Module-1: Introduction To Fluid Mechanics

MODULE-1
Introduction to fluid Mechanics

Introduction
Fundamental concepts
What is the fluid? Fluid such as water or air is defined as a substance that deforms
continuously when acted on by a shearing stress of any magnitude.
Fluid is: A substance capable of flowing – gases & liquids
Fluid mechanics: is branch of applied mechanics concerned with the behavior of
liquids and gases at rest and in motion (statics and dynamics).
The analysis of fluid behavior . Change of shape is caused by shearing forces, if a fluid
is at rest there can be no shearing forces in it.
A fluid is difficult to compress,gas is easily to compress.
Units and dimensions
A dimension is a measure of a physical quantity without numerical values. But the
unit is a way to assign a number to the dimension
Example: L – Length is dimension
m- meter is a unit for length
Systems of units:
•British Gravitational (BG) System
quantities dimensions units

Length L Foot (ft)
Mass M slug
Time T Second (s)
Force F Pound (Ib)
Temperature θ Fahrenheit
(0F)
•International System (SI)

quantities dimensions units
Length L Meter (m)
Mass M Kilogram (kg)
Time T Second (s)
Force F Newton (N)
Temperature θ Centigrade
(0C)
All other units are derived from these fundamental units.

Example
Velocity (v: m/s)
Force = mass * acceleration
1 N = (1 kg)(1 m/s2) SI units
1 Ib = (1 slug) (ft/s2) BG units

Other systems of units
•Foot – pound – second system (FPS)
•Centimeter – gram – second system (CGS)
•Meter – kilogram – second (MKS)
In mechanics all quantities can be expressed in terms of the fundamental

dimension of mass (M), length (L) and time (T).if an equation is to represent which
is physically real the terms on both the sides must be same sort ( example all
forces)as well as the two side being numerically equal, otherwise the equation is
meaningless.
1 litre=0.001m3
1 min=60 sec
UNIT AND DIMENSIONS
04/09/2021
Example1: find the dimensions of acceleration
Acceleration = distance / (time)2
So that,
Dimensions of acceleration = L/T2
= LT-2
Example2: find the dimension of force

So that, Force = mass * acceleration
Dimensions of force = M * L/T2
= MLT-2
Example 3
The equation v2 = u2 + 2as gives the final velocity of a body
V is the final velocity, U is the initial velocity, a is the acceleration and s is the distance
find the dimensional homogeneity of this formula.
Solution
The dimensions of the quantities are v = LT-1 , u = LT-1 , a = LT-2 , s= L
(velocity=distance/time)
(V=L/T=LT-1 )
V2 = (LT-1)2 = L2T-2
U2 = (LT-1)2 = L2T-2
as = (LT-2)(L) = = L2T-2
All the three terms have the same dimensions and the equation is dimensionally
correct.
Newton's second law
Force = mass * acceleration
1 Ib = (1 slug) (ft/s2)
1 N = (1 kg)(1 m/s2)
Difference between weight and mass
The weight (which is force due to gravity)
In BG units
W = mg
W (Ib) = m (slug)*g(ft/s2)
In SI units
W = mg
1 N = (1 kg)(1 m/s2)
Unit of work in SI system is joule (J)

1 J = 1 N.m
Power is the watt (w) [ 1 W = 1 J/s = 1 N .m/s ]
•If V is a velocity and L is a length and
g is a gravity and t is a time which of the following are
dimension or dimensions less and why?
gL
V2
LV
tgL
gt
V
Some important unit & conversion for fluid
1 ml = 1 cm3 (or cc) 1 US gallon = 3.78 liters
1 liter = 1000 cc 1 US barrel = 42 US
gallons
1 m3 = 1000 liters 1 US barrel = 159 liters
1 dm3 = 1 liter 1 UK gallon = 1.2 US
gallons
Density: there are three forms of density

Density (ρ) kg/m3 or slugs/ft3
Density is the mass per unit volume (Greek symbol rho ρ)
=m/v
•1.Specific volume :volume of a fluid occupied by unit mass; v=V/m, v = 1/ ρ m3/kg
•2.Specific weight
N/ m3 or Ib/ft3
Specific weight
is the weight per unit volume.
=W/V,W=m*g
=(m*g)/V,
=m/v
3.Specific gravity
Specific gravity or relative density SG is the ratio of the weight of substance to the
weight of an equal volume of water
ρ Hg = (13.55)(1000 kg/m3) = 13.6 x 103 kg/m3
ρ Hg = (13.55)(1.94 slugs/ft3) = 26.3 slugs/ft3
Viscosity
10–4 ■ VISCOSITY
Viscosity: A property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid to
motion or the “fluidity”.
Drag force: The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the flow
direction. The magnitude of this force depends, in part, on viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is a

measure of its “resistance to
deformation.”
Viscosity is due to the internal
frictional force that develops
between different layers of
fluids as they are forced to
move relative to each other.
A fluid moving relative to

a body exerts a drag
force on the body, partly
because of friction
caused by viscosity. 14
Real fluids, even though they may be moving, always "stick" to the solid boundaries
that contain them.
The viscosity of the fluid determines its ability to resist these shearing stresses
Fluid motion can cause shearing stresses

