronze Ingots and Castings BS EN 1982

8.2 Welding
In all cases where welds are liable to be highly stressed the Contractor shall supply to the
Representative Engineer, before fabrication commences, detailed Drawings of all welds
and weld preparations proposed. No such welding shall be carried out before the
Representative Engineer has approved the proposed details. No alteration shall be made
to any previously approved detail of weld preparation without prior approval of the
Representative Engineer. Welders shall be qualified in accordance with the requirements
of the appropriate section of BS 2645.
Welding shall be metal-arc welding complying with the requirements of BS EN 1561 as
appropriate. All welds shall be continuous. Electrodes shall comply with BS 639.
The welding of structural hollow sections shall comply with BS 5153 unless otherwise
specified.

8.3 Nuts, Bolts and Washers

Bolts, studs and washers for incorporation in the Works shall conform to the requirements
of British Standards or other approved standard. Nuts and bolts for pressure fittings shall be
of the best quality steel machined on the shank and under the head and nut. Bolts shall be of
such a length that two threads shall show through the nut when in the fully tightened
condition. Fitted bolts shall be a light driving fit in the reamed holes they occupy, shall
have the screwed portion of such a diameter that it will not be damaged in driving and shall
be marked in a conspicuous position to ensure correct assembly at site. Washers, locking
devices and anti-vibration fittings shall be provided where necessary to ensure that no
bending stress is caused in the bolt.
External bolts and fixing rag bolts, nuts and washers shall be sheradised steel. Assembly
nuts, bolts and washers on galvanised fittings or equipment shall be either galvanised or
sheradised.
When there is a risk of corrosion, bolts and studs shall be designed so that the maximum
stress in the bolt does not exceed half the yield stress of the material under all conditions.
All bolts, nuts and screws, which are subject to frequent adjustment or removal in the course
of maintenance and repair, shall be made of nickel-bearing stainless steel.
 The Contractor shall supply all holding down, alignment and levelling bolts complete with
anchorages, nuts, washers and packings required to attach all items of Plant to their
foundations, and all bedplates, frames and other structural parts necessary to spread the
loads transmitted by the Plant to concrete foundations without exceeding the design
stresses.
Isometric black hexagonal bolts, nuts and screws shall comply with BS 4190 strength grade
4.6 for bolts and screws, and strength grade 4 for nuts.
Isometric precision hexagonal bolts, nuts and screws shall comply with BS 3692 strength
grade 8.8 for bolts and screws, and strength grade 8 for nuts.
Friction grip bolts, nuts and washers shall comply with BS 4395 : Part 1 and shall be used in
accordance with BS 4604 : Part 1. They shall be used on all bolted joints which are liable to
vibrate and elsewhere to the approval of the Representative Engineer.

8.4 Handrailing
Handrailing shall be supplied and fixed in accordance with the Drawings. Handrailing shall
be galvanised after manufacture.

8.5 Staircase, Landings and Open Mesh Steel Flooring

8.5.1 General
The landings and associated steelwork shall be fabricated in accordance with BS 5950.
Removable open mesh steel flooring and its steel support beams shall be sized by the
Contractor to support pedestrian, service and maintenance requirements in sizes suitable
for removal by hand. The Contractor’s design for the open mesh steel flooring shall be
based on a live load of 5 kN/m2. The support beams shall be sized in accordance with
Clause 8.6.
8.5.2 Materials
All steel shall be mild steel to BS 4360 Grade 43.
Chequer plate for the stair treads shall have a raised self-draining non-slip pattern or as
shown on the Drawings as Durbar pattern or similar approved. The minimum thickness
shall be 6 mm.
8.5.3 Protective Coating
All steelwork comprising handrailing, staircase, landings, open mesh steel flooring and
support beams shall be galvanised after manufacture in accordance. No painting shall be
applied to these items.
8.5.4 Erection
The method of erection shall be in accordance with the manufacturers approved method
statements, unless otherwise ordered by the Representative Engineer.
8.6 Gate Operating Gear Supports
The Contractor shall design supply, and erect steel beams and columns to support the
imposed loads from the Gate Operating Gear (Clause 9.7.4) . The connection details
between the steel beams and columns and the concrete supports shall be designed to ensure
that the bearing stress on the concrete does not exceed 13.6 N/mm2.

8.7 Trash Screen

Steel for trash screens shall be to BS 4360: Grade 43A. Members of the panels shall be
welded with 5 mm continuous welds at all points of contact.
Trash screens shall be painted with the coal tar epoxy paint system as specified in
Clause 8.5.3 .

8.8 Step Irons

Step irons shall be formed from 25 mm diameter mild steel solid bar, bent to shape and
galvanised as specified. The steps shall be 200 mm wide and project 200 mm from the wall
face. They shall be built into the wall a minimum depth of 100 mm and shall have their
ends bent through 90o to run parallel to the wall face by 150 mm, to form an anchorage.
Unless otherwise directed by the Representative Engineer, step-irons shall be spaced at
300 mm intervals vertically and in-line.

