CH - 4 - Kinematics

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PHYSICS
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Syllabus:
Motion in a straight line, Position–time graph, speed & velocity, Uniform and non-
uniform motion, Average speed & instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion,
velocity–time, position–time graphs, Relations for uniformly accelerated motion
(graphical treatment), Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for
describing motion. Motion in a plane, cases of uniform velocity and uniform
acceleration, Projectile motion, uniform circular motion.
KINEMATICS
Rest and Motion

When an observer says that a particle is in motion, it means that the particle is changing its position with
respect to the observer as time passes, otherwise, it is said to be at rest. For an observer standing near a
lamp-post, the moving car is in motion but the building appears to be at rest. Same statement is not true for
an observer in a moving car. For this observer, the co-passengers are at relative rest whereas the buildings
or lamp-posts appear to be in state of motion. Thus, the states of rest or motion are relative terms, relative
to the state of the observer. Thus, motion is a combined property of the object under observation and the
observer as well.
In order to define motion empirically, we locate the position of the particle with respect to the origin of a
coordinate system (x-y-z axis) at different times. Such a system comprising x-y-z coordinate axes with a
clock (to measure time interval) is called frame of reference.
If all the three coordinates (x, y, z) of a particle P remain unchanged as time passes, we say that P is at rest
relative to the frame. However, if any one or more co-ordinates changed with time, the particle is said to be
in motion with respect to the frame.
Motion in a Straight Line

When a particle moves along a straight line (assuming along the x-axis of the reference frame), we need
only one coordinate (here the x-coordinate) to specify its position. This is also known as motion in one
dimension or one-dimensional motion or rectilinear motion of the particle.
The remaining two coordinates (y and z) remain unchanged as time passes. Motion of a particle projected
vertically upward is one-dimensional motion. It is appropriate to mention here that for a particle moving in
a plane along a curved path, two coordinates are required (say, x and y) to specify the position. Such
motions are called motion in a plane or motion in two dimensions. Examples of two dimensional motion
are: (i) circular motion, (ii) projectile motion, (iii) motion of an insect on table top along a curved path, etc.
Similarly, we require all the three coordinates (x, y and z) to locate the position of a mosquito flying in
space. Such motions are called three-dimensional motion or motion in three dimensions. In this chapter,
we shall describe the simplest kind of motion, i.e. the motion in a straight line only.
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Illustration 1. A particle P is moving along a straight line OS. The Y S

coordinates x = OA and y = OB are required to describe the
P
motion of the particle. Does it indicate motion in one B
y
dimension or in two dimensions? O x A X
Solution: Yes, it is a one-dimensional motion.
Illustration 2. Two particles A and B start together and are moving with speed 2 m/s and 3 m/s,
respectively, in the same direction. Find how far will B be from A after 10 second.
Solution: Distance travelled by A1, S1 = 2  10 = 20 m,

Distance travelled by B, S2 = 3  10 = 30 m.
 Distance between them, S = S2 – S1 = 30 – 20 = 10 m.
In our discussions in the following sections, we shall treat the objects in motion as point objects or like a
particle. This approximation is true in cases where the size of the object is much smaller than the distance
it covers in a reasonable time interval. We consider moon as a particle during its orbital motion round the
earth and even earth as a particle during its orbital motion round the sun.
POSITION, PATH LENGTH AND DISPLACEMENT
(i) When motion is along a straight line
Position: To locate the position of the particle at some time

(instantaneous position) we choose an axis (say x-axis) with a
fixed origin O in the given reference frame and find the distance
R P Q
from O. Thus, positions of P, Q and R are +30 cm, -30 0 30 60
+60 cm and –30 cm, respectively. In vector notation, we represent

 
the position vectors as OP  (30cm)i, ˆ OQ  (60cm)iˆ and

OR  (30cm)iˆ , respectively.
Path length: With reference to the above figure, let a particle starts moving from the origin O at time t =
0 and at subsequent times t1, t2 and t3 (t3 > t2 > t1) and it is at P, Q and R, respectively. Can you find the
path length during the interval (i) t = 0 to t = t1, (ii) t = 0 to t = t3, (iii) t = t1 to t = t3?
The path length is always equal to the total distance moved by the particle. Hence, the corresponding path
lengths are 30 cm, 150 cm and 120 cm, respectively. Thus, path lengths add up like a scalar quantity, they
have no direction but magnitude only.
Displacement: It is defined as the change in the position vectors in the given time interval. If xi and xf be
the initial and final positions of the particle in the time interval (t2 – t1), then the displacement x = x2  x1.
  
In vector notation, x i  x1î , x f  x 2 î , hence x  (x 2  x1 )iˆ , since the motion is along the x-axis only.
Can you find the displacement during the same time interval as done for calculating the path length in the
previous section. The displacements are (i) (+30 cm) î , (ii) (30 cm) î and (iii) (60 cm) î . Note that no
sign + or  has been mentioned in expressing the path length (since it is scalar) while  sign has been
mentioned in expressing the displacements (since displacement is a vector quantity). The magnitude of the
displacement may or may not be equal to the path length traversed by the particle.
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In general path length  magnitude of displacement. If the initial and final positions of a particle in its
motion be same, the displacement is zero but path length is not zero.
(ii) When the motion is along the curved path

  P
Position: Initial position is at P and is represented by OP  r1 . y
 
Similarly, final position is at Q and is represented by OQ  r2 . In terms 
r1 Q
 
of coordinates of P and Q, r  x iˆ  y ˆj  z kˆ , r  x î  y ˆj  z
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
ˆk 
r2
O x
Path length: Here, the path length is the length of the curve joining the initial and final positions (not the
straight line joining P and Q as shown by dotted line) along which the particle has actually moved through.
Displacement: Magnitude of the displacement is the length of the straight line joining the initial and final
positions and its direction is from the initial to the final position. We have already defined displacement as
  
the change in position vector, hence displacement PQ  r2  r1 ,
= (x2 – x1) î  (y  y )ˆj  (z  z )kˆ
2 1 2 1
= x î  yjˆ  zkˆ
Exercise 1: A person moves from A to B along the semicircular

path. Compare the distance moved by him and the
A
displacement. r
B
Illustration 3. A boy travels from his house to a play ground along a straight path of length ‘D’ meter
and return back to his house. Find the distance travelled and displacement of the boy.
Solution: Distance = 2D meter, Displacement = Zero
Illustration 4. A particle moves along a circle of radius R. Find B
the path length and magnitude of displacement from 

