Closed Circuit Rebreather, incorporating

User Instruction Manual

WARNING
Life support equipment, which includes the EVOLUTION Rebreather, requires
specialist training before use.

Several problems may arise when using a rebreather, many of which, if not dealt with properly, may
have fatal consequences. It is, therefore, essential that you understand exactly how this rebreather
works, the maintenance that must be carried out, the purpose of every component and the operational
requirements. This manual is not the definitive guide to rebreather diving and is no substitute for
proper training and closed circuit rebreather experience.

Do not use the rebreather without proper training.

Build up your experience gradually. Do not expect to be a good rebreather diver straight away. It
takes time and practise to perfect buoyancy control and to become aware of the idiosyncrasies of
rebreather diving and of the apparatus.

Most of the problems you can experience are referred to in this instruction manual. It is in
your interest that you take the time to read and study it.

All products are sold only on the understanding that only English Law applies in cases of warranty
claims and product liability, regardless of where the equipment is purchased or where used.

 1997-2005 This manual remains the copyright of Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd and cannot be reproduced without prior written approval.

Author: Martin Parker

JANUARY 2005 Version No.04/05
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-2-
 CONTENTS
CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................... 3

EVOLUTION LAYOUT:...................................................................................................................... 9

EVOLUTION FEATURES: ................................................................................................................ 10

Dual oxygen controllers: ............................................................................................................ 10
Dual Head Up Displays:............................................................................................................. 10
Intelligent Battery System: ......................................................................................................... 10
Suppressible Warnings: .............................................................................................................. 10
Wrist Mounted Display: ............................................................................................................. 11
Auto Setpoint Switch: ................................................................................................................ 11
Backlight Control: ...................................................................................................................... 11
Demo Mode ................................................................................................................................ 11
Continuous Oxygen Control....................................................................................................... 11
Decompression Options: ............................................................................................................ 11
Optional CO2 scrubber gauge and Temp-Stik (patent applied for): ........................................... 11
Oxygen Cells with Co-axial Connector:..................................................................................... 12
PC Download and Upload:......................................................................................................... 12
Language Options: ..................................................................................................................... 12
Dive Log:.................................................................................................................................... 12
Dive Planner: .............................................................................................................................. 12
At a distance diagnostics (via email):......................................................................................... 12

CLOSED CIRCUIT SURVIVAL........................................................................................................ 13

VISION TEST .................................................................................................................................. 14

SECTION 1 IMPORTANT INFORMATION .............................................................................. 15

1.1 Gas ................................................................................................................................... 15
1.2 Weighting......................................................................................................................... 15
1.3 Buoyancy Control ............................................................................................................ 16
1.4 Familiarity of Controls and Harness ................................................................................ 16
1.5 Understanding ppO2 ......................................................................................................... 16
1.6 Setpoint Selection ............................................................................................................ 17
1.7 Descending....................................................................................................................... 18
1.8 Mask Clearing and Pressure Equalisation........................................................................ 18
1.9 Mouthpiece ...................................................................................................................... 18
1.10 Ascending ........................................................................................................................ 18
1.11 Breathing Resistance........................................................................................................ 19
1.12 Counterlung Choice ......................................................................................................... 19
1.13 Gas Consumption............................................................................................................. 19
1.14 System Integrity - Leaks .................................................................................................. 20
1.15 Check for Water............................................................................................................... 21
1.16 Flooding and Clearing Drills ........................................................................................... 21
1.17 Water Management.......................................................................................................... 21
1.18 System Integrity - Indications.......................................................................................... 22
1.19 Batteries ........................................................................................................................... 22
1.20 Surface Swimming........................................................................................................... 23
1.21 Surface Buoyancy and Trim ............................................................................................ 23
1.22 Quick Post-Dive Checks .................................................................................................. 23
1.23 Practise............................................................................................................................. 23

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 1.24 Solenoid operation and the main oxygen risks during the dive .......................................24
SECTION 2 DEFINITIONS ..........................................................................................................26

SECTION 3 OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS ...................................................................29

3.1 General .............................................................................................................................29
3.2 Gas Consumption .............................................................................................................30
3.3 Oxygen Benefits ...............................................................................................................31
3.4 Decompression .................................................................................................................32
3.5 Oxygen Controllers ..........................................................................................................32
3.5.1 Accuracy of the Oxygen Controller .................................................................................33
3.5.2 Oxygen Cell Life ..............................................................................................................33
3.5.3 Interpreting the ppO2 Displays .........................................................................................33
3.5.4 Effect of Moisture on the Cells ........................................................................................34
3.5.5 Setpoint Selection.............................................................................................................34
3.5.6 Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity ............................................................................................35
3.5.7 Oxygen Limits for Diving Operations..............................................................................36
3.6 Duration of the CO2 Scrubber ..........................................................................................36
3.6.1 How do I know when the CO2 absorbent can no longer absorb CO2?.............................37
3.6.2 Extra CO2 Considerations ................................................................................................37
3.7 Symptoms Associated with Low and High Oxygen Levels, High CO2 Levels and
Oxygen Toxicity...............................................................................................................38

SECTION 4 APPARATUS COMPONENTS ...............................................................................39

4.1 Counterlungs ....................................................................................................................40
4.2 Over-Pressure Exhaust Valve...........................................................................................40
4.3 Mouthpiece Valve ............................................................................................................41
4.4 Breathing Hose Connectors..............................................................................................41
4.5 Colour Coding of Convoluted Hose Connections............................................................42
4.6 Diluent and Oxygen Inflators ...........................................................................................42
4.7 Automatic Diluent Valve (ADV) .....................................................................................43
4.8 Weight Pockets.................................................................................................................44
4.9 Buoyancy Compensator and Harness...............................................................................44
4.10 Auto Air............................................................................................................................44
4.11 Audible Warning Device..................................................................................................45
4.12 Oxygen Solenoid ..............................................................................................................45
4.13 Head Up Displays.............................................................................................................46
4.14 Scrubber Monitor (optional).............................................................................................46
4.14.1Scrubber Monitor (optional).............................................................................................46
4.14.2 Subsequent dives ..............................................................................................................48
4.14.3 Tracking............................................................................................................................48
4.15 Case Mounted Cylinder Clamp (optional) .......................................................................48
4.16 Display strap.....................................................................................................................48
SECTION 5 POWER ON ..............................................................................................................49
5.1 General .............................................................................................................................49
5.2 Switch On .........................................................................................................................50
5.3 Software (Code) Version..................................................................................................51
5.4 Owner’s Registration Screen............................................................................................51
5.5 Open O2 Valve..................................................................................................................51
5.6 Check Diluent...................................................................................................................51
5.7 Check Bailout ...................................................................................................................52
5.8 Electronics Self-Test ........................................................................................................52
5.9 Failed Self-Test ................................................................................................................52
5.10 Battery Check ...................................................................................................................53

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 5.11 Elapsed On Time.............................................................................................................. 54

SECTION 6 CALIBRATION ....................................................................................................... 55

6.1 Must Calibrate! ................................................................................................................ 55
6.2 Calibrate? ......................................................................................................................... 56
6.3 Ambient Pressure ............................................................................................................. 56
6.4 Oxygen %......................................................................................................................... 56
6.5 Open Mouthpiece............................................................................................................. 57
6.6 Flushing............................................................................................................................ 57
6.7 Unsuccessful Calibration ................................................................................................. 57
6.8 Successful Flush............................................................................................................... 58
6.8.1 Verification of ppO2 ........................................................................................................ 58
6.8.2 Indicators to look for during calibration .......................................................................... 59
6.8.3 Periodic Calibration Check .............................................................................................. 59
6.8.4 Linearity Check................................................................................................................ 60
6.8.5 Checks prior to each use .................................................................................................. 60
6.8.6 Verifying the ppO2 during the dive.................................................................................. 61

SECTION 7 DIVE MODE ............................................................................................................ 62

7.1 Dive Mode – Surface Display.......................................................................................... 62
7.2 Master/Slave Controllers. ................................................................................................ 63
7.3 Master/Slave Batteries ..................................................................................................... 63
7.4 ppO2 display..................................................................................................................... 64
7.5 Dive Mode – Underwater Display ................................................................................... 64
7.6 Switch Functions – Dive Mode ....................................................................................... 65
7.7 High/Low Setpoint Switching.......................................................................................... 66
7.8 Head Up Displays (Hud) – Dive Mode............................................................................ 67
7.9 Cell Validation ................................................................................................................. 69

SECTION 8 MENU MODES........................................................................................................ 70

8.1 Menu Mode – surface -CCR ............................................................................................ 70
8.1.1 High Setpoint Adjustment................................................................................................ 70
8.1.2 Low Setpoint Adjustment ................................................................................................ 71
8.1.3 Setpoint Switch on descent .............................................................................................. 71
8.1.4 Setpoint Switch on ascent ................................................................................................ 71
8.1.5 HUD Intensity.................................................................................................................. 72
8.1.6 LCD Contrast ................................................................................................................... 72
8.1.7 Backlight Options ............................................................................................................ 72
8.1.8 Backlight Brightness........................................................................................................ 73
8.1.9 Elapsed On Time - Display and Reset. ........................................................................... 73
8.2 Menu Mode – surface -DECO ......................................................................................... 73
8.2.1 Select Diluent................................................................................................................... 74
8.2.2 Gradient Factors (Trimix version only) ........................................................................... 75
8.2.3 Conservatism Level (Nitrox version only) ...................................................................... 76
8.2.4 Depth Units ...................................................................................................................... 76
8.2.5 Time and setting............................................................................................................... 76
8.2.6 Dive Log .......................................................................................................................... 77
8.2.7 Oxygen Exposure % ........................................................................................................ 78
8.2.8 Demo Mode ..................................................................................................................... 78
8.2.9 Demo Mode – “ Underwater”- Menu .............................................................................. 79
8.2.10 Demo Mode – Surface Interval Display .......................................................................... 80
8.2.11 Exit Menu......................................................................................................................... 80
8.3 Menu Mode - Underwater................................................................................................ 81

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 8.3.1 Open Circuit Decompression ...........................................................................................81
8.3.2 Change Diluent.................................................................................................................83
8.3.3 Cell Check ........................................................................................................................83
8.3.4 Additional Underwater Menu Displays/Options - CCR...................................................84

SECTION 9 WARNINGS AND REMEDIES...............................................................................86

9.1 Low Oxygen Warning ......................................................................................................86
9.2 High Oxygen Warning .....................................................................................................87
9.3 Open Circuit Oxygen Warnings .......................................................................................87
9.4 Cell warning .....................................................................................................................88
9.5 Low Battery Warning.......................................................................................................89
9.6 Dive Start Error!...............................................................................................................90
9.7 CO2 Scrubber Warning! ...................................................................................................90
9.8 Oxygen Toxicity Warnings ..............................................................................................91
9.9 Ascent Speed Warning .....................................................................................................91
9.10 Ceiling Violation (decompression versions only) ............................................................92
9.11 Master Oxygen Controller................................................................................................92
9.12 Error Priority ....................................................................................................................92

SECTION 10 POWER CONTROL .................................................................................................93

10.1 Power Shutdown...............................................................................................................93
10.2 Promoting Slave Controller to Master..............................................................................94
10.3 Reinstating a switched off Slave Controller.....................................................................94

SECTION 11 DECOMPRESSION .................................................................................................95

11.1 Gas Selection....................................................................................................................95
11.2 Gradient Factors (Trimix) and Conservatism Settings (Nitrox).......................................96
11.3 Deep Stops........................................................................................................................98
11.4 Pre-dive - Surface.............................................................................................................98
11.5 Submerging ......................................................................................................................99
11.6 Diluent Selection ..............................................................................................................99
11.7 Dive Timer .......................................................................................................................99
11.8 No Stop Time ...................................................................................................................99
11.9 TTS – Total Time to Surface..........................................................................................100
11.10 Ceiling ............................................................................................................................100
11.11 Ceiling Violation ............................................................................................................100
11.12 Estimated Decompression ..............................................................................................100
11.13 Fast Ascent .....................................................................................................................101
11.14 Surface Interval Display.................................................................................................101
11.15 Missed Deco !.................................................................................................................101

SECTION 12 PC CONNECTION .................................................................................................102

12.1 Standard equipment........................................................................................................102
12.2 Terminology ...................................................................................................................102
12.3 Software..........................................................................................................................102
12.4 Hardware: .......................................................................................................................103
12.5 File Formats....................................................................................................................103
12.6 Step by Step Guide to Software and Hardware Installation...........................................103

SECTION 13 MAINTENANCE....................................................................................................109
13.1 CO2 Absorbent Replacement..........................................................................................109
13.2 Gas Cylinders .................................................................................................................115
13.3 First Stages .....................................................................................................................116

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 13.4 LP Oxygen Hose ............................................................................................................ 117
13.5 Post-Dive Maintenance.................................................................................................. 117
13.5.1 Cleaning and Disinfecting the Unit................................................................................ 117
13.5.2 BUDDY Clean Disinfectant .......................................................................................... 117
13.5.3 Lubrication..................................................................................................................... 117
13.5.4 Washing and Disinfecting the Breathing Circuit ........................................................... 118
13.5.5 Oxygen Sensors ............................................................................................................. 119
13.5.6 Exchanging Oxygen Sensors ......................................................................................... 119
13.6 Storage ........................................................................................................................... 121
13.7 Precautions when using High Pressure Oxygen ............................................................ 121
13.8 Service Intervals............................................................................................................. 121

SECTION 14 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES ............................................................................ 123

14.1 Bail-Out (Emergency Breathing)................................................................................... 123
14.2 Emergency Procedures................................................................................................... 123
14.3 Diluent Flush.................................................................................................................. 124
14.4 Emergency Rescue of an Unconscious EVOLUTION Diver........................................ 124
14.5 Flooded Loop ................................................................................................................. 124
14.6 Manual Control of ppO2................................................................................................. 125
14.6.1 Manual addition of O2 and O2 flush method.................................................................. 125
14.6.2 Manual addition of diluent............................................................................................. 125
14.6.3 Using the EVOLUTION as a pure oxygen rebreather................................................... 126

SECTION 15 BRIEFING OPEN CIRCUIT DIVE PARTNERS ................................................. 127

15.1 The Rebreather Diver – What to Expect, What to Do ................................................... 127
15.2 Classic Problems, Causes and Resolutions.................................................................... 128

SECTION 16 WARRANTY ......................................................................................................... 129

SECTION 17 IMPORTANT CAUTIONARY NOTES................................................................ 130

SECTION 18 TECHNICAL DATA.............................................................................................. 131

SECTION 19 DANGERS INTRODUCED BY USER MODIFICATIONS ................................ 134

SECTION 20 DIVING DEATHS ................................................................................................. 135

APPENDIX 1A Surface Menus ........................................................................................................ 136

APPENDIX 1B Surface DECO MENU – Trimix Version............................................................... 137
APPENDIX 1C Surface DECO MENU – Nitrox Version ............................................................... 138
APPENDIX 1D Surface DECO MENU – Dive Timer Version ....................................................... 139

APPENDIX 2 Determining the Oxygen Purity (when the gas quality is not certified) ................. 140

APPENDIX 3 Self Check Questions and Answers ........................................................................ 142

APPENDIX 4 Decompression Tables............................................................................................ 144

APPENDIX 5 Buddy Clean Data Sheet ......................................................................................... 145

APPENDIX 6 Sofnolime Transportation Declaration.................................................................... 147

APPENDIX 7 Trimix in the Rebreather......................................................................................... 149

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APPENDIX 8 Export License Requirements .................................................................................150

APPENDIX 9 Check Lists..............................................................................................................151

Pre Dive /Assembly Check List................................................................................................151
Pre-Breathe Sequence ...............................................................................................................152
In-Water Checks and Important Procedures .............................................................................152
Post-dive actions .......................................................................................................................153

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 EVOLUTION LAYOUT:

Exhale T piece with Buzzer

integral water-trap

Automatic Diluent
Addition Valve

Dump/over pressure relief

valve
Inhale counterlung

Exhale counterlung

Wing Buoyancy
Compensator

Pull knob for manual

dump from counterlung

Manual oxygen inflator

Oxygen Cylinder
Pressure Gauge

Open/Close Mouthpiece

Dual Head Up Fibre-

optic Displays Auto Air, BC inflator,
deflator, diluent 2nd stage,
diluent pressure relief
valve
Diluent cylinder
Wrist mounted display pressure gauge

Manufactured in the UK by Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd , Unit 2C, Water-ma-Trout Industrial
Estate, Helston, Cornwall TR13 0LW.
Telephone: 01326 563834 Fax: 01326 573605

For details of diver and instructor training telephone Ambient Pressure Diving.

EC Type approved by SGS YICS Ltd, SGS House, Camberley, Surrey, GU15 3EY.
Notified Body number 0120, assisted by DERA (Defence Equipment Research Agency, now
QinetiQ), Alverstoke and ANSTI Test Systems, Hants.

The EVOLUTION is CE approved to 40m using an air diluent and 100m using an Heliox or Trimix
(with a max. END of 30m at 70m, reducing to an END of 24m at 100m) meeting the requirements of
the European Rebreather Standard EN14143:2003 .

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EVOLUTION FEATURES:
The EVOLUTION utilises the same oxygen control program as the Classic Inspiration – an oxygen
controller which set new standards for Sport and Military rebreathers in terms of holding and
maintaining the ppO2 close to the target pressure (setpoint) in all phases of the dive.

The VISION electronics hardware though is quite different to that of the Classic Inspiration. The
VISION Electronics fitted to the EVOLUTION are also available for fitting to the Inspiration CCR.

Dual oxygen controllers:

There are two independent oxygen controllers, C1 and C2, located next to each other in the lid of the
scrubber, permanently encapsulated for water and vibration proofing. Once switched on and
calibrated these controllers separately measure the voltages from the oxygen cells. If C1 has a battery
and is connected to the oxygen cells and solenoid it will be the Master. The Slave controller, which
would normally be C2, monitors the Master and automatically promotes itself to Master should the
original Master fail to notify the Slave of it’s existence. The Slave can be promoted to Master at any
time by the diver if desired. The operation of the rebreather is separately monitored by the Slave
controller and warnings are independently generated when appropriate.

Dual Head Up Displays:

Connected directly and separately to each oxygen controller is a pair of LEDs. One green and one
red, mounted in the HUD one above the other – four lights in total. The light from the diodes is
transmitted to the diver’s field of vision via plastic fibre optic cables. The fibre optic cables are an
elegant solution requiring no water or pressure proofing, are durable, flexible and are both easy and
cheap to replace when necessary. In normal dive operation the diver sees two green lights next to
each other, one for each oxygen controller. The LEDs work down to low voltages, so even after the
wrist display has faded and the solenoid has stopped firing the LEDs continue to provide data on the
status of the oxygen pressure, allowing the diver to effect an egress with manual gas addition. The
brightness of the LEDs can be changed in the menu to reflect the ambient light conditions. You may
need it bright in sunlight or dimmer at night.

Intelligent Battery System:

There are two batteries, B1 and B2. B1 is the battery for oxygen controller C1; B2 is the battery for
C2. If there is no battery in the B1 slot, there will be no C1 and the same for B2&C2 – no battery, no
controller. If there is a battery in the B1 slot and has sufficient power for all operations it will
automatically be the Master battery. If it has only sufficient power to start the C1 processor, C1 will
still be the Master oxygen controller but B2 will be promoted to the Master battery status and will be
used for powering the solenoid and wrist display. During use, the same thing happens, B2 will be
promoted to Master should B1 reach the low battery warning level. Once B2 also reaches the low
battery warning the power will be drawn from both B1 and B2. Each change will be notified to the
diver via the HUD and wrist display as well as the buzzer. The diver cannot change which battery is
providing the power to the main power consumers (solenoid and handset) without physically
swapping batteries in their slots prior to diving and in the event that one of the batteries is below the
low battery warning level, the power will always be drawn from the battery with sufficient voltage
regardless of which slot it has been inserted into.

Suppressible Warnings:
Some warnings are not suppressible; the cause of the warning has to be addressed to stop the alarm.
For instance High and Low oxygen warnings are not suppressible; the ppO2 has to be brought within
the range 0.4 to 1.6 bar to quiet these HIGH priority warnings. Similarly the Decompression Ceiling
and the last level CO2 Scrubber warnings (if Temp-Stik fitted) are not suppressible.

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All other warnings can be suppressed for 5 mins by pressing and holding the right switch for 2 secs.
The warning continues to be displayed on the handset but the HUD and buzzer return to normal dive
operation.

Wrist Mounted Display:

On the surface the wrist mounted display shows which oxygen controller, C1 or C2, is controlling the
ppO2. The setpoint, the scrubber status (if chosen), the battery levels of both batteries and which one
is providing the power for the solenoid and wrist display, the ppO2 from all three oxygen cells in real
time as measured by the Master controller, the Slave’s ppO2 displays on request, on the surface the
date and time are shown with atmospheric pressure. Underwater the dive time and depth are shown
along with maximum depth. If either the Nitrox or Trimix decompression options are purchased the
display also shows No Stop Time, which reverts to Total Time to Surface and ceiling once the diver
requires decompression stops. The screen features an easily replaced, peel off, self-adhesive, screen
protector.

Auto Setpoint Switch:

By changing a Menu option the setpoint can be set to change from Low to High at a pre-programmed
depth but also retains the diver’s ability to manually change between High and Low setpoints at any
time. On the ascent, should the diver forget to change to the Low setpoint for the shallow portion of
the ascent the setpoint will automatically change back to the Low setpoint when the oxygen % is
100%. i.e. at 3m if the setpoint is 1.3, at 2m if the setpoint is 1.2 etc.

Backlight Control:
The backlight may be switched on for the duration of the dive, it may be switched off or the diver
may elect to have it come on when a switch is pressed. The brightness of the backlight may be
dimmed to save power consumption. The backlight setting may be changed underwater if desired.

Demo Mode
The display may be taken into a simulated underwater mode to see depth, time, scrubber gauge,
oxygen toxicity loadings and decompression information, as well as to practise the use of the
underwater menus.

Continuous Oxygen Control

As soon as the unit is switched on ppO2 control is taking place. Even before the display is taken into
dive mode, the EVOLUTION will try to maintain a setpoint of 0.21 bar. Obviously, if the diver fails
to open the oxygen cylinder valve and continues to breathe from the unit the EVOLUTION cannot
maintain the ppO2 despite it’s best efforts. Once the ppO2 falls to 0.16 bar the low oxygen alarms will
be activated. Should the diver enter the water before completing the pre-dive sequence, once below
1.2m (4ft) the EVOLUTION program goes into underwater dive mode with the low setpoint activate.
It will show steady red lights and display “Start Error!” – this may then be suppressed.

Decompression Options:
The decompression software is Bühlmann with the ability to change the conservatism levels. In the
Trimix version the user can change the High and Low Gradient Factors to suit their own preference.

Optional CO2 scrubber gauge and Temp-Stik (patent applied for):

Located down the centre of the scrubber is an array of temperature sensors. The gauge display shows
the active area of the scrubber and warnings are given if this area is too small for the diver’s current
depth. This is a plug and play device. If you plug it in, the display will be shown on the screen.

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Oxygen Cells with Co-axial Connector:
The push-on, pull off gold-plated connectors allow easier cell removal and offer a more robust
connection compared to conventional oxygen cells. The four-pronged base on the male connector
offers a very secure anchor to the oxygen cell’s PCB, improving the reliability. The female connector
made of gold-plated brass is much more sturdy and more capable of withstanding rough handling
than the conventional oxygen cells. The blue moulded over-boot is designed to allow pressure
balancing of the back of the O2 cell and yet allow the cell to withstand a temporary submersion
should the lid be flooded. The Teflon front face dispels moisture and allows very rapid gas transfer
and cell reaction to changes in ppO2. This allows the oxygen controllers to maintain the ppO2 in real
time as opposed to a pre-programmed sequence, eliminating the need for manual override during fast
ascents or during periods of high work rate. The cell’s location in the lid of the scrubber is the same
as the Inspiration, on the outlet tube, reflecting the ppO2 of the mixed gas going to the inhale
counterlung. In tests conducted at ANSTI and the Royal Navy’s test house, QinetiQ, the accuracy of
the sensors and oxygen controllers are measured against fast response analysers and mass
spectrometers, which in turn are calibrated and referenced back to the National Physics Laboratory,
proving the accuracy of the ppO2 control for extended periods in arduous conditions.

PC Download and Upload:

Using the APD Communicator Software and Interface Bridge hardware, dive data may be
downloaded from the EVOLUTION to a PC. The Interface Bridge is provided with every rebreather
with both a serial lead and a Serial/USB adaptor lead for those users that don’t have a serial port on
their PC.

Program updates, Decompression option (Dive Timer, Nitrox, Trimix) release codes, language files
and User registration screen updates may be downloaded over the internet and uploaded to the
EVOLUTION via the same interface. Additionally, the real time clock can be synchronised to your
PC time.

Language Options:
The EVOLUTION wrist mounted display is available in a range of languages. Currently available in
German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese as well as English. The language option is
available at any time by simply loading the relevant language file from the factory supplied CD or
the www.apdiving.com website. This may then be uploaded to the EVOLUTION to convert the
display text to the required language.

Dive Log:
The APD LogViewer program is supplied with each rebreather. A running total of “switched on”
time and “dive time” is continuously appended. The LogViewer’s front screen shows the dive profile
and the PO2 display is shown continuously. Each file has a page for the dive detail (location, weather
etc)

Dive Planner:
A PC dive planner is under development. This will allow pre-dive planning, experimentation with
various decompression options and give the ability to print a range of dive tables quickly and easily.

At a distance diagnostics (via email):

A *.ccx file is stored from each download from the EVOLUTION. The latest one may be requested
by the factory from time to time for diagnostic purposes, for instance to help you determine why a
particular warning occurred and to determine the most appropriate course of action. The unit’s supply
and service history is also stored within the file to give us an instant picture to speed up processing of
service items.

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 CLOSED CIRCUIT
SURVIVAL

Rule No 1. Know your ppO2 at all times. - This

cannot be over emphasised.

When you dive closed circuit you need to change the way you
think: When you dive with conventional or open circuit equipment you need to
know: “Will I have something to breathe?”
But when you dive with closed circuit equipment you need to know:
“What am I breathing?” - Never breathe from any rebreather without knowing what you are
breathing.

WARNING! If you fail to watch your ppO2 and understand the implications - you will die,
it is only a question of where and when.

The primary warning device for the ppO2 is the wrist display. The Head Up Displays are Secondary
warning devices.

The audible warning device is purely an additional safety aid and warns of excessive changes in ppO2
only.

All divers, not just those with a hearing impediment, must watch the displays and never rely on just
the audible warning.

If you are unable or unwilling to monitor your ppO2 displays regularly then you must not use the
EVOLUTION.

Attitude keeps you alive: Normally, closed circuit rebreathers are used by
experienced open-circuit divers. This can bring a level of over-confidence which can
lead to serious problems. You are a novice again, please accept that and build your
rebreather experience gradually.

WARNING! There are no wet contacts for automatic activation when you enter the water.
YOU have to turn the electronics on and open the gas cylinder valves!

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 VISION TEST

Your eye-sight must be checked before using the EVOLUTION, wearing your normal dive mask.

MUST BE READ LESS THAN 16 INCHES (40cm) FROM EYES

EVOLUTION
Confirm 69 hrs
ELAPSED TIME
DIVE NOW?
CALIBRATE
Yes No
Confirm
OPEN O2 VALVE
CHECK DILUENT
LOW OXYGEN
MASTER 0.70
0.21 0.19 0.20

HDIM7AN ETWO
APQBC DIUWNM J
BX XJKZ XKA7JSNXC
SNCC NSCHKC
CHSJ55 DC
FHSD
UFAHAA LNBZNCZC
SDHC XBCBC
SDHCA SDN9CMC
A1JC NSDCM
PWI Z3NCMVC

- 14 -
 SECTION 1

IMPORTANT INFORMATION
This Section describes some of the problems you may encounter in the early
stages of using the EVOLUTION

READ THIS SECTION BEFORE ENTERING THE WATER !

1.1 Gas
There are two 2 litre cylinders on board. One contains oxygen and the other a diluent or dilutant.
Normally, the oxygen is fed into the breathing circuit via a solenoid operated oxygen valve; the
diluent is fed in manually. The oxygen is added to replace metabolised oxygen and to maintain the
oxygen pressure during ascents and is an automatic process requiring you, the diver, to simply
monitor it. The purpose of the diluent is to dilute the oxygen concentration to enable us to safely
breathe the mixture in the breathing circuit (or loop) below 6m and also maintain the counterlung
volume during the descent. Once at your target depth the diluent is no longer used, that is until you
accidentally exhale through your nose- losing loop volume, or you descend again. This low usage of
diluent leaves a useful reserve of gas for BC inflation, suit inflation, oxygen cell checks and OC
(open circuit) bailout.

The correct type of diluent is essential. Ideally, it should be breathable throughout the entire dive.
So, at the start, use normal diving quality breathing air in the diluent cylinder. This is suitable for all
depths down to your air diving limit (35 to 50m). Using a setpoint of 1.3, 50m is the maximum depth
with an air diluent. Below 40m Heliox or Trimix (with a max. END of 30m at 70m, reducing to an
END of 24m at 100m) is strongly recommended. Below 50m, Heliox or Trimix is essential. But,
let’s not consider diving deep with it just yet though. Let’s get the basics right first. Build up your
Closed Circuit experience gradually.

NEVER, NEVER use pure gases in the diluent cylinder such as pure Helium or pure
Nitrogen - when something as simple as a manual diluent flush could and most likely will
render you unconscious. The diluent MUST always contain a sufficient oxygen
percentage to sustain life.

When using a diluent with an oxygen percentage lower then 21% do not breathe the
diluent open circuit when in the shallows. Also, take extreme care if adding low oxygen
percentage diluent to the rebreather when shallow. If the oxygen controller is inoperative,
for instance if it’s not switched on or the O2 is turned off or the O2 cylinder is empty then
you will go unconscious. Consider changing your configuration and diving practise to
eliminate this possibility.

1.2 Weighting
How much lead is required? When experienced you will find that you only need to carry the same
weight as you do when you dive with a single 15 litre cylinder. You would probably find it more
comfortable though, to move 2-3 kg from your weight belt and put it in the weight pockets at the top
of the BC. This aids in-water trim helping to keep you horizontal. During your first dives you may
experience problems descending, so insert 2-3 kg in the weight pocket in addition to your normal
weight belt. Using the counterlungs at minimum volume, i.e. just enough gas to take one full breath,
brings many advantages including a minimum lead requirement, a better swimming position with
reduced back strain and early warning of gas usage from the loop. If back pain is experienced then
consider moving weight from the weight belt to weight pockets on the unit.

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1.3 Buoyancy Control
Buoyancy control will be different from open circuit and, whilst not being difficult, it does require
some thought. When you breathe from a rebreather your buoyancy does not change. Consequently
the dry suit or BC must be used for buoyancy control, as minor adjustments cannot be made by
inhaling or exhaling.

If a dry suit is worn then we recommend using only the dry suit for buoyancy control and we
recommend fitting a variable exhaust valve so this can be set for automatic venting during the ascent.
These are particularly good when used on membrane dry suits. If operating at a constant depth,
buoyancy control is much easier than open circuit, but the problems start when you conduct “saw-
tooth” profiles. With any obstruction in your path you should now consider swimming around it,
rather than over it. To go over the obstruction will almost certainly require venting of gas during
ascent and inflation on return to the original depth.

1.4 Familiarity of Controls and Harness

The harness is available in 4 sizes. It is important to have the correct size. If you need advice, contact
the factory.
Adjust all the straps to fit you prior to reaching the dive site. Ensure the inflator hose from your dry
suit, connected to the LP port of the diluent cylinder’s first stage, has a long enough hose to reach
your dry suit inflator.

Practise locating and operating all the rebreather and BC controls including:
i) opening and closing the mouthpiece
ii) opening and closing the oxygen cylinder valve
iii) opening and closing the diluent cylinder valve
iv) operating the diluent inflator
v) operating the oxygen inflator
vi) operating the variable exhaust valve (use the high pressure setting (rotate clockwise fully)
when testing for leaks and use the low pressure setting (rotate anticlockwise fully) during the
dive)
vii) operating the BC’s inflator and exhaust valves
viii) locating and using the emergency open circuit regulators (both diluent and oxygen)
ix) switching from low to high setpoint on the oxygen controller
x) ensure the counterlungs will be held down on your shoulders and will not float up when in the
water. Failure to do so will result in greater breathing resistance and may cause the pressure
relief valve to vent when on the “Dive” pressure setting.
xi) ensure you can see the head up displays

1.5 Understanding ppO2

The ppO2, or oxygen pressure, in the breathing circuit is what keeps you alive. A thorough
understanding of ppO2 is the most important aid to safe rebreather diving. You need to know what
happens to your ppO2 when you descend, when you ascend, when your work rate increases and what
risks are present at different stages of the dive. The following self check questions are designed to
validate your understanding of the system and its use. Answers are included in Appendix 3.

a. What are the risks when you first enter the water?

b. What risks may become apparent during a surface swim prior to the dive?

c. During the descent what is usually seen on the ppO2 display?

d. How often do you expect the solenoid to operate during the descent?

