@ rsh Pisscrine 268: CIVIL - Structural Analysis ea Ded 4 If an analysis of the frame shown in the given | Analyse the beam shown in Fig. using moment figure indicated final moment (-) 40kNm at A | distribution method and determine the moments a ‘and B of the column AB, then the moment Mco will | the fixed ends. be 3 LES) bla! _ eB i ~,, (a) ~5kNm a ma B Ine 3 c (6) =10kNm I 3m 2m () ~20kNm Ym > [aL | A Sol: Let b be the width of the beam throughout (@) -40 kN then, moment of Inertia of the portion Ans: (a) ace1, = 22d? Sol: 5 » faoF 28h fd 4 Moment of Inertia of the portion BC, | bxd* call Le | “ty 12 Las | Ls 1: Leth be I <. Moment of Inertia of portion AC ‘Moment of Inertia of portion BC _3BI6 _3EI8 _ 6EI8 40 Digefaiion Factors: @y 47 8v CS =—5kNm Meo Relative | Total | Distribution Hoint | Member | seitiness | Stiffness | Factor cA Sear | 1 os ° wf tee cB " 0.16Joint, A Cc B AC |_CA [CB [BC tribution 084 | 0.16 0 0 [0 0 484 "A aa will be anti clockwise direction and of equal magnitude. 2. Mac = Mca = -3.56KNm. In the span CB, the sinking of the support C rotates the beam in anticlockwise direction, the induced moments at both the ends will be in clockwise direction. Mce = Mac = +1 KNm. ‘Sway Moment Distribution: Ratio of moments are: Myc _16BIA, 2 Ma 3 3EIA In the span AC, the sinking of the support C, is pea as-@ whole in the =3.56 Joint A Cc B ‘Member [AC CA | CB BC | [Member (0.84 | 0.16 [Moments | -3.56 |” -3.56 | 1 i Balance, 2.15 | OAL Carryover | iI ze 0.21 Final Moments | ~246 | —141 | 141 1.21 Final moments will be due to Non displacement of Cand’X times the assumed displacement. Mac = 42 ~2.46x Mca = 84 -1.41x Ms = 16+1.41x Mac = 8+1.21x Rei 3 = Mac +Mca, Ret x3 = 42-2.46x484-141x 3Rey = 126 -3.87K Rei = 42 - 1.29% IMs = 0; Rez x2 + Mes +Mpc 16 ~ 1.41x-8-1.21x Since the there is no support at C, 2 Ro +Rer=Re=0 Fpdctabad | Debi | ensure | Bhubaneswar | Vieyevady | Vieahopatmam | Tiupat | Fae | Chenna@ sf e 270: CIVIL - Structural 4 ® 42-1.29x-12-1.31x = 0 8kN OkN 2kNim rm B Cc D Pe eR et aie eee Tm “ism 3m tm 2m Final Moments: i Mac = 42-(2.46x11.54) = 13.61KNm. Sol: Given: 84 (141x154) = 67.73KNm Support A,B & C settles by 10 mm, 30 mm & 20 mm respectively. T=2.4 x10° mm‘; Se BT = 2 x10 12.4 x08 = x10° N/mm? 8x 10" Nmm Myce]3.61KNm 67.73KNm fep-I: Finding fixed end moments: The fixed end moment at each end will be I the algebraic sum of the fixed end moments [| Thi BASTIEN | RoerS70KN ; caused by the: external loading and the a settlement of supports mo “Spam Brg, G) Mr leo, 13,.61KNm 30mm M; BMD Ler M Fixed'end moments are: Because of settlement, it makes whole beam = otate in clockwise direction, So moment induced at each supports will be anticlockwise i.e., Negative moment. Due to St sinking of support, moment induced will be GEIS A horizontal’ beam:ABCD is carried on hinged cL supports and is continuous over three equal spans _wl 6EB ‘each of 3 m. All the supports are initially at the Mpp= eS" (6 =30-10= 20 mm) same level. The beam is loaded as shown in fig. eae Plot the bending moment diagram, if the support A = 8x3 6x4.8x10! x20 settles by 10 mm, B settles by 30 mm and C settles =~ 3 000? x10" by 20 mm. the moment of inertia of the whole ee Beam is 2.4 x 10° mm* units. bsraatiiia hi Take = 2x10 Nimm™ [Di Rae [Ehieaooar | Vienh Vaan Tp Pes |G] |Moment Distribution Method WL 6EIS “38 = 836% 4.810" <20- “8 3000)? x10* Mroa = 3.4 KNm Mena = + Span BC: 8=30-20=10 mm. Bond = 9x12? ere 4464 wa" Mine = ~+ 6%4,8%10" x20 (3000)? 10° =24kNm GEIS vv = OXI? x2 | 6x4.8x10" x20 (Go00y' 10° Total Di stiffness | Stiffness | RS @s) [c@s)_| ts el 3y aL x 1 ) 7 12 T 4\L, 4 = 2x3? | 6x4,8%10!! x10 L 7 12" 000? x10 = B 1 4 BX aL 7® LIF at aie 172: * CIVIL - Structural Anal A B c D AB BAT BC By cD De a7 ar 47 | 3/7 FEM “94 34 417 FAT (424 G84 Balance at A & D | Carry Over toB&C | 49.4 +47 =42_ | -84 Initial Moment 0 41.3 | 417 47/18 [0 Balance 1.66 | -1.24 Carry over yates 0.86 = Balance mc +0.49 | 40,37 Carry over Pp +0.24 = Balance 2. -0.14|-0.10 |- Carry over 0.07 = Balance = +0,04 | 0.03 | — Final moments o. 2.74] 2.74 Sol: (a) Fixed End Moment: Span AB: Mpa = 20 x1 = 20 kNm 20kN Analyse the structure loaded as shown in figure by the. moment distribution method and sketch bending moment and shear force diagrams. 20 KN 20 kN SOKN ; ely278: Moment Distribution Method Joint | Member | Relative stiffness (R.S) Total Stiffness (T.S) | D. 5 0 e 3 is 4 Als ‘relative stiffness = 0. Member EC Distribution factor 13 Fixed End Moments Balancing ‘Carry Over 1.665 Balancing Carry Over 0.4165 Final Moments 2.082, nal Moments: Mex=20kNm Moc = +15+3.333+(-2.5)+0.833 16.667 kNm Mce = +4.167 kNm_ +4.167/2 = 42.0835 kNmplotted on tension side 2.084 Nm E ‘Fig: Bending Moment Diagram Span BC: =Mc.= 0 (Rx x 3) + 16.67 -20 Zveo; Rg = 31.11 kN Re + Rer = 20 x3 Rer = 6031.11 = 28.85 Span CD: =M- = 0, Rp X4 + 20.834 = (50 x2) + (27.082) = 26.562 KN Zve0; Re +Rp= 50 [DAE] Begaire | Bhabancioar [Visyovads] Viatapataam | Tired | Pune | Cheaal .082 + 4.167 He = 1.5602 KN ected FBD: sown P 265248 He= 150977 SLALN : gt ill cu, 15626 kN 562 28.89 kN 11.5626 kN E ‘Fig: Shear Forces Diagram bei Analyse the continuous beam loaded as shown in ‘figure by the moment distribution method. Sketch the bending moment and shear force diagrams. wi E pow rT rT Sol: (@) Fixed end moments: Span AB? Mras = Mrsa mame (For centrally applied moment)Be Ensioccring Publications Mo = 40x1 = 40 kNm Mean = 22 = 10 kNm. Moment Distribution Method 4 Mroa= 2 1010%m Span CD: Mcp = ~20 x2 = — 40 kNm wh _-15«(6? Span BC: M 15x)" ia RC 9 30 ) Distribution Factors: Relative rane RS Joint. | Member | stiffness Total Stiffness | D.P= T= (RS) BA a a Le £6 0 A = B Z Cc AB “BA | BC CB] CD Distribution factor | — 0.67 | 0.33 1.0) - Fixed End 10.00 70.00 |-18.00 27.00 | 46.00 x Moments Balancing C and Carry Over to B 65 —t 13.00 Initial Moments 10.0 10.00 | -11.5 40,00 | — 40.00 Balancing |_ 1.01 | 0.495 -[- Carry Over to A | 0.503] ‘Final Moments 10.505 11.01 | -11.01 40.00 | 40@ retin Engineering Publications (d) To Draw S.F.D: ‘Span AB: Map = 10.505 km -p—* 40 KN Mgq = 1.01 kNm 1m 4m Ra ‘Taking Moments about A, Rei x4 + 11.01 +40 +10.505 =0 2-Rpy = -15.38 kN ‘Assumed direction is wrong. = 15.38 kN (T) - Rg X64 20 x8 + bo 6 x15 x2 H6-1L0E= 0 Ro, 2 54.83 KN EV=0; Reo + Re, -( Rg, = 10.17 KN (T) 156} +20 m 1017. oils A Hl =a] Mc D 53] s20 i 34.85, ‘Shear Force Diagram 276: Simply supported bending moments: Span BC: x a5 BL x ic Rp x 6m R at xx, LoadOrdinate _ 15 x 6 Load Ordinate = 2.5x ‘Taking moments about B, Rex6-4x6x15x2%6=0 Re=30KN Ry= 15x$-30-2Rp = 15 KN Mc= ce 2 43 5x? Mes Ix IM. 9 ix Jeas-$e o 4 sex?=12 For M, to be maximum 5{ 3x? ee wa i5sx4 *S .46 m from B Sx Sx Mex = 150.46)- 5.6.46)" Moax = 34.64 Nm M, = 15(3)— sor Mass = 38.75 KN. we Sx6x15=45 aM, dx My = From formula Mmax = 0.128 WI 0.128 (45) x6__ 34.56m kNm. Occurs at 0.577 (J) = 3.462 m form B [STS ats P| Vite | nape Tre | Re | Chom ICMoment Distribution Method Sol: (a) Fixed and moments: Map = Mena = 0 =wl __ 50x3? = ~37.SKNr 2 2 sae 50x37? Mycy = +> = 2S = 437.540 Span CD: = Mrcp =Mrpc = 0. Analyse the portal frame loaded as shown in fig ae ‘by the moment distribution method and sketch the | (b) Distribution Factors: IMD end SED Joint | Me Relat ‘Total Distribut foint | Mem ive itibuiio SOkN/m c ast | otmmnce BA | 21 7 472 i Be} 5 . ce |i 3 “LE ot (©) Moment Distribution (Non sway) : : Joints A B c D : Members AB [7 BAT BC = CB] CD DC Distribution factors | — 3, Wa i2|i2 [= Fixed end moments 375 +375, Balancing 22.5 | 15.0 =18.75 | -18.75. Carry over 11.25: 938 75 9.38 Balancing 5.63 | 3.75 =3.75 | ~3.75 Carry over 2.82 188 1.88 188 Balancing 1.13 | 0.75 0.94 | -0.94 Carry over 057. 0.47 0.38 “OAT Balancing 0.28 _| 40.19 0.19 | ~0.19. ‘Carry over 0.14 0.10 0.10 0.10 Balancing 0.06 | 0.04 ~0.05 | -0.05 I Final moments | 14.78-__29.60 | -29.60 23.68 |=23.68 11.83) — ) Hyderabad | Delhi | Bengaluru | Bhubaneswar | Vijayawada | Visakhapatnam | Tirupati | Pune | Chennai]278: CIVIL. - Structural Analysis 11.10 KN (>) Hpb-<29.60 kNm *14,78 KNt Ha, = Ha-Hp 1.1 11.84 = 0.74 KN (>) P=0.74 kN, 11.84 kN 111 KN, side Sway. Now, let a sway force of 0.74,kN (—) be applied at C. This will induced clockwise: moments at A and D. Maa J U/G 20/4 _ 2 LG UF 16 ‘Asstine’ Mya = +9 kNm ; Maa = Maa = 9 Nm Mcp = 8 x (Maa /9) = +8 kNm 5 (©) Sway Moment Distribution. Joints a c D Members AB SBA BC cB DC Distribution factors | — 3/5 | 2/5 TET = Fixed end moments | +9.0 49.0 | = = | 48.0 +80 Balancing =5.4 | -3.6 -40 |40 Carry over “27 =2.0 18 =20 Balancing 12 | 08 09 |09 Carry over 06 0.45 0.8 0.45 Balancing 0.27. | -0.18 -0.2_|-0.2 Carry over 0.14 ~O.1 0.09 Or Balancing 0.06 | 0.04 0.05 | 0.05 Final moments [6.76 4.59 | 4.59 4.74 [4.75 635 Hyderabad | Dei | Bengaluns [Bhubaneswar | Vinyewada | Vishapatiam |Trupal | Pane | Cheanal € Value of force ‘P’ preventing sway ] Sw mor Spa Tak Spe79 Moment Distribution Method ay forces corresponding to the above = 2.84 (2) +3.7 (>) =6.54 KN (>) But the actual sway force is 0.74 KN. Hence, aoa the correction factor 274 —0.113= Mp = 4.75 kNm_ 4m Je | Fap = 2.84 KN Fon =3.7 KN 3m AW Map = 6.76 KN Taking moments about A, | Foc=3.7KN —Foa(4) + Mpa + Man = 0 ale Moc = 6.35 kNim Fa = (4.59 + 6.76)/4 Fpa = 2.84 KN = Fan (>) » The moments have to be multiplied by 0.113. The following table. shows the non sway moments, Span CD: ‘Sway moments after correction and the final Taking moments about D, moments. — Fen(3) + Meo + Mpc = 0 (tse) =3.7KN= Boo Foo = ‘aBtFoc | Total horizontal reaction at suppor Momenis Ma Max iMac Mea Mas Moc pion sway. 14.78 29.60 29.60 23.68 23.68 -11.83 ‘Sway = a5 6.76x0.113 = | 4.59x0.113 =| ~4.75x0.113 = | —4.75x0.113 = __| 638«0.113 = Pp momenisafier | 0.764 0519, 0519 0537 | OST | ozs [> netmomens | asses 301i | 30.119 23.143 | 23.443 | 11.012 (f To Draw SF.D Fan @ + Man Mao =0 (0.119.415.5448) Span AB: tins eee eer : F = 1.42kN Fon $-) Maa = 30.119 kNm beedantiae qT Span BC: SOkNm Ren Mac =30.119 kNm Mes =23.143 kNm ae _| re. i 2Fox (3) = +218.024 Feu = 72.67 kN Fc =77.33 kN Span CD: ! 3m Foc= 11.42 kN Taking Moment about D, Feo(3)— Mcp-Mic= 0 Fen = 11.42 kN Foc = 11.42 kN ‘Taking moments about B, 50x (37 2)- Fog (3)+ Mcp -Mag =0 50> (9/2)~Feg(3)+23:143~30.11 0 Mcp =23.143 kNm oe Fop = 11.42kN Foo = (23.143 +11. 123° Simply supported bending joment in the span Bo=2E _ 50%3° _ 5 pen 3B 8 2 emailed 23.1438... 