A
initial position A to final position B. O
B
Solution: Path length = R C

A
Displacement = AB = AC + BC = 2R sin (/2). O
Position–Time Graph:
If we plot time t along the x-axis and the corresponding position (say x) from the origin O on the y-axis, we
get a graph which is called the position–time graph. This graph is very convenient to analyse different
aspects of motion of a particle. Let us consider the following case.
(i) In this case, position (x) remains constant but time changes. This x
indicates that the particle is stationary in the given reference

frame. Hence, the straight line nature of position–time graph
parallel to the time axis represents the state of rest. Note that its o t
slope (tan ) is zero.
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(ii) When the x–t graph is a straight line inclined at some angle (  0) x
with the time axis, the particle traverses equal displacement x in
equal interval of time t. The motion of the particle is said to be x
uniform rectilinear motion. The slope of the line measured by x
x
 tan  represents the uniform velocity of the particle.
t 
t t t
(iii) When the x–t graph is a curve, motion is not uniform. It either x
speeds up or slows down depending upon whether the slope (tan B
C
D
(Position)
) successively increases or decreases with time. As shown in the
figure, the motion speeds up from t = 0 to t = t1 (since the slope
A
tan  increases). From t = t1 to t = t2, AB represents a straight line
indicating uniform motion. From t = t2 to t = t3, the motion slows
O t1 t2 t3 t
down and for t > t3 the particle remains at rest in the reference
(Time)
frame.
Illustration 5. The adjacent figure shows the displacement–time x

graph of a particle moving on the x-axis. Choose
the correct option given below.
t
(A) The particle is continuously going in positive x
t0
direction.
(B) The particle is at rest.
(C) The particle moves at a constant velocity all time
(D) The particle moves at a constant velocity upto a time t0, and then stops.
Solution: (D). Upto time t0,, particle is said to have uniform rectilinear motion and after that
comes to rest as the slope is zero.
Exercise 2:
(i) Distinguish between the distance covered by a body and its displacement. What are the
characteristics of displacement?
(ii) Under what condition will the distance and displacement of a moving object have the same
magnitude.
Speed
The term average indicates overall effect whereas instantaneous means the effect at a particular time.
Hence, the average speed in a given time interval (t2 – t1) is measured by the distance covered (path length
s) divided by the time interval.
s path length
Thus, average speed = 
t 2  t1 time int erval
If the time interval (t2 – t1) is divided into small segments t1, t2, ..., for which the corresponding path
lengths be s1, s2, . . . . ., then
s  s 2  s3  .... s
Average speed = 1 
t 1  t 2  t 3  .... t 2  t1
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s
Hence, the average speed during one such time interval is equal to . If t is infinitesimally small
t
|t  0|, then we define the instantaneous speed at a time t as
s ds
v = lim 
t  0 t dt
Speed is a scalar quantity. It has only the magnitude and no direction. For a particle in motion in a given
reference frame the instantaneous or average speed during any time interval is always positive.
Consider the distance time graph as shown in the given

Q
s
figure. The average speed during the time interval t is S2
s = s2 – s1
t
Distance (S)
which is the slope of the chord PQ. As t  0, the chord PQ
becomes the tangent at P and the average speed becomes the P
ds
instantaneous speed at P given by  tan  , which is the S1 t
dt
O t Time (t) t1 2
slope of the tangent at P.
Remember that the s–t graph (position–time graph) does not indicate the path of motion but represents
increase in the path length as time increases, whether the particle does or does not retrace its path. Now,
ds
instantaneous speed v = .
dt
t2
 ds = v dt and s =  vdt = total distance travelled during the time interval (t2 – t1)
t1
It is evident that the area under the speed time graph (shown by v
the shaded region) measures the total distance covered during
the time interval t2 – t1. S
t1 t2 t
Exercise 3:
i) Can a body moving with uniform speed have variable velocity?
ii) Can a body moving with uniform velocity have variable speed?
iii) Can average velocity ever become equal to instantaneous velocity ?
Illustration 6. A car covers the first half of the distance between two places at a speed of
40 km/hr and the second half at 60 km/hr. What is the average speed of the car?
Solution : Let the distance between the two places be 2x km.

x
 Time taken by the car for the first half of the journey = hr
40
x
Also, the time taken for the second half = hr
60
x x 5x
The total time of the journey =  = hr
40 60 120
distance 2x
Average speed =  = 48 km/hr
time 5x 120
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Velocity
By definition,
  
 displacement vector  r r2  r1
Average velocity, v av   
time int erval t t 2  t1
A (t1)
Note that the positions in between the interval of time t1 and t2 are to be Y 
r
specified in finding the average velocity. If the particle takes different 
r1
paths to travel from A to B in the same time interval, the average
B (t2)
velocity will remain same but average speed will be different and greater
 
r2
than the magnitude of v av . In the special case when the points A to B is
X
straight, the average speed is equal to the magnitude of average velocity.
Z
If t 0, the path length s during the interval t is equal to the r.
 
  r dr
Hence, the instantaneous velocity v  lim  , and
dt dt
 
 r | dr | ds
magnitude of the velocity is v    .
dt dt dt
Hence, the instantaneous speed at any time t is the magnitude of instantaneous velocity at that time.
On a graph of position as a function of time for straight line, the instantaneous velocity at any point is equal
to the slope of the tangent to the curve at that point.
The figure depicts the motion of a particle.
x, t group Motion of particle

A Moving in +ive x = C
Positive slope, so Vx  0 x
direction D
E
B
B Larger positive slope, so Vx Moving in +x direction O
t
0 faster than at A A
C Zero slope, so VX = 0 Instantaneously at rest
D Negative slope, so Vx 0 Moving in x direction

E Smaller negative slope, so Vx Moving in ve x-
0 direction more slowly
than at D
Illustration 7. From the velocity– time plot shown in fig. Find