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 e. Once below 20m what would be the effect of staying on the low (0.7bar) setpoint?

f. Once on the bottom how often would you expect the solenoid to operate and for how long
would the oxygen inject?

g. What is the effect on the ppO2 of adding diluent to the loop, for example after mask
clearing?

h. If a diluent flush is carried out at:

10m what will be the ppO2 in the loop?
20m what will be the ppO2 in the loop?
30m what will be the ppO2 in the loop?
40m what will be the ppO2 in the loop?

i. How often should you check your ppO2 whilst on the bottom?

j. Why is it important to check your ppO2 prior to the ascent?

k. As you ascend how often would you expect the solenoid to operate and for how long?

l. How would this vary with ascent speed?

1.6 Setpoint Selection

At first, use the EVOLUTION’s default settings of 0.7 bar for the low setpoint and 1.3 bar for the
high. Use the low setpoint at the surface and for the whole descent, this helps to prevent the ppO2
from spiking. On the bottom, or once below 20 to 30m, switch to the high setpoint. The
EVOLUTION has an Auto Setpoint change option for the descent but care must be taken to ensure
the dive is conducted on the correct setpoint.

If you attempt to surface whilst using the High Setpoint, regular inflation will be experienced as you
approach the shallows. Normally on a CCR, if the high setpoint is 1.3, then from 3 m upwards the O2
controller will be continually injecting oxygen. If your setpoint is 1.5 then it will be continually
injecting from 5 m upwards. This continual inflation will bring you to the surface unless gas is
purged from the breathing loop. The setpoint may be changed to the Low setpoint at any time but in
the event the diver ascends above the 100% O2 depth the EVOLUTION, with AUTO setpoint switch
activated, automatically changes back to the Low setpoint.

If the ppO2 is much lower than the setpoint, a quantity of oxygen is fed into the breathing loop, which
may make you positively buoyant. This problem is experienced when the high setpoint is selected
during shallow dives, down to 10m. During these dives it is easier to continue to use the Low
Setpoint. If the high setpoint is definitely required at these shallow depths, then gas will have to be
purged from the loop when positive buoyancy is experienced, until the gas in the loop is close to the
required setpoint.
Be sure to check you are using the High Setpoint once on the bottom, this is extremely
important on dives below 10m. Be sure to monitor the ppO2 to ensure that it is close to
the setpoint. Variations away from the setpoint will affect your dive planning for
decompression.

Remember: check the ppO2 display every minute. Know your ppO2 at all times!

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1.7 Descending
At first you may find it difficult to submerge. The problem is that air is held in four locations: the
dry suit; the BC; the counterlungs; and in your own lungs.

Whilst on the surface, concentrate on removing air from the BC and dry suit. Once this is done then
the only air to be vented is that in your lungs and the rebreather’s counterlungs. By continually
breathing in through your mouth and out through your nose, you will quickly deplete the retained gas
and reduce the buoyancy. Depending upon your weighting, it may at this time be necessary to do a
“duck dive” in order to submerge. At a depth of 1 to 2 m you will attempt to take your first breath.
You will probably be unable to do so because of the external pressure squashing the counterlungs.
At this time you should press the diluent inflator with your left hand, operating it in short bursts until
you have sufficient gas volume to take full, deep breaths. Practise the use of the diluent inflator
before entering the water.
If the optional Automatic Diluent Valve is fitted and connected to the diluent supply, the diluent
addition will take place automatically on descent or whenever the loop volume is insufficient for
inhalation. Diluent addition will take place whenever the pressure in the counterlung is substantially
lower than the ambient pressure.
Descend slowly to avoid ppO2 overshoot. Normal descent speeds are possible using the low setpoint
but extreme caution must be taken if the high setpoint is used during descent.

At the 6m point carry out a check of your equipment for leaks by looking upwards for tell-tale
bubbles.

1.8 Mask Clearing and Pressure Equalisation

During the descent the pressure in your mask will have to be equalised by exhaling through your
nose. However, exhaling through the nose depletes the counterlung volume and should, therefore, be
kept to a minimum. During your instruction you will have been advised not to exhale through the
nose. However, it is beneficial to do so during familiarisation with the apparatus, in a safe
environment, to experience the effect this has on the counterlung’s volume, your ability to take
another breath and the importance of being able to properly locate the diluent inflator.

Remember: if you continually breathe out through your nose you are effectively on open circuit and
your gas endurance will be greatly diminished.

1.9 Mouthpiece
It is important to close the mouthpiece before removing it, both
underwater and on the surface. Failure to do so will result in loss of
buoyancy and water entry. Practise opening and closing this valve
before entering the water. The mouthpiece must be fully open in use
to prevent water ingress through the drain port.

1.10 Ascending
To prevent lung damage during the ascent when using open circuit equipment, you would simply
breathe out. Unfortunately, with a rebreather this will only increase the volume of gas in the
counterlungs. Unless air is vented during the ascent you will notice both the counterlungs inflating
and an increase in exhalation resistance. Eventually the variable exhaust valve will vent. The low
pressure setting on the exhaust valve has a release pressure below that which would over pressurize a
human’s lungs. However, you will find it difficult to control your ascent speed if you rely entirely on
this valve. It is therefore best to vent the loop yourself, before the overpressure valve operates. The
aim is to maintain neutral buoyancy and retain enough gas in the breathing loop for one full, deep
breath. When possible, practise your first ascents up a shot or anchor line.

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There are three ways to manually vent gas from the loop:

1) Dump air periodically using the pull cord knob on the dump valve, the same method as used
with a buoyancy compensator.

2) Exhale through the nose. This is effective for dumping gas from your lungs but the pressure in
the counterlungs will continue to increase as you ascend, so it is important to continually
breathe gas from the counterlung and out through your nose. In practise, it is easier to exhaust
air around the outside of the mouthpiece, whilst exhaling. This dumps air from both the
counterlung and from the lungs simultaneously.

3) One of the easiest methods is to simply hold the dump valve open for the complete ascent. As
the gas volume increases it is exhausted from the counterlungs automatically. However, you
must continue breathing.

Do not forget to vent gas from your dry suit and buoyancy compensator during the ascent.

1.11 Breathing Resistance

The Work of Breathing of the EVOLUTION meets the requirements of the EN14143 at a breathing
rate of 75 lpm at 40m with an air diluent and at 100m with a Trimix diluent providing the END is
24m or shallower. The over-the-shoulder counterlungs provide the least static lung pressures for
overall ease of breathing in each orientation of the diver.
Please note that the volume of gas in the counterlungs greatly affects the breathing characteristics.
The volume of gas in the counterlungs is controlled by you. Too much gas will make it difficult
to exhale and with too little it will be difficult to inhale. The ideal method is to retain only just
enough gas in the counterlungs for one deep breath.

Gas may be added to the counterlungs by using the diluent inflator located on the left counterlung,
the inhalation counterlung. Be sure to use this inflator and not the oxygen inflator on the right or
your dry suit inflator. Be sure to rehearse the operation of the diluent inflator before entering the
water. This is very important. Apart from the fact that it needs to be second nature to find it, you
need to ensure gas is flowing to this inflator before submerging.

1.12 Counterlung Choice

The breathing bags/counterlungs are available in two sizes - medium and large. Select the
counterlungs according to your body size. Both counterlungs have sufficient breathing volume for
anyone. See section 4.1 for more details.

1.13 Gas Consumption

Normally, for a 1 to 1 1/2 hour dive, the gas consumed from each cylinder will only be 30-40 bar per
dive. Much more than this and your close circuit diving techniques should be examined.
Exhaling through your nose: If you carelessly exhale often through your nose you lose gas from the
breathing circuit (the loop), you then have to add diluent to allow you to breathe, this lowers the ppO2
and so the oxygen controller opens the solenoid to bring the ppO2 back up to setpoint, so in fact you
use gas unnecessarily from both cylinders.
Swimming over objects uses gas: swimming over an object often requires a vent of gas from the
buoyancy compensator and/or counterlungs. If a vent from the counterlungs is necessary then diluent
addition will be required as you descend again back to your original level which weakens the ppO2 ,
so the oxygen controller compensates by adding oxygen to bring it back up to setpoint. Again you
use gas from both cylinders. Swim around objects if you can rather than swim over.
Ascents: The time when the system uses most oxygen is during the ascent. The ppO2 drops with the
decreasing ambient pressure and the oxygen controller opens the solenoid often and for longer

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periods than during other times on the dive. You must vent the loop during the ascent but if you vent
the loop around your mouth then virtually all of the fresh oxygen added by the solenoid is dumped
overboard, a big waste of gas. What you should do, particularly if the oxygen supply is diminished is
use the pull cord dump valve to vent the loop. This way some of the fresh oxygenated gas is used for
metabolism and some goes back around the loop to raise the ppO2 around the oxygen sensors,
reducing the opening time of the solenoid for the next injection and increasing the time between
injections.
Dry Suit: your dry suit dump valve may be exhausting accidentally when you roll over.

Learn to look out for gas leakage in addition to often checking the gauges. Do not be lulled into a
false sense of security and do check the gauges regularly.

1.14 System Integrity - Leaks

It is extremely important to cure any leaks before diving. A small leak is irritating and saps
confidence.

Be aware that it is very unusual to lose buoyancy or gas from the breathing loop. If there is a
constant need to inject diluent to breathe from the bag then it is very likely that there is a leak in the
system. The other problem is that this constant injection of diluent lowers the ppO2 in the loop,
making your decompression schedule invalid.

Test the complete apparatus for positive pressure leaks by closing the exhaust valve by rotating it
clockwise to the pre-dive/test position and either inflate by mouth, closing the mouthpiece
afterwards, or by using the diluent inflator. One of the most practical methods of testing for leaks is
to inflate the system using the diluent inflator until the pressure relief valve operates. If the
counterlungs remain firm for over 40 minutes then there are no significant positive pressure leaks on
the system. Ensure the exhaust/pressure relief valve is set to the low pressure position (fully anti-
clockwise) prior to diving.

Test with negative pressure by sucking a vacuum on the apparatus, crush one or two of the
convoluted hoses whilst sucking the vacuum and then close the mouthpiece. If air leaks into the
system the crushed hoses will spring back towards their original shape. It is extremely important to
find any small leaks and rectify them before diving. Water will ingress into the apparatus through
the smallest of leaks.

Water in the exhale tube will be apparent because of an audible gurgling noise. If, despite
continually clearing it by closing the mouthpiece, holding the mouthpiece overhead and shaking it,
water is still apparent, it may be entering around the outside of the mouthpiece. Also confirm the
mouthpiece is fully open. As the mouthpiece is opened and closed, an O ring seal which is used to
seal the inner tube against the outer, will be seen. If the mouthpiece valve is only partially open, an
O ring will be visible when viewed through the mouthpiece and water will be allowed to enter the
loop from the water vent. Finally, ensure the mouthpiece ty-rap is secure. Incorrect tensioning
during replacement could result in a leak.

It is important to keep the unit upright if water is suspected to have entered the
scrubber. If it can’t be stood upright lie it face down on it’s counterlungs, not on it’s
back. Lying face down and upright prevents the Sofnolime and water from damaging
the oxygen sensors, shorting the batteries or corroding the wiring.

- 20 -
1.15 Check for Water
During a dive it is good practise to periodically check for water ingress: roll on your left side and
then roll on your right side, exhaling in each position. If gurgling can be heard when on your left, the
water is most likely located on the exhale non-return valve in the mouthpiece, and this is best moved
by rolling on your right side, and then go slightly head up. The water will then pour into the exhale
counterlung and it can stay there for the duration of the dive. Shaking the exhale convoluted hose at
the same time will help any small water drops on their way. If gurgling can be heard when on your
right side, the water is most likely in the bottom of the scrubber. Care must be taken at this stage not
to go head down as this will allow water to flood through the sofnolime, dumping a Calcium
Hydroxide and Salt/chlorine water combination over the oxygen sensors, batteries and wiring which
will need careful cleaning before further use. Momentarily swimming on your right whilst exhaling
and listening for gurgling is a good test to do as you swim back to the boat, gurgling when on your
right means you have water in the bottom of the scrubber and you will need to advise the crew to
NOT lie the rebreather down.

1.16 Flooding and Clearing Drills

Small quantities of water stuck in the exhale hose may be moved into the exhale counterlung using
the technique in the paragraph above (rolling on your right and tipping up). A more thorough
technique is to remove the closed mouthpiece, hold it above your head and either shake the hoses or
simply stretch them slightly to get any water out of the convolutions.

During training it is necessary to conduct flooding and clearing drills. Do these at the end of a pool
session. During these drills, try not to allow water into the scrubber but if water is allowed in STAY
upright, get out and drain the scrubber BEFORE lying it down.

Something to remember during the drill: the water trap in the exhale counterlung cannot do
its job if the counterlung is sucked flat, so always leave some gas in the exhale counterlung.
If you don’t, water coming in from the mouthpiece will go straight into the scrubber instead
of the exhale counterlung.

1.17 Water Management

Firstly drain all the water from the rebreather prior to the dive. Particular care should be taken just
after disinfection. Any disinfectant must be fresh water rinsed from the rebreather prior to diving and
particular attention must be paid to ensure the inhale counterlung is dry. It’s a bit disconcerting to
inhale water as soon as you do a duck dive.

Try not to allow water into the loop at all. This is best achieved by ensuring the rebreather is leak
proof before getting in the water, ensuring the mouthpiece is not removed when it’s open, ensuring
the mouthpiece is fully open when breathing from the loop and ensuring you don’t allow water in
around the mouthpiece.

If water is allowed in, it needs to be moved out of harms away into the exhale counterlung. The
exhale counterlung can take quite a lot of water without impeding the breathing. Once you have
water in the exhale counterlung though, avoid swimming head down as this will allow water to work
around the water trap and enter the scrubber.

Although it is quite okay for a small amount of water to sit in the bottom of the scrubber it can start
to impede breathing, gurgling will be heard particularly when swimming on the right side (the bottom
opening of the side tube is covered with water). It is important for the scrubber’s side tube to be
against the diver’s back, so it does warn the diver of the water presence.

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If the quantity of water in the bottom of the scrubber needs to be reduced slightly you could lean
forward slightly and slowly and allow the used Sofnolime at the bottom of the scrubber to soak up
some of the excess water. Never tilt forward far enough for the water to run downhill through the
Sofnolime.

Is there too much water in the loop? – water increases the breathing resistance, if you are finding it
hard to breathe you have to either bail out to open circuit or clear the water.

If In doubt – bail out.

Notes:
1) Try not to allow water in.
2) If you allow water in move it into the exhale counterlung and try to keep it in there.
3) Try not to allow it to go further round the loop into the scrubber.
4) If water gets into the scrubber, ensure it is not allowed into the top of the scrubber, stay upright
preferably or lean slightly forward and allow the water to soak into the used Sofnolime.
5) Under no circumstances go head down.
6) If large quantities of water continue to enter the loop, eventually it will be virtually impossible to
breathe and this is indicated by the exhale counterlung being completely inflated and the inhale
counterlung being completely deflated.

1.18 System Integrity - Indications

Know your ppO2 at all times! Learn how to evaluate the information provided by the oxygen
controllers - Section 3.5 to 3.5.7, Sections 5, to 11.

Listen out for the solenoid. It should be operating in short bursts. If you think it has been open
longer than normal or it has not been heard for a long while - it is time to take a look at the ppO2
display.

Compare the cell readings. While breathing, the cell readings change. Bearing in mind that these
oxygen cell readings are shown in real time, the ability to see all three sensors simultaneously is a
great diagnostic aid. If one is failing to react as quickly as the others, there may be water on the
cell’s sensor face. The modifications made to the sensors prevent large quantities of moisture
reaching the face and affecting the internal circuitry. It is, therefore, essential to use only oxygen
cells supplied by Ambient Pressure Diving.

1.19 Batteries
Each oxygen controller has it’s own battery and circuitry.
However, both batteries share the same battery box door, so it is
imperative to ensure this door is fastened properly. The 6-volt
Lithium batteries – Fujitsu or Energiser CRP2 are readily available.
The battery life varies from diver to diver due to the frequency of
use of the backlight and the brightness setting. Assuming you
follow the sensible procedure of discarding the battery in the B1
slot (nearest the solenoid) when the low battery level is reached,
replacing it with the battery from the B2 slot and inserting a new battery into the B2 slot, you can
expect to put one new battery into the B2 slot approximately every 17 hours.
The electronics do not automatically power down when not in use.
It is, therefore, very important to ensure that it is switched off after use to preserve battery life.

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1.20 Surface Swimming
When swimming forward, face down, on the surface, only partially inflate the BC. Over inflation
will cause increased body angle and extra drag. Deflate the BC and adopt a horizontal, head down,
streamlined swimming position.

1.21 Surface Buoyancy and Trim

By rotating the counterlung’s pressure relief valve to the high-pressure setting, and with the
mouthpiece closed the counterlungs can be inflated and used for additional surface buoyancy. The
volume of gas admitted to the BC must be regulated to ensure an upright floating position.

1.22 Quick Post-Dive Checks

Check the exhale counterlung for residual water by unscrewing the oxygen inflator, see Section 4.6.
If water is present, drain and check the downstream side of the first water trap. If water is present,
remove the scrubber and check the Sofnolime at the bottom of the scrubber. If it is soaked replace
the Sofnolime before the next dive.

It is important to keep the unit upright if water is suspected to have entered the
scrubber. This prevents the Sofnolime and water from damaging the oxygen sensors,
shorting the batteries or corroding the wiring.

1.23 Practise
Learn to ascend without adding diluent. This enables you to surface normally, even in the event of
having lost your diluent gas for some reason, perhaps you’ve given it to your dive buddy?

Learn to operate the system with the solenoid failed in the closed position. This may be achieved by
manually adding O2 to reach a ppO2 of 0.9 when a ppO2 of 0.7 is selected.

Learn to operate the system with the solenoid failed in the open position. Practice this in the
swimming pool by selecting a high set point of 1.5 and controlling the injection of O2 by opening and
closing the cylinder valve.

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 1.24 Solenoid operation and the main oxygen risks during the dive

NORMAL
PHASE SOLENOID OXYGEN RISKS POSSIBLE CAUSES CONCLUSION
OPERATION
Surface Closed 6 secs, Open < 1
breathing sec when the ppO2 is
close to and below the
setpoint

Jumping In Closed 6 secs, Open < 1 Hypoxia – HIGH risk Hypoxia – oxygen cylinder valve Before the decent there is only one oxygen
sec when the ppO2 is closed, oxygen cylinder empty, risk – Hypoxia or low oxygen pressure.
close to and below the Hyperoxia – NO risk solenoid jammed shut, oxygen Hypoxia can occur within a minute or so
setpoint controllers switched off. when on the surface. Look often at the
ppO2 displays! Listen for the oxygen
On the surface Closed 6 secs, Open < 1 injecting.
sec when the ppO2 is
close to and below the
setpoint

The main risk during the descent is the

Hypoxia – No risk * Hypoxia – No risk, providing diluent. Is the diluent switched on? – Check
Descending Closed the oxygen content of the diluent this before you get in the water! Are you
* Hyperoxia – SLIGHT is suitable for the shallows. pressing the diluent button or the oxygen
risk Hyperoxia – manual addition of button? Left hand is diluent. (LEAN – left,
oxygen or solenoid jammed open RICH – right) Listen for the solenoid; it
shouldn’t be opening. If it does, check the
ppO2 displays.

Hypoxia is a low risk simply because it

Bottom portion Closed 6 secs, Open < 1 Hypoxia – LOW risk takes so long to happen and you should be
of dive sec when the ppO2 is looking at the ppO2 displays, ensuring your
close to and below the Hyperoxia – HIGH risk ppO2 is close to the (HIGH) setpoint to
setpoint ensure you don’t suffer decompression
sickness. Listen for the solenoid; you
expect short bursts with 6 closed periods. If
it is adding oxygen for longer than a
fraction of a second then check your ppO2
displays.

Hypoxia – oxygen cylinder valve

Ascending Closed 6 secs, Hypoxia – HIGH risk closed, oxygen cylinder empty, Hypoxia – the ascent is potentially a very
Open > 1 sec solenoid jammed shut, oxygen dangerous time. Check your ppO2 BEFORE
Hyperoxia – MEDIUM controllers switched off. the ascent and then often during. Listen for
risk Hyperoxia – manual addition of the solenoid, you expect long bursts of
oxygen or solenoid jammed oxygen addition – the opening time will
open. vary with your ascent speed but at normal
ascent speeds it will be approx. 4 or 5
seconds followed by 6 seconds closed. This
can rise to 17 seconds open, 6 seconds
closed! Hyperoxia – there is a reducing risk
of hyperoxia as you ascend.

Decompression Closed 6 secs, Open < Hypoxia – LOW risk Hypoxia is a low risk simply because it
Stop 1sec when ppO2 is close takes so long to happen and you should be
to and below the Hyperoxia – MEDIUM looking at the ppO2 displays, ensuring your
setpoint ppO2 is close to the (HIGH) setpoint to
ensure you don’t suffer decompression
sickness – ensure you stay within the
NOAA CNS guideline.

Surface Closed 6 secs, Open < 1 Hypoxia – High risk Hypoxia – oxygen cylinder valve Hypoxia can occur within a minute or so
swimming sec when the ppO2 is closed, oxygen cylinder empty, when on the surface. Look often at the
close to and below the Hyperoxia – NO risk solenoid jammed shut, oxygen ppO2 displays! Listen for the oxygen
setpoint controllers switched off. injecting.
Do use the checklists at the back of this manual to aid preparation.

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 OXYGEN DANGER POINTS

PO2? PO2?

Cells Moving? Cells Moving?

Keep
Listen for checking
Check Display Solenoid
Listen for Solenoid
CNS limit?
Listen for 1.3 bar-3 hours, 1.4
Solenoid bar-2½ hours

Listen for Did I check?

Solenoid

Did I check?

- 25 -
Set/Check
High Setpoint Check Display

PO2 =
Listen for 2.55?
Solenoid Check Displays
every minute

EMERGENCY DRILL!!

Danger of High O2 Danger of Low O2

Bigger Star = Bigger Bigger Star = Bigger
Risk Risk Graphics original by Lynda Weller
 SECTION 2
DEFINITIONS
AMBIENT PRESSURE: That pressure surrounding the diver/rebreather. Rough values are 1.0
bar at the surface, 2 bar at 10m, 3 bar at 20m, 4 bar at 30m etc. When
calibrating the cells prior to diving, the ambient pressure is the
atmospheric pressure on the day. This varies with altitude and weather.

B1 & B2: Batteries 1 & 2. B1 is always used as the Master battery unless it’s
voltage is too low when B2 will be promoted from Slave to Master
status. B1 is the battery for C1, B2 for C2. If B1 is missing or dead
there will be no C1 and C2 would be the Master. Experiment (on land)
by starting the system with only one battery at a time inserted. The
active or Master battery is highlighted on the wrist-mounted display.

BAILOUT: An emergency breathing system.

BOTTOM TIME: Time from leaving the surface to time of leaving the bottom.

BREATHING LOOP: The entire breathing gas pathway including the diver’s lungs and
airways; the mouthpiece; the counterlungs; the convoluted hoses; and
the scrubber.

C1 & C2: Oxygen Controllers 1 & 2 are located in the lid of the scrubber. C1 is
always the Master, controlling the solenoid activation, providing it has
a battery in place with more than the threshold voltage and detects three
active oxygen cells and detects the solenoid. It is possible for C1 to be
active but using the power from B2 or later from B1 and B2 if both
batteries are at the low battery warning level.

CALIBRATION: All the oxygen cells have to be calibrated before use. This is a fairly
simple procedure; it takes about 45 seconds to complete and is done on
the complete unit prior to the dive.

CARTRIDGE: Sofnolime is retained in a diver-refillable container/cartridge which is

inserted into the scrubber.

CCR: Closed Circuit Rebreather.

CELL WARNING: This is displayed when the ppO2 reading of one oxygen cell deviates by
more than 0.2 bar from the average of the other two. On the
EVOLUTION a Cell Warning is given if any or all of the three oxygen
readings are invalidated and so excluded from the ppO2 calculation.

CEILING: The decompression computer, if purchased, displays a “Ceiling” – the

shallowest depth you may ascend to. It is NOT a decompression stop.
Decompression Stops MUST take place below the Ceiling Depth.

CNS OXYGEN TOXICITY: Central Nervous System Oxygen Toxicity. Oxygen toxicity is a
combination of oxygen pressure and time. The exposure limits are
shown later in this manual.

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CO2: Carbon Dioxide gas, a constituent of the exhaled gas mixture,
poisonous if inhaled.

DILUENT: Gas used to dilute the oxygen in the breathing circuit to reduce the ppO2
and allow dives below 6m. Usually air for dives to 40m.

E N D: Equivalent Nitrogen Depth; used for determining the narcotic element

of Trimix and critically determines the density of the gas in the
breathing circuit.

EST Estimated Decompression required (Nitrox and Trimix versions only).

If the diver violates the decompression, for instance by ascending above
the ceiling for more than 1 min. the dive computer displays an
“estimate” of decompression required. By moving outside the normal
decompression envelope the user is subjected to extreme risk and even
following the Estimated decompression required decompression
sickness is likely to occur.

HELIOX: Gas used as a diluent consisting of Oxygen and Helium.

HIGH OXYGEN: This is displayed when the ppO2 in the loop is 1.6 bar or higher.

HUD: Head Up Display(s), an indicator using lights to show the system is in

dive mode, warn of variations in oxygen pressure, battery warnings, cell
warnings and bring the diver’s attention to the wrist display.

HYPERCAPNIA: An excess of carbon dioxide.

HYPEROXIC: For the purposes of this manual, hyperoxic is classed as all breathing
mixtures with a ppO2 greater than 1.6 bar.

HYPEROXIC MYOPIA: Short sight requiring corrective lenses, as a result of exposure to

elevated oxygen pressures over time.

HYPOXIC: When the ppO2 is less than 0.16 bar.

LOOP: The Breathing Loop, or breathing circuit, includes the diver’s lungs, the
mouthpiece, all convoluted hoses, counterlungs and scrubber.
LOW OXYGEN: This is displayed when the ppO2 in the loop is 0.4 bar or less.

NO STOP TIME: The time remaining before decompression stops will be required during
the ascent.
OTU: Oxygen tolerance unit.
OXYGEN CELLS: Cells or sensors used to monitor the ppO2 in the breathing circuit
(loop).
ppO2/PO2: Partial pressure of oxygen in the breathing gas - this you have to
understand. It is the pressure of O2 in the breathing gas that keeps you
alive, you have to ensure the oxygen pressure is kept within life
sustaining levels. To calculate the O2 pressure (ppO2) multiply the
oxygen % by the ambient pressure.

- 27 -
 Air(21% The ppO2 is shown here for three gasses, Air,
O2) 10/52 O2 10/52 (10% O2 + 52% He + 38% N2) and pure
Depth(m) ppO2 ppO2 ppO2 oxygen. It can be seen that when breathed open
0 0.21 0.1 1 circuit these gasses are un-respirable at some
1 0.231 0.11 1.1 depths: Air, from a ppO2 perspective, exceeds 1.6
2 0.252 0.12 1.2 bar at about 66m. The 10/52 will not support life
3 0.273 0.13 1.3 in the shallows – you wouldn’t want to breathe
6 0.336 0.16 1.6 from this gas, with a moderate work rate
10 0.42 0.2 2 shallower than 10m. Pure oxygen exceeds 1.6 bar
20 0.63 0.3 3
at 7m and becomes increasingly toxic the deeper
you go.
30 0.84 0.4 4
60 1.47 0.7 7
80 1.89 0.9 9
100 2.31 1.1 11

PULMONARY OXYGEN TOXICITY:

Whole Body oxygen toxicity from long dives over multiple days
exposed to high oxygen pressures, see Hyperoxic Myopia.

SCRUBBER/CANISTER: The complete, back mounted, canister used for CO2 removal and, in this
rebreather, oxygen analysis and oxygen addition.

SCRUBBER GAUGE: The area of active scrubber material is measured by the Temp-Stik and
displayed top centre of the wrist mounted display on the scrubber
gauge.

SETPOINT: The pre-selected setting about which the oxygen controller attempts to
maintain the actual ppO2 in the breathing loop.

SOFNOLIME: The absorbent used in the scrubber to remove CO2 from the exhaled
gas.

START ERROR: This is displayed if the diver, after switching on, fails to proceed
through the displays into Dive Mode and then descends below 1.2m .

TEMP STIK (patented): The CO2 absorbent temperature probe which replaces the centre rod of
the scrubber cartridge; gives information on the active area of the
scrubber when exothermic CO2 absorbent is used.

TRIMIX: Gas used as a diluent, consisting of oxygen, helium and nitrogen. See
Appendix 7.

TTS Total Time to Surface including decompression based on an ascent

speed of 10m/min, assuming the last decompression stop will be at 6m.

LUBRICATION: Any approved oxygen compatible grease. DO NOT USE silicone or

hydrocarbon based grease or oil on high or medium pressure oxygen
fittings.

- 28 -
 SECTION 3

OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
3.1 General
The EVOLUTION is a closed circuit rebreather (CCR) in which the exhaled gases are re-circulated
within the apparatus so the diver can breathe them again and again. A CO2 scrubber chemically
removes the CO2 whilst the oxygen controller monitors the exhaled gases and, when necessary,
injects oxygen to maintain the oxygen partial pressure (ppO2) at preset levels, known as setpoints.

Oxygen is supplied directly from a cylinder containing pure oxygen. As the diver descends, gas
needs to be added to maintain the breathing volume. Providing this gas has a lower oxygen content,
this gas dilutes the oxygen and is known as a dilutant or diluent. By diluting the oxygen the diver
can go deeper than the 6 m limit set for pure oxygen closed circuit rebreathers.

The EVOLUTION’s depth limit is governed by several factors. The first is the gas used as the
diluent, the second is the volume of bail out/emergency breathing gas and the third limit is the
greatest depth at which the rebreather has been formally tested - 100m, (depth is a significant factor
affecting the duration of the scrubber). If air is used as a diluent then the EVOLUTION can be used
at all depths down to the air diving limit, 40m. Air is the diluent of choice for normal sport diving
depths. Normal diving-quality compressed air is used.
Deeper than 40m a diluent of Heliox or Trimix (with a max. END of 30m at 70m, reducing to an
END of 24m at 100m, see Appendix 7) is essential. If Trimix or Heliox is used as a diluent then, as
with open circuit diving, the gas mixture limits the depth. It is not the intention of this manual to
teach the diver how to dive using a pre-mixed helium based diluent, a separate course should be
undertaken for that, but it is essential to prepare a diluent with a suitable Equivalent Nitrogen Depth
(END) and a ppO2 lower than setpoint if the diluent were to be breathed open circuit on the bottom or
manually flushed through the breathing circuit.
The volume and type of bailout gas carried is extremely important in determining the depth range. It
must be sufficient in order to breathe at depth and bring you back to the surface. Some deep mixes
will not be respirable near the surface when breathed open circuit and in these circumstances an
additional means of breathing life support gas must be provided. See Appendix 7 for Trimix and
HeliAir mixes.

Refer to “Depth Limitations”, Technical Data, Section 18.

The EVOLUTION is CE approved to 40m using an air diluent and 100m using an Heliox diluent or
Trimix (with a max. END of 30m at 70m, reducing to an END of 24m at 100m).

The EVOLUTION is designed to be used only with a separate facemask and mouthpiece or a full-
face mask with a bight mouthpiece. It must not be used with an oral/nasal full-face mask. If diving
with a full-face mask the diver must ensure a mouthpiece is retained and inserted in the diver’s
mouth.

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3.2 Gas Consumption
Only a fraction of the air we inhale, approximately 4% at the surface, is used, most of which is
converted into CO2 and exhaled along with the 96% of the gas not used. By re-circulating the
exhaled gases, removing the CO2 waste product and replenishing the oxygen, we can limit the gas
removal from the oxygen cylinder to the same volume that we consume for metabolism, between 0.5
and 3.5 litres per minute depending on the person and work rate. Mr. Average consumes
approximately 1 litre of oxygen per minute, women generally less. This means the 2 litre cylinder
filled to 200 bar contains 400 litres of oxygen and will last 6.6 hours, not allowing for extra O2 used
during ascents or reserves.
The other incredibly significant benefit for the diver is that the amount of oxygen consumed is the
same at all depths as shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Comparison of Gas Consumption between Open Circuit and Closed

Circuit Apparatus (for a diver with a breathing rate of 25 litres per min)

Depth (m) Absolute Gas consumption (litres/min.)

Pressure (bar)
Open Circuit Closed Circuit

0 1.0 25 1.11
10 2.0 50 1.11
20 3.0 75 1.11
30 4.0 100 1.11
40 5.0 125 1.11
50 6.0 150 1.11
60 7.0 175 1.11
70 8.0 200 1.11
80 9.0 225 1.11
90 10 250 1.11
100 11 275 1.11

Diluent is used for volume make-up during descent phases. Once at the target depth no more diluent
is used unless the breathing volume is reduced by gas wastage, such as mask clearing or exhaling
through the nose, at which time more diluent will need to be added to the counterlungs to enable the
diver to breathe without restriction. Diluent usage therefore, for the rebreather, is minimal.
Typically, if the diluent is used for BC inflation, dry suit inflation as well as counterlung inflation a
diver will only use 50 bar from the 2 litre cylinder per dive.

Diving with a full 2 litre cylinder, filled to 232 bar, it is clear the remaining 180 bar of this 2 litre is
available as emergency reserve or open circuit bailout. (This cylinder may not be large enough for
open circuit bailout on your planned dive – in this case an extra cylinder will be needed.