30-119 123.143kNas | \ 11412 em i 18540kNm (MD) i Positive moment ordinate at middle of the span BC 380: CIVIL Sec Aa «G Shear force diagram: 77.33 KN OPAL. 42kN s ie 11.42kN 11.43kN ‘Analysis the box culvert loaded as shown in figure by the moment distribution method. Sketch the 7 bending moment and shear force diagrams. 30K 42> 1 [2m z be a CETTE ETT e200 | TORN Soli 9 ® Mine SD Mey @ BP Mra treo NC rN PISS 8 ° Fixed-end Moments: 2 2 Span AB: M yyy =—Y =~ 20%2" _ gen 20 20 GSR TD etn | ATT eagten| Bhatanewar | igus | Vintipmy | Toop Pas] ee:8l: Moment Distribution Method 2 20%2? Distribution Factors : Myatt 22 rerm — | Joint | Members | Relative ] Total] Distribution Stitess | stttaess_| Factor Weg AB we 7 A Wout ap | 2v4e12 pa fan waist Bo | 2usev2 ca vase wast cD [2 re 4 DC W2 rane DA | 2utev2 3B e B Members iba [BC | cB @ | DET BA Distribution acl "50s 05105 05105 Fixed end wa67| 1S S| 2678] balancing ot é37(6i7. 617/617 467| 467 Camry overto DAT 308) 234 208] 334 balancing | wHlen anlon en| an Cany over “136-136 136] 136-136} 136 a Balancing 2136 | 4136__-136|“136 436 |_ 136 Cary over “08 | -0.68 0.88 J 068 —-0.68] 0.68 Balancing wos | 06s _-058| 069 10.68 | +068 Final momenis Sai [-920 920 | 92183 [829 imply supported bending moments : Span CD: Mya: = 0.128 WI= 5.12 kNm ' ; pan AB : Myax = 0.128 WI =0.128%20x2 ees Mgex = 5.12 kNm occurs at 0.571 from B Span AD: M,,, a fess 20kNm Occurs at 1.154 m from B : =30kVimQ@rcb Friesen 182: = Sota Anal 4 (@ To draw S.F.D: = Re 204 iB) A? Mg 8.3 kn ‘Taking moments about A, Max + G x 2 Re = 7:12 kN Ra= Total load — Rp = ( Ry= 12.88 KN Span BC: This will not cause any change in reaction -. For centrally applied load, R; Span CD: 2520 ha Rp2)-Myy <0. 9.21 + 13.33 -2Rp—83=0.- Ro 30/2:= 1SKN ‘Loads and moments similar to span AB. Hence ; 12 KN (+) IMfoa= ~8.29kNm| | EI 12.884N i hoa < db 9.21kNm! sam 20KRm Bending moment diagram isa 15 Shear Force Diagram lamas Analyse the frame ABCD shown in Fig. 3 by moments distribution method and draw the bending moment diagram (IES-CE-91)(20M) 12kN183: Moment Distribution Method Let BB, =8 BB, oP BB oon’ BB, : CC, = BB|= 8cos@ CC; = Ssin® tn BB; = 5 sin0=—2;c0s0=—3 4 i eas stribution factors: Deflection of AB = BB, = 6 ‘ joint | Member | Relative stittaes | To! pr Deflection of BC = ByBy = 8x B - eel gue Deflection of CD = CC= 8x3 Ep i Ratio of arbitrary fixed moments of span AB, E BC 0.62 BC,CD are as follows, 3EI6_ _ 6EI(5x2)_ 6EIG8)_ Wa ae oes Eat as a 7 121 a Vi3 92 18: 14.42:32.45 = Map: Mac: Mep ian ?Muc ?Mop Moment Distribution : A B c D AB BA BC cB cD DC 4 = 0.38 0.62 04 0.6 - : =18 -18_ | +1442 | +14.42 | -32.45 32.45 +18 9 Initial moments 0 5 +14,42 14.42 32.45 [Balacee———} | 906 | 336 Yara | DAZ a -|-Carry over 3.61 “| *-1.68 5.41 RGU este a aan | atmos | Visoen | Vee [Tope a elOQww22 CIVIL - Structural Analysis é Balance 137 | 224 [067 | 101 Carry over O34 2 051 : Balance 0.13 | -0.21]*o4s | 0.67 7 Carry over 0.23 -O11 0.34 Carry over -0.09 | -014 | 004 | 0.07 Final moments 0 -1265 | 1265 | 1988 | -19.88 ~26.19 a Horizontal Reaction at D, S1098KNm | EMp~=0, (AB member) B - ‘Sas Hyyx3+12.65=Ryx2 hi SKN Hp x2 = +26.19419.88 (23.04x3)+1265 y,+/51.73KNm Hp = 23.04 KN@-) yale — 2 t mi Ra 7 03 Mp = 0, Rpx3 = 19.88 + 12.65 Rp = 10.84 KN “Cottéetion factor = 12 0,231 x SkB Moments Ma Mpc ‘Sway ae 0 er 19.88 ~19.88 26.19 ‘Sway _ Larrcatad 42.92" | 4.59 ~459 6.05 correction Final 2 iat 0 459 ~459 6.05Moment Distribution Method |. The ratio of the stiffness of a beams at a joints with one side hinged support and other side fixed is (Assuming both beams have same I and L) @v2 3/4 Ol . A bean is hinged at end A and fixed at B. A moment M is applied at end A. What is the moment developed at end B? ES -04) om om of @-¥ @43 . If the free end of a cantilever of. span 1 and flexure rigidity EI. undergoes a. unit displacement (without fotation), what. isthe bending moment. induced at .-the “fixed end? IES -08) oF oF set ) SEL oF of CG are respectively (assume El as constant) 15 kN/m _D) TV VV TY 25m co 2.5 in = 2 an $m /A| eal (@) 0.4, 0.4 and 0.2 (©) 0.4,0.2 and 0.4 | a (b) 0.2, 0.4 and 0.4 (d) None 05. The given figure shows a portal frame with loads. (ES -95) Ea L EL = Constant : 2 . For the frame shown inthe figure, the | distribution factors for members CB, CD and _ The bending moment diagram for this frame will be ® 1 v | LT of 06. For the frame shown below, the distribution factors for members BC and BA at joint B are @04, 0.6 noo GES -02) (b) 0.5, 0.5 RK CK (6) 0.6, 0.4 2B 07,03 -| et pl [Sm va py Serpe 07. In the portal frame shown below, what are the distribution factors for members BA, BC and BD respectively? (IES -08) 11 @ 335 °, 3’3 : | * otal ; 24'4 pocnoncfaaasanenaad 21 1 Ase ee © #50 oid he oe her lia Ie 15E31<— 2b — 1 @ Van 08. The magnitude of the Bending Moment at the fixed support of the beam is equal to p(GATE-95) @ Pa (by P. a/2 (cy Pb (a) P+) Fijderabad | Delhi | Bengaluru | Bhubaneswar | Vingawade| Viakhapatnamn | Tirupa | Pane | Chennai]09. The moment at support “A” of the beam shown below is, 30KN 6m ‘3m (@) 45 KNum clockwise () 45 KN.m anti clock wise (©) 90 KN.m clock wise (@ 90 KN.m anti clock wise 10. A two span continuous beam ABC is simply supported at A and C and is continuous over support B. Span AB = 6 m, BC = 6m. The beam carries a udl of 2t/m over both the’ | spans. El is constant for the entire'beam, The fixed end moment at B in span BA or’ BC would be (@)12t-m ©8tm 11. For ~ the @ OO) HP WL er o® oes. ; 12. A propped cantilever AB, with fixed edge A is propped at B and — carries uniformly distributed load over the entire span. If the prop heaves up (displaces upward), which one among the following is true. if, prop reaction = Rp, Moment at A= My? (IES -06) (@) Both Ry and Ma will increase (b) Ro will increase, Ma will decrease (©) Re will decrease, Ma will increase (@) Both Re and Ma will decrease 13. A single bay, single storey portal frame has a hinged left support and a fixed right support. to the deformation of the frame (GATE-D: (a) It would sway to the left side (b) It would sway to the right side (6) It would not sway at all (@) None of these 14, The rigid portal frame shown in the given figure will not have any side sway if b ES + 4 Ih, am om I= the moment of inertia of the column cross-section In = the moment of inertia of the beam cross- section +{@) it is subjected to vertical loading only ©).b=2h (©) the Joading is symmetrical about its centre line = @) loaded in any manner 15. Which of the following structures will not experience sway? On & c maa" ic O @ Opto MH OQ © “AY DAY ah ea wa ik—_+_s) j—_t_) ANEURIN cata | Das | Beraada | Bintacorar | Viwveds | Viewapaman | Tipe | ne | Chena]ole hone 8: L Moment Distribution Method © @@= 16. A portal frame with all members having the (a) +40kNm B v c df same El, has one end fixed and the other (b)-40 kNm T ‘sm 3} hinged. Due to side-sway, the ratio of fixed 4 ‘ end moments Mga / Mcp would be (IES -03) oe r D @r1 pre ak (@)-30kNm J (0) 1:2 iL nie ©1:3 5 pL. ¥2 | 19. The figure given below shows a rigid frame . | nn fixed at A and hinged at C. If a pure moment x = 2:1 of 20 kNm is applied at B in the plane of the vA figure, then what is the moment at the fixed i ' end A? 3m GES -05) L (@) 10kNm. Jaa 17. Which one among the following is the correet."| °° (b) 7.5 kNm fe free body diagram for a portal frame shown in 7 kN/im [2 Jooe | Figure given below? (IES -02): ©) 5kNm Pr 5 Q @25kNm EI Const \4 m A wn ao (Portal Frame) TA ‘ Py oP Be © © 21 | p> = e > | > 18. For the frame as shown in the figure above, the final end moment Mpc has been calculated —~as=40-kNm- What is the end- moment Mcp? ES -06) Consider the following statements: Hardy Cross method of moment distribution can be applied to'analyse . Continuous beams including non prismatic structures. 2. Continuous - beams with _ prismatic elements. 3. structures with intermediate hinges. 4. rigid frames. "Which of the statements given above are correct? GES -06) (@)1,2,3and4 ——(b) Only 1, 2and3 (©) Only1,2and4 (4) Only 3 and 4 . Consider the following statements: Assertion (A): Method of moment distribution is classifiable as a force method. Reason (R): The method consists of computing end moments due to end rotation of the member. (IES -09) (@)Both A and R are true and R is the correct, explanation of A (b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the ~ correct explanation of A _ Ais true but R is false (@)A is false but R is true [SGD pac [te [ener | Dhatmncr | ped | Venthapnoam | Tropa | Pe | CheaIf joint O of the frame is rigid, the rotational stiffness of the frame at point O is givenby. 11EL 10EI i oT oT 8EI 6EL oF oF 02. Distribution factor for BE in given fig is @il4 (&) 3/13 (1,24 EL = consiant @o4 TD . The value of moment distribution factors for. the joints B and C respectively are (IES -91) Fa hint atin LSI Paneer iaat @) 05,05, 0.25, 0.75 2). 0.33, 0.66, 0.25,.0.75 © 05,0.5, 0.4, 0.6 @) 0.4, 0.6, 0.5, 0.5 All members of the frame shown below have the same flexural rigidity EI and length L. Ifa moment M is applied at joint B, the rotation of the joint is (GATE-05) 188: 05. . For the propped cantilever ‘AB’ with internal | oe oe ox oe ELL The given figure shows a frame loaded with a single concentrated load P. The fixed-end moment developed at support A will be g AES-88) | oe op ae ler Aisi join ) = LD i i aS OF de ¥, PL om @> c 3 moment hinge at ‘C’, the carry over moment | at ‘A’ is i c A M 12 m2 ~Y B 2) M M @*> oy © Mp @MYL ‘The fixed beam AB has hinge C at ‘span. A.concentrated load P is applied at C. What is the fixed end moment Ma? GES -08) Ma P A o B kK— n—>K— 12 >} PL PL Pr 1—¢o PL Pe ay tt oro oy oF PCE ci Aco08. Carty-over factor Cap for the beam shown in the figure below is (GATE-06) B intehnal hinge yr (b) 1/2 @1 . What is the: carry—over factor from A to B while using moment distribution for analysing ‘beam as shown in the figure given below? @ 1/4 3/4 f a moment ‘M’ at Mga, Mac are amr ~ (d) zero The given figure shows a portal frame with one end fixed and other hinged. The ratio of duc May the fixed end moments sway will be PB © 25. A symmetrical portal and D carries @ point figure below ‘The number of points of contra flexure in the frame will be = 26. For the. portal “frame. shown. in. the figure below, the final end moments are: B c 27. 