Assignment No 4

Assignment No 4
Q#1:
Compare the overcurrent relay, differential relay, percentage
differential relay and supervised differential relay regarding their
effective implementation for transformer protection?
Solution:
Overcurrent relay for transformer protection:

Overcurrent relays are used on all feeding circuits to a transformer. Their function
is to back up the differential protection and the protective relays on the road side of
the transformer. The overcurrent relays perlorm as a primary short-circuit
protection if no differential protection is used. Instead of overcurrent relays, under
impedance or distance relays are required when there is a large difference between
the maximum and minimum short-circuit fault MVA.
Overcurrent relays with an instantaneous element for high-fault currents are

normal ly used in each phase. The overcurrent relay is normal ly set for operation
at about 150% of the rated current of the transformer. The time delay must be long
enough to avoid tripping due to the magnetizing inrush current when the
transformer is energized. Time selectivity must also be attained between the relays
on the primary and secondary side of the transformer.
Improvement in protection is obtained in two ways: The excessive delays of the

high rupturing capacity fuse for lower fault currents are avoided and an earth-fault
tripping element is provided in addition to the overcurrent feature. The time delay
characteristic should be chosen to discriminate with circuit protection on the
secondary side.
A high-set instantaneous relay element is often provided, the current setting being
chosen to avoid operation for a secondary short circuit.
Differential relay for transformer protection:

A transformer differential relay campares the current ted to the transformer with
the current leaving the transformer. Transformers for correction of phase shift in
the power transformer and for ratio corrections are needed.
For transformers with a tapchanger, the ratio of the current transformers should be
calculated for balanced currents when the tap-changer is in the middle position.
The protective zone of a differential relay includes faults in the transformer and
faults on the buses or cables between the current transformer and the power
transformer.
A differential relay has therefore a larger protective zone than a gas detector relay.
When bushing CTs are used for the differential relay. the protective zones can be
considered to be equal. Fast operation of the relay is obtained when the differential
current through the relay is larger than the setting of the relay.
When applying a differential relay to a Yy connected power transformer, it may

sometimes be possible to choose the main CTs on both the high and low voltage
side of the transformer with ratios making the secondary currents equal at both
sides. However, to prevent any operation for external ground faults, one set of
auxiliary CTs with a delta connected tertiary winding or two sets of auxiliary CTs
connected Yd are required.
When the power transformer is connected Yd, auxiliary CTs are always required at
least on one side of the transformer for balancing of the currents and for correction
of the phase angle between the currents.
Percentage differential relay for transformer protection:

The percentage differential relay is designed to operate the differential current in
terms of its fractional relation with actual current flowing through the circuit. It is
used to protect the system under Current transformer saturation, unequal CT ratios,
nuisance trip.
Two coils are there in the relay. One is operating coil and another one is restraining
coil. Restraining coil produce force or torque which will oppose the operating coil
of the relay.
Under normal condition, the force produced by the restraining coils is greater than
the force produced by the operating coils. Therefore, relay does not operate.
During fault condition…the operating force become higher than the restraining
force, due to this the operating coil trips the mechanism.
Supervised differential relay for transformer protection:

The Current flow in each phase of the CT is monitored by the CT supervision
relay. A coil is connected in Parallel with Current transformer of each phase
terminal. The CT super vision relay monitors all three phase of the Current
transformer. Under Normal conditions the current flow in all three phase is equal
the relay become inoperative.
The inrush current phenomenon in large power transformers presented an

insurmountable obstacle to the percentage differential relay design when it was
introduced. Measures were introduced for counteracting the tendency of the relay
to trip for inrush conditions. One of the earliest ideas was to desensitize the
differential relay when the transformer is energized.
Thus, the less sensitive relay would not see the inrush current, thus avoiding a false
trip. However, desensitizing (or disabling) the differential relay during energization
is a poor practice, as it is precisely during the initial energization of the
transformer, when the transformer is first energized, or some repair work on the
transformer may have been completed, that the transformer is in need of
protection. This is to ensure that the repair work has been successfully completed,
and no maintenance tools inadvertently left inside or around the transformer.
The next significant step was the introduction of the concept of voltage supervision
It may be expected that during the inrush conditions, the transformer voltage would
be close to normal, while during faults, the voltage would be much less. Thus, an
undervoltage relay may be used to supervise the differential relay. If the
undervoltage relay can be set to distinguish between a normal transformer and a
faulted transformer, then it could be used to block the differential relay when it
detects a voltage above its setting. In general, this type of voltage supervision is
not preferred, as the undervoltage relay tends to be slow, and consequently the
entire protection becomes slower. More importantly, this type of protection
requires a voltage source for the transformer relay, which is an added expense, and
may not be justifiable in many cases

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Assignment No 4

Overcurrent relay for transformer protection:

Overcurrent relays with an instantaneous element for high-fault currents are

Improvement in protection is obtained in two ways: The excessive delays of the

Differential relay for transformer protection:

When applying a differential relay to a Yy connected power transformer, it may

Percentage differential relay for transformer protection:

Supervised differential relay for transformer protection:

The inrush current phenomenon in large power transformers presented an

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