Diluent usage should be monitored and recorded during the training dives to use for future gas
planning.

- 30 -
Oxygen usage varies with diver work-rate, but is independent of depth, and is approx. 0.044 times the
diver’s Respiratory Minute Volume (RMV).
Extra oxygen is injected into the breathing circuit during ascent phases to maintain the ppO2. and
must be allowed for. Again 50 bar is a typical consumption rate for a one hour dive and 90 bar for a
two hour dive. However, your own O2 usage should be monitored and recorded during the training
dives to use for future gas planning.

3.3 Oxygen Benefits

Background:

Air at the surface is approximately 21% oxygen, 79% Nitrogen. The Absolute Pressure at the surface
is approximately 1 bar. According to Dalton the partial pressure of oxygen (ppO2) is 0.21 bar and
the partial pressure of the Nitrogen (ppN2) is 0.79 bar: 0.21 + 0.79 = 1.0 bar. Referring to Table 2
you can see the ppO2 and ppN2 at the different depths when breathing open circuit SCUBA. The ppN2
is simply derived from multiplying the ppN2 at the surface by the ambient pressure, i.e. at 10 m, the
ppN2 = 0.79 x 2 = 1.58. The ppO2 is calculated in exactly the same way, at 10 m the ppO2 = 0.21 x 2
= 0.42.

The oxygen partial pressure in the EVOLUTION is monitored by three oxygen cells. As the diver is
consuming the oxygen through metabolism, the partial pressure drops. Once it drops below a
predetermined level, known as the setpoint, a solenoid valve is opened and oxygen is added.

By controlling the pressure of oxygen in the loop we have the opportunity to maintain higher ppO2
levels than that experienced on open circuit, decreasing the decompression obligations and giving us
either increased no-stop time or an increased safety margin.

Table 2 shows a comparison between a diver on SCUBA, breathing air, and a diver on closed circuit
rebreather with a setpoint of 0.70 bar on the surface and a setpoint of 1.3 bar for the dive. Comparing
the ppN2 of open circuit AIR and the ppN2 when on closed circuit it can be seen that the closed circuit
diver has a lower nitrogen loading at all depths down to 50m. But it can also be seen that the
breathing mixture becomes richer in oxygen whilst ascending, reaching 100% oxygen at 3m. This
has the positive effect of giving the diver oxygen-rich decompression on every dive, resulting in
quicker off gassing of nitrogen.

- 31 -
Table 2 Comparison of Open Circuit and Closed Circuit Apparatus
Absolute Open Circuit (AIR) Closed Circuit
Depth Pressure ppO2 O2 ppN2 N2 ppO2 O2 ppN2 N2
(m) (bar) (bar) % (bar) % (bar) % (bar) %

0 1.0 0.21 21 0.79 79 0.70 70 0.3 30

3 1.3 0.273 21 1.027 79 1.3 100 0 0
6 1.6 0.336 21 1.264 79 1.3 81 0.3 19
10 2.0 0.42 21 1.58 79 1.3 65 0.7 35
20 3.0 0.63 21 2.37 79 1.3 43 1.7 57
30 4.0 0.84 21 3.16 79 1.3 32 2.7 68
40 5.0 1.05 21 3.95 79 1.3 26 3.7 74
50 6.0 1.26 21 4.74 79 1.3 21 4.7 79

3.4 Decompression
The EVOLUTION has a built in dive timer and depth gauge as standard which is easily upgraded to
either a Nitrox or Trimix decompression computer by purchasing the downloadable software release
key. www.apdiving.com

Alternatively, a constant ppO2 dive computer such as the Buddy Nexus can be used to take full
advantage of the EVOLUTION’s reduced-deco potential.

Alternatively: Constant ppO2 decompression can be calculated using a software program such as the
APD Dive Planner.
A set of tables, showing no-stop times, is at Appendix 4 of this manual. These have been calculated
on DDPlan for the standard 1.3 bar setpoint. It can be seen that the no-stop time for 20m with a
setpoint of 1.3 bar is 140 mins. This compares to 51 mins on AIR on a Bühlmann table.

Alternatively, a standard Nitrox dive computer can be adjusted to the oxygen percentage at the target
depth with the planned setpoint. With a setpoint of 1.3 bar the oxygen percentage in the rebreather at
30m is 1.3 divided by 4 = 0.32, i.e. 32%. Setting the dive computer to 32% would be a very
conservative way of calculating the decompression requirements because the dive computer would
assume a constant gas percentage at every depth, whereas much higher oxygen percentages would be
breathed during the shallower phases of the dive. In practical terms though this is a very easy
method to achieve long duration dives with all the benefits of breathing Nitrox. Using a Nitrox dive
computer is of most use when 3 or 4 dives are scheduled per day or multi-level dives are conducted.

3.5 Oxygen Controllers

The oxygen control system consists of three oxygen cells, two control units with their own fibre optic
Head Up Displays and batteries, one solenoid valve for oxygen addition and a wrist mounted screen
display with control switches. The two oxygen controllers, C1 and C2, are encapsulated and are
located in the scrubber lid moulding. The C1 control unit is generally the Master control unit and the
C2 control unit is the Slave. If for some reason C1 is incapable of being the Master then C2 will be
the Master. The Master controller is shown at the top of the display next to the setpoint. The Master
unit controls the oxygen solenoid and hence the breathing mixture whilst the Slave gives a secondary
measurement but is ready to take over if the Master controller fails. You can simulate this by
switching off the Master controller (through the Power Shutdown sequence)- the Slave becomes the
Master within 1 second.

- 32 -
3.5.1 Accuracy of the Oxygen Controller
The oxygen controller displays the ppO2 as measured by all three cells. The accuracy is ± 0.05 bar
and this should be taken into consideration when dive planning. If the setpoint is 1.3 bar, assume
1.25 bar when calculating decompression and 1.35 bar when calculating oxygen toxicity time limits.

3.5.2 Oxygen Cell Life

The cell manufacturer does not guarantee the cell life, as it varies with usage. In the EVOLUTION it
is expected that the cells will last between 12-18 months. This largely depends on their treatment and
importantly the ppO2 the cell is stored in. Vibration, excess temperature, excess moisture and direct
sunlight can adversely affect the cells. It is not recommended to store the oxygen cells in a sealed bag
or in an inert gas but simply return the gas around the cells to Air (i.e open the scrubber lid). When
travelling to remote spots it is advised to take spare oxygen cells and batteries. However, oxygen
cells will be consumed even in their storage bag and eventually will be unusable. They will last
longer inside the bag than out but only marginally so.

3.5.3 Interpreting the ppO2 Displays

On initial power up, the output from the cells is compared. If they are outside the expected range,
cell failure warnings are displayed and the oxygen controller will not proceed to dive mode.

The oxygen controllers display the ppO2 measured by all three oxygen cells and display in the range
0.0 to 2.55 bar. Remember that the ppO2 level must remain between 0.16 and 2.0 bar to sustain life.
If 2.55 bar is seen on the display - do not hesitate - perform a diluent flush immediately and consider
reverting to open circuit. 2.55 bar on the display could indicate either a malfunction in the
electronics or a very high ppO2. In the latter case the ppO2 level could be very high indeed e.g. 6 bar
at 50m! (The maximum displayable value is 2.55 bar)

During the dive the oxygen controller controls the oxygen

C1 1.30
partial pressure in the breathing loop by averaging the
1.28 1.29 1.31 nearest two valid cell output readings, i.e. if you have one
34:18 DIL1 AIR 22.7m cell reading 1.28, another 1.29 and the other 1.31, the cell
999 22.0 displaying 1.31 will be ignored and the ppO2 assumed to
be 1.285. As it is below the setpoint, the solenoid will
open for a fraction of a second.

C1 1.30 In this example the ppO2 is assumed to be 1.34 bar, i.e.

1.35 1.33 1.30 above the setpoint, so the solenoid will not open.
34:18 DIL1 AIR 22.7m
999 22.0

C1 1.30 In this example the ppO2 is assumed to be 0.65 bar,

0.65 0.67 0.65 which is a long way below the setpoint, so the solenoid
34:18 DIL1 AIR 22.7m will open for a number of seconds.
999 22.0

- 33 -
 C1 1.30 The EVOLUTION has a cell validation feature which
continually assesses the oxygen cells for movement. If
1.31 1.32 1.34 the solenoid is activated, oxygen should have been
C1 C2 added and the ppO2 is therefore assumed to rise. If a
CELL WARNING cell’s output fails to rise after a period, that cell is
invalidated and highlighted, as is Cell 1 in this
example and the values from only the valid oxygen cell(s) are considered. The EVOLUTION will
maintain oxygen control with three valid cells, two valid cells or just one valid cell. If all 3 oxygen
cells are invalidated, the EVOLUTION resorts to a fixed injection sequence. Whenever a cell is
invalidated, the Cell Warning is displayed on the screen and on the HUD.

WARNING! The fixed injection sequence may not add sufficient oxygen for a safe ascent.
DO NOT ascend to the surface immediately! BAIL OUT to open circuit and ascend. Some
divers may want to stop and assess the situation – is the oxygen cylinder valve open? Is
there oxygen in the cylinder? Both of these scenarios would invalidate all three oxygen cells. Do you
need to do a diluent flush? Are the cells current limited? - IF IN DOUBT, BAIL OUT.

By displaying all three cells simultaneously it allows you to instantly diagnose the problem. Any
slow reacting cells can be spotted, along with any physical faults such as a faulty connection to a cell.
If a cell reads 0.0 bar then a wire or connector has become disconnected or the O2 cell is faulty. If a
cell is inoperative abort the dive and consider manual operation or bailing out. Excess oxygen in the
loop may be prevented by controlling the oxygen cylinder’s valve. If more oxygen is required, press
the oxygen inflator. See Section 14 - Emergency Procedures.

3.5.4 Effect of Moisture on the Cells

In use the atmosphere in the scrubber is virtually always humid. When the scrubber lid is removed,
after the dive, condensation and moisture will be evident. This cannot be avoided due to the moisture
created by the Sofnolime reacting with and removing the CO2 from the atmosphere in the loop.
Humidity levels have been considered when determining the accuracy of the information provided to
the diver, in the same way an allowance has been made for the effects of the inherent ± 1% accuracy
of the cell outputs. The accuracy of the oxygen controller’s reading is ± 0.05 bar, allowing for all
normal use errors.

However, large drops of water either on the front cell face or in the back of the cell may affect the
readings. Water on the cell’s sensor face tends to slow down the reaction of the cell to changing
ppO2 and water in the back of the cell tends to push the ppO2 read out higher. The cells used on the
EVOLUTION have been modified to help eliminate both of these problems. When fitting
replacements ensure only original parts are used. Ask for the APD10 oxygen cell for the VISION
ELECTRONICS.

3.5.5 Setpoint Selection

There are two setpoints. A low setpoint used when on the surface and for the descent and a high
setpoint used when on the bottom and for most of the ascent. The switch from low to high and back
again is either done manually with the centre switch on the display or done using the AUTO setpoint
switch facility. On the ascent, if the diver has not reverted back to the low setpoint by the 100% O2
depth (3m on a 1.3 bar setpoint, 2m on a 1.2 bar setpoint), the EVOLUTION will automatically
revert back to the low setpoint, providing the AUTO option has been selected. Once selected it will
stay on AUTO Setpoint switch.(see Section 8.1.3, 8.1.4 for details)

- 34 -
The setpoints are user selectable to match the type of diving planned. However, begin by using the
default values: a low setpoint of 0.70 bar and a high setpoint of 1.3 bar. With a ppO2 in the loop of
1.3 bar, the maximum oxygen exposure is 3 hours per exposure or 3.5 hours per day, when using the
NOAA oxygen toxicity limits.

The Absolute Pressure at the surface is approximately 1.0 bar, if a higher setpoint than this is selected
whilst still at the surface, the unit will continually inject oxygen, trying to reach the setpoint. Since
this cannot be achieved the result would be a waste of oxygen and battery power. Look out for this
and make sure a low setpoint is selected when at the surface.

In your Nitrox training you will have learnt about CNS oxygen toxicity and the NOAA exposure
limits. When selecting setpoints, be sure to consider the oxygen toxicity limits, see Table 3.

Table 3 NOAA - CNS oxygen toxicity exposure limits

ppO2 (bar) Exposure Limit per Dive Exposure Limit per Day (mins)

1.6 45 150 (2 ½ hours)

1.5 120 (2 hours) 180 (3 hours)
1.4 150 (2 ½ hours) 180 (3 hours)
1.3 180 (3 hours) 210 (3 ½ hours)
1.2 210 (3 ½ hours) 240 (4 hours)
1.1 240 (4 hours) 270 (4 ½ hours)
1.0 300 (5 hours) 300 (5 hours)
0.9 360 (6 hours) 360 (6 hours)
0.7 570 (9 ½ hours) 570 (9 ½ hours)

3.5.6 Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity

Prolonged exposure to oxygen in excess of 0.5 bar can lead to pulmonary toxicity, affecting the
whole body. Normally sport divers (on SCUBA) would never achieve such high exposures.
However, with a rebreather such high levels may be achievable and it is necessary to ensure the
limits are not exceeded. As a rough guide - if you stay within the NOAA CNS guidelines then
pulmonary oxygen toxicity is only of concern during long duration dives over multiple days. e.g. 6
hours diving per day, every day, (using a ppO2 of 0.9) for 14+ days. Check your dive times for risk
of pulmonary oxygen toxicity by consulting one of the technical diving organisations’ (IANTD, TDI
or ANDI) workbooks. Using the higher ppO2 levels of 1.35, 1.45 and 1.55 the CNS clock is the
limiting factor in all cases.
The EVOLUTION’s OTU (Oxygen Tolerance Units) indicator is based on a daily maximum of 300
OTU per day but is displayed as a % of limit i.e. 50% = 150 OTU.

HYPEROXIC MYOPIA

WARNING! There have been instances of Myopia (near sight) occur as a result of diving,
every day for 2 weeks on rebreathers. Some reports have indicated that corrective spectacles
are required for three months. Some have reported a long-term shift to corrective lenses,
while others have reported a return to normality within 2 weeks. Anecdotal evidence suggests 3 to 4
hours of diving per day for 14 days is sufficient to cause Myopia. Divers over the age of 40 seem to
be more susceptible.

- 35 -
3.5.7 Oxygen Limits for Diving Operations

ppO2 LEVEL EFFECT

0 - 0.10 ----------------------- COMA OR DEATH
0.10 ----------------------- Unconsciousness
0.12 ----------------------- Serious signs of Hypoxia
0.16 ----------------------- Minor signs of Hypoxia
0.21 ----------------------- Normal air environment at the surface
0.40 ----------------------- EVOLUTION LOW OXYGEN warning
0.70 ----------------------- EVOLUTION Default Low Setpoint
1.30 ----------------------- EVOLUTION Default High Setpoint
1.40 ----------------------- Recommended recreation limit
1.60 ----------------------- EVOLUTION HIGH OXYGEN warning

3.6 Duration of the CO2 Scrubber

The CO2 duration is determined using the ANSTI unmanned test facility at Portsmouth.
Test conditions: Water temp: 3 to 4oC, Breathing rate: 40 litre/minute, CO2 rate: 1.6 litres/min. These
rates have been previously determined by QinetiQ, as an average breathing rate, averaging out work
and rest cycles.

Rule No 1 - Dive Planning

The Sofnolime must be replaced after 2 hours of use for CO2 produced at a rate of 1.6 lpm

Multiple Dives
The EVOLUTION’S scrubber can be used for multiple dives, providing the Sofnolime is not soaked
during a dive, bearing in mind the total timed used must not exceed 2 hours (for CO2 produced at
1.6 lpm ).

Effect of Depth
In trials, depth has proven to significantly reduce the scrubber’s CO2 absorption capability.
For dives doing the entire decompression on the EVOLUTION – the dive must be planned to exit the
water at or less than a total runtime of 2 hours.

Rule No 2
For dives where the EVOLUTION is used only for the bottom portion of the dive and alternative
sources of decompression gasses are provided, the bottom time (time of leaving the surface to time of
leaving the bottom i.e. runtime) must not exceed 55 mins at 60 to 100m.

WARNING!
1) This information is based on using the 1.0 - 2.5 mm diving grade Sofnolime and tested using a water temperature of 40C and an
average CO2 production rate of 1.6 litres per minute.
2) Some people produce more than 1.6 litres per minute of CO2 and usage times must be shortened. Conduct personal oxygen consumption
trials at work and rest to determine your own CO2 production before use. Calculate your approximate CO2 production by multiplying your
oxygen consumption by 0.9 .
3) Never expect the Sofnolime to last longer because you are in warmer water but do expect it to last for a shorter period if used in colder
temperatures than 4 oC.
4) The design of the scrubber, not just the weight of Sofnolime, is a major factor in the duration, so these performance figures cannot be used
for determining the duration of another make of scrubber.
5) If other scrubber materials are used, such as 2.5 - 5.0mm Sofnolime, then these duration figures are invalid.
6) The performance of the scrubber was tested at the ANSTI test centre on a fresh batch of material, taken straight from the manufacturer’s
packaging.
7) Material that has been left exposed to the atmosphere can appear to be satisfactory but in reality may only work for a short period.
8) The efficiency of the material may vary slightly from batch to batch.
9) The information given applies to Air, Trimix (with a max. END of 30m at 70m, reducing to an END of 24m at 100m) and Heliox diluents.

- 36 -
3.6.1 How do I know when the CO2 absorbent can no longer absorb CO2?
If fresh Sofnolime of the correct grade is used, then the time used can be recorded and compared to
the two rules above. Recording the time used is most important! This is the only practical way of
predicting the remaining absorbent life. The Temp-Stik Scrubber Gauge, if fitted, shows the diver the
active area of the scrubber according to the dive conditions/work rate during the dive, not before the
dive!

Warning DO NOT RELY ON COLOUR CHANGE

Some Sofnolime changes colour as it is used but this is only a guide as the material returns
to the natural colour after a time and is also temperature dependent.

Replace the Sofnolime if the material is soaked; do not attempt to dry it out.

The EVOLUTION is fitted, optionally, with a patented Temp-Stik and CO2 scrubber gauge. This
does not measure or sense CO2, it monitors the warm areas of the scrubber giving a graphical
indication to the diver of the active area of the scrubber bed. This is then compared to test data, and
warnings are then generated in the display and HUDs. In this manner advance warnings can be given
which are work, depth and water temperature related.

3.6.2 Extra CO2 Considerations

If you intend to use the absorbent for subsequent dives, leave the absorbent in the scrubber and seal it
using the convoluted hoses. Do not remove and repack partially used absorbent, as CO2
breakthrough will occur much earlier than expected. When absorbent is removed from the CO2
cartridge, dispose of it immediately.

The CO2 cartridge is easily refilled by the diver. The normal weight of Sofnolime required is 2.1 kg
of 1 - 2.5mm (8-12 mesh) granule size, 797 diving grade, Sofnolime.

Some settling of Sofnolime will occur. A small amount of settling will be taken up by the spring
loaded base plate. Care must be taken if a long journey is undertaken between packing the cartridge
and diving with it. Always inspect the cartridge before the dive.

Warning Hypercapnia, an excess of CO2 at cellular level, can become a problem in any
form of closed circuit rebreather diving. Reduced efficiency of the absorbent, channelling of
breathing gas through the absorbent due to poor packing of the absorbent during refill or if
the absorbent becomes wet, can lead to increased CO2 levels which can result in Hypercapnia. Other
possible causes include damaged or misplaced scrubber components or inverted non-return valves in
the mouthpiece. Be aware of an increased breathing rate, symptoms of confusion. If you don’t
remove yourself from the breathing circuit to an open circuit bail out, for instance, the following
symptoms or signs will ensue very quickly: severe tremors, loss of balance, dissociation or
unconsciousness.

Warning Early CO2 warnings, such as respiratory distress, are often not detected when
breathing oxygen at pressures higher than 0.21 bar and in particular, rebreathing CO2 in 1.0
to 1.3 bar of oxygen is known to offer virtually no physical warning to the diver and escalate
quickly to severe tremors and unconsciousness! - a good reason to remain within the scrubber times
stated earlier, to do proper pre-breathes and to not dive alone.

Maintenance of the apparatus, including disassembly of the scrubber, is detailed in Section 13.

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3.7 Symptoms Associated with Low and High Oxygen Levels, High CO2 Levels
and Oxygen Toxicity
The following is intended to be a brief overview. For further information we recommend studying
the IANTD, or similar, training organisation manuals.

Hypoxia Symptoms (Lack of oxygen)

Hypoxia is extremely dangerous and is potentially fatal. The warning signs are very slight and
hardly noticeable. Once the ppO2 drops below 0.1 bar, the diver will become unconscious. It is,
therefore, essential to monitor the oxygen controller at all times. Oxygen should be administered to a
victim as soon as possible but may not always be successful.

Hyperoxia Symptoms (excess ppO2)

Spastic Convulsions are not always preceded by warning symptoms. It is, therefore, essential to
monitor the oxygen controller at all times.

Central Nervous System (CNS) Oxygen Toxicity Symptoms:

Visual problems (focus, tunnel, spotty etc.)
Ears (ringing, abnormal)
Nausea (spastic vomiting)
Twitching (facial)
Irritability
Dizziness

Whole Body Oxygen Toxicity Symptoms:

Dry cough
Shortness of breath
Increased breathing resistance
Discomfort in chest

Hypercapnia Symptoms (excess CO2)

CO2 convulsions are easily confused with oxygen convulsions and in an elevated ppO2 (above 0.21
bar) convulsions and unconsciousness are rarely preceded by warning symptoms. It is therefore
essential to change the Sofnolime regularly and ensure correct assembly and operation of
components such as scrubber cartridge O ring, spacer and mouthpiece non-return valves.

Rare warning signs Onset of these symptoms can occur very

Shortness of breath * quickly and without warning:
Headache * Severe Tremors
Dizziness * Loss of Balance
Dissociation
Unconsciousness

* Warning: The first CO2 symptoms are not always evident when breathing oxygen above
0.21 bar. Wartime testing by the British Admiralty’s Experimental Diving Unit proved that
oxygen breathed at 1.0 bar whilst exhaled CO2 was rebreathed, resulted in severe respiratory
distress in only 3 out of 18 tested. The remaining 15 subjects suffered acute nervous symptoms or
signs i.e. severe tremors with loss of balance, dissociation & unconsciousness. These all occurred
between 200 and 380 secs from commencement. Don’t take risks with CO2!!!

- 38 -
 SECTION 4

APPARATUS COMPONENTS

- 39 -
4.1 Counterlungs
Two sizes of counterlungs are available: medium and large. Both have sufficient volume for
breathing.
Select the breathing bags/counterlungs according to your body size. When wearing trousers with a
belt and a T-shirt, measure from the lower edge of the belt at the front over your shoulder and down
to the lower edge of your belt at the back. Take the measurement on inhale.

Under 115cm - Medium Counterlungs

Over 115cm - Large Counterlungs

This is only a rough guide. For expert advice please contact the factory, stating your height, chest and
waist measurements.

It is essential to keep the breathing bags/counterlungs down on your shoulders. They are prevented
from floating upwards by the Fastex buckle located on the lower edge of each counterlung. These
can be fastened to the special connection points on the EVOLUTION Harness. If these do not allow
the counterlungs to remain on the shoulders then either a smaller breathing bag, or the use of crotch
straps, must be considered.

4.2 Over-Pressure Exhaust Valve

This is a two-position valve with an additional manual override. In both the fully open (dive) and
fully closed (pre-dive) positions there is a mechanical stop and “click” lock. Fully closed (clockwise)
is the high-pressure setting, used for detecting leaks on the system and for providing positive
buoyancy when at the surface with the mouthpiece closed. Fully open (anticlockwise) is the low-
pressure setting, used throughout the dive. On this setting the loop pressure is kept below the
maximum lung overpressure of 40 mbar. During the ascent, this setting may be too high for
comfortable exhalation so the valve has a pull cord exhaust fitted which can be either operated
intermittently or continuously during the ascent. The latter option has the advantage of keeping the
breathing loop volume at a minimum eliminating the possibility of the expanding gas in the loop
from adversely increasing the buoyancy. The other alternative is to exhale around the outside of the
mouthpiece during the ascent or to breathe out through your nose. If this hands free approach is
preferred then it is best to exhale around the outside of the mouthpiece as this exhausts gas from your
lungs and the counterlungs simultaneously.
It is essential to keep the counterlungs down on the shoulders to prevent the over-pressure valve
operating continuously.

Low Pressure Setting - DIVE High Pressure Setting: PRE-DIVE for leak testing

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4.3 Mouthpiece Valve
If the mouthpiece is removed while in the water, either underneath or
at the surface, water may enter the loop. The EVOLUTION is
tolerant of small quantities of water entering but excessive quantities
should be avoided by closing the mouthpiece before removing it
from the mouth. When re-inserting into the mouth, blow out to
remove the water from the water vent and, while continuing to blow,
open the mouthpiece valve. The opening and closing of this valve is
very important and must be practised on the surface prior to diving.
Unlike any other mouthpiece on the market, the central body section
rotates and moves independently of the two outer sections which
move together with the inner tube of the mouthpiece valve. It is
easier to hold the mouthpiece still, as this is often in your mouth, and
rotate the outer rings. They are prevented from unscrewing by the
two cross-head screws located underneath. When servicing, do not
attempt to unscrew the outer sections without first removing the
screws. Attempting to do so may damage some components.

Located at each end of the inner tube is a non-return valve. These are
keyed to prevent incorrect assembly. However, it is essential to
check the direction of gas flow and check the proper operation of the
non-return valves prior to using the rebreather. This can be easily
carried out by disconnecting the hose connectors from the T piece
and gently blowing and sucking against the connector. The direction
of gas flow for the EVOLUTION rebreather is clockwise when
looking down on the unit. i.e. you exhale over your right shoulder.
Therefore, when blowing into the right hand side hose connector the
non return valve will close and it should open when air is sucked
from the connector. The non return valve on the other end of the
mouthpiece inner tube should close when air is sucked from the left
hand connector and open when air is blown into the connector. After
reassembling the hose to the unit check for correct operation by
alternately squeezing the inhale and exhale tubes as you inhale and
exhale. Gas must come from the left and go out to the right. You
must not be able to inhale gas from the exhale side and exhale gas
into the inhale tube.

4.4 Breathing Hose Connectors

The hose nuts are simply unscrewed. The connections to the
scrubber and the T pieces are piston type seals and seal even when
slightly loose. These connections should be hand tightened onto the
shoulder to prevent accidental unscrewing. Ensure the O-rings are
lightly lubricated and not damaged before re-assembly.

Each hose nut is fastened to the convoluted hose using screw on

connectors. These are larger versions of the connectors used to
clamp the convoluted flexible rubber hose on the range of BUDDY
Buoyancy Compensators. They allow easy removal for maintenance,
they allow the hose to swivel at these joints and they provide an
extremely secure connection.

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 4.5 Colour Coding of Convoluted Hose Connections
The blue rings all signify fresh oxygenated gas from the scrubber. The left shoulder T- piece located
on the inhale counterlung has blue identification rings, as do the hoses connecting to it and the
connection in the centre of the scrubber lid. The non-return valve in the inhalation side of the
mouthpiece is also coloured blue.

3
1 2

5
4

4.6 Diluent and Oxygen Inflators

All inflators, oxygen, diluent and Buoyancy Compensator, are low-
pressure inflators, sometimes referred to as medium pressure
inflators. They are designed to work with a maximum feed
pressure of 15 bar. See the First Stage Interstage Pressures, Section
13.3. The inflator hoses connect to the low-pressure ports on the
first stages.

It is essential not to confuse the oxygen components with their

diluent counterparts. See Section 13.7, Precautions When Using
High Pressure Oxygen. Both the diluent and oxygen systems must
be checked for leaks prior to the dive and this is best done by
dipping the valve in a water bath.

The oxygen inflator has special lubrication and seals and has undergone special cleaning to make it
suitable for use with oxygen. It must only be connected to a hose supplying oxygen. As the
apparatus is worn the oxygen inflator must be on the Diver’s right hand, on the exhale counterlung
and the diluent inflator must be on Diver’s the left hand, on the inhale counterlung.

Both inflators are secured into a base fitting with a large, hand tight, moulded ring. By unscrewing
this ring slightly the inflator can be rotated to best align the feed hose.
The identification badge can also be rotated clockwise to ensure the writing is up the right way. If
these identification labels are lost over time, the type of inflator can be identified by the markings on
the underside. After any adjustment, tighten the outer ring.

- 42 -
By unscrewing the outer ring completely the inflator valve can be
removed. Care must be taken when removing it, as there is a large O ring
seal underneath it.

Removing the inflator reveals a very useful drain valve which should be
used after every dive to drain any water that has entered the counterlungs.
This port can also be used to help with washing and disinfecting the inner
bags of the counterlungs.

4.7 Automatic Diluent Valve (ADV)

The ADV is an optional feature. It replaces the inhale Tee piece
on the left shoulder counterlung and is usually fitted with the
diaphragm facing the diver’s head. The ADV is activated by a
pressure differential across the diaphragm and it supplies gas to
the loop (breathing circuit) whenever a substantial negative
pressure is experienced within the inhale counterlung.
The gas supply hose connects with a 3/8”UNF thread to the low
pressure port on a first stage or into the diluent portion of the
EVOLUTION’s manifold and connects to the ADV’s 300o
swivel. The swivel allows for the hose to be fed from the rear
e.g. from the manifold, or from the front, from a side mounted
diluent cylinder. If the side mounted cylinder needs to be
removed in water the optional in-water quick release connector is
available. The ADV is an upstream valve and can be used with
1st stages delivering 7 to 11 bar (nominal 9.5 bar) above ambient
and requires no adjustment. The elastomeric diaphragm cover
allows manual operation.

During descents it is normal for the ADV to add gas on nearly every inhalation. However, this is
most abnormal during all other phases of the dive. Normally the ADV adds gas to make the
counterlung volume breathable and then stops.

WARNING: If the ADV operates on every inhalation this is an indication of either poor
rebreather diving practice like exhaling through the nose or is a sign of some other leak from
the loop. Any extra diluent addition usually has the effect of reducing the ppO2 within the
breathing circuit and would be countered by the oxygen controller adding oxygen to regain the
setpoint. The danger of inadvertently using excess gas from both diluent and oxygen cylinders is
higher when using an ADV and extra monitoring of cylinder contents gauges should take place.

Located on the left shoulder, rolling left side down may force the ADV to add gas to the loop as will
rotating head down, when the gas in the counterlungs migrates upwards away from the ADV and
causes a negative pressure on the inside of the diaphragm. Whenever these manoeuvres are
undertaken you may need to run the counterlungs with a higher gas volume than normal.

- 43 -
4.8 Weight Pockets
When swimming along horizontally on open circuit inhale fully, hold your breath, and lie still. You
will notice that you are brought into an upright position. This trim alteration is exactly what happens
on a rebreather. As we breathe in and out of the counterlungs, the buoyancy at the chest area is
constant which means you may find that you are constantly being brought into an upright position.
To counteract this effect, up to 4kg of lead can be inserted in the weight pockets on the wing BC.

4.9 Buoyancy Compensator and Harness

A Buoyancy Compensator must be used with this rebreather. Do not use the counterlungs to control
your buoyancy.

A 16kg wing has been specially developed for use with the EVOLUTION, in conjunction with the
EVOLUTION harness. Alternatively, a new jacket style BC is available in 4 sizes. The jacket
eliminates the need for a through-legs crotch strap. 25mm Fastex buckles are located low down at the
front, which are used to hold the counterlungs down on the diver’s shoulders. Holding the
counterlungs down is extremely important and care must always be taken to ensure they are not
allowed to float above the diver’s shoulders. If this happens; breathing resistance will increase
dramatically, probably causing the diver some discomfort - if not immediately, certainly after a time.
Increased breathing resistance means increased CO2 retention, which is believed to make the diver
more susceptible to oxygen toxicity and nitrogen narcosis. If the counterlungs are floating off the
shoulders, ensure the waistband of the harness is not riding up. Simply adjusting the waistband
usually cures this. If it cannot be secured, you may have to add a crotch strap or it may be necessary
to change to a smaller size counterlung.
See Section 4.1.
Weights pockets are incorporated in the EVOLUTION harness and BC jacket option. Using these
will most likely increase diver comfort and reduce any back pains which can occur if the diver uses a
separate weight belt.

4.10 Auto Air

The Auto Air is fitted as standard to the buoyancy compensator. It is a multi-function valve, not only
is it the BC inflator, it can also be used for BC deflation as well as emergency breathing from the
diluent. Most importantly the Auto Air is also a pressure relief valve.
Should the 1st stage leak, the rise in intermediate pressure will automatically be relieved through the
Auto Air.

Note: normally, diluent is not used during the ascent. This means that the intermediate pressure
increases in relation to the ambient pressure as the diver ascends. The Auto Air will bleed off this
excess pressure automatically. It may appear that the Auto Air is leaking but all it is doing is
relieving the excess intermediate pressure. A simple purge is all that is needed to stop the gas
dribbling out or it can be simply left alone.