28: The end moment at Mpc will be, The plane frame below is analyzed by neglecting axial deformations. Following statements are made with respect to the analysis: (GATE-04) 10 kN, 1Column AB carries axial force only. 2. Vertical deflection at the center of beam BCis | mm. With reference to the above statements, which Of the following applies? (@) Both the statements are true (b) Statement 1 is true but 2 is false (©) Statement 2 is true but 1 is false ~ @ Both the statements are false Vertical reaction developed at B in the frame below due to the applied load of 100 kN (with 150,000. mm? cross-sectional area and 3.125x10° mm* moment of inertia for both members) is (GATE - 06) 100 (@5.9kN J E (©)30.2 KN y x (©)663kN | @94A kNCommon Data for Questions 29 & 30 For the frame shown below, b ue “Cie To 4 ar m a 29. The moment @ ‘a’ is 30. @M o* © @rome The reaction @ ‘a’ is approximately @M OE 02. (6) 06.(¢) 07.(a) 11.@) 12.0), 17.(@) 06.(@) 07. (©) 11a) 12.) 16. (b) 17.) 21.190 kN.m M @3M 03. (d) 04: (a) 05. (d) 08.(6). 09. (a): 10: (b) 13.@ 14.© 15.0) 18:(4)19.(©) 20.(6) 03.(©) 04, (b) 05. (0) 08. (d) 09. (c) 10. @) 13.0) 14.0) 15.) 18.) 19.(@) 20. 22.56KNm — 23.(0) 26.20. 27.(a) 28.(a) o1. A beam — column frame ABC, as shown jf fig. is rigidly jointed at B. End A is fixed, end C is laterally and rotationally restraine, but free to move vertically. The colum; supports a horizontal load of 800 kg midpoint. Both beam and column are of same cross-section throughout. Analyse the frame using moment distribution method and _ draw the bending moment diagram. j - Ft oat o1 Analyse. the fixed beam using moment distribution. method and draw S.F.D & BMD W=20 KN ET EI Tsim r L2e2m Analyse the portal frame shown in figure by the moment distribution method and sketch the BMD and SED. a ae Analyse the frame shown in fig by the method of moment distribution. Draw the bending moment diagram on the tension side of the members. 100KN_B pHyaciabed | Dall | Bangalara | Bhubaneswar | Viajavada | Vielbapamam | Toupatl | Pune | ChennaiIntroduction: ‘A method proposed by G.A.Maney. Useful for analysis of Indeterminate beams as well as rigid jointed frames. Tedious compared to moment distribution method. Nature of method: It is a displacement or equilibrium or stiffness coefficient method. A series of simultaneous equations, each expressing the relation. members are written in terms.of slope and deflection. . The solution of slope, deflection gives the values of unknown rotations of the joints. Knowing these ‘rotations, the end moments are calculated using slope deflection . Fundamental equations: Slope deflection equation: A _ 2B Man= L 20,0) + Mrap 35 Mpa= Er enna) +Mrpa NOTE: The above equations are for O« and x clockwise and net sinking of support ‘B’ compared to support ‘A’. Meas and Mega are initial fixed moments. Clockwise moment is treated 2s positive. Slope Deflection Method between the moments acting at the ends of the. equations along with equilibrium equations, ~ equations. co The right end of a fixed beam ‘AB’ under goes an anti clock wise rotation of “6” and down ward settlement of ‘5? at ‘B’. If ‘EI’ is flexural rigidity, the slope deflection equation for moment ‘Mgr’ is 2EL 36. 21 36. = (20-> (6) E92 @Fa-P) & F-0-8) a L ‘Ans: (b) 38 2EL g_ 38 (.F-08-T) @—e-D ‘Sol: Man = 2ihae, +0, -2+ Meas ‘E; -4 0-0-8], Mean-0 [Sta | aaa The slope deflection equation at the end B of member BC for the frame shown in the given Figure willbe soon g (ES-9) s T 2EL ] 6m EL 8m 2 a ae 8m 4EL (@) Myc === (28¢~85) ©) Mye = F420, 0.) My “Z205 +0.) 4El (@) Mae = = 20, +9) pyHiydersbed | Delhi | Bengalons | Bihibaneowar | Viayavads | Visikhapamam | Tirupail | Pune | Chennaiae What is the value of ® for the beam shown gy What figure below? (IES -09) co 10 kN @) 5 {ome El D ea f 0): }¢—6 m—+f 6m) «! us ¢ Bho @- * | @ Zero. = Ans Mea +Mpc = 0 Sol: Mce = 0 The no. of equilibrium equal to the no. displacements. 05. Portal frames with In the case of port joint form an’ additional additional _ conditi Thi movement or H,+Hp + P-WL = 0 is is called Horizontal shear equation / = May +My Ph L we I + C Lo 2 ‘Anticlockwise (ay 2 clockwise 3 (anticlockwise since EL is anticlockwise)Slope Deflection Method c 65 = ML/6EI Ma Zhe, +8,]=0 20, + 2EL [ M 6 3 0c= = (sign neglected) Note: 0c=-0.5 On 06. For beams with change of cross section: In this type of beams a fictious support is assumed at ‘C’ ice., at point of change of cross section. The beam ‘AB’ is treated as combination of two beams AC and CB and slope deflection equations are written for Macs Mea, Mes and Mpc. For the given problem unknown joint displacements are two viz Oc and Bc. Hence two equilibrium equations are written and solved, they are Mc= 0 ie, Mca + Mcp = 0 © Vertical equilibrium equations: Vat Va = W Analyse the continuous beam shown in Fig by the slope Deflection method. The supports B and C 10 mm and 5 mm respectively and the support rates through an anticlockwise angle of 0.1 radian. There are no loads on the beam. Values of E and I are constant throughout the length of the beam. Take E = 2.x 10° MPa; I = 4 x 10” mm‘. Sketch the bending moment diagram. Sol: =, Fixed end moments: Since all the spans are not loaded, the fixed end moments in all the span = 0 due to loading. The fixed end moments due to settlement of supports B and Cand rotation of end D will be included in the slope-deflection equation. Slope deflection equations: 21) Mas =Mean +=)" [20, +0 +5 251, 3x10" =042(29, 14-2282)® ACE cai PBL. 2x2x10* x 4x10" _ 16 99 z 6000 6 ee “c— [5=10mm Max = Mam + (264 +0, I 2EL =0+ 281/20, +0, 3200 ae) rh 2E1 n= 77 (286805 Myc = Myze 28 Let §=5 mm (fat B) +221(20, +0c4 s)—-9 8x10" 3 10) 2,40, +205 Equilibrium Equationss : There are thi unknowns @4, @ and Oc. The equilibriu; equations to slove the above unknowns are: Mag =0 (atA) Mg, +Moc = Substituting (1) in (7), 2EI 1 2, +5 3g) 8 1 20, +0,-—1 =0 +88 300 204+, = 0.005 —----(10) Substituting (2) and (3) in (8) “El 2(40, #0, +8¢ -q)-9 z 400 6, +40, +0, ~0.0025 =0 0, +405 +8, = 0.0025 Substituting (4) and (5) in (9) 2EL (49, +0, -0.1+0.005)=0 40, +0, -0.095=0 40, +0, = 0.095 - (12) (11) x (4) 40, +168, +49, = 0.010-----(13) (13)-(12) 48, +150, =-0.085 0.010 136, = 0.095 (14) ~ (15) PpHiyderatad | Delhi | Bengals | Bhubaneswar | Vigaypda | Viedkhapamem | Tirupati | Pane | Chennal]O¢ = 0.00250, ~ 40, 0.0025 - 0.0062 ~- 4(--0.0073) 0, = 0.0255 Final_ Moments. Substituting. the values of ©, Op and Oc in equations (1) to (6) Mis a 20, +8, «10° L 2% 0.0062 0.0073 -—— 3 (2 200: Map = 266667 Nmm = 26.67 x10*Nmm = 0.027 x 10’ Nmm Slope Deflection Method = 45.87 x 10’ Nmm 0.027%107 Nmm_ 3,573 x10” Nem cA a oe oumE G 3.573x10" Nmm_ 12.3210" Nm 1232x107Nem 45.8710" Nom S c 12,3210" Nim B D x c a 45.8710 Nmm_ 3,573x10" Nm. Bending Moment Diagram 8x10" 1 ae 2x002ss~00073 +4) = 12.32 x 10’ Nmm Ma = 20, -01+ 4 ) 8x10° 1 =O 2xo.025s-o1+ a =~ 12.40 x 10’ Nmm 261 1 Moc = —| -0.2 + 6, +—— a a wi) 400 = 4.587 x 10° Nmm (ozxumssects)- Analyse the structure in. Fig. by the slope deflection method and sketch the bending moment ‘and shear force diagrams. 20 Nim a Sol: Since D and B are fixed ends, @p = 0, 6: = 0 Hence 0p and @¢ are the two unknowns. Equilibrium equations: Mp, +Mgc = 0 (atB) Ma +Ma +Mex =0 (atC) (@) Fixed End Moments: ‘Treating all supports as Fixed, calculate the fixed end moments Span BAY Mga = W xT =20x1—— =20kNm@ ae 20KN [Since support ‘B" is fixed one, E, 05 =0]-—-- @) Abo Dv au Mce = El®¢ fy ree Mpg = e+ 2E(205 +0,+38) Ti ha z z = 0+ 771 (2(0)+0¢ -0) Span CD: Mo Maco +7E( 20, 484 Span CE: Merce = 0 (there is no lateral load in | span CE) : = 25177120, +040) Mrzc=0 Mop = -25+ Bl ------—- (5) Myc inc #7 (00, +0, 0% = 25+281(240)+0, +2) 4 4 EL M225 +0, © (b) Slope Deflection Equatio pe 2549 oe © Span BC: \ (© Joint Equilibrium Equations: Moc At Joint B, Mpa + Mac =0 281 thee 20-+ C15) + (2/3) BI (265 + @c) = 0 Moc = “15+ (28, +8. +0) | (2/3) El (28 + 9c) =-S. [Settlement is zero in the given problem]. = 28, +0, =-23 —) At Joint C, Moy + Meo + Mee = 0 15+ (2/3)EI(20, +03 )+(-25)+ E10, + El, =0 Ma = My + 21(20, +0, +2) —10 + (2/3) (20c + 6g) + 2EI8¢ = 0 ‘i -10 + (2/3) (26c + Op + 38) =0 =15+ = 28. +0, +0) (2/3) (58c + Op) = 10 5 50, +8, (I Mey =15+ EL (20, +6) ~~ (2) SA eDRE iat 3 Sloving (I) and (II), @¢ and Op can be found ‘out Multiplying equation (II) by 2 Span CE: 30 : 20, +100, => Mee = Mace += 20,404) leo, +0, +0) EL =0+‘Substituting, the values of Og amt Oc in equations: (1) to (6), final moments are calculated'as below: (@ Final moments: Mcp = 16.667 kNm. Span CE: : (4.167) Mg = EIS” at EL Meg =4.167 KNm. “S Slope Deflection Method (@iShear Force Diagram Sjan BA: ON 3 AE) ka = 20180 fps, = 20 kN Span BE:. 20KN ‘Taking moments about C, Roo x 3-20 x3 x 15-20 + 16.67=0 Reo = (1/3) (20 x3 x 1.5 + 20~ 16.67) 11 KN 20 x3 — Ryo = 60-3111 = 28.89 kN Span'€D: 20.833 KNm S0kNm 27,084 kNm 20 @ Re Ro “Faking moments about D, co Reg 44 27.084 — 20.833 ~ 50x 2=0 Ry E Mec = 2.084 kNm ‘Taking moments about E, Res 4 = 4.167 = 2.084 = Res = 1.563 KN () EH = 0 gives, Re = 1.563 (>) Fijdciabad [ Dalki | Béngalora | Bhubaneswar | Viiyawada | Visakhapamam | Tirupad | Pune | Chennai]23.497 2ol 526.563 1.563 |_| Shear Force Diagram Draw the moment diagram Fig El is constant for all slope deflection method for ‘members. Use the analysis 30KN., Sol: Unknowns 05; 8c, 8 Fixed End moments: Since, there is no span loading in any of the member, Fixed Moment for all the members is zero, Due to the lateral load right/top support Sinks/sways to the right, -. 6 is negative the frame shown in | 2 = El(20, +1.58) Moc = Mine +7 ( 45-4205 +(*2)) =0: (0,404) 2 2 =El(Oc + 1.58) =EI(28p ~ 1.58) Mae = Mine + 2={{ 20, +0, +2) é - 04770, +0, +0) =EIQ203 +0.) 2E1 Mos =Mren + “(05 +280 + = 04210, +20, -0) = FI(@, +20) Me = Myo +H 26, +6, + =04284(20, +6 +3) 2 Bottonvieft support sinks/moves To the right, <. 6 is positiveACE Equilibrium Equations: LH = 0=> Ha +Ho +30 =0 ‘Substituting in Mpa + Msc=0 => EI(20, -1.58)+ E1(26, +0,)=0 EI(40, +0, -1.58)=0 40, +8, -158=0 Substituting in... Mcp +Mcp = 0 => EI(6, +20.) + EI(26, +1.58)=0 E10, +40, +1.58)=0 5 +40, +1.55=0 Maa Myo * hy 2m om ie we Mas / Mop 2H, =Mas + Mpa 2H + Mon + Mpc = 0 u, -(MatMa) He 2 a (" si Mus). EIQ, +1 sean Be) = Hib, 35) = BI(L56,:-1.58) uy =-[Mtic) Bee 8) “4 9) = Pies 38) =-BI(L.50, +158) Ha +Hp + 30=0 Substituting in Hy + Hp = -30 EI(1:50, =1.58)=EI(1.50, +1.58) EI(1.50, - 1.50, -38)=-30 1.50, -1.50, -38 = © a Dividing 1.5, 0 ~ @¢~ 28 = ca) -30 DD eagiseesea Hor; Slope Deflection Method 4 1 -15)(@) | 0 14 15 |Jech=} 0 1-1 -2/(8) [= EI Using Gaussian Elimination method, 1 025 -0375: 0 |[0, 0 375 1875: 0 0, 0 -1.25 -1.625: —— EL 1 025 -0375: 0 |(0, O..1 05: 0 fe 0 0. -1 = “e+ 0.58=0 0c==0.58 = -05. 