5 m/s
(a) distance travelled by the particle during the first
40 seconds. O
20 40 t(s)
(b) displacement travelled by the particle during the
first 40 seconds. 5 m/s
(c) Also find the average velocity during this period.
Solution: (a) Distance = area under the curve 5 m/s

1 1
  20  5   5  20 O
2 2 20 40
= 50 + 50 = 100 m
For distance measurement, the curve is plotted as in Fig. (a) Fig. (a)
(b) Displacement = area under the curve in Fig. (b) = 0
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Displacement 5 m/s
(c) VaV 
time
O
As displacement is zero, 20 40 t 
 Vav = 0 5 m/s
Fig. (b)
Illustration 8. If velocity of a particle moving along a straight line changes with time as V(m/s) = 4 sin
 
 t  , its average velocity over time interval t = 0 to t = 2(2n – 1) sec, (n being any
2 
(+)ve integer) is
(A) 8 m/s (B) 4 m/s
  2n -1    2n -1 
 
(C) zero (D) 16 2n -1 m/s (D) none

Solution: (A).
Displacement over the interval t = 0 to t = 2(2n 1) sec
2  2n 1 2  2n 1
  8 t
 4  sin  t  dt     cos
0 2   2 0
16
 m

16 8
 Average velocity   m/s
2  2n  1    2n  1
Exercise 4:
(i) Is the speed–time graph shown in figure is possible ? Speed
Time
(ii) Under what circumstances, does the relationship x = v. t hold good.
(iii) Show that average velocity of an object over an interval of time is either smaller than or equal
to the average speed of the object over the same interval.
(iv) State with reasons why the graph in the adjacent figure cannot x
represent one-dimensional motion of a particle. 
t
(v) In 1.0 sec, a particle goes from point A to point B, moving in a A

semicircle of radius 1.0 m as shown in the adjacent figure. The
magnitude of average velocity is
(A) 3.14 m/s (B) 2.0 m/s 1.0m
(C) 1.0 m/s (D) Zero
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Acceleration
Motion of a particle moving with constant velocity along a straight line is said to be uniform motion
because neither the speed nor the direction of motion changes with the passage of time. On the other hand,
the motion is said to be accelerated, if either the speed or the direction or both continuously change with
time.
Definition: Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity. It is a vector quantity and has its
direction along which velocity has changed.
  
 v v v
Average acceleration, a av  2 1 
t 2  t1 t
Note: When the velocity decreases, we say that the particle is decelerating. Deceleration is equivalent to
negative acceleration.

It is also a vector quantity directed along the direction of the change v and independent of the
intermediate values of velocities in between the interval t2 – t1.
Instantaneous acceleration at a time t is defined as
   
 v dv d  d  dr  d2 r
a  lim   (v)    = 2
t  0 t dt dt dt  dt  dt
If the particle moves along x-axis,

 dv d dv d2 x
a  (v x î)  x î  2 iˆ
dt dt dt dt
If the particle moves in the xy plane,

 dv d  dv   dv y ˆ ˆ d x
2
d2y
a  (v x iˆ  v y ˆj) =  x  î   ˆ
 j  a x i  a y j = 2 î  2 ˆj
dt dt  dt   dt  dt dt
Exercise 5:
(i) Can a body have an acceleration with zero velocity?
(ii) Can the direction of the velocity of a body change when its acceleration is constant ?
(iii) A uniformly moving cricket ball is turned back by hitting

it with a bat for a very short time-interval. Suggest
acceleration time graph for this situation. a
t
(iv) Figure shows the x–t graph of a particle moving D
along a straight line. What is the sign of the x
acceleration during the intervals OA, AB, BC and C

Displacement 
CD? A
B
O time  t
Illustration 9. A body moving in a curved path possesses a velocity 3 m/s towards north at any instant of
its motion. After 10s, the velocity of the body was found to be 4 m/s towards west.
Calculate the average acceleration during this interval.
Solution: To solve this problem the vector nature of velocity must be taken into account. In the
figure, the initial velocity v0 and the final velocity v are drawn from a common origin.
The vector difference of them is found by the parallelogram method.
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The magnitude of difference is N
2 2
|v – v0| = OC = OA  AC B 
2 2
vo
= 4  3  5 m/s 3m/s
The direction is given by A 4m/s
O
W E
3 

tan  =  0.75  370 v 
 vo
4 
v – v0

 Average acceleration
D
v  v0 5 C
A
= 
t 10 S
= 0.5 m/s2 at 37 South of West.
Illustration 10. A car is moving eastwards with velocity 10 m/s. In 20 seconds, the velocity changes to
10 m/s northwards. Calculate the average acceleration in this time.
Solution: The change in velocity Ny

  
v  v2  v1 
v 450 v2
 10 ˆj  10 iˆ E
 w  x
 v has a magnitude of 102 and is directed towards v1
N-W. s

 v 1
So, a   m/s2 towards N-W.
t 2
Illustration 11. Which of the following statements is possible in a one/two-dimensional motion?
(A) A body is having zero velocity and still accelerating.
(B) The velocity of an object reverses direction when acceleration is constant.
(C) An object increasing in speed as its acceleration decreases.
(D) None of these.
Solution: (A), (B) and C

(A) When a body is projected vertically upward, at the highest point its speed becomes
zero while it is accelerating downwards with g = 9.8 m/s2.
(B) When a body is projected upward, the direction of its velocity reverses during its
descent while the acceleration (g) remains constant.
(C) Steel ball falling through a viscous liquid before terminal velocity is attained.
Exercise 6:
(i). A particle is moving along a circular path of radius 5 m with a uniform speed of 5 m/s. What
will be the average acceleration when the particle completes half revolution?
(A) Zero (B) 10 m/s2
(C) 10 m/s2 (D) 10/ m/s2
(ii). Which of the following statement is incorrect?