- 44 -
 WARNING: if the Auto Air is replaced with a conventional inflator and a conventional 2nd
stage, be sure to fit a downstream 2nd stage. If an upstream 2nd stage is fitted or a flow
control device such as the AP “Flowstop” is used then be sure to fit an additional pressure
relief valve to the intermediate pressure. The RB17 (14bar) is an example of a suitable automatic
pressure relief valve and is fitted as standard on the EVOLUTION.

4.11 Audible Warning Device

The audible warning device or buzzer is located on the left shoulder T-piece
and is directed towards the divers head. This is only a secondary device; the
primary warning device being the ppO2 displays, and is not to be used as the
diver’s only warning system. All audible warnings continue while the fault
is occurring unless it has been suppressed by the diver. High-level warnings
(e.g. High O2 and Low O2) are not suppressible.

4.12 Oxygen Solenoid

In DIVE mode the oxygen solenoid is activated ONLY when the ppO2 is
below the setpoint. The oxygen solenoid is opened for a variable time, from
0.2 to 17 secs, depending on how far the ppO2 is below the setpoint. Larger
pressure drops, such as during the ascent, prompt longer solenoid opening
times to regain steady state setpoint as soon as possible. This variable open
time is then always followed by a 6 seconds close period, hence a slight
delay (up to 6 secs) may be noticed before expected solenoid activity but this
is quite normal.

The “solenoid” consists of two major components:

The solenoid itself which is black and the chromed oxygen valve, the stem of which is inserted
through the solenoid and held in place by a circlip. The solenoid is a simple coil requiring an input
of 6 volts for activation. The solenoid draws approx. 350mA and as such is the largest power
consumer, the backlight being the 2nd heaviest power drain.
The oxygen valve is an “upstream” design. The gas pressure closes the gas outlet and holds it closed.
The gas pressure is critical for proper operation of the solenoid.
On the outlet of the oxygen solenoid a chromed restrictor buffers the oxygen flow into the scrubber
lid to prevent oxygen surges when the solenoid initially opens. This is particularly necessary during
deep dives. The restrictor should not be removed for diving. Occasionally the restrictor should be
unscrewed and checked for blockage. If the flow is restricted too much then calibration times will be
extended and solenoid activity will be increased to maintain a constant ppO2, reducing battery life.

- 45 -
4.13 Head Up Displays
Four LEDs (light emitting diodes) are located in the scrubber lid. Two LEDs (one red, one green) are
driven by Controller 1 and two LEDs (one red, one green) are driven by Controller 2. The light from
the LEDs is then “piped” via four solid, flexible polyethylene, fibre optic rods to an eyepiece. The
eyepiece fits into a special holder on the EVOLUTION’s mouthpiece. These “lights” are much closer
to the eye than most adults can focus. This is done intentionally, the lights are kept in the peripheral
vision and the “blurring” makes the lights appear larger than the pinhead light source of each fibre
optic rod.

Note: It is essential for the diver to ensure that all four lights are visible (when shallow, add
air to the loop to activate the red lights). Due to different mask frames and head shapes
some alterations may be needed: The diver should consider purchasing an alternative mask if
necessary, the new generation frameless masks are one option. Sometimes, it may be necessary to
adjust the position of the hose weights so the mouthpiece floats at the correct height. Be sure to
adjust the mouthpiece to a horizontal position by rotating the inhale and exhale hoses at the T-piece
swivels, ensuring the hoses are not kinked. Adjust the HUD position and orientation as necessary.

4.14 Scrubber Monitor (optional)

The central rod of the scrubber is replaced by the Temp-Stik; a similar rod with internal temperature
sensors and a connectorised cable. This is a plug and play unit. Inside the scrubber lid is a spare
connector: connecting this to the corresponding connector on the temperature stick activates the
software so the scrubber gauge is shown in the top centre of the wrist-mounted display.

WARNING! This system does not measure CO2. It simply measures the temperature in the
scrubber material at levels through the bed of Sofnolime. It therefore doesn’t warn the diver
if there is no Sofnolime present. It doesn’t warn the diver when CO2 bypasses the Sofnolime
cartridge due to for example a missing or damaged O-ring. It doesn’t warn the diver of CO2 coming
via damaged or missing mouthpiece non-return valves. IT DOES NOT DETECT CO2.

4.14.1 Scrubber Gauge Display

C1 0.7
The scrubber gauge simply shows the active part
0.69 0.68 0.71 of the scrubber. The gauge starts out empty and as
00:18 DIL1 AIR 1.7m the bottom of the scrubber warms up, the display
1.7 on the left side of the scrubber display turns black,
followed by the next segment and so on
progressing across the scrubber gauge from left to
C1 1.30 right.
1.29 1.30 1.29
01:40 DIL1 AIR 1.7m
15.4
C1 1.30
1.29 1.30 1.29
03:53 DIL1 AIR 1.7m
15.4

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C1 1.30 The Sofnolime at the bottom of the scrubber is soon
1.29 1.30 1.29 used and starts to cool down. This is reflected in the
gauge by the left side of the gauge display clearing.
06:07 DIL1 AIR 15.4m
15.4
C1 1.30
1.29 1.30 1.29
As the Sofnolime further up the scrubber warms up
45:37 DIL1 AIR 15.4m
the display in those areas go black and the active
15.4 area of the scrubber is seen to move from left to
right across the gauge.
C1 1.30
1.29 1.30 1.29
70:25 DIL1 AIR 15.4m
15.4
C1 1.30
1.29 1.30 1.29
105:27 DIL1 AIR 15.4m
Towards the end of the scrubber activity the
15.4 software changes the display so the scrubber gauge
works more like the fuel gauge on a car. i.e. when
C1 1.30 the gauge is empty you can’t stay on the rebreather
1.29 1.30 1.29 and open circuit bailout should be used.
120:55 DIL1 AIR 15.4m
15.4

WARNING! This system indicates the activity of the scrubber throughout the dive, it is not
an indication of the scrubber time available for a subsequent dive. This system offers no
prediction of scrubber life remaining as this relies on several unknown factors: e.g. your
future work rate, the depth to which you intend to dive, the water-temperature you intend to
dive in, but if you do enter the water, all these factors will be automatically considered as
they occur. i.e. if you start working harder the scrubber gauge will reflect this by filling and
emptying the gauge display faster.

WARNING! When the display shows one black segment on the right side of the gauge a
“Scrubber Warning” is given. This is suppressible but the dive should be aborted. When the
display clears the scrubber is used and an alarm is sounded and displayed on both the HUDs
and wrist display. This warning is not suppressible. If you proceed passed this indication
CO2 symptoms, which could prove terminal, may be incurred without physical warning.

- 47 -
4.14.2 Subsequent dives

C1 1.30 If the scrubber is used for another dive, the

bottom of the scrubber rarely heats up, indicated
1.29 1.30 1.29 by the clear left hand side of the scrubber gauge.
01:40 DIL1 AIR 15.4m
15.4

4.14.3 Tracking
C1 1.30 Should CO2 start tracking through the scrubber
1.29 1.30 1.29 this is indicated by the clear section(s) being
shown between black “active” portions of the
105:27 DIL1 AIR 15.4m
scrubber. Abandon the dive immediately and
15.4 re-pack the scrubber with fresh material.

4.15 Case Mounted Cylinder Clamp (optional)

Ideal for attaching cylinders securely and

conveniently to the side of the EVOLUTION’s
case. It features a strong and easy to operate quick
release/attach mechanism. The case-plate is bolted
through pre-drilled holes in the EVOLUTION’s
black case. The cylinder plate, incorporating the
quick release/attach mechanism attaches to the
cylinder with rubber sleeved “jubilee” clamps (not
shown).
The case-plate is compatible with the range of
Metalsub diving lamps and accessories.

4.16 Display strap

Normally the display is mounted on the diver’s

wrist retained by the two wrist straps.
Alternatively, a display strap can be used to
suspend the display, attached to a suitable D ring
with a quick release buckle.

- 48 -
 SECTION 5

POWER ON
Note: The VISION electronics, fitted to the EVOLUTION, are available in German, Dutch, Italian,
Spanish, Portuguese, French as well as English.

5.1 General
The electronics consist of 2 Oxygen Controllers (C1 and C2), located in the scrubber lid, each with
its own battery and intelligent Head Up Displays (HUD). Connected to both O2 controllers is a wrist
mounted, dual strap, display incorporating 3 switches for operational control. These switches will be
referred to as Left, Centre and Right when looking at the display. Each O2 controller is independent
of the other, each has it’s own battery and each controller alone can completely support all life
support system functions. The second control module provides for total redundancy in the life
support functions and both modules will continue to operate without the wrist-mounted display. Also
connected directly to each controller are, 3 oxygen sensors, 1 audible alarm, 1 oxygen solenoid and
two x 2 LED head up displays (HUD) mounted near the mouthpiece.

LEFT CENTRE RIGHT

WARNING! If the diver doesn’t switch the electronics on – the electronics will NOT
control the oxygen pressure within the breathing circuit… which will lead to
unconsciousness and death if the diver continues to breathe from the rebreather.

WARNING! There are NO wet contacts for automatic operation when the diver enters the
water… the diver has to take responsibility for turning on the electronics AND opening both
the oxygen and diluent cylinder valves.

WARNING! It is the diver’s responsibility to ensure all systems are functional prior to and
during the dive.

Note: When first switched on the electronics perform self-tests. However, if the pressure sensor
detects a pressure equivalent to a depth approx. greater than 1.2m (4 ft), the self-tests will be skipped.
This importantly allows the rebreather to be re-started if switched off underwater, even if faults exist.

Note: When you first switch the electronics on and before you go into “dive mode”, it will try to
maintain a setpoint of 0.21bar and the low oxygen warning will be at 0.16 bar. This is to attempt to
keep those alive who breathe from the loop without progressing far enough through the start up
sequence and warn them. It isn’t fool proof. If the oxygen isn’t turned on and the diver ignores the
warnings…. unconsciousness, followed by death will ensue, unless effective rescue is at hand.

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5.2 Switch On
Note: The three switches are maintenance free, no movement switches – they operate under all
normal temperature and pressure conditions. For successful manual operations on land or underwater,
push the switches GENTLY with the soft pad of your finger, NOT the hard tip. These switches work
extremely well with thick Neoprene gloves. If you have pressed the switch correctly an “indicator
line” appears in the display, just above the switch. Many functions such as changing gas mix or time
settings involve scrolling which is easily achieved by pressing and holding. Should the “indicator
line” not be on, the option is not chosen and pressure should be released and re-applied. Pressing the
switch hard does not improve the switches function and may damage the switch.

Warning: Hard objects must not be used to operate the switches.

Switch On
– Press left hand switch on handset and hold for 1 second.

The two controllers perform their self tests. C1 performs it’s test first and if the connection to the
display is operational the display backlight will come on and the start up splash screen is displayed.

AMBIENT
PRESSURE
DIVING LTD

The HUD will flash both LEDS for C1 twice in 1 second in sync with the buzzer, repeated by
controller C2 and then the LEDS will go out, until in Dive Mode.

If only C1 is powered there is a short delay of about 1 second before the splash screen is shown on
the display.

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5.3 Software (Code) Version
The version of the wrist mounted display code is
shown on the 2nd line. In this example version
02.00.09 is the installed code. From time to time,
new code will be released. The latest code may be TRIMIX
downloaded over the internet to your PC and V.02.00.09
uploaded to the EVOLUTION,
www.apdiving.com . The status of the
decompression program is shown in this example
as the Trimix version. Alternatively, this would be
Dive Timer or Nitrox depending on whether you
owned the dive-timer version or the Nitrox
version.

Note: The displayed version number is only for the wrist-mounted display code. Encapsulated in the
lid of the scrubber are the two oxygen controllers which will most certainly have different release
code Nos. To see these Nos. click on the top bar of the main screen of the APD Communicator
program, when all three controllers’ details will be revealed.

5.4 Owner’s Registration Screen

The Registration screen is programmed by the
factory and may be changed by the user for second
Owner’s Name
or third owners. The Serial No. is shown on the T 01326 561040
bottom line. To change the data an upload file ZIP TR13 0LW
needs to be sent from the factory,
info@apdiving.com .
S/N 03A123456

5.5 Open O2 Valve OPEN O2 VALVE

Ensure the oxygen cylinder valve is open by
turning anticlockwise one or two turns.

The arrow in the centre is requesting you confirm

with the centre switch.

5.6 Check Diluent

The controller then prompts Check Diluent. Open OPEN O2 VALVE

the diluent cylinder valve fully and press the
diluent inflator whilst watching the diluent
CHECK DILUENT
pressure gauge. This checks all connections and
that you actually have gas to that valve. If the HP
gauge needle moves when you press the diluent
inflator then the cylinder valve is closed and
should be opened. Check ADV (Automatic diluent
valve) operation if fitted.

- 51 -
5.7 Check Bailout

OPEN O2 VALVE
Check the location and function of your bailout CHECK DILUENT
system CHECK BAILOUT

5.8 Electronics Self-Test

C1 SELF TEST C2
An automatic self-test is performed and the
results for Controllers 1 and 2 (C1 & C2) are
O2 CELL 1
displayed. The solid black centre square is O2 CELL 2
displayed if the device is detected. O2 CELL 3

C1 SELF TEST C2
There is a spare, unused, self-test slot on the 2nd
self-test screen.
SOLENOID
BUZZER

5.9 Failed Self-Test

For a dive to take place, the oxygen cells and solenoid must be seen by one of the controllers.
Missing LEDs and buzzer will result in a user warning only, but will not prevent the dive proceeding.
If both LEDs and buzzer are missing, extreme vigilance must be exercised as the ONLY warnings
will appear on the handset.

One oxygen cell NOT detected by one controller:

C1 SELF TEST C2
O2 CELL 1 If a cell is missing from one controller, that
controller will not be active as a Master.
O2 CELL 2
O2 CELL 3

NO MASTER
CONTROLLER 1
DIVE NOW ?
YES NO

- 52 -
One oxygen cell NOT detected by both controllers:
C1 SELF TEST C2
If a cell is not seen by both controllers then the
O2 CELL 1 electronics will not go into Dive mode and the
O2 CELL 2 connection or cell must be fixed prior to use.
O2 CELL 3

NO MASTER
CONTROLLER 1
CONTROLLER 2
NO DIVE

NOTE: If it says “NO DIVE” – it means NO DIVE. You have to postpone the dive until you
can affect a remedy.

5.10 Battery Check

The batteries are tested while the solenoid fires and

C1 SELF TEST C2 battery voltage is reflected in the icons.
BATTERY
or = Good level (5.5 volts= 2squares)
= Pre-dive “BATTERY, NO DIVE”
= Dive “Low Battery” Warning

On switch on, if one battery is down to one icon

C1 BATTERY C2 (approx. 5.2 volts) and the other battery has two or
WARNING three icons -BATTERY WARNING- is displayed
with an option to dive requiring a YES or NO
DIVE NOW? decision. It is recommended that if a near the limits
YES NO dive is planned, or if the apparatus had been stored
at a low temperature, the battery should be replaced.
C1 BATTERY C2
On switch on, if both batteries are displaying one
icon or less - BATTERY – NO DIVE is displayed,
NO DIVE the oxygen controller will not continue into dive
mode and the dive could not commence.

During the dive, once the battery voltage reaches approx. 4.8 volts, the
battery is displayed as empty and a “Low Battery” warning is
displayed.

- 53 -
5.11 Elapsed On Time
The display indicates the length of time, in hours and minutes that the unit has been switched on
since the timer was last reset to zero. The option to reset the timer is given. This elapsed timer can
be used to time any one of a number of events, such as time since last battery change, or time since
last scrubber change. This timer must only be used as a guide, as the elapsed timer relies on the user
resetting it. Also, as it may be reset at any time, care must be taken to ensure that no-one
inadvertently resets the timer without your knowledge.

ELAPSED ON TIME
0 hrs 25 mins
RESET NOW?
YES NO

ELAPSED ON TIME If Yes is selected then the elapsed on time is

0 hrs 00 mins reset to zero. If No is selected then the
current elapsed time is retained and the
display moves to Calibration.

- 54 -
 SECTION 6

CALIBRATION
The mVolt output of a cell varies with the ppO2. If the ppO2 is higher, the voltage will be higher. A
cell continues to measure the ppO2 even in storage.

The mVolt output of a cell varies from one cell to another, even when exposed to the same ppO2.

The atmospheric pressure changes continuously.

Consequently, the oxygen cells need to be calibrated prior to each dive or at least prior to each day
of use to apply a calibration factor to each cell so they read the correct ppO2.

On the EVOLUTION this is a simple procedure, taking about 45 seconds. Every time it calibrates,
the calibration factors are stored for future analysis of cells.

The calibration sequence involves surrounding the cells with oxygen at a known pressure
(atmospheric pressure) providing the mouthpiece is open.
It is normal to calibrate before every dive. Valuable cell checks are included in the automated
calibration procedure.

6.1 Must Calibrate!

The stored calibration coefficients of the cells are
MUST CALIBRATE! used to calculate and the displayed PO2 and these
values are compared. If one has deviated compared
to the others, MUST CALIBRATE! YES or NO is
displayed. Normally, YES is selected by pushing
Yes No the switch under YES.

WARNING: Calibrate on land with the EVOLUTION standing upright, never in the
water.

- 55 -
6.2 Calibrate?
If the ppO2 displays are very close to each
CALIBRATE? other using the previously stored calibration
factors then the screen display shows -
CALIBRATE? YES or NO. If the apparatus
had only recently been calibrated then there
Yes No would be little point in recalibrating, but the
option to calibrate is given. It is essential
though to recalibrate at least every 3 hours
of diving and in fact it is normal to calibrate
prior to every dive. If NO is selected the
display goes straight into Dive Mode –
Surface display.

6.3 Ambient Pressure

The ambient pressure is measured and
displayed for a short period.
AMBIENT PRESSURE
1007mB

6.4 Oxygen %
After displaying the ambient pressure value,
the OXYGEN % is requested. It is
OXYGEN% requesting the oxygen % in the scrubber lid
after the oxygen inject takes place during
98% calibration.

This is an important issue. If there is 80% oxygen in the lid and 100% is entered, then the oxygen
controller will always display the ppO2 1.25 times higher than its actual value. The diver is likely to
suffer Decompression Sickness (get bent). Typically a value of 98% would be entered when the
oxygen cylinder contains 100% O2 , the exact value can be determined- see section “Verification of
ppO2 .”

Warning The EVOLUTION is designed to be used with 100 % oxygen. Buying 100%
oxygen is not too difficult in the UK. Diving oxygen is guaranteed by BOC or Air Products
to be 99.99% pure and is certified as such. Welding oxygen is not analysed. Care must be
taken with Medical oxygen as its oxygen content may vary depending on whether it will used by
midwives or by paramedics, or for other uses. There are grades of medical oxygen which contain
CO2! Specify diving oxygen. To determine the oxygen purity (when the oxygen % is not certified) -
see Appendix 2.

- 56 -
6.5 Open Mouthpiece

OPEN MOUTHPIECE Once the oxygen percentage has been

selected and confirmed by pressing the
centre switch, the controller prompts OPEN
THE MOUTHPIECE valve. The reason for
this is to enable the cells to calibrate to
ambient pressure and this would not be
possible if the mouthpiece was closed.

Ensure the mouthpiece is open then confirm

by selecting the centre switch.

6.6 Flushing

The displayed ppO2 readings from the three

C1 FLUSHING cells as seen by each controller will be seen
0.17 0.19 0.20 to climb as the solenoid is opened and
C2 oxygen is fed into the loop. Do not worry
that all three on the same controller are
0.18 0.20 0.20 different - they will not be the same until
they are calibrated. An individual cell when
compared between C1 and C2 may be 0.01
different – this is normal, as each cell is
calculating the displayed value based on its
own cell reading and then rounding the
calculated values to two decimal places. The
oxygen controller makes a number of checks
during this phase:

6.7 Unsuccessful Calibration

A calibration may not succeed for a number of reasons e.g. you may have an air cylinder in place of
the oxygen, you may have the oxygen valve closed, an oxygen cell may not be responding to the
increased oxygen, an oxygen cell’s output may be outside the expected range.

NO CALIBRATION
In all instances the screen, “NO
CALIBRATION, NO DIVE” is shown. The
problem must be found and cured BEFORE
NO DIVE diving again.

C1 CALIBRATED C2
To aid in the diagnostics, the cell that hasn’t
O2 CELL 1 calibrated will be shown.
O2 CELL 2
O2 CELL 3

- 57 -
6.8 Successful Flush
A lot of information can be gleaned during
C1 FLUSHING the flushing process with regard to the health
0.89 0.97 1.15 of the oxygen cells. It is easy to compare the
cell reaction speeds to oxygen and it is
C2
possible to see whether the cells have
0.89 0.96 1.15 reached close to their full potential. The

C1 CALIBRATING flushing process lasts until the cell outputs

are stable.
0.89 0.96 1.15 Once the controller is satisfied with the cell
C2 outputs then the CALIBRATING message is
shown.
0.89 0.97 1.15

C1 CALIBRATED
0.98 0.98 0.98
C2
0.98 0.98 0.98

DIVE MODE-SURFACE

C1 0.7
0.98 0.98 0.98
DIL1 AIR
13:50:26 1000mB

Warning Be aware - it is possible to fool the oxygen controller! After use there is a
high oxygen content in the loop. If the oxygen valve has been turned off and a second
recalibration is selected, the oxygen controller will recalibrate despite the fact that the
oxygen cylinder valve is closed. This will give an inaccurate calibration. What is more, the dive is
about to be commenced with the oxygen cylinder valve closed! You must ensure the gas mixture in
the loop is close to 0.21 bar before calibration! This is easily done, by either breathing from the loop
or by flushing with diluent.

6.8.1 Verification of ppO2

Rule No.1 with any rebreather is “KNOW YOUR ppO2 - know what you are breathing”. Never,
ever, breathe from a rebreather unless you know what you are breathing.
There are three ways of knowing your ppO2 when diving a Closed circuit system.
i) Breathe from a pre-analysed open circuit supply. i.e. don’t use a rebreather
ii) Look at a ppO2 display
or iii) Flush the loop with fresh gas, usually a known diluent- providing it is life sustaining at your
depth.

- 58 -
Methods (i) and (iii) we can use in emergencies, so in normal use we have to use the ppO2 display to
warn of changes in ppO2 . The ppO2 you breathe is important not just for keeping you alive but slight
reductions in ppO2 may cause you to suffer decompression sickness (you’ll get a bend).

Hopefully by now, you understand the importance of looking at the ppO2 display, so now it is
important to verify that the display is giving you accurate information.

6.8.2 Indicators to look for during calibration

i) Cell Reaction time?: Start with air in the loop. As oxygen is injected during calibration compare
the three cell displays to see whether they are all changing value at the same rate. If you have a slow
reacting cell, then it will result in a “cell warning” during the dive, especially during diluent flushes.

ii) Cell values prior to the “calibrating” message shown on the display: The cell readings must
be stable for a calibration to occur. Just prior to “calibrating” being shown on the display, read off
the values for all three cells and make a note of them - perhaps in the back of this manual. The cell
values are likely to be different and should lie between 0.7 and 1.35. When you do the calibration,
compare these “end” values with those recorded in your manual. In this way you can see whether the
sensor face is occluded or if the cell is starting to deteriorate (as we expect them to near the end of
the cells life).

iii) Cell Evaluation During Calibration: When they are new, the Oxygen cells used in the
EVOLUTION have an output of between 7.6 and 13 mVolts. With the EVOLUTION’s cell
validation routine, the calibration will be discontinued if the cell’s output is outside the range 7 to
13.5 mVolts. If you see “cell out of range” on the display, the cell MUST be changed prior to diving.
There is an exception to this: “cell out of range” would be displayed if you entered the wrong O2 %
so check before stripping out the cell. i.e. if you only have 80% O2 in the oxygen cylinder enter 78%
at the prompt, not 98%. Note: it is completely abnormal to use anything other than 99-100% oxygen
in the O2 cylinder.

iv) Time taken to calibrate: Due to the fact that the cell readings must be reasonably stable for a
calibration to take place, the time taken to calibrate will vary depending on the ppO2 in the loop prior
to calibration. A lower ppO2 at the start (0.21) will result in a longer calibration time than when
starting with a higher ppO2 in the loop. It is best to start with air in the loop and so you get a good
indication of how the cells are reacting to changes in ppO2 . Should the calibration occur much
quicker than expected, it is prudent to switch off and on and re-calibrate.

6.8.3 Periodic Calibration Check

During constant depth phases of the dive the ppO2 at the mouthpiece is held within a very tight band,
typically within ± 0.02 bar of the mean. (You will see bigger swings on the displays because they
show the oxygen pressure in the mixing chamber (the scrubber lid)). However, the accuracy of the
mean ppO2 depends on the calibration information you give it. If you enter the wrong values, the
ppO2 will still show that the oxygen level is around the setpoint (1.3) but the true O2 pressure will be
offset from the displayed value and this could be dangerous. The degree of danger depending on the
value of the offset and on the type of dive you are doing. If you are doing a “push it to the limits”
decompression dive, then you may get bent.
The accuracy of the calibration depends on the percentage of oxygen in the cylinder and the injection
rate of O2 into the scrubber lid. The oxygen injection varies slightly from rebreather to rebreather but
its effect on calibration is something that is easily checked. After calibration open the mouthpiece
slightly and operate the oxygen inflator. Keep pressing the button until the ppO2 stops rising.
Release the button and wait for 5 seconds before reading the values on the display. These should be

- 59 -
reading the same as the atmospheric pressure. Often, the readings will be slightly higher than that, so
switch off the handset, flush the system with air and do the calibration again. This time entering a
lower oxygen % than you did last time. Repeat until you find the correct oxygen % to enter for your
rebreather. Once you find the correct oxygen% to enter for your rebreather, use that value from then
on. Test it again at monthly intervals and test whenever you change oxygen supplier or have any
reason to doubt the percentage of oxygen in the mixing chamber.
Important: the oxygen % asked for is the oxygen % in the mixing chamber (the scrubber lid), NOT
the oxygen % in the cylinder. (Have the scrubber lid serviced annually by the factory or an approved
service house and they will check the solenoid’s flow to ensure it is within limits.)

This method improves the accuracy of the ppO2 display but you should continue to use values of
setpoint ± 0.05 bar for calculating decompression and oxygen toxicity. e.g. If the setpoint is 1.3, use
1.25 for deco planning and 1.35 for oxygen toxicity planning. This takes into account other factors
that affect the accuracy, such as humidity.

6.8.4 Linearity Check

The oxygen cell output is linear at the oxygen pressures we normally breathe in the rebreather, but
nevertheless it is prudent to check the linearity periodically and especially after a scrubber flood and
clean up. Flush with oxygen, see if the ppO2 reaches the atmospheric pressure and then flush with air
and see if the display reads 0.21 bar. Any variation outside the range 0.19 to 0.23, the cells should be
considered faulty and should be removed for further analysis. Following this, leave the electronics
switched on with a setpoint of 1.0 bar, close the oxygen cylinder valve, close the mouthpiece and
leave for 20 minutes. If the ppO2 decays rapidly, despite there being no gas addition to the loop, and
no leaks in the loop then again the cells can be regarded as having come to the end of their life and
must be exchanged before diving.

6.8.5 Checks prior to each use

Prior to diving, press the diluent inflation button. The displayed ppO2 values will drop. Check that all
cells change value quickly (a slow change indicates moisture on the front face of that cell). Once the
ppO2 drops below 0.4 bar the low oxygen warning will display and the warning buzzer sounds.

After a delay of up to 6 seconds, the oxygen solenoid will open and O2 will be injected to bring the
ppO2 back up to and just over the set point of 0.70 bar. Check to ensure that all 3 sensors reach the
0.70 bar set point without any individual cell lagging behind the others.
Manually inject oxygen and ensure that all 3 cells reach atmospheric pressure without any individual
cell lagging the others, have similar values and react at roughly the same speed.

During the pre-breathe sequence ensure the ppO2 values drop as you exhale into the loop and then
ensure all cell values are brought back to setpoint as oxygen is injected.

- 60 -
6.8.6 Verifying the ppO2 during the dive
The computer makes the assumption that the nearest two cells must be correct - it is a simple voting
logic system. However, do not be lulled into thinking the same way as the computer.

For each of the three oxygen cells, the cell’s mVolt output is simply converted to a ppO2 and is
shown in real time. Because the EVOLUTION displays raw data in real time, the reaction time of
the display is instantaneous and this “reaction rate” is a good visual indicator as to the health of the
oxygen cells and electronics.

Remember this:

As the ppO2 in the loop changes - the display for all 3 cells SHOULD change!

Check on every dive to see if all cells are reacting to gas changes.

By forcing changes in ppO2 you can examine the health of the cells at any stage of the dive.
Simply add a little oxygen to bring the ppO2 0.05 to 0.1 bar above the setpoint and then add a
little air/diluent which should lower the ppO2 below the setpoint. This proves whether or not
all three cells are responding to changes in ppO2 and are capable of displaying above and
below the setpoint.

If any cell refuses to display above the setpoint, the dive MUST be aborted and the cell replaced. If
they are all the same age - replace all three.

It has become common practise to replace oxygen cells on a rolling basis, i.e. Insert one new cell
every 6 months.

Additionally the ppO2 values may be checked during the dive by flushing with O2 in the shallows
(less than 6m) or by flushing with air/diluent when deeper. At depth you expect the following ppO2
when you flush with air:
10m - 0.42 bar
20m - 0.63 bar
30m - 0.84 bar
40m - 1.05 bar
50m - 1.26 bar.

It is advisable to write the ppO2values for your diluent for every 10m on your decompression slate.
This is used as a rough check to see which sensors are giving proper readings should you ever be in
any doubt regarding the displayed information. It can only be regarded as a rough check because of
the variations between depth gauge readings and different divers’ abilities to do effective gas flushes
but nevertheless it is still an excellent check and at the same time changes the ppO2 in the loop to a
known value, providing the flush is done effectively.

In the CCR Menu, when deeper than 1.2m, there is a useful “Cell Check” display which calculates
what the ppO2 will be if you flush effectively at your current depth. The display on the left is the
ppO2 should you flush with diluent and the display on the right is the ppO2 should you flush with
oxygen.

- 61 -
 SECTION 7

DIVE MODE
7.1 Dive Mode – Surface Display

C1 0.7
0.98 0.98 0.98
DIL1 AIR
13:50:26 1000mB

C1 0.7 C1 indicates that Controller 1 is the Master controller.

0.98 0.98 0.98 0.7 indicates the setpoint is 0.7 bar
DIL1 AIR
13:50:26 1000mB
The empty box in the centre top of the display is the
C1 0.7 CO2 scrubber gauge.
The left battery indicator is B1 and is the battery that
0.98 0.98 0.98 drives C1. The right battery - B2, drives C2. B1 is
DIL1 AIR highlighted to indicate it is the Master Battery (the
13:50:26 1000mB Master supplies power to the solenoid and wrist
mounted display).

C1 0.7
0.98 0.98 0.98 These three represent the ppO2 readings from the
DIL1 AIR oxygen cells. Cell 1 is on the left, cell 2 in the centre,
13:50:26 1000mB cell 3 on the right.

C1 0.7
0.98 0.98 0.98 The diluent is shown in the centre of the display. The
DIL1 AIR diver MUST be satisfied that this is the diluent being
used.
13:50:26 1000mB

C1 0.7
The current time is shown in the bottom left corner
0.98 0.98 0.98 and the current ambient pressure is displayed in the
DIL1 AIR bottom right corner.
13:50:26 1000mB

- 62 -
7.2 Master/Slave Controllers.
If Controller 1 (C1) is capable of being a Master controller the EVOLUTION will always start with
C1 as Master and C1 will be displayed in the top left corner.
The Master controller is the one used for operating the solenoid to maintain ppO2.

C1 0.70
C2 can be displayed by pressing the left switch
0.69 0.68 0.71 and holding for 2 secs.
C2
0.69 0.68 0.71

Normally the C2 display is not shown unless an error exists for C2 when the error message will be
alternated with the C2 ppO2 and battery information and dive time and depth information.
Tip: Should the depth and time be required during the warning sequences simply press and hold the
right button for 2 secs.

The Slave simply takes the mVolt outputs from the same three cells as the Master controller but it
calculates the ppO2 values for itself, so it is common to see the Slave display varying from the Master
by ± 0.01 bar. If at any time the Master is switched off or powers down or its processor stops, the
Slave recognizes this and automatically becomes the Master, taking control of the solenoid.
Additionally, the Slave is programmed to maintain a ppO2 at 80% of the setpoint as a “catch all”
should the Master fail to maintain the desired setpoint.

7.3 Master/Slave Batteries

If C1’s battery, B1, qualifies as the Master battery, then the EVOLUTION will always start up with
B1 as the Master battery. The Master battery is used to power the wrist mounted display and the
solenoid.

The Master’s battery is highlighted, shown here on the left:

If B1 has insufficient voltage to be the Master battery then C2’s battery (B2) will be designated as the
Master battery. In use, it will be possible to see C1 as the Master controller but B2 being used as the
Master battery. In the same way it would be possible to see C2 as the Master controller but using B1
as the Master battery.

In the event that both B1 and B2 are below the low battery levels then the power to drive the wrist
display and the solenoid is drawn from both batteries simultaneously.

When a battery reaches the low battery level during the dive, the warning is displayed on both the
wrist mounted display and the relevant HUD. This warning may then be suppressed for 5 mins by
pressing the right switch for 2 secs.