20) oon 250¢ ~0.3756 = 0 = 0.250, + 0.3758 (10) at? 15°20) = 0.25. 10 Oso May = El(0 -1.58) 10, <(20))_ a(t (2) Mpa= EI(20x- 1.58) “n{) 4) el -2({-) Mey = El(@s - 26.) 20kNm. (0 aa) mae Se@ ACE ac 2102; Mey = BI(20, -15.8) “Bf My¢ = BIO, +1.58) “4 B)o(2)- 2mm A 20kNm Bending Moment Diagram 01. The slope deflection equations give the relationship between (@) slope and deflection only (&) BM and rotation only > (© BM and vertical deflection only —————(¢) BM rotation and deflections 03, 02. Which one of the following statemens . The slope deflection equation at end 2 of the is given by GES ~ 00) SW 2 Tr ae [ L L | 3 | a 4 EE Constant is correct? (Es - @) In slope-ieflection method, the forees are taken as unknowns (b) In slope-deflection method, joint rotations are taken as unknowns (©) Slope-deflection method is not applicable for beams and frames having settlement ay the supports (@) Slope-deflection- method is also known ay force method In slope deflection method the displacements considered are due to (@) Shear force (b) Bending moment, (©) Axial force and bending moment (@) Shear force and bending moment member 1-2 for the frame shown in the figure (@) Ma = Zoo, +26,)-WL (Ma = (20, -22) (©) Mx = (20, - 3) (@ Ma: = (0, +26, (RGR peta 0a | esi acon | Veomn [stp | Rese06. For the portal frame shown in the given figure, the shear equation —P Bam 4mm] Eteconstant {4m 07. The slope at ‘Q’ s 7S is oF oF 0 08. ‘The slope at “R’ is 7s 45 9 O20 RRM Es is (ES -96) c OL. (@)..02.(©)..03.(¢). 04. (a) 05. (a) 06.(c) 07. (b) 08. (a) O1. Analyse the continuous beam shown in Fig, by the slope deflection method. Draw the _, Shearig force and bending moment diagrams, ‘Sketch also the deflected shape. 80kN 503 4 kN/m A B c 4.0m 40m 2.0m 120m 02. Analyse the frame shown in fig. using slope 27.5 30 Deflection Method and draw bending a OF moment and shear force diagrams. End A is fixed, joints B and C are rigid, end D is on a rocker and roller bearing. (ES-CE-97)(20M) 28 30 12000 kg/m 275 (ay 30 ew OF ~— im 4 ba | Del | Beneaire | Bhtanesvat | Visa | Vihapanam | Tiupad | Be | Choma2105: Slope Deflection Method A Knee frame ABC shown in fig. with uniform flexural rigidity E1 is fixed at A and connected. at C to a rigid support which is capable of permitting only linear displacement in the horizontal direction. The frame is subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 30 kN/m. Using slopes deflection method. Determine joint. displacements at B and C and reactions at supports A andC. . ((ES-CE-94)20M) 0K | am ed B01.Elastic Theory Versus Plastic Theory: Elastic method is based on Hook’s law. The structural usefulness of the material of the structure is limited to a stage when the stress ~in extreme fiber Teaches the yield stress of the material in bending. The rest of cross section remains under stressed. It is based on elastic properties of steel. ‘The stresses due to working loads do not exceed the specified allowable stresses. The method do not take into account the strength of the ‘material beyond the yield stress. Plastic design of a structure limits the structural usefulness of the material of the structure upto ultimate load: The load is selection of members is done such.that under various combination. of service loads, each multiplied by a load factor, the member ¢ Specified ultimate application in steel structures. The strength of steel beyond the yield stress is fully utilized in this method. The sections designed by this method are smaller in size. ‘The method is economical and also provides a margin of safety which is not less than that provided by the method of elastic design. 02, Basic Concept: Mild steel is basically a ductile material. The concept of ductility of structural steel forms the basis for the plastic theory. In the simple plastic theory, the upper yield point and the strain hard ending range are neglected. It ‘03. Applicability of simple plastic theory: = P zo (€D Stein Hardening zone BC Plastic ange Strain. ——> Hence the plastic analysis of structures is based on the ideal elasto plastic stress strain curve of steel. ‘Aluminum alloys: Can be applied with modifications. «High tensile steel: Not applicable, as this material does not posses a well defined yield point and a horizontal part does not exist in the stress strain diagram. + RCC. can be applied in a manner different to that of steel with limitations on rotations + Brass: Can’t applied being a brittle material Note: Plastic theory is not suitable for structures subjected to impact and fatigue Fijdefabad | Delhi | Bengalura | Bhubaneswar | Viwwawadie] Viskhapamam | Tiupai | Pune | ChennaiPlastic Theory ce s i “EO OG Fig (A): A beam section having atleast one axis of symmetry and beam subjected to pure bending. “than veld moment. : passes through C.G of section. _ Fig (C): Bottom fiber reached yield stress, = Fig (D): Redistribution of stress, initiates. at top. ‘The neutral axis Top fiber also reaches yield:stress. The ~ neutral axis shifts down wards. Fig (E): Redistribution of stress takes place from top fibre also _ Fig (®): The yield spreads upto an axis front bottom and top and the section is’fully | plastified. The corresponding”“axis is called equal area axis. The moment corresponding to this. stage is called plastic moment or ultimate - plastic moment of the section and is denoted by : My. Note: In case the section is symmetrical about both the axis, then the Neutral axis doés not shift. 05. Assumptions: + The material obeys Hook’s law until the stress reaches the upper yield value. On further straining the stress drops to the lower yield value and there after remains constant. ‘+ The upper and lower yield stresses and ‘E” have the same values in compression and in tension. + The material is homogeneous, and isotropic in both elastic and plastic stages. Plane transverse sections remain plane and _-normal_to_the_longitudinal_axis after bending, neglected. the effect of shear being + There is no resultant axial force on, the beam. ‘+ The cross section of beam is symmetrical about an axis through its centroid parallel to the plane of bending. ‘© Bvery layer of material is free to expand and contract. A prismatic beam is shown in the figure given. Consider the following statements: "(IES ~05) ¥ binge 1. The structure is unstable. 2. The bending moment is zero at supports and internal hinge. 3. It is mechanism: 4. It is statically indeterminate. Which of the statements given above islare correct? (a)1,2,3and4——(b) 1, 2and 3 (c)L and 2 (d) 3 and4 Ans: (b) Sol: The static indeterminacy of the given beam Dss= number of reactions-equations =3-3=0 Due to internal hinge additional equilibrium (EM = 0) equation, Hence, Ds=-1 Negative static indeterminacy makes the structures unstable. Unstable structures are also called ~——mechanisms:——— 7 iydetabad | DAlki | Beagalurs | Bhubaneswar | Vipyavada | Visakhapatnam | Tirupad | Pune | Chennai@: BOR tc 06, Plastic Modulus (Zp): The first moment of areas above and below the equal area axis. It is the resisting modulus of completely plastified section. f y zy Ga) ty z, -A&+%) : 2 07. Plastic Moment (My): The moment of fully plastified section, Mp=f,. Zp Plastic Hinge: ‘ + The plastic hinge is defined as a yielded zone due to flexure in a structure in, which infinite rotation can take place-at constant restraining moment (Mp)of the section Gar i + A structure can’ Support the’ computed ultimate load due' to” the formation of plastic hinges at certain critical sections. + The plastic hinges are formed first at the sections subjected to. the” ‘greatest deformation (curvature) : The possible places for plastic hinges-in a structure are: At fixed supports At rigid joints At internal supports At change of cross sections At change of material At the point of zero shear (ic. maximum bending moment) 09. Shape factor: The ratio of fully plastic moment of section to the yield moment of the section, + Fora ductile material like structural steel, a ‘member—teaching—yield~at—the extreme 2108: CIVIL ~ Structural | Om rome = 127 fibres retains a reserve of strength {j varies with the shape factor. + Its a function of the cross section fo or shape and is represented by S. M, = Plastic moment My= Z,= Plastic modulus Z-= Elastic modulus * It is a geometrical property of a section. I “adepends wholly on the shape of cross section. id moment F-Walues for standard sections: — Rectangular - 1.5 @.— Diamond - 2.0 = 2.34 @ — Circular rod - 1.7 » Hollow circula i uf ‘Thin rectangular section =| —2.] ~1.2 Where K= n/n 1 = radius of outer circle, r= radius of inner circle For I~section, About stronger axis ‘XX? = 1.12 About weaker section axis “YY"~ 1.55 jHjderabad | Delhi | Bengaluru | Bhubaneswar | Viayawada | Vieukhapatnam | Tirupal | Panc | Ohana@ustGh 2109: Plastic Theory : 10. Load factor (Q): Ratio of collapse load (We) to the working load (Ww) Q=We/ Ww Collapse load (We): The load corresponding to the formation of a mechanism is called ‘Collapse load’ We = WxLoad factor Relation between load factor (Q), shape factor (S) and factor of safety (F.0.S): For a simple beam the variation of the bending moment with the load is linear. fesn : S=(F.0.S)SW f, here oe = factor of safety as in elastic design f,= yield stress permissible or working stress shape factor Qz= Shape factor x factor of safety as used in elastic design. (for dead load & live load) Example:An T-section beam whose shape factor S = 1.12, f,_f, = -—_-1515 f 0.668, (= 0.66f,, permissible bending stress) Load factor, F = 1.515 x1.12 = 1.70 ‘As per IS 800, Load factor for gravity loads (@L& LL)=17 Load factor with wind = (F.0.S)(ShearFactor 1+ Additional % of Stresses allowed for = 1.3 as per IS 800 The prime function of the load factor is to ensure that the structure will be safe under service conditions. Therefore, it may be regarded as a factor of safety based upon the collapse load. It depends upon the nature of loading, the support conditions, and the geometrical shape of structural members. Uncertainty of the loads, imperfection in workmanship and errors in fabrication are some of the other factors which influence the choice of load factor. Consider the following definition: 1. collapse loadlservice load 2. (collapse loadjservice load) —1 3. ultimate stress|permissible stress 4. (ultimate stress|permissible