(A) Zero velocity of particle does not necessarily mean that its acceleration is zero.
(B) Zero acceleration of a particle does not necessarily mean that its velocity is zero.
(C) If speed of a particle is constant its acceleration must be zero.
(D) None of these.
Uniformly accelerated motion

Motion of a particle is said to be uniformly accelerated if acceleration (a vector quantity) remains constant
in magnitude as well as in direction. Motion of a particle falling freely under gravity is an example of
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
uniformly accelerated motion since the acceleration ( g) remains constant (assuming negligible air
resistance).
Velocity–time graph
When the v–t graph is a straight line, inclined at an angle  with the time v v
axis, the velocity increases equally in equal time interval. This indicates t
v
that the acceleration is uniform. Its magnitude is a =  tan  , the slope
t 
t
of v–t graph.
Let us find the area under the v–t graph:
f
ds
A =  dA =  vdt =  dt   ds = net displacement
dt i
B
If the v–t graph is a curve, the slope continuously changes with time, v C
which indicates that the magnitude of acceleration either increases D
with time (for curve AB) or it decreases with time (for curve ACD).
A
Note:
Features of v–t graphs:
(i) The slope of v–t graph gives the instantaneous acceleration.
(ii) The area under the v–t graph gives the net displacement (not distance) in the given time interval.
EQUATION OF MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE WITH UNIFORM ACCELERATION
Consider the motion of a particle moving along the x-axis with uniform acceleration.
Let u = Initial velocity (at time t = 0)
v = Final velocity (at time t), and
x = Net displacement in the time interval t = 0 to t = t.
The equations describing such uniformly accelerated motion are

1
v = u + at; x = ut + at 2
2
2 2
v = u + 2ax
Remember that these equations are valid or applicable if the acceleration remains constant both in
magnitude and direction.
Derivation of Equations of Motion

(i) v = u + at
Calculus method:
dv
By definition a = or, dv = adt
dt
v t
Integrating,  dv  a  dt [ a = constant ]
u 0
v – u = at, or v = u + at
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Graphical Method: v
By definition, slope of v–t graph gives the acceleration v-u
vu vu u
 a = tan  = 
t0 t
or v – u = at  v = u + at t
(ii) x = ut + 1 at 2
2
Calculus method:
dx
By definition, instantaneous velocity v =
dt
or, dx = v dt
= (u + at)dt [ v = u + at]
= u dt + at dt
x t t
Integrating,  dx  u  dt  a  tdt [ u and a are constant]
0 0 0
1 2
Hence, x = ut + at
2
Graphical method: V
B
We know that area under the velocity– time graph v
gives the net displacement during the given time

interval. Hence, net displacement x = area OABC. u A
1
or x = (OA  BC)  OC O C t
2
1 1 vu
= (u  v).t = [2u  t]t
2 2 t
1 vu 1
= [2u  at]t [ a = ] = ut + at 2
2 t 2
2 2
(iii) v = u + 2ax
Calculus method:
dv dv dx
By definition, a = = .
dt dx dt
dv
or, a = v.
dx
or, vdv = adx
v x
Integrating,  vdv  a  dx
u 0
v2  u 2
or,  ax  v2 = u2 + 2ax
2
Graphical method:
From the v–t graph, net displacement x = area under the v–t graph
1
or, x = (v + u)t
2
Multyplying both sides by (v – u),
1
x (v – u) = (v  u)(v  u)t
2
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2 2
 vu  v u
or, x 
 t  2
v2  u 2 vu
or, xa= [ a = ]
2 t
 v2 = u2 + 2ax
It is to be noted that u, v and a are vectors and may have positive or negative value depending on
whether their directions are along the positive or negative directions of the x-axis.
Graphs Representing Motion of a Particle
From the knowledge of calculus, we can say from Eq. (1) that:
(i) Slope of s–t graph gives velocity;
(ii) Slope of v–t graph gives acceleration;
(iii) Area under v–t graph gives displacement; and
(iv) Area under a–t graph gives change in velocity.
(a) Uniform motion

v s
v = constant  v = cost 
dv s = vt
a  =0
dt
 t  t
vt graph st graph
(a) (b)
(b) Uniformly accelerated motion
a = constant
v s
v = v 0 + at 1
  s=s + v t + at 2
0 0 2
 t  t
st graph
v t graph
(a) (b)
(c) Uniformly retarded motion

v 1
v = v 0  at
s s = v t – at 2
 0 2

 t  t
(a ) (b)
Some facts regarding graphs:
(i) Two or more values of velocity or
displacement at any particular instant of s v
time are not possible. So, the  
corresponding graphs should be
rejected. For example, the following
graphs are not possible.  t  t
(a) (b)
PH-KM-13
(ii) At any point, the slopes of s–t or
v
v–t graph can never be infinite s

because infinite slope of s–t graph 
means infinite velocity and that of
v–t graph means infinite
acceleration, which are not  t
 t v  t graph
possible. So, corresponding s t gra ph
(b)
graphs are not acceptable. For (a )
example, the following graphs are
all not possible.
In general, when a particle is moving with a uniform acceleration, to its motion is described by the
following equations.
   1
r(t)  r0  ut  at 2
2
  
v  u  at
   
v 2  u 2  2a  s

Here, r(t)  represents position vector of a particle at an instant t.

r0 = position vector of a particle at t = 0.

u = initial velocity of a particle at t = 0.

v = velocity of a particle at an instant t.

a = acceleration of the particle at an instant t.
Exercise 7:
(i) A boy sitting on a rail road car moving with a constant velocity tosses a coin up. Describe the
path of the coin as seen by
(a) the man on the train.
(b) the man standing on the ground near the rail.
(ii) A particle is moving along a straight path, draw its velocity– time graph for the following cases:
(a) When the acceleration of the particle increases.
(b) When the displacement of the particle obeys the relation s = 4 + 5t + 2t2
(c) When the acceleration of the particle is given by a = 12 cos 6t
Illustration 12. The velocity–time graph of a 80

moving object is given in the 60
figure. Find the maximum 40
acceleration of the body and 20
distance travelled by the body in O

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
the interval of time in which this time(in
sec.)
acceleration exists.
Solution: Acceleration is maximum when slope is maximum.