- 63 -
7.4 ppO2 display
When first breathing on the EVOLUTION, a rapid drop
C1 0.7 in ppO2 will be seen. Obviously the drop in ppO2 occurs
0.56 0.53 0.61 because the exhaled breath contains only about 17%
oxygen and you are forcing the oxygen pressure down
DIL1 AIR
very quickly. If you stop breathing into the loop, just
13:50:26 1000mB take it out of your mouth, you should then expect to see
the ppO2 rise rapidly back towards the setpoint. Please
C1 0.7 remember there is always a 6 second delay between
solenoid open times, so don’t expect the solenoid to
0.71 0.73 0.72 always open immediately the ppO2drops below the
DIL1 AIR setpoint, there is often a short delay. This is a great
13:50:34 1000mB indicator of the “health” of the system, now you know
whether or not the cells are reacting to fast changes in
ppO2, you know the oxygen controller and solenoid are working and has oxygen rich gas connected.
If you continue to breathe from the loop, it will take about 3 minutes of breathing to bring the ppO2 of
both the lungs and the breathing loop to a steady state 0.70 bar. Once at the setpoint the controller
will maintain the ppO2 very close to the setpoint. In independent tests it is proven to be maintained
within ± 0.02 bar during the dive. During ascent the ppO2 will drop due to decreasing ambient
pressure but steady state setpoint is achieved at the mouthpiece within 20 seconds of reaching a
decompression stop.

7.5 Dive Mode – Underwater Display

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71 As the diver descends the ambient pressure
display increases.
DIL1 AIR
18:50:38 1072mB
Once a depth of approximately 1.2m (4 ft) has been reached, the display changes to its underwater
display. It reverts back to surface display at approx. 0.9m (3ft)
C1 0.7
0.85 0.85 0.84
00:18 DIL1 AIR 1.7m The top two lines are the same as the Dive
Mode – Surface. The ppO2 detected by the
999 1.7 oxygen cells is displayed across the centre of
the display.
C1 0.7
0.85 0.85 0.84 The dive time is shown, in this example, as 0
00:18 DIL1 AIR 1.7m mins, 18 secs.
999 1.7 The No-Stop time, if a decompression option
is purchased, is displayed below the dive time
and is shown as 999 mins.
C1 0.7
0.85 0.85 0.84
00:18 DIL1 AIR 1.7m
999 1.7
- 64 -
 The selected diluent is shown in the centre
C1 0.7 of the display: Diluent 1, which is AIR. On
0.85 0.85 0.84 the deco versions there are up to 6 diluents,
00:18 DIL1 AIR 1.7m all of which are user adjustable and stay in
memory once set.
999 1.7

C1 0.7 The maximum depth is shown here as 1.9m

and the actual depth, 1.7m, is displayed in
0.85 0.85 0.84 the bottom right corner.
00:18 DIL1 AIR 1.9m
999 1.7
NOTE: When in dive mode, pressing and holding the middle switch for three seconds will switch the
Setpoint from LOW to HIGH. Releasing and pressing for another three seconds will switch back to
the LOW setting. This 3-second hold time is to help prevent accidental operation during the dive.

7.6 Switch Functions – Dive Mode

Once into a Menu, the switch selection is indicated in the screen above each switch. The exception to
this is in the underwater Menu. At Cell Check, by pressing the unlabelled centre switch more options
are displayed.
There are also several functions available by learning the following switch sequence. The good news
for existing Inspiration owners is that the switch sequence is virtually identical. The only exceptions
being that now when in dive mode, you can suppress some warnings by pressing and holding the
right hand switch which also conveniently brings up instantly the depth and time information. You
can also display the Slave controller by pressing and holding the left switch for 2 secs.

Start up:
Left switch - hold - turns the unit on.

When in dive mode:

Left Switch, no hold - backlight comes on for 5 secs
Centre Switch, no hold - backlight comes on for 15 secs
Right Switch, no hold - backlight comes on for 15 secs

C1 1.30 Left Switch, long hold (2 secs plus) – displays the

1.29 1.29 1.30 Slave’s ppO2 and battery readings on the bottom two
C2 lines of the display.

1.29 1.29 1.30

Centre Switch, long hold - toggles the high and low setpoints.

Right Switch, long hold - suppresses Battery warnings, Cell warnings,, Dive Start
Violation, First level CO2 warnings for 5 mins. It suppresses
any warning sequence for an instant look at depth and time
information.

- 65 -
NOTE: Low oxygen, high oxygen, ceiling violation and last level CO2 warnings (if Temp-Stik
fitted) cannot be suppressed.

Centre and Right Switch, simultaneously - Controllers On/Off Menu

Left and Right Switches, simultaneously - Enter Menu Mode

Left and Right Switches, simultaneously (whilst in Menu mode) - Exits Menu Mode

7.7 High/Low Setpoint Switching

By selecting a LOW setpoint (0.70 bar) the diver can descend with less risk of the ppO2 spiking high.
By switching to a HIGH setpoint (1.30 bar) decompression obligations can be minimised. Typically,
the LOW setpoint is used during the descent down to about 24 to 30m when the HIGH setpoint is
selected. The HIGH setpoint is then used for the ascent and decompression, switching to the LOW
setpoint prior to ascending above 3m.

Typically dives to 12m or shallower are conducted entirely on the low setpoint. For dives 12m and
deeper the High setpoint is used for the bottom and ascent phases – bear in mind the CNS and OTU
limits (CNS limit at 1.30 bar is 3 hours).

When in dive mode, pressing and holding the middle switch for three seconds will switch the Setpoint
from LOW to HIGH. Releasing and pressing for another three seconds will switch back to the LOW
setting. This 3-second hold time is to help prevent accidental operation during the dive.

WARNING: Selecting the HIGH setpoint when at the surface, will result in oxygen being
injected to bring the ppO2 in the loop up to meet the HIGH setpoint. If the HIGH setpoint is
set above the ambient pressure the controller will continue to inject oxygen until either the
LOW setpoint is selected, the power is switched off or the EVOLUTION runs out of oxygen or
battery power! i.e. 1.3 bar in the loop cannot be achieved until the apparatus is deeper than 3 m!

The EVOLUTION features an AUTO setpoint switch which is activated in the CCR menu. The
choice of whether to use the AUTO feature or not is the diver’s choice. Once selected, the AUTO
switch and settings are retained and used until changed by the diver. Even if AUTO is selected the
diver may manually override the current setting – at any time. Whether the diver uses AUTO or
Manual – it is of paramount importance that the diver knows what setting is being used at all times.
There is a great risk, in fact certainty, of decompression risk if the dive is conducted on a setpoint of
0.7 if the diver follows a 1.3 bar decompression schedule.

C1 0.7 Dive Mode – Underwater

0.69 0.68 0.71 Low Setpoint (0.7bar) selected. Manual
setpoint switch mode is indicated by
25:40 DIL1 AIR 21.7m next to setpoint.
999 21.7

C1 1.30 High Setpoint Selected (1.30bar). Oxygen

1.06 1.10 1.08 is now injecting to bring the ppO2 up to
26:00 DIL1 AIR 21.7m 1.30. The lack of next to the setpoint
indicates the setpoint switch mode is set
999 21.7 to AUTO.

- 66 -
7.8 Head Up Displays (Hud) – Dive Mode
The Head up Displays are an important part of the life support system. There are two Head up
Displays, one for C1 and one for C2. They have independently driven LEDs (light emitting diodes),
the light from which is brought forward through dedicated fibres for each of their two LEDs (4 fibres
in total) to a common mounting at the mouthpiece. C1 controls two lights (or fibre optic ends) one
above the other on the left (red above green), C2 controls the two on the right. Once switched on, the
Head up Displays’ LEDs cannot be switched off unless a Power Off signal is received from the wrist-
mounted display. Should there be a failure within the wrist-mounted display the only way to stop the
operation of the HUDs’ LEDs is to remove the batteries.

The LEDs for the HUDs are located in the lid of the scrubber immediately adjacent to the C1 and C2
oxygen controller boards. The boards are encapsulated for waterproofing and vibration proofing. The
light from the diodes is transmitted via flexible polyethylene fibre optic cables to the mouthpiece
mount. NOTE: although flexible, care should be taken not to over-bend the rods.

The use of fibre optics eliminates the need for waterproofing or pressure proofing and the fibre optic
cables are easily replaced at relatively low cost. If this is undertaken by the diver or repair technician,
care must be taken to ensure the correct cables are inserted in the correct slot so C1’s green is bottom
left, C1’s red is top left, C2’s green is bottom right and C2’s red is top right. It would be prudent for
the diver to check this after a service by switching the unit on with just one battery in at a time, take it
into dive mode and check the position of C1 and C2’s green lights.

No lights:
Not in Dive Mode – NO DIVE !

C1 C2

Steady green lights:

Both C1 and C2 are in Dive Mode and the ppO2 is close to
setpoint.

Green light flashing:

The ppO2 has fallen below setpoint by 0.2 bar or more.

- 67 -
 C1 C2

Green and Red lights flashing alternately on C1:

Low Battery warning on C1

Hint: concentrate on C1; assess what that is telling you before concentrating on C2. If in doubt, look
at the wrist display.

Green and red lights flashing together on C1 and C2:

Cell warning on both C1 and C2.

Green and Red lights flashing together on C1:

Cell warning just on C1

Flashing Red on both C1 and C2:

Fast flash = High ppO2 warning (over 1.6 bar)
Slow Flash = Low ppO2 warning (below 0.4 bar)

Solid Red:
LOOK AT HANDSET NOW!
This is a general warning used to draw the diver’s
attention to the handset. One example where this is used is
the CO2 scrubber gauge warning.

- 68 -
7.9 Cell Validation
The Inspiration’s original (Classic) electronics assumes the ppO2 is the average of the two closest
cells. The EVOLUTION does the same but now there is more cell validation during the dive and only
valid cells are used in the ppO2 calculation. The cells response to oxygen addition is monitored. Static
cells are highlighted on the display and not considered.

Using this method the system can keep working with three, two or just one valid cell.

C1 1.30
1.31 1.32 1.34
26:25 DIL1 AIR 21.7m
999 21.7
C1 1.30 In this example the HUD shows Cell
Warning on both C1 and C2.
1.31 1.32 1.34
C1 C2
CELL WARNING

The above display shows that cell 1 has been excluded from the ppO2 calculation. The Cell warning
display alternates with the depth and dive time information.

C1 1.30
1.31 1.29 1.28
26:25 DIL1 AIR 21.7m
999 21.7

WARNING! Whenever a cell is excluded the dive should be aborted. If all three cells are
excluded the diver MUST go to open circuit bailout immediately.

- 69 -
 SECTION 8

MENU MODES
NOTE: The Menus are slightly different depending whether the display is in surface mode or
underwater mode.
NOTE: The Menu Mode is entered with high or low setpoint selected.
NOTE: The oxygen control is maintained when in Menu Mode.
NOTE: There is a 15 secs timeout. If a switch is not selected within 15 secs the display reverts back
to Dive Mode, either “surface” or “underwater”. This is a useful facility allowing you to
scroll down to the feature to be altered, make the alteration and then just wait until it drops
back into dive mode. It saves going through the entire Menu.
NOTE: Once into a Menu, the switch selection is indicated in the screen above each switch.
Generally, if the current setting is required then the centre switch, if its operation is not
indicated to do something else, selects the current setting and then the next option is
displayed.

8.1 Menu Mode – surface -CCR

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
DIL1 AIR Press the outside two switches,
simultaneously or within 0.5sec of each
13:50:26 1007mB other, to enter MENU Mode

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71 Now, you have the choice of two menus;
Rebreather (CCR) or Decompression.
SUB MENU Select CCR.
CCR DECO

8.1.1 High Setpoint Adjustment

The default high setpoint is 1.30 bar, but is
C1 0.7 adjustable from 0.9 to 1.5. It always defaults
0.69 0.68 0.71 back to 1.3 when the electronics are turned
off. Tip: leave it on 1.30 bar. Press the
HIGH SET POINT centre switch to confirm selection.
1.30

- 70 -
8.1.2 Low Setpoint Adjustment
The default low setpoint is 0.70 bar but is
C1 0.7 adjustable between 0.5 and 0.9. It always
0.69 0.68 0.71 defaults back to 0.7 when the electronics are
turned off. Tip: leave it on 0.70 bar.
LOW SET POINT
0.70
8.1.3 Setpoint Switch on descent
By selecting a LOW setpoint (0.70 bar) the diver can descend with less risk of the ppO2 spiking high.
By switching to a HIGH setpoint (1.30 bar) decompression obligations can be minimised.

C1 0.7 The LOW setpoint is used at the surface and

0.69 0.68 0.71 for the descent. When diving deeper than
30m the HIGH setpoint should be selected
SET POINT SWITCH for the descent at 25-30m.
Auto Manual
The switch from LOW setpoint to high
setpoint can be set to take place
C1 0.7
automatically by selecting AUTO. The next
0.69 0.68 0.71 screen allows you to select the switch depth.
SWITCH DEPTH Whatever depth you set it to will be
remembered the next time you switch on.
30m Press the centre switch to select the depth
and move to the next menu option.

NOTE: If AUTO is selected, the setpoint can be still be toggled manually between HIGH and
LOW setpoints at any time. If underwater and in AUTO mode; if the diver tries to set high
setpoint when shallower than the 100% O2 depth (e.g. at 2m with a 1.3 setpoint) the
EVOLUTION will force to the low setpoint.
NOTE: The switching method is AUTO (30m) when shipped from the factory, so is
obviously not suitable for all dives and needs to be adjusted to suit individual circumstances.

WARNING! Whether AUTO or MANUAL is selected, it is the diver’s responsibility to

ensure that the high setpoint is selected at depth. Failure to ensure this may result in
decompression sickness.

8.1.4 Setpoint Switch on ascent

On ascent the setpoint switch is done manually by the diver; by pressing and holding the centre
switch. However, if AUTO setpoint switch is selected, once the diver reaches the 100% O2 depth the
controller will automatically switch the setpoint to LOW if the diver hasn’t already selected it. i.e. if a
HIGH setpoint of 1.30 bar is used the LOW setpoint will be selected at approximately 3m. If a HIGH
setpoint of 1.40 bar is used the LOW setpoint will be selected at approximately 4m. (The depth at
which the change is made is approximate because the depth will actually change with the atmospheric
pressure). If the MANUAL setpoint switch is selected the setpoint will stay on the high setpoint all
the way to the surface, unless changed by the diver.

- 71 -
8.1.5 HUD Intensity

C1 0.7 The intensity of the head up displays’ LEDs

0.69 0.68 0.71 may be altered to suit the ambient light. A
night dive may require a lower intensity.
HUD INTENSITY Adjustment range is 1 to10.
8

8.1.6 LCD Contrast

C1 0.7 The contrast of the liquid crystal display may

be altered to suit the ambient temperature.
0.69 0.68 0.71 Altering the contrast has no effect on battery
LCD CONTRAST life. The adjustment range is 3 to 10.
6

8.1.7 Backlight Options

C1 0.7 If Key On is selected, the backlight is

0.69 0.68 0.71 normally off but comes on when a switch is
pressed. The left switch operates the backlight
BACKLIGHT for 5 secs, the centre or right switch operates
Key On the backlight for 15 secs.

C1 0.7 Press the right switch to get to “Always On” -

0.69 0.68 0.71 a useful feature on a deep dive or in cave but
remember the battery drain will be much
BACKLIGHT faster and MUST be monitored closely.
Always On

C1 0.7 Press the down arrow once to go from “Key

0.69 0.68 0.71 On” to Backlight OFF. This may be chosen in
BACKLIGHT high ambient light situations to extend battery
life.
OFF
Once the choice required is displayed, press the centre switch to select.

- 72 -
8.1.8 Backlight Brightness
C1 0.7 The backlight is the 2nd biggest power
0.69 0.68 0.71 consumer. The maximum setting is 31. By
setting this to 21 there is a saving of 30mA.
BRIGHTNESS Press the centre switch to select.
21 Adjustment range is 1 to 31; the lower the
number the lower the current-drain on the
batteries.

8.1.9 Elapsed On Time - Display and Reset.

C1 0.7 C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71 0.69 0.68 0.71
ELAPSED ON TIME RESET NOW
0 hrs 29 mins Yes No

C1 0.7
If Yes is selected the time starts
0.69 0.68 0.71 again at zero.
ELAPSED ON TIME
0 hrs 00 mins

8.2 Menu Mode – surface -DECO

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
DIL1 AIR Press the outside two switches,
simultaneously or within 0.5sec of each
13:50:26 1007mB other, to enter MENU Mode
Note: press the outside two to exit menu
when required.

Now, you have the choice of two menus,

Rebreather or Decompression. Select
DECO.

C1 0.7
Note: the DECO Menu works slightly
0.69 0.68 0.71 differently to the CCR menu. Each DECO
SUB MENU Menu option has two arrows; these allow
you to scroll up and down through the
CCR DECO selection options. To exit this Menu you
either scroll to the “Exit Menu” option or
you just wait for 15 secs when you will be
bounced back to the main Dive Mode
(surface) display.

- 73 -
NOTE: the following sections are not necessarily shown in the same order as they
appear on the product. The features available vary with Dive Timer, Nitrox and
Trimix versions. See Appendix 1 for relevant Menu options.

8.2.1 Select Diluent

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71 To select diluent, press the centre switch.
SELECT DILUENT

C1 0.7
The current diluent choice is displayed. Press
0.69 0.68 0.71 the left or right switch to scroll through the 6
SELECT DILUENT diluents.
DIL1 Air
NOTE: The diluents programmed in at time of delivery, for the Trimix deco software option are:
Diluent 1 – AIR, Diluent 2 – 16/44 (O2%/He%), Diluent 3 – 13/59, Diluent 4 – 10/52, Diluent 5 –
36% Nitrox, Diluent 6 – 80% Nitrox.
NOTE: All gasses are adjustable and then stored at the new settings for future use.
NOTE: If you have the Dive Timer version, there is no “Select Diluent” display. If you have the
Nitrox deco option, the Helium % defaults to 0.

If diluent 3 is required, scroll to diluent 3 and select by pressing the centre switch, otherwise scroll
through diluents.

C1 0.7
To confirm diluent 3, confirm by selecting
0.69 0.68 0.71 Use. If a change is required select “Edit”.
DIL3 13/59
Edit Use

EDIT DILUENT 3 The first option is to change the oxygen

percentage. Confirm by pressing the centre
OXYGEN% switch.

14%

EDIT DILUENT 3 Next, it is possible to adjust the Helium %.

OXYGEN% 13 If Heliox were being used then increase the
HELIUM% Helium % to eliminate any Nitrogen.
59%

- 74 -
 EDIT DILUENT 3
The Nitrogen % is automatically calculated
OXYGEN% 14 and displayed for a few seconds before
HELIUM% 59 scrolling onto the next Menu option.
NITROGEN% 27

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71 To change another diluent press the
centre switch again or move onto the
SELECT DILUENT next option by pressing the left switch.

8.2.2 Gradient Factors (Trimix version only)

C1 0.7 If the Trimix deco software option has been

0.69 0.68 0.71 purchased there is the possibility to alter the
GRADIENT FACTORS Gradient Factors.

C1 0.7 The Low Gradient Factor inserts deep stops.

0.69 0.68 0.71 If deeper stops are required, decrease the
GF LOW Low Gradient Factor.
15

C1 0.7 Decreasing the high gradient factor

0.69 0.68 0.71 increases the duration of the shallow stops.
GF HIGH
85

WARNING: By using a Low factor of 100 and a high factor of 100, the decompression
profile will be straight Bühlmann. However, according to Bühlmann, this results in an
unacceptably high incedence of DCS(Decompression Sickness). Bühlmann recommended an
additional safety factor be applied: an addition of 1.03 x depth +1m. This equates to a gradient factor
of approx. 90 High, 90 Low. No matter which decompression program is used, it will never reflect
exactly what is happening to the body, it is a best guess and there isn’t a decompression program in
existence, including this one, even if dived well within the “safety” limits, that will guarantee no
decompression sickness.

WARNING: The Gradient factors MUST be checked by YOU prior to EVERY dive.

- 75 -
8.2.3 Conservatism Level (Nitrox version only)

C1 0.7 If the Nitrox decompression option has

0.69 0.68 0.71 been purchased there is the possibility to
alter the conservatism level.
CONSERVATISM

The Conservatism level is adjustable

C1 0.7 from 1 to 5, level 1 is the least
0.69 0.68 0.71 conservative setting, level 2 is generally
CONSERVATISM the same decompression time as level 1
but specifies a slightly deeper first stop.
3 Level 3 is more conservative than 1,
level 4 is the same as 3 but specifies a
slightly deeper first stop. Level 5
specifies extra conservatism and deeper
first stop.

WARNING: The conservatism settings MUST be checked by YOU prior to EVERY dive.

8.2.4 Depth Units

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71 Select the centre switch to change the
depth units.
DEPTH UNITS

C1 0.7
Select metres or feet.
0.69 0.68 0.71
DEPTH UNITS
Feet Metres

8.2.5 Time and setting

C1 0.7 The EVOLUTION has a real time clock
0.69 0.68 0.71 and this can be adjusted to match your local
CLOCK time and date.

The current set time and date is shown.

Time 13:53:55 Select Use to leave the settings as they are.
Date 14:12:03

Edit Use

- 76 -
 Time 13:53:58 On selecting Edit, the first option is to
Date 14:12:03 change the time, starting with “Hours”.
Press the up and down arrows to make the
Set - HOURS change and then confirm with the Centre
switch.

Time 13:53:58
Following through, the Minutes, Seconds,
Date 14:12:03 Day, Month and Year can be alterred.
Set - MINUTES The Date format is fixed at the European
format: Days:Month:Years.

NOTE: When a battery is changed, the clock and date information will be lost if not replaced within
4 hours. If this occurs, at start up in between the front end splash screens, you will be prompted to
enter the date and time as above.

TIME AND DATE

INVALID
ADJUST NOW!

Time 13:53:58
Date 14:12:03
Set - HOURS

Tip: Use the APD Communicator software and Bridge Interface to synchronise the date and time
with your PC.
Note: it is normal for the PC Clock and EVOLUTION’s Clock to vary from each other, sometimes as
much as 10 secs per day. Synchronise the clock and date feature using the APD Communicator,
every time you download your dives.

8.2.6 Dive Log

Press the centre switch to enter Dive Log.

C1 0.7 Scroll through dives using the arrows to see
0.69 0.68 0.71 the dive No. on the top line, the date
DIVE LOG (dd/mm/yy) and dive duration (mins/secs),
on the 2nd line, time of entry(hrs/mins/secs)
and maximum depth (metres or feet) on the
third line. This data is stored for 48 dives.
DIVE 00125 The dive No. is incremented by one every
time the rebreather descends below 1.2m
14:12:03 75:25 providing the surface interval is greater
13:53:27 37.3m than 5 mins. If the surface interval is less
EXIT than 5 mins it is counted as the same dive.
Press the centre switch to exit Dive Log.
The dive end is logged when the handset is
at approx. 0.9m (3ft) or shallower.

- 77 -
8.2.7 Oxygen Exposure %

C1 0.7
Both the CNS and OTU are tracked and
0.69 0.68 0.71 displayed in the DECO menu.
OXYGEN EXPOSURE%
CNS 20 OTU 10

8.2.8 Demo Mode

Demo mode can be run for tuition purposes
C1 0.7
to show some of the underwater displays
0.69 0.68 0.71 and underwater menus.
DEMO MODE

On pressing the centre switch the option to

C1 0.7 turn the Demo Mode on or off is given.
0.69 0.68 0.71 Select On and then arrow down to “Exit
DEMO MODE Menu” or just wait for 15 secs.
On Off

C1 0.7 NOTE: When in demo mode the Scrubber

0.69 0.68 0.71 Gauge scrolls to indicate it is in dive mode.
The left switch does not call up the Slave
DIL1 AIR
display (whilst in demo mode). The setpoint
18:50:38 1023mB is automatically set at 0.21 bar and the Low
Oxygen warning is set at 0.16 bar.

NOTE: press the left switch to descend or the right switch to ascend.

The pressure can be seen to increase as the

C1 0.7 left switch is held.
0.69 0.68 0.71
DIL1 AIR
18:50:42 1072mB
The following displays are for the Decompression Option. If the depth and dive timer option has
been purchased there will no “No Stop Time”, “Total Time to Surface” or “Ceiling” displays.

C1 0.7 Once the pressure is equivalent to

approximately 1.2m (4ft) the display enters
0.69 0.68 0.71 the underwater mode.
00:18 DIL1 AIR 1.7m
999 1.7

- 78 -
 C1 0.7
Press the left switch to descend and the right
0.69 0.68 0.71 switch to ascend.
00:40 DIL1 AIR 21.7m
999 15.4

If AUTO Setpoint switch is selected; once

C1 1.30 the depth increases deeper than the switch
0.69 0.68 0.71 depth, the HIGH setpoint becomes active
and the No Stop time can be seen to
03:53 DIL1 AIR 30.2m
increase. If a Decompression option has
24 30.2 been purchased the No-Stop Time is
displayed in the bottom left hand corner.

C1 1.30
Once the No-stop time reaches zero, the
0.69 0.68 0.71 display changes to Total Time to Surface
59:10 DIL1 AIR 30.2m (TTS) (10 mins in this example, along with
a ceiling of 4.0m)
10 TTS 4.0 30.2

C1 1.30
Ascend by pressing or pressing and holding
0.69 0.68 0.71 (to ascend faster) the right hand switch. In
62:02 DIL1 AIR 30.2m this example the depth is shown as 6.1m, the
8 TTS 3.0 6.1 TTS as 8 mins and ceiling as 3m.

C1 0.70 Ascending further, once the depth reaches

0.69 0.68 0.71 the 100% O2 depth the setpoint is sent to
70:25 DIL1 AIR 30.2m switch to the LOW setpoint, providing the
AUTO setpoint option is selected.
999 2.8m

8.2.9 Demo Mode – “ Underwater”- Menu

Whilst the display is in mock underwater mode during a Demo, the underwater menu may be
accessed in the normal way, by pressing the left and right switches simultaneously. The Menu
options are the same as the normal underwater menus (Section 8.3) with the exception of an
additional screen at the start giving the option to turn the Demo Mode off.

If the Nitrox or Trimix versions have been purchased the diluents and setpoints may be changed, and
it’s effect on Deco can be seen.

NOTE: Any changes made during Demo Mode are cancelled as soon as Demo Mode is exited.

- 79 -
8.2.10 Demo Mode – Surface Interval Display

C1 0.7 Once the depth is shallower than

0.69 0.68 0.71 approximately 1.2m (4ft) the display
007:10 DIL1 AIR 30.2m changes to show the dive duration, max.
Depth and a surface interval timer
00:05:09 1053mB (hours:mins:secs) is started.

At this stage, pressing the left or right switches still has control over the pressure display in the
bottom right corner. To switch the Demo mode off, either enter the Menu mode again (pressing the
left and right switches simultaneously) and then scroll down and select Demo Mode OFF.
Alternatively, just shut down the electronics, when you fire up again the Demo Mode will be
disabled. If you physically go underwater with it in Demo Mode, at 1.2m(4ft) the EVOLUTION goes
straight into Dive Mode and turns off Demo Mode.

8.2.11 Exit Menu

Exit the DECO Menu by pressing the centre
C1 0.7
switch or just wait for 15 secs and it will exit
0.69 0.68 0.71 itself.
EXIT MENU

- 80 -
8.3 Menu Mode - Underwater

C1 0.7
Press the outside two switches,
0.69 0.68 0.71 simultaneously or within 0.5sec of each
01:40 DIL1 AIR 21.7m other, to enter MENU Mode
999 21.7

Tip: if one option needs to be changed, change it and then wait. After 15 secs the display reverts
back to the Dive Mode display above.

8.3.1 Open Circuit Decompression

C1 0.7 If the Nitrox or Trimix decompression

0.69 0.68 0.71 options have been purchased the first
screen displayed is an option to switch to
OPEN CIRCUIT Open Circuit Decompression. If Yes is
Yes No selected the diver is then prompted to
choose the Gas to be used on open circuit.
If NO is selected then the Open Circuit
decompression is switched OFF and again
the next Menu option, “Gas Switch” is
displayed.

C1 OC
0.69 0.68 0.71 Once Open Circuit Mode is selected the
Diluent is called “Gas”.
SELECT GAS NOTE: Diluents 1 to 6 are the same as Gas
GAS 1 Air 1 to Gas 6 but you can have a different
gas/diluent number selected in each mode.
C1 OC
0.69 0.68 0.71 Once the required gas is displayed, confirm
SELECT GAS by pressing the centre switch.
GAS 3 13/59
C1 OC
Then the option to “Edit” the gas or “Use”
0.69 0.68 0.71 the gas is given. Helium % may only be
GAS 3 13/59 entered if the diver has purchased the
Edit Use Trimix decompression option.

Once the gas has been chosen, “OC”, for “Open Circuit” is displayed in place of the setpoint for the
next Menu options: Oxygen Exposure%, LCD Contrast, Backlight Operation, Backlight Brightness,
and Elapsed On Time.

- 81 -
C1 OC
0.69 0.68 0.71
OXYGEN EXPOSURE%
CNS 26 OTU 10
C1 OC
0.69 0.68 0.71
HUD INTENSITY
3
C1 OC
0.69 0.68 0.71
LCD CONTRAST
6
C1 OC
0.69 0.68 0.71
BACKLIGHT
Key On
C1 OC
0.69 0.68 0.71
BRIGHTNESS
21
C1 OC
0.69 0.68 0.71
ELAPSED ON TIME
0 hrs 29 mins
C1 OC
0.69 0.68 0.71
RESET NOW
Yes No
C1 OC
0.71 0.69 0.70 Back in Dive Mode, OC is seen
displayed in place of the setpoint.
45:25 GAS 3 13/59 67.4m
76 TTS 18m 24.2
IMPORTANT: Whilst in OC decompression
mode, the Master oxygen controller will continue
C1 0.70 to try to maintain the setpoint. If the left switch is
0.71 0.69 0.70 pressed and held for 2 secs the Slave controller will
be displayed and at the same time the OC changes
C2 to display, momentarily, the setpoint. To change
0.70 0.70 0.69 the setpoint simply press and hold the centre switch
for 3 secs plus.

- 82 -
 WARNING! If you are on open circuit and the EVOLUTION is still on the high setpoint
the ascent may be difficult to control due to the extra oxygen addition to the loop. Simply
switch to the low setpoint by pressing and holding the centre switch for 3 secs or simply
close the oxygen cylinder valve (remember to open it again once the “exercise” is over).

8.3.2 Change Diluent

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
OPEN CIRCUIT
Yes No

C1 0.7
CHANGE DILUENT is a closed circuit
0.69 0.68 0.71 option and is displayed if a “No” response
CHANGE DILUENT is given to “OPEN CIRCUIT”
Yes No

8.3.3 Cell Check

If the diver flushes (properly) with the

C1 0.7 selected diluent at the current depth the
ppO2 in the loop will be 0.34 bar. If the
0.69 0.68 0.71 diver flushes with O2 at the current depth
CELL CHECK the ppO2 will be 1.62 bar. Cell Check is
0.34 DIL O2 1.62 displayed for 15 secs. If a switch is not
selected within 15 secs the display will
revert to Dive mode display.

NOTE: If the Cell Check display is required for longer than 15 secs, simply press either the left or
right switch to extend the Cell Check display for a further 15 secs.
If the centre switch is pressed then the display moves onto the next underwater option: High Setpoint
adjustment.

WARNING! Be sure that the gas you flush the loop with is respirable (i.e. life supporting)
BEFORE flushing. This applies equally to diluent in the shallows as oxygen when deeper
than 6m.

NOTE: the highest displayable value on the bottom line of the Cell Check display is 9.99 bar.
However, the highest ppO2 displayable on the three cells is only 2.55 bar.

- 83 -
8.3.4 Additional Underwater Menu Displays/Options - CCR
Additional CCR Menu Options are only available when underwater IF the centre switch is chosen at
“Cell Check”.

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
OXYGEN EXPOSURE% See Section 8.1 – Surface Menu Options for
screen explanations.
CNS 20 OTU 5

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
HIGH SET POINT
1.30
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
LOW SET POINT
0.70
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
SET POINT SWITCH
Auto Manual
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
HUD INTENSITY
3
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
LCD CONTRAST
6
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
BACKLIGHT
Key On

- 84 -
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
BRIGHTNESS
21
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
ELAPSED ON TIME
0 hrs 29 mins

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
RESET NOW
Yes No

- 85 -
 SECTION 9

WARNINGS AND REMEDIES

9.1 Low Oxygen Warning

BEEP

C1 1.30
0.35 0.34 0.33
C1 C2
LOW OXYGEN

The LOW OXYGEN warning is activated when the ppO2 drops to or below 0.4 bar.
One or both red lights flash slowly, the buzzer sounds and “LOW OXYGEN” is displayed alternating
with ppO2, depth and dive time information. The warnings will continue until the ppO2 rises above
0.4 bar. In dive mode at the surface, this can be tested by flushing the loop with diluent forcing the
ppO2 below 0.4 bar. The warning will be displayed and the buzzer activated until the oxygen
controller returns the ppO2 to above 0.4 bar.