Viscous flows: Flows in which the frictional effects are significant.(in which
continues steady motion occurs )
Inviscid flow regions(zero viscosity): In many flows of practical interest,
there are regions (typically regions not close to solid surfaces) where
viscous forces are negligibly small compared to inertial or pressure forces.
(µ) Dynamic viscosity: It is defined as shear force per unit
area.(forces needed by a fluid to overcome its own internal
friction)
Units:
SI unit (N.s/m2)
In CGS system (1 poise = 1 g/ cm. s)
In FPS system (slug/ft. sec)
du/dy = velocity gradient
Kinematic viscosity:
Kinematic viscosity  (Greek symbol nu) is the ratio of dynamic
viscosity to mass density(kinematic viscosity depends on density
not on forces)
Steady versus Unsteady Flow
• The term steady implies no change at
a point with time.
• The opposite of steady is unsteady.
• The term uniform implies no change
with location over a specified region.
• The term periodic refers to the kind of
unsteady flow in which the flow
oscillates about a steady mean.
• Many devices such as turbines,
compressors, boilers, condensers,
and heat exchangers operate for long
periods of time under the same
conditions, and they are classified as
steady-flow devices.
Oscillating wake of a blunt-based airfoil

at Mach number 0.6. Photo (a) is an
instantaneous image, while photo (b) is
a long-exposure (time-averaged) image. 9
Solution
•SI units
ρf = SG * ρH2O = 0.91(1000 kg/m3)=910 kg/m3

Re = ρvD/μ
Re = 156
•BG units
ρ = SG * ρH2O = (910 kg/m3)(1.94*10-3) = 1.77 slugs / ft3
v = (2.6 m/s)(3.281) = 8.53 ft/s

D= (0.25 m )(3.281) = 8.20 * 10-2 ft
= (0.38 N.s/m2)(2.089*10-2) = 7.94*10-3 Ib.s/ft2
Note:1 kg/m3 =1.94*10-3 slugs / ft3

1m/s=3.281ft/s
1m=3.281ft
1 Ns/m2=2.089*10-2 Ib.s/ft2
Re = 156
2-The density of oil is 850 kg/m3. Find its relative density (Specific gravity)
and Kinematic viscosity if the dynamic viscosity is 5 X 10-3 kg/ms.
ρ oil = 850 kg/m3 ρ water = 1000 kg/m3
•SG oil = 850 / 1000 = 0.85
Dynamic viscosity, µ = 5X 10-3 kg/ms

•Kinematic viscosity, = µ / ρ
= µ / ρ=
= 5.88x10-6
3.The velocity distribution of a viscous liquid (dynamic viscosity µ = 0.9
Ns/m2) flowing over a fixed plate is given by u = 0.68y - y2 (u is velocity in
m/s and y is the distance from the plate in m).What are the shear
stresses at the plate surface and at y=0.34m?
Solution:
a)The shear stress at the plate face (y=0)
b)At y = 0.34m,
As the velocity gradient is zero at y=0.34 then the shear stress must also be zero
5) 5.6 m3 of oil weighs 46,800 N. Find its mass density, (ρ) and relative
density,(SG).
Weight 46,800 = mg
Mass(m) = 46 800 / 9.81 = 4770.6 kg
Mass density (ρ) = Mass / volume = 4770.6 / 5.6 = 852 kg/m3
SG =
6) In a fluid the velocity measured at a distance of 75mm from the boundary is
1.125m/s. The fluid has absolute viscosity (DYNAMIC VISCOSITY) 0.048 Pa s
and relative density 0.913. What is the velocity gradient and shear stress at
the boundary assuming a linear velocity distribution?
µ = 0.048 Pa s
(relative density)SG = 0.913
u-velocity(1.125m/s), y-distance=75mm
1)velocity gradient
Surface Tension
At the interface between a liquid and a gas, forces develop in the liquid
surface which cause the surface to behave as it were a “skin” stretched
over the fluid mass.
Within the body of a liquid a molecule is attracted equally in all
directions by the other molecules sorrunding it,but at the surface
between liquid and air the upward and downward attractions are
unbalanced.The liquid surface behaves as if it were an elastic membrane
under tension.surface tension cause drops of liquid to tend to take a
spherical shape and is also responsible for capillary action which cause
liquid to rise in a fine tube
The intensity of the molecular attraction per unit length along any line
the surface is called the
surface tension (Greek symbol  sigma N/m)
Increase of temperature causes a decrease of surface tension.
Force balance inside and outside
2R = PR2
P = Pi - pe =
Liquids are usually considered to be incompressible, where gases are generally
considered compressible
Vertical force due to surface tension = 2Rcos
Weight force = R2h Capillary action in small tubes,
Force balance then which involves a liquid-gas-solid
R2h = 2Rcos interface, is caused by surface
tension.
h=
the value of =0 for water and for mercury=1280
Example:
1.A 0.6 mm diameter glass tube is inserted into water at 20 0C in a cup.
Determine the capillary rise of water in the tube.
Solution
h= R=d/2=0.6/2=0.3mm=0.3*10-3m
(The surface tension of water at 20oc is 0.073N/m)
1 (the contact angle of water with glass is 0o)
h=
Ideal gas law
PV=mRT,where
v=specific volume , ρ=m/v.
P = ρ RT
In the ideal gas law absolute pressures and temperatures must