80  20
amax =  6m / s 2
40  30
1
S = 20m / s 10s   6m / s 2 100s 2  500m .
2
PH-KM-14
Illustration 13. A particle having initial velocity is moving with a constant acceleration ‘a’ for a time t.
(a) Find the displacement of the particle in the last 1 second.
(b) Evaluate it for u = 2 m/s, a = 1 m/s2 and t = 5 sec.
1
Solution : (a) The displacement of a particle at time t is given by s  ut  at 2
2
At time (t  1), the displacement of a particle is given by
1
S = u(t  1) + a(t  1)2
2
 Displacement in the last 1 second is
St = S  S’
1  1 
 ut  at 2   u(t  1)  a(t  1) 2 
2  2 
1 1
= ut  at 2  ut  u  a(t  1) 2
2 2
1 1 1 1 a
 at 2  u  a(t 2  1  2t)  at 2  u  at 2   at
2 2 2 2 2
a
S  u  (2t  1)
2
(b) Putting the values of u = 2m/s, a = 1m/s2 and t = 5 sec, we get
1 1
S  2  (2  5  1)  2   9
2 2
= 2 + 4.5 = 6.5 m
Illustration 14. A car moving along a straight road with a speed of 72 km/h is brought to a stop with in a
distance of 10m. What is the retardation of the car (assumed uniform), and how long
does it take for the car to stop?
Solution: v = 72 km/h
72 1000
  20 m / s
3600
using equation
   
v 2  u 2  2a(x  x 0 )
= (20)2 + 2  a  10
20  20
a  20 m / s 2
20
  
v  u  at
0 = 20  20 t
20
t  1sec
20
So, it will take 1 sec for the car to stop.
Illustration 15. Position of a particle moving along x-axis is given by x = 3t  4t2 + t3, where x is in
meters and t in seconds.
(a) Find the position of the particle at t = 2s.
(b) Find the displacement of the particle in the time interval from t=0 to t=4s.
(c) Find the average velocity of the particle in the time interval from t=2s to t=4s.
(d) Find the velocity of the particle at t =2s.
PH-KM-15
Solution: (a) x(t) = 3t  4t2 + t3

 x(2) = 3  2  4  (2)2 + (2)3 = 6  4  4 + 8 = 2 m.
(b) x(o) = 0
x(4) = 3  4  4  (4)2 + (4)3 = 12m.
Displacement = x(4)  x(0) = 12 m.
x  4  x  2 12   2 
(c)  v   m / s  7m / s
 4  2 2
dx
(d)  3  8t  3t 2
dt
 dx  2
 v(2) =    3  8  2  3   2   1m / s
 dt  2
Illustration 16. An anti-aircraft shell is fired vertically upwards with a muzzle velocity of 294 m/s.
Calculate (a) the maximum height reached by it, (b) time taken to reach this height, (c)
the velocities at the ends of 20th and 40th second. (d) when will its height be 2450 m?
Given g = 980 cm/s2.
Solution : (a) Here, the initial velocity u = 294 m/s and g = 9.8 m/s2
 The maximum height reached by the shell is,
u2 2942
H= =  4410m  4.41km
2g 2 x 9.8
(b) The time taken to reach the height is,
u 294
T=   30s
g 9.8
(c) The velocity at the end of 20th second is given by,
v = u – gt = 294 – 9.8 x 20 = 98 m/s upward,
and the velocity at the end of 40th second is given by,
v = 294 – 9.8 x 40 = – 98 m/s
The negative sign implies that the shell is falling downward.
(d) From the equation
1 1
h = ut + gt 2 or 2450 = 294 t –  9.8t 2
2 2
2
or, t – 60 t + 500 = 0  t = 10s and 50 s.
At t = 10 s the shell is at a height of 2450 m and is ascending, and at the end of 50 s
it is at the same height, but is falling.
Illustration 17. The velocity–time graph of a particle is given

as shown in the figure. Find the distance
travelled by the object in 7th second. 7 m/s
dv 7  4
Solution :   1m / s 2
dt 4  1
 4 m/s
  a
st  7  u  (2n  1) v
3m/s
2
1
 3  (2  7  1)  9.5m . O 1 sec 4 sec 7 sec t
2
PH-KM-16
Exercise 8:
(i) A truck moving with constant acceleration covers the distance between two points 180 m apart
in 6 seconds. Its speed as it passes the second point is 45 m/s. Find
(a) its acceleration , and
(b) its speed when it was at the first point.
(ii) A body undergoing uniformly accelerated motion starts moving along +x-axis with a velocity of
5 m/s and after 5 seconds its velocity becomes 20 m/s in the same direction. What is the velocity
of the body 10 seconds after the start of the motion ?
(iii) What is the speed with which a stone is projected vertically upwards from the ground if it attains
a maximum height of 20 m?
(iv) A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a speed of 20 m/s from a hard floor. Draw a graph
showing the velocity of the ball as a function of time if the ball suffers elastic collisions
continuously.
(v) The adjacent figure shows the x-coordinate of a particle as a x
function of time. Find the signs of vx and ax at t = t1, t = t2 and t =
t3 .
t1 t2 t3 t
Solving problems in Kinematics using elementary concepts of differential and integral calculus
dx
For the motion of a particle in a straight line, we always write instantaneous velocity v = .
dt
In case, the acceleration is non uniform and a function of displacement, we write,
dv dv dx dv
a=  . v
dt dx dt dx
Let us solve some illustrative examples:
Illustration 18. The instantaneous velocity of a particle moving along a straight line is given by
v = t2 whose  is a positive constant. Find the average speed during the interval t = 0
to t = T.
T
vdt
Total dis tan ce 0
Solution: By definition, average speed =  T
Total time
 dt
0
3 T 2
T
1  t  T
=  t 2 dt     .
T0 T  3 0 3
Illustration 19. The displacement (x) of a particle moving in one dimension under the action of a
constant force is related to the time t by the equation t = x  3 , x in m and t in sec.
Find the displacement of the particle when its velocity is zero.
Solution: Here, t = x  3
or x = t2 – 6t + 9
PH-KM-17
dx
v   2t  6
dt
When v = 0, 2t – 6 = 0  t = 3 sec
At t = 3 sec, x  t 2  6t  9
= 9 6 (3) + 9 = 0
Hence, the displacement of particle is zero when its velocity is zero.
Motion Under Gravity (Free Fall)

When a body is dropped from some height (earth’s radius = 6400 km), it falls freely under gravity with
constant acceleration g (=9.8 m/s2) provided the air resistance is negligible small. The same set of three

equations of kinematics (where the acceleration a remains constant) are used in solving such motion.
 