8.9 Fixing and Building-in.

Openings left in concrete for the subsequent fitting and concreting-in of pipe work and
fixtures shall have the soffit of the opening inclined at not less than one in four to the
horizontal. The periphery of the opening shall be formed as specified for construction
joints.
9 After placing the pipe or fixture the remaining void shall be carefully packed with
concrete of the appropriate class to produce a watertight joint. The concrete shall be
retained by a shutter which shall be built up as concrete filling proceeds. The
Contractor shall ascertain from the suppliers of prefabricated or manufactured goods
any special fixing instructions and shall refer them to the Representative Engineer
WATER CONTROL PLANT

9.1 Scope of Works

This Chapter 9, contain the specification for design, manufacture, delivery, erection,
painting and testing of the Water Control Plant, hereafter referred to in this chapter as the
Plant.
The Plant to be provided under the Contract may include but is not limited to:
a) lifting gates for open channel and culverts;
b) stoplogs;
c) trash racks and step irons (see Clauses 8.7 and 8.8);

d) metal support members, frames and platforms (see Clauses 8.5 and 8.6).

9.2 Standard Specification

Except where otherwise specified all materials and workmanship shall comply with British
Standards Codes of Practice or with the requirements of the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO).

9.3 Type of Gates

There are five categories of gate as summarised in
.

Table 9. 1: Types of Gates

Reference Type Description

Type 1 Channel sliding gate Manual lift, area of gate < 0.25m2
Type 2 Channel sliding gate Single spindle, operated manually either
directly by hand wheel or via a gear system
Type 3 Channel sliding gate Double spindle, operated manually via a
bevel reduction gear system
Type 4 Pipe sliding gate Single spindle, manually operated directly by
hand wheel or a gear system
Operating Gear
The required force needed to operate any gate shall be no greater than 400 N for a short
period and must be no greater than 100 N for prolonged periods.
 When establishing the loads on the gate operating gear a factor of safety of 2 should be
applied to the load due to the operator, in additional to the maximum water loads.
Gear ratio is to be less than 6.
All bearing materials shall be self-lubricating.
9.7.5 Gate Types
a) Gate Type 1
Gate Type 1 the maximum gate size is 0.05 m2. The gate shall have the following
features.
i. The lifting member is to be an angle section 60   60  5 mm minimum, and with
a lifting handle fabricated from a 30 mm diameter tube, 5 mm thick, having a
length of 300 mm.
ii. Minimum skin plate thickness to be 5 mm.
iii. Minimum stiffener thickness to be 3 mm.
iv. Gate frame and groove members to be cast-in and to be fabricated from minimum
5 mm thick plate.
v. Clearance in groove to be 5 mm.

b) Gate Type 2
Gate Type 2 the maximum gate size is to be 0.30 m 2. The gate shall have the following
features.
i. Minimum skin plate thickness to be 6 mm.
ii. Maximum span to depth ratio to be 0.55/0.55.
iii. Gate frame and groove members to be cast in and to be fabricated from minimum
10 mm thick plate.
iv. Clearance in groove to be 5 mm.
c) Gate Type 3
Gate Type 3 the maximum gate size to be 0.30 m2. The gate shall have the following
features.
i. Minimum skin plate thickness to be 6 mm.
ii. Minimum stiffener thickness to be 6 mm.
iii. Gate frame and groove members to be cast in and to be fabricated from minimum
10 mm thick plate.
iv. Clearance in groove to be 5 mm.
d) Gate Type 4/ Trashrak/
 The gate shall have the following features.
i. Minimum skin plate thickness to be 8 mm.
ii. Minimum stiffener thickness to be 8 mm.
iii. Gate frame and groove members to be bolted to the head wall and have a
minimum thickness of 8 mm for pipe diameters up to 750 mm, and 10 mm for
pipes diameter 900 mm and 1 050 mm.
iv. Clearance in groove to be 3 mm.
v. Recesses in Concrete Work
The Drawings issued for the purpose of bidding indicate the approximate dimensions of the
recesses allowed for the reception of built-in work. Drawings submitted by the Contractor
for approval shall show the exact dimensions of the recesses.
The Contractor shall prepare the concrete work in the structures and form all holes,
recesses, box-outs and plinths required to receive the Plant in accordance with the approved
Drawings.
As a general principle embedded parts, guides, etc., for gates shall be fixed directly to
primary concrete work and not to the secondary concrete used for final concreting in.
10 PERMANENT ACCESS AND SITE ROADS