stress)-1 Of these definitions, those which relate to ‘margin of safety’ would include CES - 96) (a) Land 3 (6) Lalone (o)2and4 (d) 3 alone Ans: (©) IES A beam of square cross-section of side ‘x’ is composed of material whose yield stress in compression is 15 times the yield stress in the tension. What is the distance of the neutral axis from the centre for the fully plastic condition? (ES -06) (a) 0.1% (B)OISx (c) 0.2x (d) 0.25 x son” gee tay [Heo a = depth of plastic neutral axis from top equal A Say, ideo For equilibrium, Compression = Tension ; 3 (RGR) Hy deratod | Delhi | Bengalurw | Bhubaneswar | Viayanadar] Visakhapatnam | Tirapail | Pune | Chennai110: 7 CIVIL - Structural Anaya Given, fye = 1.5 Area in compression x stress in compression -a in tension x stress in tension axf,=(x-a)xf,.) ax(L5f,,)= (x-a)xf,.) x sas 04x Depth of elastic neutral axis from top = 0.5x Distance of elastic N.A. from plastic N.A. = 0.5x-0.4x = 0.1% Neutral axis distance Dy at. plastic moment condition of a triangular cross-section in given figure having similar properties in tension and Further, as plastic NA divides the total ar into two equal parts, 1 1/BD 48,p, =3)22 : A rigid plate C is fastened to steel rod A of area and to steel pipe B of area 2S. The other ends of A and Bare fastened to rigid supports. When the {force P is zero, there are no stresses in A and B, The yield stresses in tension and compression is 6}, The collapse load P under yield conditions is compression is re (IES -01) 3 D D @? OF OF Ans: (@) . ‘Sol: Ds D eee B ‘The plastic neutral axis divides the total area into two equal parts. Let x - x is equal area axis, B,= width of triangle at equal area axis Dj = depth of triangle from vertex to equal area axis From similar triangles concept —= (A) (IES ~02) © @pnr~ Pa 1 ep —— (a) oS (0) 20,8 () 3S (d) oS) 2 Ans: (c) Sot @ © Ss Pay pe 2 Peso, s+a, +25 At collapse both the steel rod of area ‘S” and steel pipe of area ‘25° will reach the yield stress. *. Total collapse load We collapse load of steel rod + collapse load of steel tube S40 y.2S 1We= 3-0, +s RGTSEERERENPREN) a | Dali [a [hades | owas | Vntiopam | Tapa Re [Ge]11. Hinge Length:- Consider a simply supported rectangular beam subjected to a gradually increasing concentrated load W, at the centre. A plastic hinge will be formed at the centre. Here, reference may be made to fig, below Area of yielding = W oH From the bending moment diagram in the above figure My ML: Plastic Theory Where S = shape factor + For rectangular section + For I section with bending about strong L axis S¥1.12=> x= Note: The hinge length of the plasticity zone ‘of a simple beam subjected to uniformly distributed load is uf Bae Length of plastic hinge of a beam depends on which of the following? (ES -07) J. Span of the beam 2. Type of loading 3. Shape of cross-section 4. Yield strength of steel Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1, 2,3 and4 (b) 1, 2 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) Land 4 only Ans: (b) 12. Redistribution of Moments and Reserve of Strength: The redistribution of moment can be explained on the basis of the action and successive formation of the plastic hinges. Under the gradually increasing load on a structure, the plastic moment is reached at a section that is most-highly-stressed--On-further-increase of load, the value of the plastic moment is maintained and the section rotates. A plastic pHijdcrabad | Dali | Bengalurs | Bhubanesar | Vinyavada | Visukhapanam | Tirupai| Pune | Chennal@netSiscen ide: hinge is formed at this section. Other less highly stressed sections maintain an equilibrium with the increased load by a proportionate increase~in the “moment and successive formation of plastic hinges occurs at other sections, where the moment reaches the value of the plastic moment. This process of formation of successive plastic hinges continues till the ultimate load is reached. Therefore, it can be said that flexural members can sustain the ultimate loads due to the redistribution of moments. ‘An example of a fixed ended beam with a concentrated load near one of its support. As the load ‘W’ is increased, the a beam reaches its elastic limit at end, ‘A’ and a plastic hinge is formed. The moments at sections B and C are less than the plastic moment. On a further increase of load, the plastic section at A rotates without absorbing any more moments. The resisting moment at © increases until the plastic moment. On a further increase of load, the plastic section at A rotates: without | absorbing any more moments. The resisting moment at, C increases: until the plastic moment value is reached and a plastic hinge is formed at C. On still further increase of load, a plastic hinge is formed at B and the ultimate load is reached. : ae Mp My Me Concept of redistribution of moments plastic hinges allow a sul redistribution of moment until the fully pig moment is reached at each critical section, redistribution of the moment is the contributing factor to the reserve of streng of strength for a particular problem - illustrated with an example of a fixed endgq beam of span L, loaded uniformly over if entire span. 3 By equilibrium, At the elastic limit, the centre moment is one- half of the end moment. wl? 121 13, Plastic ‘Theory shape factor ‘Assuming a shape factor f = 1.12 for an T- section, Sctaz = 1.493 $x112=14 For this particular problem, the ultimate collapse load is 49.3% greater than the load at the first yield. This is the reserve of strength which is actually disregarded in conventional elastic design. A fixed beam as shown in figure (1) below is loaded with a udl over the entire span the total | load being ‘w’. When load was just increased to ‘xj’ the deformed shape as shown in figure. The value of ‘Ww,’ (plastic moment of resistance = Mp) (IES —96) W, is sm Plastic hinge Plastic hinge = (a) 24MpIL (b) 16Mp/L> (c) 12Mp/L. (d) 8Mp/L “Ans: (¢) Sol: m Plastic hinge Plastic hinge If two plastic hinges formed at supports, the wi 2 Say corresponding moment = Equating the above, yield moment = Mp = wi = 12Mp /P 13. Fundamental conditions for plastic analysis: (@) Mechanism condition: The ultimate or collapse load is reached when a mechanism is formed. The number of plastic hinges developed should be sufficient to form a mechanism. This is also called the continuity condition, If ‘Ds’ is the degree of indeterminacy of a structure, the number of plastic hinges necessary {0 convert a structure into a mechanism ‘n’ are n=Ds + 1 Example: For a S.S. beam r =0 Hence, Number of plastic hinges required for mechanism condition Ds+1=1 () Equilibrium condition: All the equilibrium conditions, i.e. summation of all the forces and moments should be equal to zero. (ZH = 0, EV=0,EM=0) (© Yield condition: The B.M at any section of the structure should not be more than the fully plastic moment of the section(M < Mp). This is also called plastic moment condition. 14. Mechanism: When a structure is subjected to a system of load, it is stable and hence functional until a sufficient number of plastic hinges have been formed to render the structure unstable. As soon as the structure reaches arrunstable conditions, itis considered to have been failed. The segments of the beam between the plastic hinges are able to move GER es | ager ta [ns Cl@ uti illd: without an increase of load. This condition in a member is called mechanism. © Unstable structures ‘Mechanisms. are called ‘Types of Independent mechanisms: () Beam mechanism: All the loaded spans behave as beam mechanisms, a) ForS.S. beam,D,=0 n=1 b) Fixed at one end and propped at other end De=1n=2 » 0) Fixed beam: D, =2,n=3 Gi) Panel or Sway mechanism: It is formed due to lateral loads. Eg: portal frame fixed at both ends, (iii) Gable mechanism: It is exhibited in gable frames. Columns spread more at the top than that at the base. (iv) Joint mechanism: Joint mechanism occurs where more than two structural members meet. ~—~Plastic-hinges-are-formed-in-ail the: members meeting at that joint. (not an independent (v) Composite mechanism: Any of the two independent mechanisms may — combined to form composite mechanism, A beam and gable mechanism are joined 9 form a gable mechanism in this fi 15. Basic theorems of plastic analysis: a) Static theorem or lower bound theorem: It states that for a given frame and loading, if there exists any distribution of bending moments, throughout the frame which is both safe and statically admissible with a set of loads W, the value of W must be less than or equal to the collapse load, We (i., WS We). A load computed on the basis of an assumed equilibrium moment diagram in which the moments are not greater than M, is less than or at best equal to the true ultimate load. Hence, the static method represents the lower limit to the true ultimate load and has a maximum factor of safety. ‘The static theorem satisfies the equilibrium and yield or Plastic Moment conditions Wsx=0414L Substituting, value of “x? in equation (1) 11.656My L Wwe The figure below shows a continuous beam loaded with concentrated loads W at the centre of each span. The value of W at collapse will be(IES - 97) (a) 3.2M,IL (0) 4 My v wv (6MgL i ()64MjL Me O8My My@ iA iat 2118: IVIL = Suctral Analy ‘Ans: (¢) ExampIesI0} ] Sol: ; wow For the beam shown in figure the collapse load ‘p: I i = is given by Pp (IES~96) al Mr pf osm, fo Mr ty (a) 16M, /L Ke Le LHe Ly () 14/7 Mp 2m 7 (c) 12Mp/ L ‘Consider mechanism of beam AB f 3 ire Tae ‘Ans: (d) Sol: P W.=WS= w(5}o 2 Wi=M,0+M;,040.8M,6 =2.8M,.0 We =Wi . = W=5.6My Consider mechanism of beam BC ‘ ‘Wis 0.8 Mp.0 + 0.8Mp.0 +.0.8My.0 + 0.8 Mp. =3.2Mr.0 ‘Number of independent mechanisms W.=Ws= wee = Number of possible locations of plastic hinges 2 —Ds=4~2=2 Note: Plastic “hinges are possible where ever BM is maximum, at fixed supports, rigid joints, change of cross section, change of material, under point load with supports on both sides Hence collapse load is the least value of the > above two mechanisms, [= We=5.0Mp. Note: The number of plastic hinges to convert a__{ — structure tora mechanism = Ds+1 | --For the given fixed beam, three plastic hinges | are required for mechanism.