Here, we replace a by g and choose the direction of y-axis conveniently. When the y-axis is chosen

positive along vertically downward direction, we take g as positive and use the equations as
v = u + gh  v2 = u2 + 2gh
1
h = ut + gt2
2
where u is initial velocity of projection in the vertically downward direction.
However, if an object is projected vertically upward with initially velocity u, we can take y – axis positive
in the vertically upward direction the set of equations reduces to
v = u – gt  v2 = u2  2gh
1
h = ut  gt2
2

In order to avoid confusion in selecting g as positive or negative, it is advisable to take the y-axis as
positive along vertically upward direction and point of projection as the origin. We can now write the set
of three equations in the vector form:
     
v  u  gt  v.v  u.u  2g.h
  1
h  ut  gt 2
2
Exercise 9:
(i) A stone is thrown upwards with a speed v from the top of a tower. It reaches the ground with a
velocity 3v, what is the height of the tower ?
(ii) A stone is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 19.6 m/s. After 2 second, another stone is
thrown upwards with a velocity of 9.8 m/s. When and where these stones will collide?
Illustration 20. A body is projected vertically upward, then find the velocity and acceleration of that body
at it’s highest point of motion?
Solution: Velocity = 0 , acceleration =  g
Illustration 21. A ball is projected vertically upward with a speed of 4.0 m/s from a point 64 m above the
ground. Find the time it takes to reach the ground. [ g = 10 m/s2 ]
Solution: Before solving the problem, analyse the situation. As the ball will move up, it gradually
slows down and attains the maximum height at A (where it comes to momentarily rest)
PH-KM-18
and thereafter it retraces its path, attains the same speed at O but direction reversed down
and finally it strikes the ground.
Choosing O (the point of projection) as the origin and positive y- A
axis as vertically upward, we collect the data in the vector

notation which are given in the question. O

Net displacement y  h ˆj = (64 m) ˆj

Constant acceleration g  gjˆ  (10 m / s 2 )jˆ h

Initial velocity u   ujˆ = (+ 4.0 m/s) ˆj
  1
Now, h  ut  gt 2
2
Writing the values with proper sign.
1
 64jˆ  4tjˆ  (10ˆj)t 2
2
This reduces to a simple quandratic equation, 5t2 – 4t  64 = 0
16
The solution t =  s is not permissible. Hence, the required time= 4.0 seconds.
5
MOTION IN A PLANE
Position Vector and Displacement


The position vector r of a particle located in a plane with
reference to the origin of an x-y reference frame is y

r = xiˆ  yjˆ P
where x, y are the coordinates of the object.
r
yj
O xi x
Let the particle be at a point P at any time t and at a point P at any

time t as shown in figure. y
P
    P
 OP  r(t) and OP  r (t )
 Displacement vector r
 r
  
PP   r  r (t )  r(t) yj
= (x î  yˆj)  (xiˆ  yj)

ˆ
O xi x
= îx  ˆjy
where x = x  x and y = y  y
Velocity
 displacement
The average velocity v of an object =
corresponding time int erval

  r xiˆ  yjˆ x ˆ y
 v  = î j
t t t t
  ˆ  ˆ
or, v  v iv j
x y
Direction of the average velocity is same as that of displacement.

The instantaneous velocity is the average velocity as the time interval approaches to zero.
PH-KM-19
 
  r dr
 v = lim t  0 
t dt
The direction of the instantaneous velocity of an object at any point on the path is tangent to the path at that
point and is in the direction of motion.
In component form,
 dx ˆ dy
v = î  j  vx î  v y ˆj
dt dt
Magnitude of v,
v= v 2x  v 2y
and the direction of v,
vy
tan  =
vx
  vy 
  = tan 1  .
 vx 
Acceleration
change in velocity
Average acceleration =
time int erval
 v v y ˆ 
a av  x iˆ  j or a av = a x iˆ  a y ˆj
t t
Instantaneous acceleration: It is the limiting value of the average acceleration as the time interval
approaches zero.

 v
a = Lim
t  0 t
 v v
 a = î lim x  ˆj lim y
t  0 t t  0 t

or, a = ax î  a ˆj
y
dv x dv y
where ax = , ay =
dt dt
Motion in a plane with constant acceleration:
If an object is moving in x-y plane having constant acceleration a, then by the definition of average
acceleration
v  v0 v  v0
a= 
t 0 t
where , v0 = velocity of the object at time t = 0
and v = velocity of the object at time t.
or, v = v0 + at
In terms of components,
vx = v0x + axt
vy = v0y + ayt
Now, let r0 and r be the position vectors of any particle at time zero and t and their velocities at these
v v
instant are v0 and v, respectively. During the time interval t,  0  is the average velocity.
 2 
 Displacement,
PH-KM-20
 v  v0   v0  at  v0 
r – r0 =  t =  t
 2   2 
1
r = r0 + v0 t + at 2
2
Hence, in component form,
1
x = x0 + v0xt + a x t 2
2
1 2
y = y0 + v0yt + a y t
2
Therefore, a two dimensional motion can be treated as two separate simultaneous one-dimensional motions
having constant acceleration along two perpendicular direction.
PROJECTILE
An object projected into space or air, such that it moves under the effect of gravity only, is called a
projectile.
Projectile Motion
Motion in a vertical plane containing horizontal and vertical axes:
A particle when given a velocity at any arbitrary angle
Y
(other than 90) made with the horizontal surface is ux
known as a projectile. u y = u sin 

u
If a particle is projected from point O, at any angle  H


from the horizontal, with initial velocity u , then the
 
components of u in x and y directions are given as O u x = u cos 
 X
ux = u cos , uy = u sin  where u  u x î  u y ˆj R

 u  u cos  î  u sin  ˆj

The X axis is parallel to the horizontal. Y axis is parallel to the vertical and the u lies in the X – Y plane.
 