Actions to take when LOW OXYGEN is displayed and buzzer sounds:

Low oxygen can occur for a number of reasons. The most likely cause is that the oxygen cylinder’s
valve is closed. The oxygen contents gauge will register empty if that is the case. Simply opening
the valve may cure the problem. A second possibility is that all the oxygen has been consumed -
check the pressure gauge. If the pressure gauge shows empty and the cylinder valve is definitely
open, injecting diluent into the loop will rapidly bring the ppO2 up to reasonable levels. Providing you
are not using an hypoxic diluent in the shallows. It is easy to flush the loop with diluent by pressing
the diluent inflator at the same time as pulling the exhaust valve’s dump knob.

If there is oxygen in the cylinder but it is not being supplied to the loop by the oxygen controller and
solenoid, the best way to increase the ppO2 is to use the oxygen inflator located on the exhale
counterlung.

If this situation arises do not panic - there is sufficient time to recover the situation. MOST
IMPORTANTLY you should NOT ascend immediately. During ascent the ppO2 in the loop will drop
extremely quickly. Ascent from 30 m straight to the surface, starting with only 0.4 bar in the loop
would result in unconsciousness before reaching the surface!

Low Oxygen Warning Suppression

The Low Oxygen Warning may NOT be suppressed in the same way a Battery or Cell Warning can
be. The Low Oxygen Warning will remain until the ppO2 is increased above 0.4 bar.

- 86 -
9.2 High Oxygen Warning
C1 1.30 BEEP
1.61 1.64 1.62
C1 C2
HIGH OXYGEN
The HIGH OXYGEN warning is set at 1.6 bar.
One or both red lights flash quickly, the buzzer sounds and “HIGH OXYGEN” is displayed
alternating with ppO2, depth and dive time information. The warnings will continue until the ppO2
drops below 1.6 bar.

Actions to take when the HIGH OXYGEN warning is displayed

Look at the display to assess whether the ppO2 has momentarily spiked because the descent was too
rapid, or if the ppO2 is climbing rapidly. If it is climbing rapidly, close the oxygen cylinder valve and
flush the loop with diluent to reduce the ppO2, by operating the pull cord dump valve and the diluent
inflator simultaneously, then breathe again. Ensure you are pressing the diluent inflator on the left
counterlung and not the oxygen inflator on the right! When reopening the cylinder valve observe the
ppO2. If it climbs rapidly again, it is possible that the solenoid valve is jammed open and the oxygen
cylinder valve must be closed again. Open and close the valve in short bursts to manually control the
ppO2. When deeper than 20m too much O2 may be added using this method unless the diver is well
practised and the alternative of adding diluent to maintain the ppO2 should be considered.

The rebreather may be used in this manner for as long as necessary but open circuit bailout should be
considered.

It is advisable to only open the oxygen cylinder valve by one or two turns. It can then be closed
quickly if required. However, if you breathe from this cylinder via the open circuit 2nd stage at 6m
and shallower, higher gas flows will be required and the valve will need to be opened more fully.

High Oxygen Warning Suppression

The High Oxygen Warning may NOT be suppressed in the same way a Battery or Cell Warning can
be. The High Oxygen Warning will remain until the ppO2 is reduced below 1.6 bar.

9.3 Open Circuit Oxygen Warnings

If the diver switches the handset to Open Circuit the assumption is made that the diver has in fact
reverted to open circuit. The green LEDs are switched off. Any High or Low Oxygen warnings on the
LOOP (the rebreather’s breathing circuit) will be displayed though on the handset as normal, but
NOT ON THE HUDs or buzzer!

The HUD and buzzer will be dedicated to show extreme Open Circuit oxygen conditions.

C1 OC BEEP
0.76 0.74 0.75
OPEN CIRCUIT Fast Flash and Beep
HIGH OXYGEN

- 87 -
For instance, if you choose an open circuit gas with a ppO2 greater than 1.6 bar then OPEN CIRCUIT
HIGH OXYGEN will be displayed on the handset and HUDs. Similarly, if the gas selected is hypoxic
at the current depth (less than 0.2 bar) the OPEN CIRCUIT LOW OXYGEN will be displayed on the
handset and HUD

C1 OC BEEP
0.76 0.74 0.75
OPEN CIRCUIT Slow Flash and Beep
LOW OXYGEN
WARNING: If you make the mistake of breathing an hypoxic (low oxygen percentage) gas
in the shallows – this warning MAY NOT save you. You are most likely to lose
consciousness and be unable to effect self-help.

9.4 Cell warning

C1 1.30
BEEP
1.00 1.29 1.30
C1 C2
CELL WARNING

A CELL WARNING can occur for two reasons: it occurs if one cell deviates from the average of the
closest two by more than 0.2 bar. It also occurs if one cell or more is invalidated, i.e. found to be
static – not reacting to O2 solenoid injections

C1 1.30
1.31 1.32 1.34 In this instance Cell 1 can be seen to have been
C1 C2 invalidated.

CELL WARNING
In the event that all three oxygen cells are invalidated, all three cells will be highlighted and the
Head Up Display changes to solid RED.

Actions to take when the CELL WARNING is displayed

The first task is to see if any cells have been invalidated. If three cells have been invalidated, which
would be shown on the screen by all three cells having inverted displays and a solid RED HUD, you
MUST abort the diver in a careful manner – NO RUSHING OFF TO THE SURFACE whilst
breathing from the rebreather unless you are certain the loop will contain sufficient ppO2 to sustain
life for the ascent which is most unlikely!

- 88 -
If you have valid cells, next bring up the Slave’s display by pressing and holding the left switch.

C1 1.30
In this case the problem is seen by both
0.00 1.29 1.30 controllers, which indicates a faulty cell
C2 connection or faulty cell.
0.00 1.29 1.30

At this point you have to make the decision whether to continue with the dive or to abort the dive. If
aborting the dive, the next task is to decide whether to stay on the rebreather or bail out to open
circuit. Tip: if in doubt, bail out on Open Circuit.

Cell Warning Suppression

If you decide to stay on the rebreather the CELL WARNING may be temporarily suppressed by
pressing and holding the right switch for 2 secs plus. The HUD and buzzer warnings will then be
suppressed, leaving the wrist display showing the CELL WARNING.

9.5 Low Battery Warning C1 C2

C1 1.30
BEEP
1.31 1.29 1.30
C1
LOW BATTERY

A low battery warning is indicated by alternating red/green/red/green etc flashing lights in C1 or C2

or both if both have low battery levels.

In the example above C1’s HUD is indicating a low battery and this is confirmed in the display.
When the B1 battery hits its LOW Battery threshold B2 is automatically promoted to Master status
and B2 is then used to supply power to the wrist mounted display and solenoid. B2 can be seen to be
highlighted indicating it is already at Master status.

Actions to take when the LOW BATTERY warning is displayed:

The best battery management technique is to simply throw away B1 when it gets to the Low Battery
Warning. Take B2 from it’s slot and insert into the B1 compartment. Then insert a new battery into
B2’s slot.
This way you always have a relatively fresh battery in the B2 slot, effectively in reserve. Providing
this technique is adopted it is quite in order just to finish the dive and change the batteries using the
above system prior to the next dive.

Battery Warning Suppression

If you decide to stay on the rebreather the LOW BATTERY warning may be temporarily suppressed
by pressing and holding the right switch for 2 secs plus. The HUD and buzzer warnings will then be
suppressed, leaving the wrist display showing the Battery Warning.

- 89 -
9.6 Dive Start Error!
BEEP
C1 0.70
1.31 1.29 1.30

START ERROR!

If the electronics are switched on and the pre-dive sequence is not completed and the diver enters the
water, once below 1.2m(4ft) the dive Start Error will be displayed.

This warning can be suppressed by pressing the right switch for 2 secs plus. The display will then
revert to normal underwater Dive Mode with the Low setpoint selected. The dive may be continued at
this stage providing the diver is satisfied with not carrying out a calibration. The advice is to return to
the surface, get out and calibrate the EVOLUTION prior to further use.

9.7 CO2 Scrubber Warning!

If purchased, the centre rod of the scrubber is replaced with a similar “moulded” rod which houses an
array of digital temperature sensors – a Temp-Stik. This allows the monitoring and display of the
most active region of the scrubber material. The Temp-Stik is distinguishable by the fact that it has a
connectorised cable protruding into the lid area.

There are two levels of Scrubber warning given by the Scrubber monitor system:
The first warning is given when only one segment on the right side of the scrubber gauge is shown as
being active. See Section 4.14. This warning is suppressible by pressing and holding the right switch
for 2 secs plus. (but the dive should be terminated)

C1 1.30 BEEP
1.30 1.31 1.30

SCRUBBER WARNING

The final scrubber warning is given when the active area of the scrubber is too small to remove the
CO2 effectively. This is shown on the scrubber gauge as a blank screen. The warning is not
suppressible. You must ascend and revert to open circuit bailout.

C1 1.30 BEEP
1.31 1.29 1.30

SCRUBBER WARNING

NOTE: The Scrubber warning system does not measure CO2, it monitors scrubber activity by
measuring the temperature throughout the Sofnolime bed.

- 90 -
In the display above, the reason for the scrubber warning is likely to be the area of active scrubber is
too small for the depth.

There are several other possibilities for a scrubber warning being displayed. However, in all cases:
Ascend immediately and consider using open circuit bailout.
NOTE: This system looks not only at the active area of CO2 absorbent; it also looks for abnormal
temperature profiles. A warning may be given when CO2 is channelling through the bed. This
warning though may prove to be too late for some individuals. This system is NOT a CO2 detector or
sensor!

In all cases, if the scrubber warning is activated whilst underwater the ONLY cure is to ascend and
revert to Open Circuit bailout.

WARNING: Be aware that CO2 symptoms may be masked when breathing a high ppO2
mixture (0.7 bar is regarded as high in this context). IF IN DOUBT BAIL OUT!

9.8 Oxygen Toxicity Warnings

C1 1.30 The oxygen toxicity warnings are raised at

1.31 1.29 1.30 80% of the NOAA levels.

CNS 80%
C1 1.30
1.31 1.29 1.30 A daily OTU limit of 300 is used for the
100% indicator. A warning is raised at 80%
of 300 (240).
OTU 80%

9.9 Ascent Speed Warning

C1 1.30
1.29 1.29 1.30 If an ascent speed of 10m/min is violated,
SLOW is flashed on the centre line of the
62:02 SLOW 30.2m display.
8 TTS 6.0 6.1

- 91 -
9.10 Ceiling Violation (decompression versions only)

C1 1.30
1.29 1.28 1.29 In this example the ceiling is 6.0m, but the
62:02 DOWN 30.2m diver has ascended to 5.1m, resulting in
8 TTS 6.0 5.1 “DOWN” and down pointing arrows being
displayed alternately on the lower-centre line.
C1 1.30 Additionally a red light is shown on each
controller’s HUD and the audible alarm is
1.28 1.27 1.29 sounded.
62:04 30.2m
8 TTS 6.0 5.1

BEEP

BEEP

9.11 Master Oxygen Controller

BEEP

BEEP

The Slave Controller’s job is to monitor the Master controller. If the Master controller stops signalling
to the Slave that it is active the Slave will automatically promote itself to Master status taking over the
control of the oxygen solenoid. (If the power to the Master failed there would be no HUD for that
controller; switching off C1 easily simulates this; C2 will promote itself and be displayed in the top
left corner of the display.

9.12 Error Priority

Errors are displayed on the lower two lines of the screen and are cycled with the dive time and depth
information.

If more than one fault exists the wrist display will sequence through showing all warnings.

However, on the Head Up Displays only one warning will be shown –the one with the highest
priority:

Red Lights (High O2, Low O2, Look at the wrist display) are High Priority Warnings and will take
precedence over Red & Green (low battery, cell warning) or Green (flashing - ppO2 dropped 0.2 bar
below setpoint, solid- normal dive mode ).

A Flashing Red (High O2, Low O2) is high priority and takes precedence over a still Red (Look at the
screen).

- 92 -
 SECTION 10

POWER CONTROL
10.1 Power Shutdown
The Power Control screen may be entered at any time, from any screen by pressing centre and right
switches simultaneously: The Power Control allows the shutdown of either of the controllers or the
whole system, except when underwater: Whilst underwater you cannot turn off the entire system, the
ALL OFF option shown at the surface becomes NONE OFF. If one controller is switched off it may
be switched on again using the same power control screen:

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
DIL1 AIR
13:50:26 1007mB

POWER CONTROL!
ARE YOU SURE

No Yes

If No is selected at Shutdown, the screen

displayed just prior to operating the If Yes is selected, then the option to shut down C1
centre and right switches is displayed or C2 or ALL is given. If ALL OFF is selected
again. the VISION electronics shutdown.

C1 0.7 POWER CONTROL!

0.69 0.68 0.71
DIL1 AIR C1 C2 ALL
13:50:35 1007mB OFF OFF OFF

- 93 -
10.2 Promoting Slave Controller to Master
The Slave will promote itself to Master controller AUTOMATICALLY should the Master drop it’s
“Master Status Flag”. This could occur for example due to an intermittent power supply to the Master
Controller or the Master’s processor fail for some other reason.

POWER CONTROL! NOTE: “NONE OFF” is

displayed in place of “ALL OFF”
C1 C2 NONE when underwater.
OFF OFF OFF

However, it is possible to force the Slave to promote itself to Master and this is achieved by simply
switching off the original Master, i.e. If C1 is Master, switch it off! – C2 will then become Master
and be displayed on the top line of the display.

NOTE: the HUD lights do NOT change position. C1 is always on the left, C2 is always on the right
– if you want to know which controller is Master, you have to look at the wrist mounted display.

If you then press the left switch, holding it for 2 secs, the Slave’s ppO2 and battery levels will be
shown:

C2 1.30
As it has been turned off zero ppO2 readings,
1.29 1.29 1.30 along with empty battery boxes, are shown
C1 for the Slave, C1.
0.00 0.00 0.00

10.3 Reinstating a switched off Slave Controller

If the Shutdown is selected again, by pressing the centre and right switches the following display
appears:

Here the option is given to either switch off

POWER CONTROL! completely by selecting ALL or switch on
C1.
C1 ALL
ON OFF

C2 1.30
1.29 1.29 1.30 If Switch on C1 is selected it comes on as
Slave and can be seen by pressing, &
C1
holding the left switch for 2 secs.
1.29 1.29 1.30

- 94 -
 SECTION 11

DECOMPRESSION
11.1 Gas Selection
Before conducting each dive, ensure the decompression settings in the DECO menu are appropriate
for the planned dive: YOU need to select the correct diluent and suitable Gradient Factor or
Conservatism setting. Up to 6 diluents may be entered. If the switch is made to Open Circuit the 6
diluents are then available, for decompression calculation purposes, as Open Circuit gasses.

On delivery the 6 gasses programmed in, on the Trimix version, are:

TRIMIX NITROX
Diluent 1 Air Air
Diluent 2 16/44 32% Nitrox
Diluent 3 13/59 36% Nitrox
Diluent 4 10/52 40% Nitrox
Diluent 5 36% Nitrox 50% Nitrox
Diluent 6 80% Nitrox 80% Nitrox

All 6 gasses are user definable and may be edited. Once edited, the gasses remain on your chosen
settings.

All 6 gasses can be called up underwater as closed circuit diluents or open circuit gasses. All 6 gasses
may be edited underwater if necessary.

WARNING! Open circuit bailout planning should be done prior to diving to ensure
sufficient volumes of gas are carried.

WARNING! For the decompression to be valid, the correct diluent must be chosen.

The Decompression facility built into the Nitrox and Trimix versions of the EVOLUTION uses the
same software as the APD Dive Planner program to calculate decompression requirements. This is
not a look up table; this uses real time information from the pressure sensor and dive timer to provide
continuous calculation for the decompression requirements based on the chosen diluent or gas if the
open circuit deco option has been activated.

By using the APD Dive Planner, dive planning becomes much easier and backup tables are easily
produced.

The APD Dive Planner software is based on the Bühlmann ZHL16A-1b algorithm with gradient
factor conservatism.

It is intended to be used by divers as a supplemental aid to existing dive planning methods and
software.

You must understand that all decompression products whether they be dive tables or dive computers
are purely based on mathematical models and do not represent what is happening to your body. The
reasons for DCS and the mechanism of on-gassing and off-gassing are not fully understood. There
are some dive conditions where diving experts believe dive computers and decompression programs
do not provide sufficient protection to the diver. These dives include: Saw-tooth profiles, Multiple
dives in one day, Multiple days of diving and decompression dives where the diver may not return
directly to the surface.

- 95 -
Other than using gradient factors, there is NO additional built-in conservatism to the standard
Bühlmann algorithm.

Use this decompression computer and APD Dive Planner software at your own risk.

People have experienced Decompression Illness (DCS commonly known as the ``bends'') when
diving to Bühlmann’s tables (or with wrist-mounted computers which use Bühlmann’s algorithm)
and there are no guarantees that you won't get bent if you were to dive a profile which the APD Dive
Planner generated, or if you followed the EVOLUTION’s dive computer’s guidelines.

If you do not fully understand the operation of the APD Dive Planner/EVOLUTION Decompression
Computer and the implications of the various settings then DO NOT USE the APD Dive Planner or
EVOLUTION Decompression computer. Using the APD Dive Planner or the EVOLUTION
decompression computer does not guarantee a DCS free dive.

Higher Risk Dive Profiles include but are not limited to yo-yo (up,down,up,down) profiles, multiple
dives in one day, multiple days diving. The understanding of the problems associated with these
profiles is not fully understood even by the latest generation of decompression experts but are
believed to place the diver at a higher risk of DCS. The EVOLUTION’s decompression calculator
makes no adjustments for these profiles.

The EVOLUTIONs decompression calculator does impose more decompression, if the ascent rate
exceeds 10 litres/min and/or the ceiling is violated.

Should the diver go beyond the normal envelope of decompression calculation the EVOLUTION’s
decompression calculator will continue to display a best guess. This will be indicated by EST being
displayed next to the Time to surface in place of “TTS”. This can be seen in Demo mode by violating
a decompression ceiling by more than one minute.

11.2 Gradient Factors (Trimix) and Conservatism Settings (Nitrox)

It is essential to apply Gradient factors to modify the ascent depending on gas mix used, bottom time
and diving depth.

The following table represents gradient factors in common use for a variety of dives.

Depth Bottom time (mins) Gradient Factors: Low/High

0 – 40m (air diluent) 90/95
40 – 85m (Trimix diluent) 20 50/90
40 – 85m (Trimix diluent) 20 -60 15/85
85m -100m (Trimix dil.) 20 30/85
85m – 100m (Trimix dil.) 20-45 5/85

It is clear that Bühlmann models work in the air diving range and result in a low DCS incidence.
(Note: the word “low” is used as opposed to “zero”!) Between 40m and 100m there are no validated
decompression tables for Trimix and the % of dives that result in DCS is unknown. This is truly
exploration diving ! When planning an “exploration dive” it is essential to make every effort to
validate your planned decompression prior to the dive.

- 96 -
 The Vision decompression calculations are invalid below 100m and must be regarded as “best
guess” only.

The pressure transducer in the Vision electronics is only calibrated to 130m.

The following is a very simplified and abridged explanation of how the decompression calculations
work and how they are affected by YOUR choice of settings.

The Bühlmann decompression model has 16 compartments, all with different half-times. The
compartments do not represent body tissues but are simply a range of compartments which on gas
and off-gas according to depth and time and at different rates according to their half-times in a crude
attempt to simulate what is happening to the body tissues. Remember: Bühlmann is simply a
mathematical model.

As you descend the ambient pressure increases causing the compartments to mathematically “on-
gas”, all 16 at different speeds. Once a compartment reaches equilibrium with the ambient pressure it
is said to be saturated. Any ascent then creates an over-pressure in that compartment compared to
ambient and the new pressure gradient allows the compartment to off-gas. The amount of over-
pressure allowed in any one compartment was determined by Bühlmann. Bühlmann’s figures
however, resulted in a proportion of bends, so it is deemed appropriate to impose more
decompression than Bühlmann first devised, bearing in mind all decompression models ever created
result in a proportion of bends. By directly altering the amount of compartment over-pressure
allowed it is possible to change the decompression profile to suit the individual’s tastes. If an over-
pressure of 50% was used the allowed compartment over-pressure would be half of what Bühlmann
allowed which would obviously result in more decompression than he devised. By using a different
compartment over–pressure factor, or Gradient Factor, at the bottom to the one at the surface a
decompression profile can be tailored to suit most divers’ requirements. By setting a gradient factor
for the deepest part of the dive, called Gradient Factor Low, and another for the exit from the water,
called Gradient Factor High, the compartment over-pressure allowed can be skewed to impose deeper
stops, as well as ensuring the diver comes out of the water with less compartment over-pressure than
Bühlmann thought acceptable.

Typically, Trimix divers use a High (or exit) Factor of 85% to exit from the water with a loading
85% of that devised by Bühlmann and a Low (or deep) Factor of 15%, which forces divers to do
deeper stops. Just for purposes of explanation: if you selected a Low (deep) factor of 0% - you
effectively wouldn’t allow any compartment over-pressure which would result in a phenomenally
long decompression – which is why the EVOLUTION’s Vision Dive Computer doesn’t allow 0%.

The Nitrox version uses Conservatism Settings 1 to 5, which are pre-programmed Gradient Factors.
Simply, 1 is the quickest decompression, 5 is the slowest. None impose ultra deep stops, which are
practiced for Trimix or Heliox dives. Conservatism setting 2 imposes a deeper first stop than 1; 3 has
the same first stop as 1 but has a lower exit factor. Setting 4 imposes a deeper first stop than 3. 5
imposes both a lower exit factor and deeper first stop than any other 4 settings.

Conservatism Setting (Nitrox) Pre-programmed GF Low Pre-programmed GF High

1 90 98
2 75 95
3 90 90
4 75 90
5 75 85

- 97 -
11.3 Deep Stops
Sometime it seems there are nearly as many decompression theories as there are divers but the Deep
Stop theory is currently widely accepted, but bear in mind this is based on anecdotal evidence rather
than objective testing. It is said that “deep stops are good, but not for too long!”

The Bühlmann model has been used by more dive computers and by more divers than any other but
still doesn’t guarantee that you won’t get decompression sickness.

Deep Stops are reputed to give a “cleaner” decompression resulting in less tiredness post-dive.

Deep Stops can be imposed on the Trimix version by simply using a Gradient Factor Low (or Deep)
of around 5 to 15%. Use the Demo mode and the APD Dive Planner to explore the effects of
different Gradient Factors and validate to known decompression tables prior to use.

11.4 Pre-dive - Surface

C1 0.7
When this screen is displayed the
0.69 0.68 0.71 EVOLUTION is ready to dive.
DIL1 AIR
18:50:38 1012mB

- 98 -
11.5 Submerging

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71 The ambient pressure display increases as the
diver descends
DIL1 AIR
18:50:52 1064mB

C1 0.7 Once the pressure increases to the equivalent

of approx.1.2m (4ft) the display changes to
0.69 0.68 0.71 the underwater display. The dive and
00:18 DIL1 AIR 1.2m decompression information is displayed on
999 1.2 the lower two lines.

11.6 Diluent Selection

C1 0.7 The diluent No. and description is shown on

0.69 0.68 0.71 the third line. The diluent can be changed at
any time, through the menu, to any of the
00:18 DIL1 AIR 1.2m other five stored diluents. At any time the
999 1.2 diver may change the gas percentages of a
particular diluent and this new gas will be
stored for subsequent dives.

11.7 Dive Timer

The dive’s run time is shown on the third

C1 0.7 line, left hand side (in the format mins:secs).
0.69 0.68 0.71 The dive timer starts when the handset,
00:18 DIL1 AIR 1.2m where the pressure sensor is, descends below
approx. 1.2m (4ft). The dive timer stops
999 1.2 when the handset ascends above 0.9m (3ft)
the display changes to the Surface Interval
screen.

11.8 No Stop Time

C1 0.7 When there are no letters after the time, the

bottom left display is the No- Stop Time
0.69 0.68 0.71 remaining. This starts at 999 mins and counts
00:18 DIL1 AIR 1.2m DOWN throughout the dive. The No-Stop
999 1.2 Time is the time before decompression stops
will be required during the ascent.

- 99 -
11.9 TTS – Total Time to Surface

C1 0.7 Once the No Stop Time counts down to zero,

TTS is displayed and the time then counts
0.69 0.68 0.71 UP.
62:02 DIL1 AIR 30.2m
8 TTS 3.0 6.1

11.10 Ceiling

C1 0.7 When TTS (Total Time to Surface) is shown,

the ceiling is displayed on the bottom line. If
0.69 0.68 0.71 you remained at depth, this number will
62:02 DIL1 AIR 30.2m increase. YOU MUST NOT ASCEND
8 TTS 3.0 6.1 ABOVE THE CEILING!

11.11 Ceiling Violation

C1 1.30
1.26 1.25 1.27 If you ascend above the ceiling, “DOWN” is
displayed, the buzzer is sounded and the
62:02 DOWN 30.2m HUDs show red.
8 TTS 6.0 5.1
C1 1.30
1.26 1.25 1.27
62:03 30.2m
8 TTS 6.0 5.1

BEEP

BEEP

11.12 Estimated Decompression

If the ceiling is violated the decompression
required is increased. If the ceiling is
C1 0.7 exceeded for more than approx. 1 minute you
0.69 0.68 0.71 have moved outside the normal
decompression calculation envelope. At this
62:02 DIL1 AIR 30.2m
juncture EST for ESTIMATE will be
8 EST 3.0 6.1 displayed instead of TTS (Total time to
surface). It is highly recommended to
decompress for longer than indicated in the
bottom left corner of the display.

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11.13 Fast Ascent
The standard Bühlmann ascent rate is
10m/min. If this is exceeded “SLOW”
C1 1.30 appears on the screen. To help control ascent
0.69 0.68 0.71 speeds the depth is shown in increments of
62:02 SLOW 30.2m 0.1m or 1 ft. If the maximum ascent rate is
exceeded then the decompression required is
8 TTS 6.0 6.1 extended.

11.14 Surface Interval Display

C1 0.7 Once the depth is shallower than

0.69 0.68 0.71 approximately 1.2m (4ft) the display
007:10 DIL1 AIR 30.2m changes to show the dive duration (in this
example 7 mins:10 secs), max. Depth and a
00:05:09 1053mB surface interval timer (hours:mins:secs) is
started and showing in this example 5 mins
and 9 secs.

11.15 Missed Deco !

C1 0.7 Missed Deco will be displayed on the screen

if the diver surfaces without decompressing
0.69 0.68 0.71 according to the dive computer. This is
007:10 DIL1 AIR 30.2m alternated with DOWN and the Surface
00:05:09 1053mB Interval information.

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71

MISSED DECO !

WARNING! In water re-compression is advised against if a recompression chamber with

medically qualified staff is immediately available. The decision to descend after missing
decompression though cannot be made for you here in this manual.

The decision whether to descend to re-compress or not depends on a lot of factors: How much
decompression you missed, how rough the conditions are in terms of sea state and water temperature,
how far away is the alternative choice – the recompression chamber, is there sufficient gas and
personnel available to supervise in water recompression? These are just some of the questions that
need answering before the decision can be made.

At the very least, the diver should be put on oxygen.

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 SECTION 12

PC CONNECTION

12.1 Standard equipment

Items supplied with every EVOLUTION rebreather:
a) Interface Bridge with serial connection to interface between the PC and the VISION
electronics.
b) A serial lead to connect the Interface to the PC
c) USB/serial adaptor cable and driver software to replace the serial lead, for use on those PCs
that don’t have a serial port (typically laptops) or by those users who prefer the USB
connection.
d) APD LogViewer software for analysing and storing dives as an electronic rebreather logbook.
e) APD Communicator Software for transferring files to and from the rebreather.
f) Software and EVOLUTION upgrades are downloadable from the Ambient Pressure Diving
website – www.apdiving.com .

12.2 Terminology
Download – data, programs or software keys are “downloaded” FROM either the internet or the
VISION electronics TO the PC.

Upload – data, programs or software keys are “uploaded” TO the VISION electronics FROM the
PC.

To aid the understanding of upload/download, the direction of information is shown pictorially on the
front screen of the APD Communicator program. The individual icons have colour graphics when the
EVOLUTION is connected to the Interface, switched on and the correct Com Port is selected.

Data – a) dive data, including depth, dive time, and ppO2 information may be downloaded and stored
dive by dive as a log book record of the dive, with accumulated times.
b) equipment configuration, service history data, and owner details are occasionally required
and updated by factory personnel.

Software Keys – A unique key is generated to release, purchased, software options e.g. Nitrox or
Trimix. This key is linked to the serial No. of your rebreather and is not transferable.
Software keys are downloadable over the Internet.

12.3 Software
The APD LogViewer program is a logbook type program allowing you to store and view dive data
for individual dives.
The APD Communicator is used for both downloading data from the EVOLUTION and for
transferring (uploading) alternate language programs, updated programs software release codes,
updated service history codes or amendments to owner details.

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12.4 Hardware:
The Interface is provided with every rebreather with a serial lead connection as well as an USB/serial
adaptor lead for those users that don’t have a serial port on their PC. The Interface connector plugs
into the same connector as the Temp-Stik and is located in the lid of the scrubber. Take care to keep
the connector dry when connecting and disconnecting.

WARNING! The rebreather must not be dived unless either the Temp-Stik is connected or a
suitable blanking plug is used on both halves of the connector.

12.5 File Formats

There are two file formats for data downloaded from the EVOLUTION:

The *.CCL are the user data files and can be opened using the APD Log-Viewer software, supplied
with the rebreather. These can be edited with the Log Viewer to add the diver’s own details about the
dive – location, weather, gas quantities used, etc. The filename is in the format
04C123456_030519_134531 Serial No_dive date_time of dive.dat . In this example 04C123456 is
the serial No. of the rebreather, the date is the 19th May 2003, and the time of the start of the dive is
13:45 and 31 seconds. By timing it to the second every dive file will have a different name. The file
name is assigned automatically and should not be changed.
The *.CCX file is the Master download file containing the unit’s service history and may be
requested by the factory from time to time.

New Code:
Program updates, language options, decompression option release codes and User registration screen
updates may be downloaded over the internet and uploaded to the EVOLUTION via the same
interface, these have the file format *.CCR. There is data file checking (write and read back),
continuously during the upload procedure, to ensure the integrity of the data. Should a “corrupt data”
notice occur, simply try again using the same file. If the problem persists obtain a new file and
upload that one. As always, there is factory support available should it be required. The
decompression option release code files have security codes, which are generated from the individual
rebreather’s serial No. The file will not be usable on other EVOLUTIONs.

12.6 Step by Step Guide to Software and Hardware Installation

Step One: PC system requirements

For using the APD LogViewer and APD Communicator: 486+, 1MB RAM, software tested with
Windows ME, 2000 and XP and expected to work on 98 and NT but not guaranteed. It will not work
with Windows 3.1, 95, or any non-Windows Operating System.

Step Two: Install Interface Bridge (if using USB) and APD Communicator:
The latest version of the APD Communicator may be downloaded from www.apdiving.com . (It will
be downloaded with an unusual suffix such as *.zl9 to ease the download process through firewalls.
The suffix should be changed to *.exe so Windows recognises it as an executable program.)
NOTE: If updating a previous version uninstall the previous version before installing the new.

1) Connect Interface Bridge to a spare serial port on your PC or spare USB port. If using the
Serial/USB adaptor you will need to install the driver from the floppy disk provided with the
adaptor lead. If not prompted go to Control Panel and select install Hardware.
2) Run: A:\APDCommunicatorSetup.exe following the instructions on screen. If you download it
from the web, run the program (after uninstalling any previous version) from wherever you
saved it. During the setup it creates its own directory under c:\program files\.
Tip: allow the setup program to create an icon on your desktop.
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 3) Once installed run the APD Communicator, select Settings and choose the COM Port. If the
COM Port No. is unknown this can be checked using the PC’s Device Manager in Control
Panel. The available ports are shown on the Settings screen.

4) The Download Directory will automatically default to a directory called “APD Log Files”
under “My Documents”. If you desire you can change the download directory by entering the
directory name and path in the “download directory” box on the Settings page. This is the
name of the directory into which you want to save the *.CCL dive data files that you
download from the rebreather.
5) The Upload Directory will automatically default to “My Documents”. You can change the
Upload Directory by entering the filename and path in the “upload directory” box. This is the
name of the directory into which you will save upgrade files that you either download over the
Internet or are emailed by the technical support team at APD. Tip: create a directory called
EVOLUTION Upgrades under “My Documents”.
6) With the electronics switched off, connect the interface to the female scrubber gauge port in
the scrubber lid. Switch on by pressing the left switch on the handset; PC Link will be
displayed on the handset’s screen. Both HUDs should display steady Red.
7) If you have the correct COM port chosen (and the rebreather is showing PC Link) the large
grey icon boxes on the start screen will transform into coloured rebreathers and PCs.
8) The first job is to set the date and time in the rebreather. Select Clock and then Synchronise if
you are happy to have the EVOLUTION on the same time and date as your PC. Tip: If you
use Windows XP and are connected to the Internet double click the time in the bottom right
hand corner and then select Internet time to bring your PC up to the correct date and time
before synchronising with the EVOLUTION.
9) Click on the top bar of the front screen and the details of your rebreather software will be
displayed. This information can be compared to the latest software versions on the
www.apdiving.com website to ensure you have the latest version of software for all three
processors, display, C1 and C2.