A. EARTHWORKS

10.1 Definitions
a) Formation Level
Formation level means the top surface of the sub-grade.
b) Sub-grade
Sub-grade means that part of the embankment or existing ground in cutting, which is
immediately below the sub-base or lower sub-base of the road pavement and shoulders.
c) Common Excavation
Common excavation shall mean excavation in any materials other than rock or artificial
hard materials as defined in (f) and (g) below.
d) Unsuitable Materials
Unsuitable materials shall include:
i) running silt, peat, logs, stumps, perishable or toxic material, slurry or mud, or any
material:
 consisting of high organic clay and silt;
 which is clay having a liquid limit exceeding 80% and/or a plasticity index
exceeding 55%;
 which is susceptible to spontaneous combustion;
 which has a loss of weight greater than 2.5% on ignition;
 containing large amounts of roots, grass and other vegetable matter.
Materials that are soft or unstable merely because they are too wet or too dry for
effective compaction are not to be classified as unsuitable, unless otherwise classified
by the Representative Engineer.
a) Suitable Materials
Suitable materials shall mean those materials other than the unsuitable materials
defined in (d) above.
b) Rock
For definition of ‘Rock’ see Clause Error: Reference source not found.
c) Artificial Hard Material
This shall mean any hard artificial material, which would require the use of blasting or
approved pneumatic tools for its removal but shall exclude individual masses less than
0.5 m³.
10.2 General Requirements
The work shall include the excavation of all types of material, backfilling, compaction,
forming embankments and slopes, etc., as is necessary for the completion of the Works up
to the formation levels, in accordance with the lines, grades, dimensions, shapes and typical
cross-sections shown on the Drawings and to the approval of the Representative
Engineer.
The Contractor shall provide where necessary temporary water courses, ditches, drains,
pumping or other means of maintaining the earthworks free from water. Such provision
shall include carrying out the work of forming the cuttings and embankments in such a
manner that their surfaces have at all times a sufficient gradient to enable them to shed
water and prevent ponding.
In pumping out excavations and in the lowering of water tables the Contractor shall pay
due regard to the stability of all structures.
Adequate means for trapping silt shall be provided on all temporary drainage systems.
Similar arrangements shall be made for all earthworks including excavations whether for
pipe trenches, foundations or cuttings.
Should the surface of completed areas be damaged by erosion or by any other cause the
Contractor shall at his own cost make good such areas to the satisfaction of the
Representative Engineer.
The Contractor shall exercise care in preventing wastage of suitable material needed for
embankment or fill construction.

10.3 Roadway Excavation

11.3.1 Dimensional Tolerances
Slopes in cutting shall be trimmed mechanically to neat and even surfaces, which shall have
gradients not steeper than that shown on the Drawings. Widths of excavations shall not
exceed the dimensions shown on the Drawings by more than 300 mm, unless otherwise
approved by the Representative Engineer.
11.3.2 Separation and Stockpiling of Suitable Material
Where excavation reveals a combination of suitable and unsuitable materials, the
Contractor shall, wherever the Representative Engineer considers it practicable, carry out
the excavation in such a manner that the suitable materials are excavated separately for use
in the Works without contamination by the unsuitable materials. The Contractor shall
stockpile separately material for sub-grade as specified in Clause Error: Reference source
not found.
11.3.3 Removal of Excavated Material from Site
No excavated material shall be removed from the Site except on the direction or with the
approval of the Representative Engineer. Should the Contractor be permitted to remove
suitable materials from the Site to suit his operational procedure, then he shall make good
 any consequent deficit of fill material arising there from, at his own expense. Unless
designated dump sites have been shown on the Drawings, the Contractor shall dispose of
surplus suitable material at his own dump areas outside the Site as approved by the
Representative Engineer. In doing so, the Contractor shall comply with statutory
requirements such as payment of royalties, environmental protection, etc.
11.3.4 Removal of Unsuitable Material
Unsuitable material shall be excavated to such depth and over such area as directed by the
Representative Engineer and be transported and disposed of in an approved manner.
Unless approval of the Representative Engineer to dump and spread the unsuitable
materials within the Site is obtained, the Contractor shall be responsible for providing his
own dump site for such unsuitable materials. The Contractor shall comply with statutory
requirements such as payment of royalties, environmental protection, etc. Voids created
due to removal of unsuitable material shall be backfilled with suitable material compacted
to a dry density not less than that of the surrounding material or that specified for the
respective part of the earthworks or as directed by the Representative Engineer.
11.3.5 Replacement of Unsuitable Material (under Standing Water)
Where it is decided by the Representative Engineer that replacement of unsuitable
material shall be done under standing water, voids created due to removal of unsuitable
material shall be backfilled with hard clean crushed rock, natural gravel or sand having
grading within the respective limits specified in
.
11.3.6 Widening Cuts
The Representative Engineer may instruct the Contractor or the Contractor himself may
elect to obtain material for the Works by widening cuts. In the latter case, the Contractor
shall first request permission in writing from the Representative Engineer.
Widening of cuts shall not be permitted beyond the limits of the road reserve.

Table 11. 1: Grading Limits of Materials for Replacement of Unsuitable

Material

Crushed Rock or Gravel

BS Sieve Size % passing by weight
63.0 mm 100
37.5 mm 85 - 100
20.0 mm 0 - 20
10.0 mm 0-5
Sand
BS Sieve Size % passing by weight
10.0 mm 100
5.0 mm 90 - 100
1.18 mm 45 - 80
300 um 10 - 30
150 um 2 - 10