The constant acceleration a is given as, a  a î  a ˆj
x y
where ax = 0 [ as there is no acceleration along the X-axis].

ay = g [the acceleration is downward and equal to g].
Now, velocity after time t is given as.
vtx = ux + axt = u cos  (as ax = 0)
vty = uy + ayt = u sin   gt
 
 v  v x î  v y ˆj  v t   u cos î  (u sin   gt)ˆj
  vy 
The direction of v with the x axis is given by tan 1  
 vx 
Co-ordinates of the projectile after time t is given by
1
x = xo + uxt + axt2  x = 0 + u cos  .t+ 0
2
 x = u cos  t . . . (1)
1
and y = yo + uyt + ayt2
2
1
 y = 0 + u sin  t  gt2
2
1 2
 y = u sin  t  gt . . . (2)
2
PH-KM-21
Eliminating ‘t’ from Eqs. (1) and (2), we get

x 1 x2
y  u sin   g 2
u cos  2 u cos 2 
gx 2
 y  x tan   2 . . . (3)
2u cos 2 
The above equation shows the relation between x and y and represents the path of the projectile known as
trajectory. The inspection of eq. (3) shows that it is the equation of parabola of the form
y = bx + cx2
g
where b = tan  = constant, and c   2  constant
2u cos 2 
Time of flight: It is time interval during which the projectile remains in air.
Putting y = 0 in (2), we get
2u sin 
T= , where T = time of flight.
g
Range: The horizontal range R of the projectile is the horizontal distance between the initial point and the
point where the projectile is again at same horizontal level.
2u sin . u 2 sin 2
If R be the horizontal range then R = u cos   =
g g
 
Note (i): Since sin 2 = sin(  2) = sin 2    
2 
Let (/2   =   sin 2 = sin 2
Hence, range is same for two angles of projection provided angles are complimentary.
Note (ii): For a given velocity of projection R is maximum for  = 45o.

u2
 Rmax =
g
Maximum height: The maximum height attained by the projectile is given by
 v 2y  u 2y  2a y y at y = ymax, vy = 0
u 2 sin 2 
 0 = u2sin2  2 g ymax  ymax =
2g
Exercise 10:
(i) A projectile is thrown horizontally from the top of a tower and strikes the ground after 3 second
at an angle of 45 with the horizontal. Find the height of the tower and speed with which the
body was projected. Given g = 9.8 m/s2
(ii) A ball is thrown with an initial velocity of 100 m/s at an angle of 30 above the horizontal. How
far from the throwing point will the ball attain its original level? Solve the problem without
using formula for horizontal range.
(iii) A bullet P is fired from a gun when the angle of elevation of the gun is 30, another bullet Q is
fired from the gun when the angle of elevation is 60 which of the two bullets would have a
greater horizontal range and why ?
PH-KM-22
(iv) Name the two quantities which would be reduced if air resistance is taken into account in the
study of motion of oblique projectile.
Illustration 22. A boy throws a stone with an speed V0 = 10 m/sec at an angle 0 = 30o to the horizontal.
Find the position of the stone w.r.t. the point of projection just after a time t = 1/2 sec.
y
Solution: The position of the stone is given by

r  xi  yj u0 t=t
P (x, y)
where x=(v0 cos 0)t r
y
1
= (10 cos 30)   = 4.33 m. t=0 
0 
x
2 O x
1 2
and y = (v0 sin 0 )t  gt
2
2
1 1 1
= (10 sin 30)    10    = 1.25 m
2 2 2

 r  (4.33i  1.25j) m .
Y
Illustration 23. A particle is projected with velocity vo = 100 m/s at an vo
angle  = 30o with the horizontal. Find
(a) velocity of the particle after 2 s.

(b) angle between initial velocity and the velocity after 2s
X
(c) the maximum height reached by the projectile
(d) horizontal range of the projectile.
(e) the total time of flight
  
Solution: (a) v t   v x  t  î  v y t  ˆj
where î and ˆj are the unit vectors along +ve x and +ve y axis, respectively.

 v t    u x  a x t  î   u y  a y t  ˆj
Here, ux = vo cos  = 50 3 m/s
ax = 0
uy = vo sin  = 50m/s
ay = g ( g acts downward)

 v t   vo cos î   v o sin   gt  ˆj

v (2) = 50 3iˆ   50  10  2  ˆj = 50 3iˆ  30ˆj m/s

 v2  v x2  v y2  91.65 m / s

(b) v o  50 3iˆ  50jˆ , and

v t  2 sec   50 3iˆ  30ˆj
 
 v o .v 2   7500  1500  9000
 
If  is the angle between vo and v 2s  .
 
vo .v 2s  9000
Then, cos  =   
vo  v 2s  1000  91.65

or  = cos 1(0.98) = 10.8o .
(c) v 2y  u 2y  2a y y
PH-KM-23
At y = ymax, vy = 0
 0  v 20 sin 2   2  g  y max
v20 sin 2 
 ymax =  125m
2g
u 2 sin 2
(d) R = = 866 m
g
2v0 sin 
(e) T = = 50 sec.
g
Illustration 24. A ball is thrown at a speed of 50 m/s at an angle of 60 with the horizontal. Find
(a) the maximum height reached, and.
(b) the range of ball. (Take g = 10 m/s2)
u 2 sin 2 
Solution: (a) Maximum height, H =
2g
2
(50)2  3 
=   m = 93.75 m
2 10  2 
u 2 sin 2 (50) 2  sin120
(b) Range, R =  = 216.5 m
g 10
Illustration 25. A stone is projected with a speed of 40 m/s at an angle 40 m/s

300
of 30 with the horizontal from a tower of height 100
m above ground. Find
(a) the maximum height attained by the stone, and 100 m
(b) the horizontal distance from the tower where it hits
the ground.
Solution: (a) Maximum height above the tower, using v2 = u2 + 2as in vertical direction.
(u sin 30)2 = 2gh As u = 40 m/s,  = 30
40  40  1 1600
= 2  10  h  h =  20m
4 80
 Height above ground = 100 + 20 = 120m.
1
(b) Range, time of flight = t, H = u sin t  gt 2 , H =  100 m,
2
1 1
100 = (40  )t   10  t 2
2 2
100 = 20 t  5t2
t2 – 4t – 20 = 0, t = 6.9 sec.
R = u cos   t, R  distance from tower
3
R = 40   6.9 = 238.9 m.
2
Illustration 26. The position of a particle at time t = 0 is P = (1, 2, 1). It starts moving with an initial

velocity u  3iˆ  4ˆj and with uniform acceleration 4iˆ  4ˆj . Find the final position and
the magnitude of displacement after 4 sec.
Solution: 
Initial position vector of the particle  î  2ˆj  kˆ 
PH-KM-24
Final position of the particle after 4 seconds
 1
Sf  Si  ut  at 2
2
1
    
