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    Basic Concepts

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    rejie magnaye
    The document provides an overview of some basic concepts in chemistry, including: 1) The structure of atoms including protons, neutrons, electrons, atomic number, mass number, and isotopes. 2) Quantum theory concepts like quantization of energy, emission spectra of hydrogen, and the Bohr model of the atom. 3) Trends in properties like electronegativity and orbital overlap that can be understood from the periodic table. 4) Bonding theories including molecular orbital theory, valence shell electron pair repulsion theory, and examples of molecular orbital diagrams.

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    Basic Concepts

    Uploaded by

    rejie magnaye
    29 views39 pages
    The document provides an overview of some basic concepts in chemistry, including: 1) The structure of atoms including protons, neutrons, electrons, atomic number, mass number, and isotopes. 2) Quantum theory concepts like quantization of energy, emission spectra of hydrogen, and the Bohr model of the atom. 3) Trends in properties like electronegativity and orbital overlap that can be understood from the periodic table. 4) Bonding theories including molecular orbital theory, valence shell electron pair repulsion theory, and examples of molecular orbital diagrams.

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    The document provides an overview of some basic concepts in chemistry, including: 1) The structure of atoms including protons, neutrons, electrons, atomic number, mass number, and isotopes. 2) Quantum theory concepts like quantization of energy, emission spectra of hydrogen, and the Bohr model of the atom. 3) Trends in properties like electronegativity and orbital overlap that can be understood from the periodic table. 4) Bonding theories including molecular orbital theory, valence shell electron pair repulsion theory, and examples of molecular orbital diagrams.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views39 pages

    Basic Concepts

    Uploaded by

    rejie magnaye
    The document provides an overview of some basic concepts in chemistry, including: 1) The structure of atoms including protons, neutrons, electrons, atomic number, mass number, and isotopes. 2) Quantum theory concepts like quantization of energy, emission spectra of hydrogen, and the Bohr model of the atom. 3) Trends in properties like electronegativity and orbital overlap that can be understood from the periodic table. 4) Bonding theories including molecular orbital theory, valence shell electron pair repulsion theory, and examples of molecular orbital diagrams.

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    Some Basic Concepts

    Topics
    • Atomic Structure & Wave Mechanics
    • Periodic Table
    • Trends from the Periodic Table
    • Bonding Theories
    • Molecular Structure
    Structure of the Atom
    Composed of: protons
    found in nucleus
    • protons relative charge of +1
    • neutrons relative mass of 1.0073 amu
    neutrons
    • electrons found in nucleus
    neutral charge
    relative mass of 1.0087 amu
    electrons
    found in electron cloud
    relative charge of -1
    relative mass of 0.00055 amu
    Atomic Number, Mass Number,
    & Isotopes
    • Atomic number, Z Nuclear Notation
    – the number of protons in the nucleus
    A
    – the number of electrons in a neutral atom E
    – the integer on the periodic table for each element Z
    • Mass Number, A
    – integer representing the approximate mass of an atom
    – equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the
    nucleus
    • Isotopes
    – atoms of the same element which differ in the number of neutrons in the
    nucleus
    – designated by mass number
    Isotopes vs. Allotropes
    Isotopes - atoms of the same element with
    different numbers of neutrons
    Allotropes - different forms of an element
    Carbon exhibits both
    • Isotopes: C-12 C-13 C-14
    • Allotropes: graphite, diamond, and
    fullerenes
    Quantum Theory
    = c
    where => frequency
    => wavelength
    c => speed of light
    Ehi - Elo = hc/
    where E => energy
    h => Planck's constant
    c => speed of light
    => wavelength
    Quantum Theory
    For the Balmer series
    = 1/ = R(1/22 - 1/n2)
    where R => Rydberg constant for hydrogen,
    1.097 x 107m-1
    For the Lyman series
    = 1/ = R(1/12 - 1/n2)
    Quantum Theory

    Fig. 1.2 Part of the emission spectrum of hydrogen.


    Quantum Theory

    Fig. 1.3 Transitions in hydrogen emissionspectrum.


    Bohr Model
    radius
     n2h2
    r = -------------
    42mZe2
    where
     = permittivity of a vacuum
    = 8.854 x 10-12Fm-1
    h = Planck constant = 6.266 X 10-34 J*sec
    n = 1, 2, 3….describing a given orbit
    m = electron rest mass = 9.109 X 10-31 kg
    e = charge on an electron
    = 1.602 X 10-19 C
    Bohr Model
    energy
    - 22mZe4
    E = ----------------
    n2 h2
    where r => radius of Bohr orbit
    n => principal quantum number,
    which energy level
    h => Planck's constant
    m => mass of the electron
    Z => atomic number
    e => charge on the electron
    Quantum Numbers
    n => principal quantum number, energy level
    n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, etc.
    Quantum Numbers
    l => secondary quantum number, type of
    orbital
    s type orbital l = 0
    p type orbital l = 1
    d type orbital l = 2
    f type orbital l = 3
    Quantum Numbers
    m => magnetic quantum number, which orbital within
    sublevel
    s type orbital m=0
    p type orbital m = +1, 0 or -1
    one value for each of the three p orbitals
    d type orbital m = +2, +1, 0, -1 or -2
    one value for each of the five d orbitals
    f type orbital m = +3, +2, +1, 0, -1, -2 or -3
    one value for each of the seven f orbitals
    s- and p-orbitals
    d-orbitals
    f-orbitals
    Periodic Table
    Ground state electronic
    configurations
    MO Diagrams for H2
    More MO Diagrams
    Molecule Orbitals for p- atomic orbitals
    General MO Diagram
    Trends from the Periodic Table
    electronegativity
    1932 Pauling- based on bond energies
    1934 Mulliken- based on the average of the
    first ionization energy and its electron affinity
    1958 Allred & Rochow- based in terms of
    electrostatic force operating on valence
    electrons due to the effective nuclear charge
    1962 Jaffe- modification of Mulliken scale
    based on differences in kinds of bonding
    Electronegativity
    Pauling Scale
    • relative attraction of an atom for electrons,
    its own and those of other atoms
    • same trends as ionization energy, increases
    from lower left corner to the upper right
    corner
    • fluorine: E.N. = 4.0
    Orbital Overlap
    MO Diagram of XY
    MO Diagram of HF
    Simplified MO Diagram of CO
    More Rigorous Diagram of CO
    VSEPR Theory
    VSEPR Theory
    ClF3
    Geometric Isomerism:
    Fac vs. Mer

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