| @ ns! ana Mechanism 1: Two plastic hinges at fixed Supports and the third under the load. ‘External work Feet n= Ps Internal work Wi = 0+ My 8+ My.0+2M,.0 = 5Mp0 According to virtual work concept We= Wi L | = le = sep. »(E} SMp.8 => P=10Mp/L Mechanism 2: Two plastic hinges at. fixed supports and the third at the’ change of cross section. We = P.5, = P. (Ep ‘Wi = Mp.0 + Mp.0 + Mp.0; + 2Mp.01 = 11Mp.6 Note: If a section has two different plastic moment of resistances on either side, the failure occurs by formation of plastic hinge. slightly towards weaker side with least value of Mp. Hence at section ‘D’, the value Mp only. shall be | considered on both sides of plastic hinge We= Wi => P= 22Mp /L Note: collapse load is the least value of different mechanisms. Hence P = 10 Me/L Short cut: Fixed beam will generally have maximum moment under point load. Further as the =. section under point load has least plastic moment, of resistance, the mechanism ‘1’ will decide the collapse load. Hence in objective paper, quickly adopt mechanism “1” only to save time. Plastic Theory Bape) The collapse load of the frame shown below is @)4M,/1 W (0)2.5M,/1 ©35M,/T (@ None 1, Mp 1, Mp a NT ‘1Z. Ans: (©) Sol: 1 Mp We MP 21, 2Mp Mr We= Wed We. 20.1 Mp.20 + Mp.20 + Mp.0 + 2Mp.0 Mp9 We =3.5 Moll Given figure shows a portal frame with loads. All members have the same plastic moment of resistance Mp. The ratio P; to P2 for beam and sway mechanism is (a1 @2 ©3 @4 Ans: (b) Hera | Delhi | Bengalura | Bhubaneswar | Vieyavadacl Vieekhapatnam | Taupad | Pane | Chennal]16. Classification of Cross — Sections; (As per clause 3.7 of IS 800-2007) Plate elements of a cross-section may bug locally due to compressive stresses. The log buckling can be avoided before the limit is achieved by limiting the width to thi ratio of each element of a cross-secti subjected to compression due to axial fore moment or shear. . ‘When plastic analysis is used, the membery shall be capable of forming plastic hinges with sufficient rotation capacity (ductility) without local buckling, to enable the redistribution bending moment required before forming fe the failure mechanism. ee When clastic analysis is used, the members shall be capable of developing the yield stres: under compression without local buckling. On basis of the above, four classes of sections are defined as follows: (@) Class 1 (Plastic) - Cross-sections, which can develop plastic hinges and have the rotation capacity required for failure of the structure by formation of plastic mechanism, are called plastic sections. Only these sections are used in plastic ananlysis and design. Such a ‘stocky section will exhibit considerable ductility (@2>66) as shown in fig. below fy Where, i 61 is the rotation at the onset of plasticity; ®, is the lower limit of rotation for treatment as. a plastic section). Further, these are the only sections used in indeterminate frames forming plastic collapse mechanism .The stress distribution for these ‘sections is rectangular.distributions for these . sections. is rectangular. , (© Class 3 (Semi-compact). Cross sections, in which the extreme fiber in compression can reach yield stress, but fy cannot “develop the plastic moment of resistance due to local bucking are called semi- ‘compact sections (assuming an. elastic distribution of stress). Ina semi-compact 4v section the yield stress can be reached only in some parts of compression elements before buckling og ‘occurs. It is not capable of is reaching a fully plastic stress distribution. ‘These @ rvs Foasicrion 2191: astic Theory distribution for such sections is triangular. (d) Class 4 (Slender) — Cross-sections in which the elements buckle locally even before reaching yield stress. In such cases, the effective sections for design shall be calculated either by following the provisions of IS 801 to account for the 5 st-local-buckling strength or by Elastic plastic moment- Reducing width of the Somers eae bassin thane element in excess of the semi-compact () Class 2 (Compact) — Cross-sections, section limit. These sections are used in which can develop plastic moment of sould foreiea members. resistance, but have inadequate plastic... hinge rotation capacity, for formation of plastic mechanism, due ‘to’ local buckling are “p called as compact.” sections. These cross. sections may develop fully plastic stress distribution across the entire cross section but do not have adequate ductility (01<02<60;). These can be used for all ies ea coe melas EEE the structural elements. The stress | Noge, Tn the above classification, it is assumed that the web slendemess ratio is such that its buckling before yielding is prevented. Since this classification is based on bending, it ‘cannot be used for compression members. Only plastic and compact sections should be used in limit state design and only plastic sections can be used in mechanism forming indeterminate frames. The class of section is determined by the lowest class of all its constituent elements. ‘The width to thickness ratio of plate elements of above cross sections shall be less than that specified in Table 2 of IS 800-2007. sections are used in elastic design. The stress Wo, M &Mp ()W2We,M¥Mp (d)W< We,M>Mp 27. The design of a structure based on static or equilibrium_or_low_bound theorem. of plastic analysis is on (@) Safe side (©) lower bound side (b) unsafe side (@) None _ GARR aa ete | brea | Vipaade | Veapsoam | Tapa | Be [Chea@ustSh aa 28. In case of kinematic theorem or upper bound theorem in usual terms are (a) WS We, M#Mp — (b) W2 We, M £Mp_ (OW2W.M% Mp (@) WS Wo M>Mr 29. The design of a structure based on kinematics ‘or mechanism or virtual work or upper bound theorem is on the (a) safe side (©) upper bound side (b) unsafe side (@) None 30. A propped cantilever of span ‘L’ is subjected to a concentrated load at mid-span. If Mp is plastic moment capacity of the beam, then the value of the collapse load will be (IES - 99) 12Mp 8Mp oe @ Se 6Mp 4Mp oO Or 31. The ratio of collapse load of propped cantilever of span ‘L? carrying a: UDL. throughout the span to that of;.a” simply~ supported beam carrying the same load is ES - 98) (a) 1457 (©).2.000 () 1.500 (@ 3.000. 32. In a propped cantilever subjected to a concentrated load, plastic instability occurs When (@) the moment at fixed support reaches the plastic limit (b) the moment at the load point reaches the plastic limit (©) two plastic hinges are formed @ three plastic hinges are formed 33. Match List - I Beam) with List ~ Il (Collapse load) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: (IES 00) List -1 A. Fixed beam with a central point load B._Fixed beam with a udl of intensity ‘w,.” C. Propped cantilever with a central point load D. Simply supported with a central point load 194: List - 1 8M, 16M, oe 2, OMe L L ™, aM, 3. —* 4.—= L E Codes: ABCD ABCD @1 2 43 @2 13 4 ©2143 @1 2 3-4 34, In a plastic analysis of structures, the segment between any two successive plastic hinges is assumed to deform as (ES - 05) (a) A plastic material (b) A tigid material (© An elastic material @) An inelastic material 35. For the fixed beam shown below the plastic failure load is 13 yp (IES—98) (2) 10Mp / 1. (B) 12.5Mp/L, Mp (©).15Mp /L. on @ 16.5Mp/L. - 36. The number’ “of possible independent “mechanisms for a portal frame shown in the ~ given figure is p oes-O» @2 pot ws @1 @3 Statement for Linked Answer Q.37& 38 A two span continuous beam is shown below. ‘The beam is of uniform Mp. Assume yield stress = fy. The beam is of rectangular uniform section, We CIVIL - Structural Analysis AGREE RTD ected [Dae | Benes | Bhobneser | eon | tape [ Teal | Re | ChalPlastic Theory @8™M,/L (b) 4M, /L (©6MyL_ (@)16 My . The design section modulus required for the beam is WL WL oe © on om . The moment of resistance of the elasto-plastic section of a rectangular beam plastified for (1/3)" of the depth from top & bottom. fibres: (y= yield stress) DDN Ee | ws Bustic [> a3 kb I i 2 2 @ i ® e © Sen (@none 2 A ductile structure is defined as one for which the plastic deformation before fracture (IES - 96) (a) is smaller than the elastic deformation (b) vanishes (©) is equal to the elastic deformation (@is much larger than the deformation elastic Consider the following statements about ~ shape factor: (IES - 03) 1. It indicates the increase of strengths of a section due to plastic action over elastic strength. 2. It is a ratio of plastic moment of resistance id point moment of resistance. 3, Beam sections which have bulk of area near neutral axis will have a low shape factor. Which of these statements are correct? (@)1,2and3 (b) 1 and3 (© Land 2 (d)2 and 3. 03. What is the distance between elastic neutral axis and plastic neutral axis for the cross- section as shown in figure below? (IES — 09) oy @) 60 mm om Fam S (6) 50mm T © 40mm (6) 20 mm ae | ale Which of the following statements is/ are correct?” (ES- 01) 1, Plastic hinges are reached first at sections subjected to greatest curvature. 2. Formation of plastic hinges allows a subsequent redistribution of moment until fully plastic moment is reached at each ~ critical section. 3. The maximum load is attained when a “mechanism forms. Select the correct answer using the codes given below. (@) 1, 2and3 (b) Land 2 (©) 1and3 (a) 2 and3. . The plastic modulus of a section is 5 x 10% m®, Its shape factor is 1.2 and the plastic moment capacity is 120 kNm. What is the value of the yield stress of the material? ES - 05) (a) 100 N/mm? 2 (c) 240 N/mm? pS od ate (@) 288 N/mm? [RGU aes Daas | Sa | ats | Vigo | Vinita | Tepe Rew | eeQed ariee 06, 07. 10, . For an I~ beam the shape factor . A steel beam of rectangular cross ~section is 1196: A SS beam of span ‘L’ supports a ‘concentrated load “W? at its mid span. If the ‘cross section of the beam is an I-section, then the length of elastic -plastic zone of the plastic hinge will be (ES - 95) @L8 %L4 @ML2 @sLa A rectangular steel section of width ‘b’ and depth *h’ has been stressed up to yield point ‘oy’ up to a depth of h/4 from both the top and bottom face. under the action of a moment wis ES — 95) @ (10/24) bh”, 0, (&) @h7/4). 0, (©) (11/48 ) bh? oy (@) (43/36) bI 112. The” factor of safety in bending is. 15. If the allowable stress is increased by: 20% for wind and earth quake loads, then the load factor is (ES — 95) , @11 125 @ 1.40 (6.135 clamped at both ends. Deformation is | just observed when the UDL on the beam is 10 kN/m. At the instant of collapse, the load - onthe beam willbe (IES- 98) @) 10KN/m (b).15 ky m (© 20KN/m @30 N/m ‘Three wires of steel 1, 2 and.3. each baving area ‘A’ support a load W. What isthe _ ratio: between collapse load and the load corresponding to yielding of one of the wires? @3:1 (b) 3:2 ©3225 @)3:3 @r strain across the section will be as in ae. 12. For the fixed beam shown below, the collapse load is (Es -97) (@) 10Mp /L 1° (b) 12Mp /L i (6) 16Me/L free 10M 4. (@)20Mp / L 7 13. A continuous beam with constant El is shown in the given figure. Collapse load for this beam will be equal to (IES - 01) 14, A continuous beam ABC of two equal spans ‘AB and BC carries a load Pat Z, the centre of BC. Then the magnitude of collapse toad P is equal to (IES ~ 02) CIVIL. Structural Analysis 11. In a plastic hinge, the actual distribution of (IES ~ 99) |15. _ 17. 