The EVOLUTION and APD Communicator are now setup for downloading dive data from the
EVOLUTION and for transferring any upgrade files to the EVOLUTION.

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Step Three: Install the APD LogViewer program:
The latest version of the APD LogViewer may be downloaded from www.apdiving.com . (It will be
downloaded with a strange suffix such as *.zl9 to ease the download process through firewalls. The
suffix should be changed to *.exe so Windows recognises it as an executable program.) NOTE: If
updating a previous version uninstall the previous version before installing the new.

1) Run: A:\APDLogViewerSetup.exe and follow the on-screen instructions. If you download it

from the web, run the program (after uninstalling any previous version) from wherever you
saved it. During the setup it creates its own directory under c:\program files\. Tip: allow the
setup program to create an icon on your desktop.
2) If you have no dives yet on your rebreather either download a sample dive from the web or
use the one on the floppy disk.

Step Four: Go diving. You need to dive deeper than 1.2m (4ft) otherwise the EVOLUTION will not
enter underwater mode and start dive logging.

Step Five:
Once you have been diving, download the dives using the APD Communicator by connecting the
Interface, switching on the handset (press the left switch once) so “PC Link” is shown on the handset.
Start APD Communicator and select the large colourful download icon on the main screen, then click
on download to transfer the data files (*.CCL) from the rebreather to the APD Log Files directory.

Step Six:
Start the LogViewer
1) Once installed run the APD LogViewer, select File, Open and change the directory in the
“Look In” box to the same directory name used in the APD Communicator to store
downloaded rebreather log files: Tip: use C:\...\my documents\APD Log Files – browse to
find the directory.
2) Double click on the relevant data file. A typical data file would have a similar filename to this:
04A123456_040523_160922.ccl, which shows the serial No. of the rebreather, followed by
the date of the dive in the format yy,mm,dd (23rd May 2004 in this example), followed finally
by the time of the dive in the format hrs,mins,secs. In this example the time of entering the
water was at 16:09 and 22 secs.

- 105 -
 Warning buttons Dive timer detail

3) Move the cursor across the blue screen. The green ppO2 display will show what the ppO2
display was reading at all stages of the dive. The dive timer detail box shows the dive time
where the cursor is, the depth, the ascent rate, or descent if negative, and the gas (diluent) the
handset is set on.
4) If any warnings occur the buttons in the warning boxes light up as they occur during the dive.
If the button is clear the warning didn’t occur at that moment on the dive, if the button is red
the warning was active, if the button is black the warning has been manually
suppressed/masked. If the button is grey, the diver masked the warning but then subsequently
the warning cleared itself.
5) Cursor Zoom: left click, hold, and move the cursor then release and it will zoom in. Right
click will zoom out.
6) Sticky Cursor: double left click and then move the cursor. The vertical bar turns red and stays
where it is. If you want to move the position of the cursor simply click once and the cursor
will move. Double click again and the sticky cursor is removed.

- 106 -
7) Select Chart Options and the dive profile may be overlaid with ppO2, Battery Voltages,
Cylinder pressures (if we install pressure sensors on the cylinders in the future), Ambient
Temperature, Gas Toxicity: CNS/ OTU, Decompression Ceiling according to chosen Gradient
Factors or conservatism setting, and CO2 –(if we install a CO2 sensor on the unit in the future).
At any time the dive profile may be printed by selecting File, Print, Profile.

- 107 -
8) Selecting the information tab reveals the following screen:

The right hand side, entered automatically from the EVOLUTION, is reserved for the rebreather
information such as the Date and Time of entering the water, the dive time (time from leaving
1.2m to reaching 0.9m), the max. Depth, the dive No., the total time the unit has been turned on,
the total dive time (the total time underwater), the elapsed on time (since re-setting to zero), the
Atmospheric Pressure and Temperature at start of dive, the peak setpoint, the minimum and
maximum ppO2s. Peak CS and OTU % (not shown), the surface interval since the last dive in
hours, mins and secs, with a maximum display of 99 hours, 59 mins and 59 secs. After that it
displays a” >” (greater than sign). It also displays, time to fly and desaturation time after the dive
(not shown), the gradient factors if the Trimix version is selected or Conservatism level on the
Nitrox version (not shown). The box in the bottom right corner shows if any warnings occurred
during this dive (Cell warning, low battery, low oxygen, high oxygen, fast ascent, ceiling
violation, CNS Exposure, OTU exposure, CO2 or Dive start.)

The left hand side may be amended to act as a record for that dive.

9) By selecting the Data tab the raw data may be copied to clipboard and subsequently pasted
into a spreadsheet such as Excel.
10) On the Gas Management page the cylinder sizes and pressures in and out may be recorded and
the gas quantities used will be calculated. If you change the Units to Imperial (feet and psi)
you will need to enter the working pressure (the normal fill pressure) of the tank for the gas
consumption calculations to be converted to Cubic feet.
11) Be sure to save the file once you have entered the dive data.

- 108 -
 SECTION 13

MAINTENANCE
This must not be undertaken without prior training!

WARNING! Do not alter or modify the apparatus in any way without prior written approval
from Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd. Any such action may affect the effectiveness of the
apparatus and may affect the warranty.

13.1 CO2 Absorbent Replacement

The CO2 cartridge is easily refilled by the diver. The normal weight of Sofnolime required is 2.1 kg
of 1-2.5mm (8-12 mesh) granule size. Use Sofnolime 797-Diving Grade, preferably “non-colour
indicating”.

The procedure for replacing the Sofnolime is as follows (refer to illustrations on following pages):

a) Remove the CO2 scrubber canister from the casing. Lift and twist the 3 black fasteners and
remove the lid complete with the hoses by pushing down with your thumbs on two of the
black fasteners.

b) Remove the spacer ring and the O-ring.

c) Using the retaining nut on top of the cartridge pull the cartridge from the canister.

d) Empty the used Sofnolime into a suitable container for disposal.

e) Ensure the filter is clean and dry before refilling. Fill the cartridge to about halfway. Whilst
filling, tap the canister gently on four sides to aid settling. Continue to fill to within 6 mm of
the top edge.

f) Place clean/dry filter sheet next to the Sofnolime and replace the pressure spider. Screw
retaining nut on hand tight only. Tap the sides of the cartridge to settle the Sofnolime and
tighten the retaining nut until the pressure spider is flush with the top of the cartridge. Over-
tightening will crush the Sofnolime.

g) Before re-inserting the cartridge check to see if the bore of the canister where the O-ring will
seal is clean and damage free. Carefully re-insert the canister ensuring that you do not scratch
components.

h) Inspect the loose, large O-ring for damage and ensure it is lightly lubricated. This O-ring is
extremely important as it prevents CO2 bypassing the Sofnolime. Place the lubricated O-ring
in the chamfer on top of the cartridge and place the spacer ring on top. Ensure the whole
assembly slides easily up and down, if it doesn’t be sure to lubricate the O-ring. Ensure when
fitting the lid that the internal lid cover sits properly on the O-ring, ensuring the Temp-Stik’s
cable (if fitted) is not trapped between the cover and the O-ring! Push the spare cable and
connector back into the EVOLUTION’s lid.

i) Replace the lid of the canister aligning the recess in the lid with the down pipe on the side of
the canister. Fasten the three lid retainers by pulling them up and rotating 90o and ensure the
faces of the lid and the scrubber body are butted against each other.

- 109 -
 WARNING: The O ring which fits between the cartridge and the pressure ring, prevents
CO2 in the expired gas from bypassing the Sofnolime. If the bore is scratched, the O-ring is
damaged or not lubricated or not replaced after a service, CO2 will be inhaled!

Further Precautions:

WARNING: Do not attempt to partially fill the cartridge. It must be filled completely
otherwise the spring loaded packing system will not function which can result in absorbent
material falling out of the cartridge and most importantly will result in insufficient spring
pressure to hold the cartridge against the large O ring at the top of the cartridge. This would allow
CO2 to bypass the CO2 absorbent.

Do not leave the cartridge open to the atmosphere and expect the Sofnolime to be effective enough
for diving. Instead, seal it up by inserting it back into the canister, reconnecting all the hoses and
breathing bags, and be sure to remember to close the mouthpiece!

WARNING: Under no circumstances should partially used absorbent be emptied from the
scrubber then poured back in later. This will result in premature CO2 breakthrough.

WARNING: Under no circumstances should some of the absorbent be removed and

replaced with fresh material. If you are going to change the absorbent, change it all.

WARNING: Do not leave absorbent open to the atmosphere. The degree of contamination
will be unknown and the absorbent may dry out. Sofnolime when new contains approx. 18%
water which is essential in the CO2 absorption chemistry.

Sofnolime is alkaline so appropriate safety measures should be implemented. Protective gloves,

goggles, overalls and nuisance dust masks should be worn when handling Sofnolime granules
irrespective of whether they are in a fresh or used state.

The granules or any entrained dust should not be allowed to come into prolonged contact with the
skin and contact with the mucous membranes and the eyes must be totally avoided.

Residual or waste Sofnolime will contain some residual alkalinity but can normally be disposed of at
a suitable landfill site.

Granules will bleach boat decks, so avoid spilling and be sure to clean up afterwards.

Always inspect the cartridge prior to diving.

- 110 -
Removing the CO2 Scrubber and Sofnolime Cartridge

Unscrew the scrubber hose Remove the lid by

fittings at the T-piece pulling upwards

Remove spacer

Remove large 0-
ring

WARNING!
Handle with care
and keep safe

Remove the
cartridge
Remove
scrubber hoses
and electronic
units from the
casing.

Turn the cartridge over

and unscrew the
retaining nut

Lift each catch slightly

and twist 90°

Remove the spring/

pressure plate
assembly

- 111 -
Refilling the Sofnolime Cartridge

Ensure the filter scrim is

clean and undamaged. Push Ensure there is a 6mm
in into the cartridge as far as gap at the top
it will go.

The filter scrim must be

located properly in the bottom
with no gaps around the
edges or the centre column.
Its purpose is to retain the Ensure the scrim is clean
Sofnolime granules and keep and undamaged
water out

Store Sofnolime in the

manufacturers sealed
containers, following
Fit the spring loaded
their storage instructions
pressure spider

Fasten the centre hand

wheel

Fill to approximately half

way and tap gently on the
sides to level the granules

Do not over-tighten

Fill to within 6mm of the top

and tap gently on the sides to
level the granules

- 112 -
Mistakes to avoid when filling the Sofnolime cartridge

Do not overfill.
Over-filling combined with over-tightening makes
the sides of the cartridge bulge and prevents the
springs from pushing the cartridge against the O ring

Do not under-fill; this allows CO2 to by-pass the whole

cartridge, as pressure is no longer applied to the O-ring

Do not over-tighten

If you over-tighten it the top may distort and may

come adrift from the parallel sides. If this
happens return to the factory for repair

- 113 -
Re-fitting the Cartridge and Complete Scrubber Assembly

After inspecting the bore

for damage or dirt - Insert
the cartridge carefully Fit the canister lid on
taking care not to scratch carefully
any components

Push down and ensure the

cartridge is free to move up
Lift and turn each catch to
and down and check for the
lock the lid in position
spring loading effect of the
pressure spider

When re-inserting
the scrubber
Ensure this O ring is
assembly ensure
undamaged, clean, lightly
the Velcro band
lubricated and properly
passes between the
located. Also check for any
scrubber wall and
dirt or damage or the top of
the down pipe
the cartridge and place the
O ring on top.

Ensure the spacer ring is

clean and undamaged
and place carefully onto
the O ring. Again push Re-fasten the hoses. Nip
down and ensure the them up hand tight.
cartridge is free to move Excessive force does not
up and down and check improve the sealing
for the spring loading effect so DO NOT over-
effect of the pressure tighten.
spider

Ensure the O ring seal on

the canister lid is
undamaged, clean and
properly located

- 114 -
 Re-fasten the hoses.
Nip them up hand
The scrubber locates on the back frame tight. Excessive force
and is held in place by the Velcro band. does not improve the
The inlet pipe MUST sit underneath the sealing effect so DO
cylinder against the back-frame. NOT over-tighten.

13.2 Gas Cylinders

The two gas cylinders are each secured to the carrying frame by a single band in the centre of the
cylinder. When securing the cylinders into the carrying frame - pass the band through just one of the
slots in the buckle, tighten the band and fasten the Velcro.

Do not use cylinder mesh or other protective cover on the cylinders. The band and rubber anti-slip
pads must be in contact with the painted cylinder surface to function properly.

The oxygen cylinder is located on the right hand side of the user and the diluent on the left. The
diluent cylinder will be on the same side as the buoyancy compensator’s inflator. Both cylinders are
marked according to their contents.

From new, the oxygen cylinder and oxygen components, such as the first stage, hoses, contents
gauge and inflator, are oxygen clean and compatible.

WARNING! It is recommended that the condition of the cylinder be assessed at 6

monthly intervals. In particular, if the oxygen cylinder is contaminated with salt water then it
must be cleaned without delay otherwise corrosion will rapidly occur in an oxygen rich
environment.

The diluent cylinder, first stage and components, however, are NOT oxygen clean as the diluent used
is normally compressed air. If it is intended that this rebreather is to be used with a Trimix or Heliox
diluent and the fill method is by partial pressure blending, then it will be necessary to oxygen clean
both the cylinder and cylinder valve.

Contact Ambient Pressure Diving, as some of the valve components and the lubricant must be
replaced.

- 115 -
13.3 First Stages

After closing the cylinder valve

and purging the hoses, unscrew the
DIN handwheel. If this is difficult,
ensure all the pressure is released Un-do the webbing band
from the system. Keep this
connection well lubricated using
oxygen compatible grease. DO
NOT USE SILICONE GREASE
OR OIL.

Both the oxygen and diluent cylinders use a first stage pressure reducer. Both are marked
accordingly and must not become mixed up. i.e. do not use the oxygen 1st stage on the air cylinder
and vice versa. The oxygen 1st stage has been specially prepared using oxygen compatible O-rings
and lubricants - the diluent cylinder has not. It is only prepared for use with Normoxic gas (21%
oxygen). The practice of relying on the diver inserting the correct valve into the correct cylinder is
common in the technical diving communities on both sides of the Atlantic, the DIN thread being the
preferred connection. The responsibility for connecting the 1st stages to the correct cylinders is the
responsibility of the diver - YOU.

An alternative connection for the oxygen cylinder is available if you require it. Contact the factory
for details.

Both are adjustable diaphragm types but the following set up pressures must be adhered to when
servicing:

Oxygen 1st Stage

- Interstage Pressure: 7.5 bar. Under no circumstances must the Interstage pressure be
increased above 8.0 bar! The Interstage pressure should be adjusted
with only 50 bar in the cylinder.

Diluent 1st Stage

- Interstage Pressure: 9.2 to 9.5 bar. The Interstage pressure of the diluent cylinder may be
altered to suit the open circuit 2nd stage fitted – maximum pressure – 3
bar.

- 116 -
13.4 LP Oxygen Hose
Connect the low-pressure (8 bar) oxygen hose to the solenoid valve in
the top of the scrubber. Finger-tighten using the knurled ring. DO NOT
USE A WRENCH - It is extremely common for divers to use far too
much force. Over-tightening does not improve the seal; it simply risks
damaging other components.

13.5 Post-Dive Maintenance

The breathing bags and mouthpiece should not be completely stripped down after every use. You are
more likely to create problems for yourself.

13.5.1 Cleaning and Disinfecting the Unit

We advise users to disinfect their rebreather after each day of use. Only in this way can its
cleanliness be ensured. However, disinfecting involves some disassembly and if not carried out with
care, leaks may be introduced into the system during re-assembly. It is important that leaks are
rectified if the reliability and integrity of the system is to be restored. If the rebreather is shared with
another diver the system should be thoroughly disinfected before use.

After each dive the mouthpiece should be rinsed in fresh water, taking care not to allow large
quantities of water to enter the loop. Providing the rebreather is standing upright, all the water will
enter the exhale counterlung and this is easily drained. Take care not to allow too much to enter
while the scrubber hoses are still connected.

At the end of each day’s diving remove the hose and the mouthpiece as an assembly, rinse in a
disinfectant solution such as BUDDY Clean and rinse thoroughly in warm fresh water.

WARNING! Do not use solutions of Milton or other baby bottle sterilising solutions.
These discolour and rot the inner and outer bags.

After every 6 hours total diving; disinfect the mouthpiece, hoses, counterlungs and inside the
canister. Inspect the counterlungs for foreign matter. The outer bag of each counterlung has a zip to
aid inspection of the inner. Do not leave components soaking in cleaning solution for more than 30
minutes.

13.5.2 BUDDY Clean Disinfectant

BUDDY Clean Disinfectant has been specially formulated for its ability to destroy a wide variety of
bacteria, viruses and fungi including Legionella, Weil's disease, Tuberculosis, HIV and also for its
very low hazard risk. See Appendix 5. BUDDY Clean is not FDA approved for use in America;
Silent Diving Systems LLC (www.silentdiving.com) should be consulted for approved disinfectant in
the USA.

13.5.3 Lubrication
It is essential when lubricating seals or O-rings on the rebreather and oxygen valves, that oxygen
compatible grease is used. Recommended greases include Fomblin RT15, Halocarbon 25-5S grease
and Oxygenoex FF250.

- 117 -
13.5.4 Washing and Disinfecting the Breathing Circuit

Repeat the process,

Unscrew the rear thoroughly
most hoses from flushing the
both T-pieces counterlungs with
fresh water

Spray or pour
BUDDY Clean
disinfectant into Remove the hoses
the T-piece and spray or pour
disinfectant into
the inhalation hose

With the
mouthpiece closed,
use a clean hose to
fill both
counterlungs with
warm, fresh water

Use a clean hose to

flush through with
warm, fresh water
Unscrew the
inflators, taking
care not to lose the
O-rings
Spray the
mouthpiece with
disinfectant and
thoroughly flush
through.
Do this with the
mouthpiece open and
closed to wash the
water drain

Always check the non-return valves for proper

operation after washing. (See Section 4.3)

- 118 -
13.5.5 Oxygen Sensors
If, after the dive, water is suspected to have entered the scrubber then the unit must NOT be stored
horizontally. To do so will result in the oxygen cells and the battery compartment becoming soaked.
Should this occur the cell face should be washed in warm fresh water, the batteries removed, any
residue removed and the lid air-dried.

13.5.6 Exchanging Oxygen Sensors

Oxygen sensors are a consumable item and should be replaced regularly. The life of a sensor varies
with the temperature and the ppO2 it is exposed to. The higher the temperature or the higher the
ppO2 the oxygen cell is stored at, the shorter the life of the cell. Simply leaving the oxygen cells in
the lid at a temperature between 5oC and 25oC in AIR is sufficient to aid a reasonably long life.
Typically in the rebreather application, oxygen cells should be replaced when they are between 12
and 18 months old. Beyond this period the diver should pay particular attention to the linearity
checks above the working setpoint. i.e. ensure the displays will reach 1.4 bar when the setpoint is 1.3
bar.

To replace the oxygen cells it is necessary to remove the scrubber

from the rebreather.

Unscrew the securing ring for the mixing chamber cover and pull
the cover from the centre stem.

Remove the blue connector covers and pull the cell connector
from the cell (straight pull).

Remove the sensor by unscrewing it (anti-clockwise).

Sometimes the oxygen cells are supplied with an O-ring on the M16 thread – this is not required and
could be removed.
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 WARNING! Only APD10 oxygen cells supplied by Ambient Pressure Diving should be
used. Most oxygen cell manufacturers think they manufacture a replacement for the ones
used in the EVOLUTION but no oxygen cell manufacturers have a complete understanding
of the requirements for oxygen cells in the EVOLUTION, whether it be environmental conditions,
methods of use or the static and dynamic requirements of the cell in use as well as the compatibility
requirements with the VISION electronics and it is only with extra quality assurance performed at
Ambient Pressure can the oxygen cells be determined as “fit for purpose”. Several accidents have
occurred due to the diver fitting non-Ambient Pressure Diving supplied oxygen cells.

Re-assembly:

1) Carefully screw the replacement oxygen cell into the holder, taking care not to cross the thread.

2) If the diver requires to measure the output voltage of a cell, this MUST ONLY be done by using a
proper connector and measuring the voltage across the inner and outer conductors of the co-axial
cable. Every rebreather is supplied with a spare connector.

WARNING! The sharp probes of a voltmeter MUST NOT be pushed into the centre of the
oxygen cell’s connector.

DO NOT do this!
You will damage
the connector.

If you need to measure the output voltage of the oxygen

cell, attach a spare connector to the cell and place your
9
DVM (Digital volt meter) probes on the connector. The
central pin is +ve and the exterior of the connector is –ve.

3) Push the blue cover gently back over the connector and into the oxygen cell taking care not to put
strain on the wires.

4) Push the mixing chamber cover into place, ensuring there are no wires trapped underneath it and
the slot in the inside bore aligns with the keyway on the sensor holder.

- 120 -
13.6 Storage
The EVOLUTION should be stored upright or lying on its counterlungs. If you lay the rebreather on
its back at the end of the dive then you risk water running onto the face of the no. 2 oxygen cell. This
may result in a cell failure when you next switch the unit on and the oxygen controller will not enter
dive mode - preventing you entering the water. Cell 2 should then be removed and allowed to dry
naturally before use. Repeated or excessive soaking will reduce the life of the cell.

The oxygen cells can be stored down to -20oC without consequence, unless freezing and thawing
cycles are repeated, in which case the electrolyte seals may be damaged with the possibility of
leakage of the electrolyte. Intermittent exposure to temperatures of 45oC is acceptable, though
continuous exposure to high temperatures will shorten cell life.

After cleaning, store the apparatus upright, out of direct sunlight, with the BC and counterlungs
partially inflated, in a cool, (5-15oC), dry and dust free place. Avoid exposure to direct ultra-violet
radiation and radiant heat.

13.7 Precautions when using High Pressure Oxygen

Warning: Open cylinder valves slowly.

Use only oxygen clean components and oxygen compatible materials.

Ensure there is no oil or grease contamination.

See Section 13.5.3 for suitable lubricants.

13.8 Service Intervals

Maintenance is an ongoing task with all rebreathers and users must check for proper operation before
every dive. Additionally some components must be serviced at periodic intervals:

Diluent Cylinders:
As supplied from the factory these are prepared ready for normal quality diving air and as such are
NOT specially oxygen cleaned. The same applies to the cylinder valve. The inspection and
hydrostatic testing regulations for this cylinder will vary from Country to Country. In the UK, the
current requirements are for internal inspections every two years with a hydrostatic test on each
fourth year.

Oxygen Cylinders:
Supplied from the factory, these cylinders are oxygen clean. Although the legal requirement in the
UK is for an internal inspection every two years with hydrostatic testing on each fourth year, it is
strongly advised to have this cylinder internally inspected every year.

1st stages:
The 1st stages should be dive shop serviced on an annual basis.

Auto Air:
The Auto Air should be dive shop serviced annually.

- 121 -
Oxygen Cells:
The life of the oxygen cells will vary from cell to cell and user to user. Between dives the loop
should be flushed with air. Leaving the cells in a high oxygen % shortens the life of the cells
dramatically. The cells should be replaced every 12-18 months. They should be replaced
immediately if signs of deterioration are present, regardless of age. Under no circumstances should
you use the oxygen cells beyond 18 months from date of manufacture. Oxygen cells constantly
deteriorate and have a finite life, even in the sealed packaging. If you hold a spare oxygen cell this
should be discarded 18 months from the date of manufacture even if unused. Oxygen cells would be
depleted in a matter of weeks if stored in an oxygen rich environment.

- 122 -
 SECTION 14

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
14.1 Bail-Out (Emergency Breathing)

Never dive without sufficient open circuit bail out

During a dive, very little diluent gas should be used. Typically only about 45 to 60 bar will be
consumed from the 2-litre cylinder. The diluent cylinder provides gas for counterlung volume during
the descent, for lung volume adjustments throughout the dive, for BC inflation and for dry suit
inflation. (If a Heliox or Trimix diluent is used it is recommended that a separate cylinder is carried
for suit inflation). Because so little diluent is used, the diluent cylinder may provide sufficient gas
for bailout. To take advantage of this an Auto Air is fitted to the BC. The Auto Air is also an
overpressure relief valve should the First stage HP seat leak. If the Auto Air is removed it must be
replaced with a suitable open circuit breathing system and suitable overpressure valve. For
emergency breathing at 6 m and shallower, an oxygen clean 2nd stage can be used to breathe from the
2 litre oxygen cylinder. However, an isolator should be fitted in the line so that the oxygen supply to
this 2nd stage is normally switched off to prevent accidental gas leakage from this 2nd stage and also
to help prevent your diving partner from accidentally using this mouthpiece at depths greater than 6
m.

For extreme air dives and mixed gas dives the volume and type of bail out gases must be reassessed.
For instance, you may decide to carry a 5 litre cylinder containing Bottom mix or 40% Nitrox or it
may be best to carry two 7 litre cylinders hip or back mounted, one with Bottom mix and one with
80% or, depending on the dive scenario, it may be better to place bailout gas on the shot line. The
bailout is just as much a limiting factor to your dive planning as the gas mix selected. Ensure you
have sufficient volume of breathable, open circuit gas available at all stages of the dive.

14.2 Emergency Procedures

What do you do in the event of a Low oxygen warning?

What do you do in the event of a High oxygen warning?

If in Doubt –
What do you do in the event of a battery warning?
Flush with diluent
What do you do in the event of a battery failure? and considering
switching to open
What do you do in the event of a flooded loop? circuit bailout.

What do you do in the event of a cell warning/cell error?

What do you do in the event of a CNS/OTU or CO2 scrubber warning? – Ascend and
abort. In the case of CO2,
reverting to open circuit
bail out is strongly
recommended.

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14.3 Diluent Flush
This very simple procedure is the cure, albeit temporary in some cases, for
most of the above problems. If the O2 level is too low then flushing with
diluent will raise the ppO2 to a breathable level. If the ppO2 level is too high,
flushing with diluent will dilute the oxygen. If there is water on the cell face
the diluent flush will aid evaporation. To perform a diluent flush press the
diluent inflator, for approximately 10-15 seconds, whilst holding open the
exhaust valve.

14.4 Emergency Rescue of an Unconscious EVOLUTION Diver

DO NOT remove the mouthpiece. Flushing the system with diluent may assist in the recovery of
consciousness. A skilled and experienced EVOLUTION user should be able to assess a buddy’s
system to identify a problem and affect a cure e.g. by opening the O2 cylinder valve. If no probable
cause can be identified then an assisted ascent may be carried out, regularly flushing the buddy’s
system to ensure a respirable mix is present in the loop.

14.5 Flooded Loop

The EVOLUTION is very tolerant of water entry. The action to take largely depends on the
circumstances leading up to this problem and how much water has entered.

If you have just dropped the mouthpiece without closing it and then re-inserted it, you will allow
water into the exhale counterlung. Providing you stay reasonably upright you should be able to
continue the dive, leaving the water in there. If you continue to do head down descents or
somersaults, then water in the counterlung will find its way past the water trap and go into the bottom
of the scrubber. This is noticeable by a more distant gurgling noise, which becomes worse when you
roll onto your right side. Depending on the quantity of water, which has entered, this is not too
serious a problem. You should, though, empty the water out at the end of the dive, dry the scrubber
and change the Sofnolime.

There is a water barrier at the bottom of the Sofnolime cartridge, but eventually water will permeate
around the edge of this and be soaked up by the Sofnolime granules. Because of the water traps at
the top of the scrubber and on the top of the inhale counterlung, there is virtually no chance of getting
a “caustic cocktail”. However, if you do soak the Sofnolime excessively a faint chalky flavour may
be noticed in the inspired gas. If this flavour becomes evident, in conjunction with the gurgling when
you are on your right side, with an increase in breathing resistance, then the dive should be aborted,
the system dried and Sofnolime changed.

Excessive amounts of water can be vented by rotating, so the overpressure valve is downwards, and
pressurising the loop so the excess water is forced out. This requires practice and usually allows
water into the bottom of the scrubber. Pressurising the loop causes excess buoyancy and so the diver
must fin downwards or hold onto something substantial.

If you receive water down the inhale hose, then this is most likely to be due to residual water in the
counterlung remaining there after washing. Rotating into a head up position should enable normal
breathing to commence.
If in doubt - bail out!

- 124 -
14.6 Manual Control of ppO2
The ppO2 can be held within the life support range by adding either O2 or diluent. The gas may be
supplied by on-board or off-board cylinders connected to the manual inflators on the counterlungs.

14.6.1 Manual addition of O2 and O2 flush method

Providing the ppO2 displays are functioning and are monitored the ppO2 can be maintained easily, by
manually adding O2 in short bursts.

With practice it is possible to maintain a constant ppO2 without looking at the displays, but this
involves timing the interval between oxygen injects or counting the number of breaths. However,
this technique requires considerable practise and is only valid when the depth stays constant. This
technique is deemed too dangerous.

To do a fast oxygen flush (at 6m or shallower), press the oxygen inflator for several seconds and
purge gas from around the mouthpiece at the same time. Take a few breaths, then repeat flush. This
is a very quick method and is easily done without affecting buoyancy.

14.6.2 Manual addition of diluent

Providing the ppO2 displays are functioning and are monitored the ppO2 can be maintained easily, by
manually adding diluent in short bursts. Because you are adding inert gas to the loop, as well as
oxygen, gas should be vented from the loop to maintain neutral buoyancy.

Maintaining a life sustaining ppO2 is easy when adding diluent, even without a ppO2 display. It needs
practise, while watching the ppO2 display, to make it efficient but it is a simple procedure. Practise,
whilst monitoring the ppO2 display, in a shallow swimming pool using an air diluent, start by
exhaling through your nose every third breath and then adding air to allow you to breathe from the
counterlungs. Some divers may find, by practising while watching their ppO2 displays that they can
exhale less often but please bear in mind the following warning:

WARNING! It is important to find the number of breaths between exhales when in the
shallows and when working moderately hard and then use this at all depths. Do not
experiment at depth and then apply your technique in the shallows. If you are using the
EVOLUTION in this semi-closed fashion as a bailout, it is important that the oxygen content of the
diluent will sustain life in this semi-closed manner all the way to the surface. Beware of trying to use
a diluent with only 15% or less O2 content.

- 125 -
14.6.3 Using the EVOLUTION as a pure oxygen rebreather
It is easy to maintain a high oxygen content manually by monitoring the ppO2 displays but if the
display is switched off or not functioning then at depths of 6m and shallower it is possible to use the
EVOLUTION as a pure oxygen rebreather. The technique is to flush out all the Nitrogen so there is
only pure oxygen in the breathing loop, which includes the diver’s lungs, and then add oxygen
manually as the counterlung volume diminishes.

WARNING! This technique is potentially very dangerous and must not be attempted
without proper training and practise whilst monitoring the ppO2 displays. Complete oxygen
flushing of the loop must be done thoroughly. If Nitrogen is present in the loop then there is
a great risk of the diver going unconscious through hypoxia. Most Navies have accidents every year
because the diver doesn’t do an adequate oxygen flush when using a pure oxygen rebreather.
Particular attention must be paid to the oxygen flush technique.
When 5 m or shallower select a low setpoint (0.7 bar), exhale through nose until counterlung volume
diminishes - preventing the next inhale, add oxygen to counterlungs to allow next inhale. Breathe for
a few breaths, and then repeat the process again three times. After that add oxygen when the
counterlung volume diminishes enough to make breathing slightly difficult. Then add just enough
oxygen to allow breathing. While you do this monitor the ppO2 displays. After practise you should
be able to maintain a pretty constant ppO2.

- 126 -
 SECTION 15

BRIEFING OPEN CIRCUIT DIVE PARTNERS

15.1 The Rebreather Diver – What to Expect, What to Do
(Author: Stephen Bird)

BASICS
Closed Circuit (CC) Rebreather diving has a number of differences from Open Circuit (OC), but also
a number of similarities.

ON THE SURFACE - In any problem scenario once back on the surface the CC diver should be
treated exactly the same as an OC diver. This includes all DCS occurrences, respiratory problems
and any other diving related ailments. Use of CC does not preclude the use of hyperbaric treatment.

UNDER THE WATER – The CC diver will do things slightly differently to the OC diver. Things
you will notice, that are quite normal are:

· Buoyancy – The CC diver will swim around objects rather than over them
· Computer Checks – The CC diver will check the computers at 30-second intervals, this is
essential in monitoring the well being of the equipment.
· Bubbles – There are usually none. Exceptions are mask clearing, upward buoyancy adjustments
and always on ascents.
· Busy – On descent and ascent the CC diver will look busy; these are times of high task loading,
once at working depth only the computer checks may be evident.

PRE-DIVE CHECKS – For the CC diver the usual buddy checks for buoyancy, air and releases is
the same as OC, except that one source of gas (the closed circuit one) is checked as part of a unique
CC check routine. This routine involves a complete, part computer guided, systems check the final
part of which is a 3-minute breath test.

DIVE MARSHALL LOG – Again essentially the same as an OC diver, but gas consumption will be
about 1 litre / minute from the Oxygen cylinder and negligible from the Diluent cylinder which is
used mainly for buoyancy and OC back up (bailout). So the extra information to be recorded is O2
contents, diluent contents, scrubber duration and PO2 setpoint.