be used.
R = 1716 ft/slugs. 0R
Absolute temperature= F + 460 0R
Absolute temperature= 0C +273 K
Absolute pressure= gauge pressure +101.33 kpa
Absolute pressure= gauge pressure + 14.696 psi
Newtonian / Non-Newtonian Fluids

Newtonian fluid: fluid for which the shearing stress is linearly related to the
rate of shearing strain. In Newtonian fluids viscosity remains constant no
matter the amount of shear applied for a constant temperature.
Ex: water, mineral oil, gasoline, alcohol.
Non- Newtonian fluid: fluid for which the shearing stress is not linearly related
to the rate of shearing.The viscosity of the fluid changes.Ex: cornflour and
water, ketchup,paints,glue,cosmetics.
strain
PROBLEM 5
Determine the density, specific gravity, and mass of the air in a room
whose dimensions are shown in Figure below at 100 kN/m2 and 25º C.
Consider air as an ideal gas and the gas constant of air is R= 0.287 kPa.
m3 / kg K.
ρ=? ,S.G=?, m=?

p=100KPa , T=250C ,R=0.287 Kpa m3/kgK,
V=4*6*5=120m3
Wkt, PV=mRT
m=PV/RT
m=100*120/(0.287*298)
m=140.308kg
ρf=m/v=140.308/120=1.169kg/m3
S.G= ρf/ ρw =1.169/1000=1.169*10-3
Problem6
Determine the mass and the weight of the air contained in a room whose
dimensions are 6 m _ 6 m _ 8 m. Assume the density of the air is 1.16 kg/m3.
Answers: 334.1 kg, 3277 N
Problem 7: Determine the density, specific gravity, and mass of the air in a
room whose dimensions are shown in Figure below at 8 bar and 26º C.
Consider air as an ideal gas and the gas constant of air is R= 0.287 kPa. m3 /
kg K
1 bar=105N/m2 OR Pa
1 bar=100 kpa
V=πr2h.
V=3.1415*(5.528/2)2 *10
V=240m3
M=2283.2kg
ρf=m/v=9.51m3/kg
S.G= ρf/ ρw=9.51X10-3

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MODULE-1

Introduction to fluid Mechanics

quantities dimensions units

•International System (SI)

All other units are derived from these fundamental units.

1 Ib = (1 slug) (ft/s2) BG units

In mechanics all quantities can be expressed in terms of the fundamental

Example2: find the dimension of force

Unit of work in SI system is joule (J)

Density: there are three forms of density

The viscosity of a fluid is a

A fluid moving relative to

Fluid motion can cause shearing stresses

Oscillating wake of a blunt-based airfoil

ρf = SG * ρH2O = 0.91(1000 kg/m3)=910 kg/m3

ρ = SG * ρH2O = (910 kg/m3)(1.94*10-3) = 1.77 slugs / ft3

v = (2.6 m/s)(3.281) = 8.53 ft/s

= (0.38 N.s/m2)(2.089*10-2) = 7.94*10-3 Ib.s/ft2

Note:1 kg/m3 =1.94*10-3 slugs / ft3

•SG oil = 850 / 1000 = 0.85

Dynamic viscosity, µ = 5X 10-3 kg/ms

(relative density)SG = 0.913

the value of =0 for water and for mercury=1280

1 (the contact angle of water with glass is 0o)

In the ideal gas law absolute pressures and temperatures must

Newtonian / Non-Newtonian Fluids

ρ=? ,S.G=?, m=?

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= (0.38 N.s/m2)(2.08910-2) = 7.9410-3 Ib.s/ft2