16. 18. Calculate, collapsible load for the following beam L @4M,7L a L2 (b) 2Mp /L (6M, /L (@) 8M, /L P A. portal frame subjected to central concentrated load and horizontal load is shown in the figure, Likely positions where the plastic hinges ‘can form in combined mechanism would include (ES—93) (23,5 ® ® ©1445 @ 7 ©2 1 @ (45° MpL| My L 3,5 He: <2 ah Given figure shows a portal frame with loads. All members of ‘frame. have same plastic ‘ moment of resistance Me. The value of “W? at collapse is (IES —96) 2W. (0) 2Mp/L (0) 4Mp/L (©) 16Mp/L (@ 8Mp/L At the point of collapse, what is the value of horizontal thrust at point A in the loaded frame shown in figure below? (@)3P \* 2? TT 4 (LSP ap tM i 1 2197: Plastic Theory Common Data for Questions 19 & 20 19. A propped cantilever of length 6 m and of rectangular section of 20 x 40 cm is bending as shown. Yield stress, fy = 100MPa. It is subjected to central point oad ‘W’. 6m span The plastic moment carrying capacity of the section is kN-m Neglecting the self weight of the beam, the collapse load is KN 02.() 03.@) 07.) 08. @ 12.@) 13.@ 06. (a) 1L@) 09. (c) 14.) 10.6) 15.(0) 17.0) 18.©Qrrvaicb Fiterion 2128 CIVIL ~ Structural Analysis 04. For the two hinged portal frame loaded as | shown in fig. Find the value of W at | : poet = collapse. Assume that the plastic moment of OL. "Define “Shape Factor’ Determine the shape resistance Mp is the same for all the factor of rail section which is symmetrical members. about vertical axis, top flange being 4 cm x 4 wow ‘cm, bottom flange -16 cm x Jem and web 1 eel is |y om x 8 cm. Area of section = 40 cm? y Centroid of the section lies at 5.6 cm from ‘bottom ~(IES-CE-96) (15M) 02. A portal frame ABCD fixed at the base i D| carries an ultimate concentrated load of 2.4 ls P, at the centre of beam BC and ulti horizontal load P, acting at B from ‘left to right. The lengths of columns’AB and-Cp | 95: A portal frame with fixed ends consists of are 2a and 3a, respectively and the beam jg |. 0 columns and a beam each of length 1 2a long. Each column’ has fully plastic The left column has a plastic moment 2Mp i last and the right column has a plastic moment oF bee of My while ee Fa nee ae Mp while the beam has a plastic moment Mp. am is My Assuming M, If the left column be subjected to a determine M,, and M,, “<\,uniformly distributed load, find this load collapse may just occur whatever may ‘intensity to produce the collapse of the direction of horizontal force. frame, 03." Determine the collapse load for the frame | ABCD shown in the figuie. . The geometry of the frame, loading “and: properties are’ given in the figure. (IES-CE-08) (20M). | Femi 2m Pn, gta ety ™ 2Mp Me | W/unit ran 2a lAy 2 DEFINITION: Influence line for any parameter ‘at a section (such’as reaction, shear force, B.M or force in a member of a truss) is a diagram showing the variation in the _ parameter at that section as a unit load rolls over the span. The ordinate at any point will have the value of the parameter at the desired section, as the unit load occupies the position of ordinate. ILD for Reaction, S. F and B. Mz a) Simply supported beams: i) LL.D for reaction at supports ILD for reaction @B. ILD for reaction @A ii) 5.S beam with point load : gt 108 Tm cee! Rolling Loads & Influence Lines $8.8 beam with u.d.l shorter than span: Ra = area of ILD x intensity of udl Ra=¥4 (5/6 +1/2)x2x3 =4t Rb = 4(1/6 +4) x2x3=2t 30m Rafim = 2m 3m [Rb NOTE: For maximum possible reactions, the Toads até to be suitably placed on the girder. (i) ILD for shear force at a given section kK x aS, = 1 wt lat (iil) LL.D for BM @ a section ‘D*@: iE at 2130: | CIVIL - Structural Analysis b) S.S beams with overhang : 3. Maximum end shear @ @" W: We Wi We A Ry B Rl a) System of rolling loads: Ray = reaction at A (end shear) when wheel load ‘Wy’ at A Raz = reaction at A when “W,’ is rolled off and W2 is placed at A Ray > Rag, if Loadrotedoft _, sumof emininglosdsonspan ‘succeeding wheolspace ‘Spanlength Placed from that support b) ‘ud shorter than-span-:-For- maximum end shear ata support, the udl should be ©) ‘ud? Longer than span: For maximum end. shear will occur at either support if span is fully loaded Match List — I (Beam)with List — 1 (influence line for BM) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: GES - 99) List -1 List 1 r@ ™J——a \ Ke 1 a 1 3 , ® ry @® WW of +g ix / © 12 Tp a. \E Codes: “.A BCD ABCD @21°3 5 3 14 5 e253 4 W135 4 Ans: (a) Sol: a spisatons Pace wat Tost Now "BM af FL. Mart te 4 etioosay, ot LL unde te ay, i Q ead position essumed, If unit load is He L— 1 pice he Bat 8 ea cae te iD for BM at Suc epee caterer te ange ith seo oto ed sey 2) at snd ordinate Lat ee end. GEE nar {Det | Bena | Bieber | Vinavads | Viathayabani] Tinpad] Re | Chea]agneetig Peblctions :18L: Rolling Loads & Influence Lines Espanta Fass wil Td 3 (2) 0.75 KN and 2.25 kNm ow st 1s equ @) SEN and 5 kNm ses in of 3 (0) 7.5 KN and 10 kNm lanier ivait ad f o ,e leat a't ee he LL (@) 10 KN and 30 kNm Pabst ncn U's taper wl et sate 08 en fines OS™ | Ans: @) cow Sol: 1 sm 13 mate 9 m3} tos! Calculation of S.F [op spanner ics = oe SP 075} 20 bad ‘ =10kN fine 0. then Da a scen 2 inant seven Tes] lal die moma iain —— 6 om = =x 2.2520 9 B.M=30kN The given figures sbow a beam with its inifience | tine for shear force and bending moment at section i ‘The values of the shear force and bending moment at section ‘1’ due to a concentrated load of 20 kN placed at midspan will be GES - 00) 4 Cc kame 9 m9} 02s . -A,udl of 30 KN/m and 4m length rolls over a span of 16m. The absolute maximum B.M in ‘kN.M’ is <@)210. &)360 (©) 420 (@) 840 Ans: (c) Sol: 30 KN/m aos (aataglrtet /k-—— 6 m | YY 4m =@: AMOR cas 2132: CIVIL - Structural Analysis For absolute maximum B.M the u.d.l shall be placed symmetrically with respective center. Accordingly the LL.D is shown above, a The absolute maximum B.M = = Intensity of UDL x Area of ILD under UDL = zs Seal) = 420 kN-m 4. Maximum SF at a given section: ) Wheel loads : Ser =S. Fat ‘C’ with W, at C Sea =S. Fat ‘C’ with Ws at C Se > Seo, if WoW Ws We Ws Loadrolspatseston, sum falas succeeding wel” an b) Maximum SF. at a section’idl §) Load position for maximum +ve S:F fu 5) Maximum B.M at a given section : i) For wheel loads : Wi W2 Wi Wi Ws We c pa eagle General condition: Average load on AC = Avg load on BC. However, for wheel loads, ‘maximum’ BM at a given section of a beam occurs When a section, and when the average load on the left side of section minus the average load on right side of section changes sign when’ the point load passes over the section. ii) For udl shorter than Span: Condition : Average load on AC = Average load on BC Z= (h/D xd ii)“ When length of udl is greater than span : Condition: Span is to be fully loaded 9) Maximum B.M under a chosen wheel load : ‘The B.M under a chosen load of a wheel load system will be a maximum, when the load system will be a maximum, the load system is So placed on the girder that the chosen load and the resultant of all the wheel, loads are equidistant from the middle point of the girder. 7) Absolute maximum B.M. ( for SS beam) : (A) Wheel loads: The absolute maximum ~B.M-will generally occur at @ Section near the centre of span, Ago) see ieee | Vinee [an£138: Rolling Loads & Influence Lines i 1) By inspection select the wheel load by (b) u.d.l longer than span maximum + SFD: placing of which the B.M at mid span may ee | beamaximum, “(parabolic variation) ii) Now the load system is to be placed in 21 such a way that the resultant of all wheel to wil) Toads and the load chosen in step (i), are equidistant from the midpoint of span. t e ii) With the loads in the above position, the (eon B.M under wheel load is the absolutely ee w(e-x maximum B.M for the girder. en ete a ; we |B) “ud? longer than span: (parabolic variation 0 to Hon. AC |::.::.. Absolute: maximum BM occurs at the Maximum B.M.D: Positive at a section “el to centre when the whole span is loaded, &¢ from left, of a be: ie AL wi Ihe averag “> The absolute maximum BiMi= “2 BM wes) (parabolic) minus th (C) u.di shorter than span: NS we mm change . absolute maximum B.M_ occurs at the Maximum BM = “— at centre over thl centre of span when dad is symmetrically | placed on the span. | © > udshorter than span: j : ags| Sy “Max 4ve SF: ud! with nose is the —_ quantity “diagrams (for 8.5. ©, section and extending towards left from (@ Single point load: |” é the,ggetion, i) Maximum — ve SE at a section occurs | hie teva, sn eai-oam ren ae ike when the load “W" i placed just on left section and extending towards right from hand side of a section. The variation of || the section. | maximum shear =e the span is Jinear Oo. | “ tow) t Mex #ve BM: u.d.l located near the section such that the section divided the Ss span’ as well as length of u.d.l in the same eet 7 ratio, ed =. 