THINGS AN OC BUDDY SHOULD KNOW – How to open and close the CC mouthpiece, the
operation of the diluent and O2 manual inject valves, (but normally leave the latter well alone), and
recognise the terms and symptoms of Hypoxia, Hyperoxia and Hypercapnia. This is within the skill-
set of BSAC Sport Diver and above, but would possibly not be appropriate for anything less than a
PADI Rescue Diver.

- 127 -
15.2 Classic Problems, Causes and Resolutions
The following table lists classic problems, the probable cause, the CC divers resolution and if
required the buddy divers assisting action. It should be noted that a capable CC diver could resolve
nearly all problems without switching to OC bailout, but that option always exists. For a rescuing
buddy nearly all problems can be resolved with a diluent flush, but again the option to assist with OC
bailout using on-board gas or his own OC octopus exists. The general rule is:

IF IN DOUBT, BAIL OUT.U

PROBLEM CAUSES CC DIVER OC BUDDY RESOLUTION

RESOLUTION
Diluent flush or offer bailout /
Solenoid Blocked Use O2 manual inject octopus, then diluent inject every
third breath, then rescue to the
surface.
Low Oxygen O2 cylinder valve Diluent flush or offer bailout/
switched off Switch back on octopus, check O2 cylinder valve is
on, then rescue to the surface.
O2 cylinder empty Use diluent flush, then Diluent flush or offer bailout /
or no access to O2 go to diluent based octopus, then diluent inject every
at all semi closed mode third breath, then rescue to surface.
Diluent flush, slow the ascent,
Fast ascent Add O2 manually or offer bailout / octopus, then diluent
diluent flush, slow the inject every third breath, then
ascent. rescue to surface.

Solenoid jammed Diluent flush and Diluent flush and switch O2

open switch O2 cylinder cylinder valve off, offer bailout /
valve off, use valve to octopus, then diluent inject every
High Oxygen control injection of O2 third breath, then rescue to surface.

Accidental O2 Diluent flush Diluent flush, offer bailout /

manual injection octopus, then rescue to the surface.
Fast descent Diluent flush and slow Diluent flush, offer bailout /
the descent octopus, then rescue to surface.

Full Electronics Water ingress, Use diluent flush, then Diluent flush or offer bailout /
failure batteries flat, go to diluent based octopus, then diluent inject every
broken something semi closed mode third breath, then rescue to the
etc surface.

Scrubber flood Leakage of water Switch to OC bailout Offer bailout / octopus, then rescue
and caustic into scrubber to surface.
cocktail housing

- 128 -
 SECTION 16

WARRANTY

The EVOLUTION is warranted for the first owner for 12 months from date of purchase.

Conditions:

All warranty work must be authorised by Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd. Before returning the
apparatus for any reason, please telephone the factory for advice. If it is deemed a factory repair is
required the apparatus should be returned, postage and insurance paid, with a copy of the purchase
receipt, directly to the factory, NOT TO THE DIVE SHOP.

1) Misuse, neglect or alteration renders all warranties null and void.

2) This warranty is not transferable.

Your statutory rights are unaffected.

Exclusions:

1) The batteries are not covered by the warranty.

2) The oxygen sensors are not covered by the warranty, they will need to be replaced
every 12-18 months or sooner depending on the ppO2 they are stored in.

3) The counterlung outer bag colours, even the black, will fade in time - especially if
subjected to strong sunlight

4) The counterlung’s inner bags are not covered against punctures.

5) If a strong sterilising fluid is used then the inner bags may deteriorate.

All products are sold only on the understanding that only English Law applies in cases of warranty
claims and product liability, regardless of where the equipment is purchased or where used.

- 129 -
 SECTION 17

IMPORTANT CAUTIONARY NOTES

DO: Know your ppO2 at all times!

DO: Read the instruction manual fully before using the EVOLUTION.

DO: Carry out the pre-dive checks (APPENDIX 9) prior to each dive.

DO: Use diving quality gasses.

DO: Post-dive maintenance, particularly cleaning and disinfecting the breathing loop.

DO: Have your EVOLUTION serviced annually by a competent person.

DO: Insure all your dive equipment.

DO: Keep a record of the usage of the apparatus, particularly the Sofnolime, batteries and oxygen
cells.

DO: Ensure that only original parts are used in the repair of the EVOLUTION.

DO: Practice in a pool to increase familiarity with the operation and adjustments of the apparatus.

DO: Handle the Sofnolime safely and store it in a dry, airtight container.

DO: Only use the correct batteries and dispose of them immediately they are finished.

DO: Take spare oxygen cells and batteries when travelling.

DO: Connect blue to blue when reconnecting breathing hoses.

DO NOT: breathe from the loop without switching on electronics and checking ppO2
DO NOT: ignore warnings
DO NOT: ascend too rapidly.
DO NOT: descend too rapidly. The ppO2 may increase to dangerous levels.
DO NOT: mix up the diluent and oxygen fittings.
DO NOT: use silicone grease or oil on the system. Use only oxygen compatible grease.
DO NOT: reuse Sofnolime.
DO NOT: partially refill the cartridge with Sofnolime.
DO NOT: try to prolong the life of the oxygen cells by storing in a sealed bag or in an inert gas.
DO NOT: recharge the batteries.
DO NOT: fill the oxygen cylinder with Nitrox.
DO NOT: fill the diluent cylinder with pure gasses such as Helium or Nitrogen.
DO NOT: disconnect the Auto Air hose if the Auto Air leaks air, close the cylinder valve and
check the Interstage pressure.

- 130 -
 SECTION 18

TECHNICAL DATA
Atmospheric Range: 650 - 1080 mbar
Battery (6v Lithium): The preferred brand is Fujitsu Lithium 6 volt, type CRP2. In
use this battery has proven to have a greater capacity than other
brands, giving proper solenoid operation within the voltage
warnings provided by the electronics and for longer life.

Buoyancy Compensator: Wing style - 16kg

CO2 scrubber: 2.1kg of 797 grade Sofnolime
Micro-filters prevent dust from entering the breathing hoses.
Water-traps virtually eliminate the possibility of a “caustic
cocktail”.
Counterlung Volume: Medium - 11.4 litres (5.7 litres per counterlung)
Large - 14 litres (7 litres per counterlung)

Cylinders: Two 2-litre steel cylinders, one oxygen, one diluent. (M25 x2
cylinder thread, ¾”NPSM – USA)

Depth Limits:

40m max. Depth with air diluent.

100m max. Depth at which all rebreather parameters are proven: CO2 endurance, O2
control and work of breathing.
100m the limit of the CE approval.
110m max. Depth at which the work of breathing has been tested using Trimix
diluent.
150m max. Depth at which the work of breathing has been tested with an Heliox
diluent.
160m Depth at which all components are pressure tested during type approval – not
during production.

WARNING! Diving deeper than 100m carries the following additional risks:

Deeper than 100m: CO2 endurance unknown.

Deeper than 100m: Onboard decompression invalid
Deeper than 110m: Work of breathing with a Trimix diluent unknown.
Deeper than 130m: Depth gauge inaccurate
Deeper than 150m: Work of breathing with an Heliox diluent unknown.
Deeper than 160m: Structural integrity of components unknown – the air cavity within the buzzer
will implode eventually, and other components may fail.

- 131 -
Design: Rear-mounted, with over-the-shoulder twin counterlungs
Dimensions: 490mm (H) x 410mm (W) x 200mm depth (excluding
harness/counterlungs and BC)
490mm (H) x 410mm (W) x 350mm approx. depth (incl.
harness, c/lungs and BC)
Display accuracy: ±0.05 bar
Display resolution: 0.01 bar
First stage (Oxygen): Intermediate Pressure - 7.5 to 8.0 bar
First stage (Diluent): Intermediate Pressure - 9.0 to 9.5 bar
Harness: Multi-adjustable harness in 4 sizes, Small, Medium, Large and
X-Large.
Hydrostatic Imbalance: <1.0 kPa (10mbar) in all rotations.

Oxygen Control: Two oxygen pressure setpoints, switchable from low to high
and high to low as often as required, both underwater and on
the surface.
Oxygen sensors: 3 Galvanic cells, APD10
Oxygen setpoint range (Low): 0.5 to 0.9 bar
Oxygen setpoint range (High): 0.9 to 1.5 bar
Oxygen warning level (Low): 0.4 bar
Oxygen warning level (High): 1.6 bar

Languages: The VISION electronics are available in German, Dutch,

Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French as well as English. If one
of these language option is required please request an update
file from the factory, upload it to the EVOLUTION through the
APD Communicator Program and Interface.

Rebreather Operating Temperature Range: +4oC to + 32oC

Short term air storage (hours): -10oC to +50oC
Long term storage: +5oC to +20oC

The rebreather operating temperature range is determined at the cold end by the CO2 duration trials,
which are done at 4oC(±1). Below this temperature the duration of the CO2 absorbent has not been
empirically determined. If stored below 0oC the CO2 absorbent and electronics will need gentle pre-
heating prior to use by placing in a warmer room or by submersing the assembled rebreather with
mouthpiece closed (loop sealed) until the temperature of the equipment matches the ambient
temperature. Below 0oC the liquid crystal display in the handset freezes to a solid black and is
unusable. Water is an essential part of the CO2 absorption reactions (approx. 17% of Sofnolime is
water), below freezing point the first reaction where CO2 and water react to form Carbonic acid
cannot take place. If a pre-breathing method of warming the Sofnolime is used, this must be done on
land under supervision.

Shelf life of oxygen cells: 18 months

Shelf life of unused rebreather: When stored in accordance with BS3574 the shelf life is 7 years
(derived from the hoses and seals.)

Weight with Sofnolime: Medium Counterlungs and Medium harness - 24.4kg

Large Counterlungs and Large harness – 24.7kg

- 132 -
Sofnolime Data
Shelf life: Refer to manufacturers packaging.

Grade: 1 - 2.5 mm Sofnolime 797 - Diving Grade

Storage: Sofnolime must be stored in a sealed container within a clean dry environment at a
constant temperature (Ideally between 0 and 35oC). Storage at high temperature may cause
reductions in the efficiency and effective life span of the material. Storage at sub-zero temperatures
should be avoided.
Correctly stored Sofnolime should maintain absorption capacity for up to five years.

Sofnolime must not be stored where it can become subject to the following:
i) Strong Sunlight.
ii) Contact with any other chemicals.
iii) Contact with water.
iv) Atmospheric conditions with higher than normal concentrations of acidic gases.

Transport: Sofnolime contains less than 3.5% w/w sodium hydroxide and therefore is not
classified as corrosive.1,2 Containers of Sofnolime do not need to be marked with any special hazard
warning and they can be shipped by road, sea or air as non-hazardous product.

Personal Protection: Sofnolime is mildly alkaline and care must be taken to avoid contact with
skin and eyes and to avoid inhalation of dust.

Spillages and Disposal: If spillage occurs granules should be swept or vacuumed up and disposed
of appropriately. Any residue should be washed away with excess water. Exhausted or waste
Sofnolime will contain residual alkalinity but may be disposed of in a suitable landfill site.

Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd reserves the right to alter specifications without notice.

Notes:
1. Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, UN Forth Revised Edition, 1986.
2. CPL Regulations Authorised Approved List, Health and Safety Commission, UK,
2nd edition, 1988.

- 133 -
 SECTION 19

DANGERS INTRODUCED BY USER MODIFICATIONS

1) Do NOT change the 1st stages for environmentally sealed Apeks 1st stages. These sealed 1st
stages boost the Interstage pressure by more than ambient pressure when at depth. This will
stop the oxygen solenoid working and gas will also be lost through the pressure relief valve
(the Auto Air).

2) Do NOT use sealant or tape to “waterproof” the red oxygen cell covers. This prevents
adequate pressure balancing leading to incorrect readings on the ppO2 displays.

3) Do NOT change the mouthpiece for one with narrow bites. The bite determines how far
apart the teeth are held open. If your teeth are not far enough apart the induced work of
breathing is dramatic increasing retained CO2, which in turn increases susceptibility to
Nitrogen Narcosis, Oxygen toxicity, and decompression sickness.

4) If the Auto Air is removed, it must be replaced with a suitable downstream 2nd stage.
Additionally, if an isolator such as the APD Flowstop or Apeks Free-Flow Control device is
fitted in line with the 2nd stage, a suitable Pressure Relief valve, such as the RB17 (14bar)
MUST be fitted to the 1st stage.
Please Note: An RB17 is fitted as standard to the EVOLUTION’s diluent 1st stage.

- 134 -
 SECTION 20

DIVING DEATHS
“Whether divers die using open circuit equipment or rebreathers, they die for the same reason – they
are not aware of or fail to remain within the limitations of their kit!”

The easiest way to explain this is to give you some examples:

a) Many Open Circuit sport divers die because they run out of air, many struggle to the surface and
then find they can’t stay afloat and drown. So what went wrong? Was running out of air the problem
or was it simply their lack of planning/knowledge to deal with the situation from then on. The answer
is both of course, but fundamentally the real problem was lack of awareness in knowing the
equipment limitations: the gas needed to be monitored more closely during the dive and prior
planning was necessary to deal with that scenario should it occur. In this example when s/he got to
the surface it would have been a good idea to drop the weight-belt or inflate the BC from a 2nd air
source. So, the equipment choice and combination had to be correct, the diver then had to have the
ability to use the appropriate piece of equipment including the mental strength to use it. The mental
strength can be improved relatively easily: practise, practise, practise.
b) Increasingly, technical Open Circuit divers die through a combination of over-weighting and
breathing the wrong gas either in the shallows or deep.
c) Some leap over the side without turning the tank on, and then don’t have the equipment sorted or
due to lack of practise can’t deploy a 2nd mouthpiece.
The above “open-circuit” instances occur a lot, 20 to 30 times per year in the UK alone!

Rebreathers bring with them new opportunities but also new limitations of which the diver must
remain aware.

The following are identifiable reasons why divers die using rebreathers:
1) Over-use of the CO2 absorbent.
2) Improper equipment assembly, followed by inadequate monitoring of system(s).
3) Inappropriate equipment selection or combinations e.g. dry suit inlet valve hose tucked under
counterlungs making it impossible to disconnect in the event of a free-flow. New under-suit
hindering the dry suit exhaust.
4) Failure to switch on the handsets, followed by inadequate monitoring of system.
5) Use of low oxygen percentage diluents and breathing them near the surface either through an
open circuit valve or through the loop but then also failing to ensure the system is turned on &
actually adding oxygen.
6) Ignoring system warnings.
7) Failing to notice lots of bubbles, failing to monitor gas pressures, only having one bail out
method: Open circuit bailout is no use to you if you have no gas in the tank!

This list is not exhaustive but gives an indication of the importance of “Being aware”. Know the
equipment limitations; know how it is supposed to be working, know whether it is working as you
expect it to, be aware of how you feel – you are part of the loop too. Then practise and practise so
you can reach all the buckles and valves and think through the problem scenarios so you are better
mentally prepared to deal with issues as they arise.

Providing you are aware, rebreathers are safer than Open Circuit; they give you much longer to
resolve issues before they become life threatening.

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APPENDIX 1A
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
Surface Menus
SUB MENU
CCR CCR DECO DECO
C1 0.7 The DECO menu varies with the
Decompression version (Trimix, Nitrox
0.69 0.68 0.71 or Dive Timer).
HIGH SET POINT

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
LOW SET POINT

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
SET POINT SWITCH
Auto Manual
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
HUD INTENSITY
3
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
LCD CONTRAST
6
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
BACKLIGHT
Key On
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
BRIGHTNESS
21
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
ELAPSED ON TIME
0 hrs 29 mins
- 136 -
APPENDIX 1B

Surface DECO MENU – Trimix Version

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
SUB MENU
CCR DECO

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
SELECT DILUENT

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71 C1 0.7
GRADIENT FACTORS 0.69 0.68 0.71
OXYGEN EXPOSURE%
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71 C1 0.7
DEPTH UNITS 0.69 0.68 0.71
DEMO MODE
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71 C1 0.7
CLOCK 0.69 0.68 0.71
EXIT MENU
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
DIVE LOG

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APPENDIX 1C

Surface DECO MENU – Nitrox Version

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
SUB MENU
CCR DECO

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
SELECT DILUENT

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71 C1 0.7
CONSERVATISM 0.69 0.68 0.71
OXYGEN EXPOSURE%
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71 C1 0.7
DEPTH UNITS 0.69 0.68 0.71
DEMO MODE
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71 C1 0.7
CLOCK 0.69 0.68 0.71
EXIT MENU
C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
DIVE LOG

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APPENDIX 1D

Surface DECO MENU – Dive Timer Version

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
SUB MENU
CCR DECO

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
DEPTH UNITS

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
CLOCK

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
DIVE LOG

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
OXYGEN EXPOSURE%

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
DEMO MODE

C1 0.7
0.69 0.68 0.71
EXIT MENU

- 139 -
APPENDIX 2

Determining the Oxygen Purity (when the gas quality is not certified)
Section A
It is possible to analyse the gas using an independent oxygen analyser, which has been calibrated on
pure oxygen. However, when travelling, there is little point in taking another analyser with you
when you already have three built into the EVOLUTION. Calibrate the EVOLUTION’s cells on a
known gas source before departure and on reaching the destination, select NO to any calibration
prompts. In the event of a MUST CALIBRATE warning, select NO but then see Section B below.

Flush with Oxygen:

Open the mouthpiece and continually press the manual oxygen inflator, located on the exhale
counterlung. When the cell readings have stabilised, which will take approx. 20 seconds of continual
injection, record the cell readings on the oxygen controller. When the system is flushed with the
available oxygen the three subsequent ppO2 readings, one for each cell, will show the product of the
oxygen percentage and the ambient pressure. If the ambient pressure at the new location is known
then the exact oxygen percentage in the gas supplied may be calculated as follows:

Ambient Pressure (bar) x Oxygen Percentage in Gas cylinder = Displayed ppO2

100

If: ppO2 displayed =0.85

Ambient pressure = 1036 mbar (1.036 bar)
Quality of gas supplied = unknown = Z

1.036 x Z = 0.85
100

Z= 0.85 x100
1.036

Z = 82% (at the surface)

A dive may be carried out using the stored calibration settings or the apparatus may be recalibrated
using the now known oxygen content of the gas supplied. To recalibrate, switch the controller off
and then on again. When diving with less than 100% oxygen, buoyancy control will be more
difficult as more gas must be injected via the solenoid valve and it may take the controller longer to
reach the desired setpoints.

- 140 -
If the ambient pressure or the gas quality is not known assume the ambient pressure is 1 bar and then
calculate the oxygen percentage of the gas supplied:

1.0 x Z = 0.85; so Z = 0.85/1.0 = 0.85.

Whichever method is selected, the displayed figure will be 0.85 bar which is known to be accurate
because recently calibrated cells have been used to measure it. The problem with using this last
method is that if the ambient pressure changes due to atmospheric changes (usually obvious due to
climatic changes) or if the intention is to do some diving in mountainous areas, then it would not be
possible to rely on the system’s accuracy. A validation judgement would have to be made: i.e. know
that the actual ppO2 is going to be less (in the case of going into the mountains) than that indicated
and plan the decompression accordingly remembering that for every 50 mbar. (0.05 bar) drop in
ambient pressure the ppO2 is 0.05 bar less than that indicated.

- 141 -
APPENDIX 3

Self Check Questions and Answers

a. What are the risks when you first enter the water?

The biggest danger is jumping in with the unit turned off. A quick look at the displays , wrist and
HUD, verifies that all is functional and the cell values change as you breathe. It is not unknown for
divers to jump in without turning on the diluent or ensuring the inflator hose is properly connected.
Just before you jump in - always press the diluent inflator button. If you look at the diluent’s pressure
gauge at the same time you will see if the tank valve is open enough too.(If the needle drops when
you press the inflator the tank valve needs opening more).

b. What risks may become apparent during a surface swim prior to the dive?

Surface swims can be hard work. If the oxygen cylinder is empty or switched off or the oxygen
solenoid valve is faulty the oxygen level can drop quite rapidly. It is essential to look at the oxygen
display every minute.

c. During the descent what is usually seen on the ppO2 display?

The ppO2 will rise during the descent.

d. How often do you expect the solenoid to operate during the descent?

It is very rare for the solenoid to operate during the descent. The solenoid only operates if the ppO2
drops below the setpoint. The increasing ambient pressure keeps the ppO2 above the 0.7bar set point,
effectively preventing the solenoid from opening.

e. Once below 23m what would be the effect of staying on the low (0.7bar) setpoint?

Below 23m the diver experiences more narcosis and has a greater decompression obligation than
open circuit air! This is particularly dangerous if the diver’s decompression planning is based upon a
1.25 bar setpoint.

f. Once on the bottom how often would you expect the solenoid to operate and for how long
would the oxygen inject?

When at a steady depth the oxygen controller only adds the oxygen that you metabolise, so you
should expect short burst oxygen injections approximately every 30 seconds. The deeper you go the
shorter the bursts and longer the interval. So if you hear a long oxygen inject look at the displays.

g. What is the effect of the ppO2 of adding diluent to the loop, for example after mask
clearing?

Adding diluent reduces the ppO2 if the unit is running normally at 1.3 bar. The degree of reduction
will vary with depth.

- 142 -
h. If a diluent flush is carried out at: 10m what will be the ppO2 in the loop? 0.42 bar
20m what will be the ppO2 in the loop? 0.63 bar
30m what will be the ppO2 in the loop? 0.84 bar
40m what will be the ppO2 in the loop? 1.05 bar

i. How often should you check your ppO2 whilst on the bottom?

Once per minute

j. Why is it important to check your ppO2 prior to the ascent?

During the ascent the ppO2 will drop. If you have a low ppO2 in the loop the simple act of rising 3m
may be sufficient to lower the ppO2 sufficiently to cause a loss of consciousness.

k. As you ascend how often would you expect the solenoid to operate and for how long and
how would this vary with ascent speed?

During the ascent the ppO2 drops, sometimes by as much as 0.2 bar. To counteract this, the solenoid
operates for longer. Typically you might hear 3 second bursts with 6-second intervals. During fast
ascents the ppO2 drops more quickly, therefore, the O2 solenoid will open for longer bursts but still
with the 6 second interval between oxygen injections.

For further self-test questions see Fred’s questions, downloadable from www.apdiving.com

- 143 -
APPENDIX 4
Decompression Tables
The table below is reproduced from DDPlan.
A copy of DDPlan software can be downloaded from www.drogon.net

DDPlan’s table generator is an excellent feature, which greatly reduces the potential for mistakes
when dive-planning.

Ascent speed - 10m/min

Bottom time = time from leaving the surface to time leaving the bottom.

Decompression is an inexact science. All formulae and tables in existence, including this one, cannot
guarantee the user will not incur decompression sickness. Do the deepest dive first and avoid yo-yo
dive profiles.

Using ppO2 setting of 1.3 bar. Open Circuit Bail Out on Air, with
(Worst case accuracy assumed – ppO2 = 1.25 bar) a gas switch at 4.5m to 99% oxygen.
Assuming EVOLUTION fails during the
last minute of bottom time.

DEPTH BOTTOM 9m 6m 4.5m 9m 6m 4.5m

TIME

20m 140 2
150 3
170 4

25m 60 3
70 5 6
80 7 8
90 9 11
100 12 13
120 16 1 17

30m 30 3
40 6 5
50 9 1 9
60 13 1 12
70 17 3 16

35m 30 8 1 6
40 1 12 1 3 10
50 5 13 4 4 15

- 144 -
APPENDIX 5
Buddy Clean Data Sheet
Section 1A – Product Identification

Trade Name: Buddy Clean Disinfectant/ Cleanser

Product Use: Hard Surface Disinfection and Cleaning

Chemical Type: Halogenated Tertiary Amine

Section 1B – Supplies Identification

Name and Address: Ambient Pressure Diving Ltd.

Water-ma-Trout Industrial Estate
Helston,
Cornwall, UK.
TR13 0LW

Telephone No.: 01326 563834

Fax No.: 01326 573605

Section 2 – Hazardous Ingredients

Hazardous Ingredients: None

Percentage by Weight: N/A

LD50 of Material: >4000mg/kg

Section 3 – Physical Data

Physical State: Liquid

Appearance & Odour: Colourless, slight natural colour, Available green with citrus fragrance

Evaporation Rate: As Water

Boiling Point: 110oC

Freezing Point: -20oC

% Volatile (by weight): >95%

Solubility in Water (20oC): Soluble

pH: 5 approximately

Specific Gravity: 1.02 @ 20oC

Section 4 – Fire & Explosion Data

Flammability: Non-Flammable

If Yes, Under Which Conditions: None

Section 5 – Reactivity Data

Chemical Stability: Stable

Incompatibility: If mixed with strong Alkalis, may neutralise or reduce disinfectant qualities

Hazardous Decomposition Products: If burnt may produce

irritating fumes

Section 6 – Toxicological Properties

Exposure Route: Degree of Hazard

– Skin Contact: Low: Concentrate may act as a mild degreasant to sensitive skin
– Eye Contact: Low: Will Cause Irritation but no serious damage
– Inhalation Acute: Low: No significant hazard
– Inhalation Chronic: Low: No significant hazard
– Ingestion: Low: Substantial ingestion may cause irritation to mouth, throat and digestive tract

- 145 -
Section 7 – Preventative Measures

Personal Protective Equipment: None required

Eye Protection: Avoid contact with eyes

Leak & Spill Procedure: Soak up onto inert material or may be flushed to drain with copious amounts of water

Handling Procedures: Ensure good industrial hygiene

Storage Requirements: Store between 0-30oC in dry conditions

Section 8 – First Aid Measures

State of Caution

Inhalation: Non-Toxic: avoid long term inhalation of neat liquid. Remove to fresh air.

Eye Contact: Rinse eyes with water. Seek medical advice if necessary.

Skin Contact: Wash affected area with soap and water.

Ingestion: Do NOT induce vomiting. Give copious milk or water. Seek medical advice where necessary.

Section 9 – Concentration

Buddy Clean is a neat solution and should be diluted:

Dilution rate: Light soiling - 1:100

Heavier soiling - 1:50 with 20 minutes soak period.

If used in breathing circuits, rinse thoroughly with fresh water and allow to dry.

BUDDY Clean is not FDA approved for use in America; Silent Diving Systems LLC
(www.silentdiving.com) should be consulted for approved disinfectant in the USA.

- 146 -
APPENDIX 6
Sofnolime Transportation Declaration

MOLECULAR PRODUCTS LTD

MILL END
THAXTED
ESSEX CM6 2LT
ENGLAND

We hereby certify that the Soda Lime (Sofnolime) manufactured by

Molecular Products Ltd contains less than 4% (Four Per Cent) Caustic Soda (NaOH)

is classified as non-hazardous and that it is not restricted for transport.

The label showing the corrosive symbol is a label for use of the product – not for

transport.

A Harding, Despatch Co-ordinator

For Molecular Products Ltd

- 147 -
Intentionally Blank

- 148 -
APPENDIX 7

Trimix in the Rebreather

This is a guide ONLY, pointing out the limitations of the equipment. It is not the intention of this
manual to teach the diver how to dive using a pre-mixed helium based diluent, a separate course
should be undertaken for that, but it is essential to prepare a diluent with a suitable Equivalent
Nitrogen Depth (END) and a ppO2 of between 1.0 and 1.2 bar if the diluent were to be breathed open
circuit on the bottom or manually flushed through the breathing circuit.

Setpoint Considerations:
The maximum setpoint should be 1.3 bar. Avoid using a higher setpoint. If a higher setpoint is used
the high O2 alarm will be triggered occasionally – the deeper you are the more oxygen molecules are
injected per solenoid inject, giving slightly larger spikes per injection than would be experienced at
shallower depths. Additionally, a higher setpoint during the “bottom” phase of a dive gives minimal
benefit in decompression times but significantly reduces the oxygen toxicity safety margin.

Diluent Considerations:
There are three considerations when choosing the diluent:

1) the ppO2 of the diluent at the deepest planned depth, must not exceed 1.3 bar to allow
effective diluent flushing. 1.0 to 1.2 bar ppO2 is common.

2) the ppN2 of the diluent affects the Narcosis and affects the density of the gas within the loop.
The increased density increases the work of breathing and reduces the scrubber duration.
Increased work of breathing increases retained CO2, which in turn increases the effects of
Narcosis, oxygen toxicity and decompression sickness. A ppN2 of 3.16 bar is suitable to
70m. Beyond 70m the ppN2 must be reduced: e.g. a ppN2 of 2.68 bar is suitable to 100m.
The table below shows suitable Trimix and possible HeliAir mixes.

Max. HeliAir,
Depth END PN2 PO2 Trimix, (O2/Helium) (O2/Helium)

50 30 3.16 1.3 “21:26” "15:29"

60 30 3.16 1.3 “18:36” "13:37"
70 30 3.16 1.3 “16:44” "11:45"
80 28 3.002 1.3 “14:52” "10:52"
90 26 2.844 1.3 “13:59” "9:58"
100 24 2.686 1.3 "11:64" "7:67"

3) the diver must carry a diluent that is life supporting (respirable) when breathed open circuit at
the surface. The deeper mixes are NOT respirable at the surface so it is clear an additional
cylinder with a higher oxygen content must be provided and care needs to be taken in
configuration and marking to ensure the diver doesn’t use the deep diluent’s 2nd stage when
close to the surface.

- 149 -
APPENDIX 8

Export License Requirements

The EVOLUTION rebreather is a dual-use product and whether new or 2nd hand requires an export
license if shipped outside the Country of use.

Critically there is an exception to this requirement, detailed as a footnote in Category 8A002q.

At September 2003 the UK’s Department of Industry specified the following:

Section 8A 002q: self-contained, closed or semi-closed circuit (rebreathing) diving and underwater
swimming apparatus. Note: 8A002q does not control an individual apparatus for personal use when
accompanying its user.

For the latest information see: http://www.dti.gov.uk/export.control/

Individual Countries may have alternative export license requirements and user’s should establish
these requirements for themselves.

- 150 -
APPENDIX 9

Pre Dive /Assembly Check List

Perform the checks and tick the appropriate box prior to diving
Analyse diluent and O2 cylinders
Assemble into unit, open cylinder valves and check diluent and oxygen cylinder pressures, refill if
necessary.
Check function of valves and bailout systems.
Check the Oxygen’s Interstage Pressure (it should be 7.5 bar). If the pressure is higher the solenoid
may not open, if the pressure is lower the solenoid may not close.

Confirm correct operation of non-return valves in mouthpiece and re-connect to T-pieces

Check operation of mouthpiece and direction of gas flow through convoluted hoses, it should exhale
towards the diver’s right shoulder.
Carry out positive and negative pressure tests (see Section 1.14)

Verify sufficient absorbent time remaining, if in doubt refill with fresh Sofnolime.

Switch on electronic handset and proceed to dive mode

Verify proper computer function
Verify correct calibration of O2 sensors
Verify Battery levels are sufficient for planned dive
Flush with air and check for low oxygen warning display and buzzer

- 151 -
Pre-Breathe Sequence
Prior to immersion the following pre-breathe check should be conducted to confirm the correct operation of the
Rebreather.

Confirm operation of diluent and oxygen inflators (and ADV, if fitted), watching HP gauges. (If the
pressure dips, open the cylinder valve more).
Confirm operation of bailout systems
Select the LOW setpoint
Ensure the ppO2 drops rapidly as you exhale into the loop and check for slow changing cell values
Confirm the O2 control system properly maintains the setpoint for a minimum of 3 minutes
Confirm CO2 absorbent is functioning properly (pay attention for symptoms of hypercapnia)
Ensure correct diluent is selected
If setpoint change AUTO is selected, ensure the switch depth is appropriate for planned dive
Ensure the Conservatism (Nitrox) or Gradient Factors (Trimix) settings are appropriate for planned dive
Ensure both counterlungs are fastened down with the Fastex buckles.
Check the mouthpiece valve is fully open. Partially open will allow water in.

In-Water Checks and Important Procedures

After entering the water and before descending, ensure the oxygen controller
is functioning.
Ask your buddy to do a “bubble check” at 6m (20ft) on your equipment. It is easier to
abort the dive at 6m (20ft) and surface to fix any leaks.
Add DILUENT during the descent. It is dangerous to confuse the diluent
and oxygen inflators. Adding oxygen will cause a high ppO2 in the breathing loop
Once on the bottom, or below 20m, switch the setpoint to the HIGH setpoint. If the AUTO setpoint
facility is selected, on the bottom, ensure the unit HAS changed to the HIGH setpoint.
Ensure the HIGH setpoint is maintained throughout the dive and is appropriate
for the planned decompression schedule.
During the ascent, dump the expanding gas by pulling the exhaust valve override or by
exhaling around the mouthpiece, or through the nose. No later than 4m, switch back to the low setpoint.

KNOW YOUR ppO2 AT ALL TIMES !

- 152 -
Post-dive actions

Stand the unit upright or lean gently forward onto the counterlungs. DO NOT lay
down on it’s back.
Remove the mouthpiece and hose assembly by unscrewing from the T-pieces, drain
and if required, rinse with fresh water, ensuring the non-return valves work properly
prior to storage
Check the scrubber for water and drain off excess
Dry the scrubber lid shaking off (gently) excess water and leave to air dry. Once
dry, re-assemble to the scrubber.
Remove the unit from direct sunlight (put a towel over it, if there is no shade)
Leave cylinder valves open until all the day’s diving is finished
Conduct post-dive maintenance:
Rinse counterlungs, mouthpiece, valves and BC with fresh water.

- 153 -