09. Influence lines for Indeterminate 7 structures: Th see Maller Brestau’s Princip real |i) Similey, for maximum + ve SF when | Gcmont If any consaint i removed eae | ae decplaoed on right: hand side.of from a structural system and the released Teed |=" tay paaaantiea NLD: effect is allowed to act on the system there Piast) lt yanaeee aiser eel by deflecting the structure by a small ter, See ett wi amount, the resulting profile will be, to "| parabolic maximum B.M = ©! some scale, the LL.D for the released pe | constraint. nua + _The released parameter can be B.M, S.F = | (RGR aera | Hap | Maat | Vineet | Veiga | Taped | Pe | GheaalACE b) Applications: (To draw influence lines) i) To any linear system including beams, frames and articulated structures. ii) To determinate as well as indeterminate structures. + In the case of determinate systems, the LL can be obtained directly by allowing unit deformation corresponding tothe constrain. +—-Only-qualitative-diagrams’can be obtained for Indeterminate systems. Basis: It is a straight forward application of Maxwell Betti theorem of reciprocity. The method is based on the concept-/of the influence line as a deflection curve. Consider the following statements: P: Muller-Breslau’s principle. is applicable only to indeterminate structures” Q: Muller-Breslau’s principle is applicable only to determinate struct R: Muller-Breslau’s principle is Applicable 10 both determinate and indeterminate structures S: For a two span continuous beam ABC, the ’| influence line diagrams is/are an L @ 10) : ILD for Ra @ " ILD for Re Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) P and S (ii) (@) Rand S @) ~——Oands i) @) Rand SGii) — | For the continuous beam shown aside, the LL.D Ans: (d) Sol: i)—> wrong since given value in right si A L L Cc FeHEO| v ILD for Ra ILD for Ry ‘+ Muller-Breslau’s principle is applicable to both determinate and indeterminate structures ; For a two span continuous beam ABC, the influence line diagrams for ‘Ra’ will have unit. vertical displacement at A but zero displacement at B and C. In S(j)- some non zero displacement is shown at ‘C’. Hence S; is wrong. + The LL.D for Rp shown is correct in SGi) as unit displacement is shown at “B’ only and zero displacements for A and C for reaction ‘D’ is 2, pr prtegy @ AB c D© tr -fa4—4}2 @ — +t A B g D Hinge kia"! Applying Muller Breslau’s principle: Allow unit vertical displacement at ‘D’. The resulting deflection profile is the LL.D. At‘C’ due to hinge with continuous supports at B.& we ‘Which one of the following diagrams, corresponds to the influence line diagram for moment at A of. the beam shown below in the figure? (IES ~ 06) DE 8B c Ite ike LA 2 A @ jot aon 2185: A, part ABC does not deform. Hence option | Rolling Loads & Influence Lines @ Ans: (a) Sol: D = B ‘ ne LAL 1a Rp , 4 : . Res F 3 cadtan ee 2c 2 f E ILD for moment atA ‘The LL.D for moment at ‘A’ is drawn using free body diagrams. ILD for moment at A Place unit load at A, => Ma =0 Place unit load at D => Ma = 1xL=L Place unit load at mid span of DE 1 2Rp= = sone L 2Ma= = er) Place-unit load at E,Rp-= Land Rp=0 Since,Rp=0 .Ma=0 Shortcut: Use Muller Breslau’s principle (REPS [a Hes [car Vardi] Ving | Temps] Pane | Cham]@ sid Biricion 1186: CIVIL ~ Structural Analysis 10. LL.D for truss members: procedure is similar to beams. However being members subjected | [RRURBIERE) to axial forces, method of sections is adopted. The following examples will give clarity. The given fig shown a portal truss: ‘The influence line for force in member BC will be pe B ES - 95) ‘What is the maximum ordinate for influence line for the force in the member (A B) marked X? ES - 09) 7 nl ti 6m 4 @ tm A 8B e662 36 m —__4 @10 133 @150. + @2.50* Ans: (b) Sol: Inpuence lin for BC: The frame shown is through type truss in which loads will be transferred to the bottom Consider vertical equilibrium of joint ‘C’. If | joints. “Consider ‘the joint ‘j’ which is unit load is in at C, Fae = 1 (Tensile). If unit \ opposite to the member ‘x” (beam shown). load is not at C, Fyc = 0. Hence LL.D is as shown Assume the given truss as simple supported above beam. Draw B.M.D for section ‘j’ similar to simple supported beam. Maximum ordinate aaa =[2 2 )=x2t 4 33 een a6 36x63 7 99 RGAE) ad [Ga esi [| ee es ee‘The influence line” diagram for force in member “XY of the truss shown in figure will be k#——._ 6@L=-6L | ILD for force tn vertical member XY 2187: Rolling Loads & Influence Lines -. Apply DV = 0 on right side of section Fy =1—Rp = 5/6 (compression) If load moves towards ‘B’ and applying above equation, Fry decreases linearly. If load at B, Ra = 1 and Fy =0 A truss of panel dimensions 3mx4m is shown in the following figure: The influence line diagram. forthe force in the member UzLs is Un Us_Us le | em Tats te Ta tg uy @ 12: [7 bias : ‘Ans: (a) Influence line for xy : sie : Consider the vertical equilibrium right to Wi uy Ue ue section a—a 4 Re =Fy 2 + “Apply unit load at A, then Rx = 0, hb “TF =O 7 7 Ra ‘Apply unit load at ‘x’, then Rp = 1/6CIVIL - Structural Analysis O1. What is / are the use(s) of influence lines? GES - 07) (@) To study the effect of moving loads on the structure Influence line for Uz Ls: (6) To calculate the value of stress function Pass a section ‘a-a” as shown With the critical load condition it : i © To find the position of live load for ‘Assume unit load on left side of section. amoximum Value of peaeulcn Apply EV = 0 to right of section stress function “Fu Ls.sin® = Rp (compression) (& Towards all the above purpose 02, Fora S.S beam ‘AB’, influence line diagram for reaction at (Rp) is (@)a triangle having zero ordinate at A and oe unit ordinate at ‘B’. (©) a rectangle (©) a triangle having zero ordinate at “B’ and Consider part of LL.D of Re ‘c08eC0 upto Le from ‘A’, © unit angi te at a Assume unit load on the right of @ a triangle having zero ordinates at ‘A’ and _| ‘Analyze from left side “SB? and unit ordinates at midspan, : Apply ZV = 0 to left of s 03. Which “one of the following is comrect in respect of the influence line for the bending moment at one- fourths of the span from left a Support of a prismatic beam simply supported at ends? (IES ~0s) @) Itis composed of straight lines only Note:The length of truss in "Which the force 8 7 som Gane ieee changes sign is called focal length. “AGIs perbote RyzLy =R, cowed Consider part of LL.D of Rq cosee® upto Ls from *B: Hence option ‘a’, 04. Which one of the following statements is correct? (IES - 04) The influence line diagram (ILD) for bending moment at a section in a cantilever is a triangle extending between the section and the (@) fixed end with maximum ordinate under the section (®) fixed end with maximum ordinate under the fixed end . (©) unsupported end with maximum ordinate _} ~~at the section ~~ © unsupported end with maximum ordinate at the unsupported end@ ACE 2189: Rolling Loads & Influence Lines 05. What is the variation of influence line for stress function in a__ statically determinate structure ?. (IES = 07) (@) Parabolic —(b) Bilinear © Linear (@) Uniformly rectangular 06. A unit load passes over a span of 8m. The LL.D for S.F at a section 2m from left support is A am C 3/4 07. For a S.S, beam of span 10M, LL.D is drawn for B.M at a section 4m from the-Jeft hand || support. The maximum B.M at the section due. to a moving point load of 160KN, is equal to. (a) 640 kN.m (b) 960:KN.ma. (©) 384 kNan (@) 400 kN. 08.A number of wheel loads 3t, 4t, St and 6t spaced 2m, 3m and 3m respectively move on a S.S beam ‘AB" of span 24m with the °3t° load Teading from left to right. To find the maximum B.M at 8m from ‘A’, the load that must be placed at the section is (@)3t (b) 4 Os We 09. Three wheel loads 10t, 26t and 24t spaced 2m apart roll on a girder from left to right with the 10t load leading. The girder has a span of 20 metres. For the condition of maximum bending moment at a section 8 metre from the left end (a) The 10t load should be placed at the section. (b) The 26t load should be placed at the section. (c) he 24t load should be placed at the section. (d) Hither the 26t load or the 24t load should bbe placed at the section. Common Data for Questions 10 & 11 A simply supported beam of 16 m span is traversed by two point loads of 10 KN, 20 KN, with 10 KN load leading. The distance between the loads is 3m. 20. 10 16m A B 3m 10. The maximum B. M at centre of the beam is (@) 80 KN. m (b) 105 KN. m (©) 105.35 KN.m (@ None 11. Tie absolute maximum B. M is (a) 79.6.KN. m (b) 105 KN. M (0) 105.35KN.m — (@) None 12. What is the shape of Influence line diagram for the maximum bending moment in respect of a simply supported beam? IES — 05) (a) Rectangular (6) Triangular (© Parabolic @ Circular 13. Muller Breslau Principle in structural analysis is used for (GATE - 03) (a) Drawing influence tine diagram for any force function (b) Writing virtual work equation (©) Superposition of load effects (@ none of these 14, Muller-Brestau Principle is applicable to get influence fine for which one of the following? ES - 08) (a) Reaction at the ends of simple beam (b) Bending moment ti (e) Shear force at a section (@ Forces and moments at any section [Delhi | Bergalana | Bhubaneswar | Viayaveda | Vieathapatnam | Tirupati | Pane | OheonalES ~ 00) © 16. What is the ordinate of influence line at B for _ reaction Rp in figure below? ». (IES — 09) @05 A BS bs D 04 4 a a O08 smarter a (d) Zero 1. The influence line for shear force at a section X, 4m from left support of a S.S girder ‘AB’ is shown aside. The S.F at ‘X? due to a ud. of intensity 2t/m ‘covering entire span will be @s A_4m {* 12m B wat Bix Q OM @t at the mid-span of the beam is best represented as ES ~ 95) 4 c Common Data for Questions 11 & 12 4 B & Examine the pin-jointed truss shown in the - 2h ty | figure below. DL = 10 kN/m and LL = 20 N/m. (Sree deeto tatmnc | Vow] Venting | Tropa | Rie | Chem1 42. CIVIL ~ Structural Anal Six equal panels of length 9 m 11, The design force for the member ‘CH’ is @) 90 KN (b) 180 KN (© 210KN @zero 12. The design force for the member ‘ED’ is (@) 90 kN (©) 180 kN (© 210kN @zero 02.) 03. (a) 04.@) (07:(c) 08: (c) 09. (b) ) 12). 13.@) 14.@) 02. (0) 03.(6) 04.) 07.(@) 08. (@ 09.(b) 01 02. 03. “Ty Moment ata i : The self weight of a deck type truss shown below is 20 kN/m. A live load of 10 KNim and of length 8 m rolls over the truss. Each span is 4m. The height of truss is 3 m. a . @ ANY" J 6 spans of 4 m each —— a) Find the design force of the vertical member ‘1’ and the top chord member OF Five - concentrated loads 40kKN, 120KN, JOOKN, 60KN and 80KN spaced at equal distances of 3m between them cross from left to right of a S.S beam of span 40m with the 40KN load leading. Find the maximum B.M ata section ‘C* 15m from ‘A’. ‘A beam PORS is 18 m long and is simply supported at points Q and R 10 m apart, Overhangs PQ and: RS are 3 m and 5 m respectively. A train of two point loads of 150 KN and 100 KN, 5 m apart, crosses this beam from left to right with 100 KN load leading. a) Find the maximum sagging moment under the 150 KN load. 'b) During the passage of the loads, find the maximum and the minimum reactions at support R, in KN. ©) Find the maximum hogging moment in the beam. Draw qualitatively the influence lines for the beam shown in the fig. eae 1 —_+— 1 i) Vertical reactions at A, B and C iii) Shear force at X, a section between A and B pBiderabad | Deli | Bengalura | Bhubaneswar | Viayawada | Visakhapatnam | Tirapad| Pune | Chennai