 î  2ˆj  kˆ  3iˆ  4jˆ  4   4iˆ  3jˆ 16
2

ˆ ˆ ˆ
Final position = 21i  42j  k ,
Displacement = 20 î + 40 ˆj .
2 2
Magnitude of displacement =  20    40   20 5 m
Y v m/s
Illustration 27. Two particles projected vertically upward 10 m/s
from points (0, 0) and (1, 0) with uniform
velocity 10 m/s and v m/s, respectively, as 30 45
shown in the figure. It is found that they (0, 0) (1, 0) x
collide after time t in space. Find v and t.

Solution: x1  10 cos 30t
x 2  v cos 45t
1
y1  10sin 30t  gt 2
2
1 2
y 2  v sin 45t  gt
2
For collision:
y1  y 2
1 v
10  
2 2
 v  5 2 m/s
 x1  x 2  1
10cos 30t  5 2 cos 45t  1

t 5 3 5 1 
1
and t = sec
5  3 1 
Illustration 28. A football is kicked off with an initial speed of 20m/s at an angle of projection of 45. A
receiver on the goal line at a distance of 60 m away in the direction of the kick starts
running to meet the ball at that instant. What must be his speed if he is to catch the ball
before it hits the ground? [Take g = 10m/s2]
Solution:
20 m/s
RECEIVER
45
P Q
R
60 m
PH-KM-25
Let u = 20 m/s,  = 45 and v = speed of the receiver.

The ball is projected from Pand the receiver starts running from R to receive the ball at Q.
Let t be the time after which they meet.
So t is the time taken by the ball to go from P to Qin which the receiver goes from R to
Q.
u2
 PQ = sin 2 and QR = vt
g
u2
PR = 60  sin 2 + vt = 60 …(i)
g
2u sin 
Putting the value of t (i.e. the time of flight) =
g
in equation (I) we get,
u2  2u sin  
sin 2 + v   = 60
g  g 
60g  u 2 sin 2
 v
2u sin 
600  400
= 2
2  20 
=5 2 m/s
The Projectile on an Inclined Plane

In case the projection is from an inclined plane, we consider two axes x and y, along and perpendicular to
the inclined plane.
Motion up the plane y
x
In x-y plane,
ux = v0cos (  ), uy = v0 sin (  ) y
ax = gsin , ay = gcos
1 gsin
Since y = vo sin(  )t  g cost2
2  gcos

g
at t = T, y = 0, where T = time of flight. x
2vo sin    
 T= again x   v0 cos   .T
g cos 
2vo sin    
x = vo cos 
g cos 
So range along inclined plane (R) = x = x cos
2v02 cos  sin     
 x = [Apply formula 2cosA sin B = sin(A + B)  sin(AB)]
g cos 2 
v20 sin  2     sin  
x = R =
g cos 2 
Now, R will be maximum when sin (2 ) is maximum, i.e. sin(2 ) = 1.
PH-KM-26
v20 1  sin  v20

 Rmax =  Rmax = up the plane
g 1  sin 2   g 1  sin  
Motion down the plane
Let the particle be thrown at a velocity v0 at an angle ‘’ with the v0
horizontal as shown in figure. 

1 
V0 sin ( + )T cos T2 = 0 [for y = 0]
2 R
2vo sin     
 T= 
g cos 
1 v2  sin  2     sin  
R = vo cos( + )T + g sin T2 = 0  
2 g  1  sin 2  
For R to be maximum;
sin(2 + ) = 1
v2  1  sin  
and Rmax = 0 
g 1  sin 2  
v 20
= down the plane.
g 1  sin  
Illustration 29. Name a quantity which remains unchanged during the flight of projectile on an inclined
plane.
Solution: Horizontal component of velocity.
Illustration 30. From the foot of an inclined plane, whose rise is 7 in 25, a shot is projected with a
velocity of 196 m/s at an angle of 30o with the horizontal (a) up the plane (b) down the
plane. Find the range in each case.
Solution : Let  be the inclination of the plane. y

x
7 24
Hence, sin = , and cos= y
25 25
(a) vox = vocos(30o  ) vo
x
and ax = gsin
voy = vosin(30o  ) 30o

and ay = gcos
1
 y = voyt + ayt2
2
If T = time of flight, then at t = T, y = 0
1
 0 = vo sin(30o ) T  gcosT2
2
2vo sin  30o   
 T=
g cos 
If R1 be the range then R1cos  = x = vo cos30o. T
2vo sin  30   
 R1cos = vocos30.
g cos 
PH-KM-27
2v02 cos 30o sin  30   
 R1 =
g cos 2 
Solving we get, R1 = 1749.8 m

(b) For down the plane,
2vo sin  30o   
T=
g cos 
Hence R2 cos = vocos30o .T
2v cos 30o sin  30o   
2
0
 R2 = .
g cos 2 
900
Illustration 31. A projectile is launched from an inclined plane with an
initial velocity v0 as shown in the figure. Find the time
after which the projectile hits the plane for the first time. 
Solution: Let the projectile hit the plane after time t. Y
The horizontal displacement x = (v0 sin )

V0
t
O X
The vertical displacement y = (v0 cos ) t 
1 2
 gt
2
y = (tan )x for the plane
2v0
 t=
g cos
B
Illustration 32. Two inclined planes of inclinations 30 and
60, respectively, meet at 90 as shown in A u
Q
figure. A particle is projected from point P P
on the first inclined plane with a velocity u

h
= 10 3 m/s in a direction perpendicular to
30 60
the inclined plane and it is observed to hit
O
the other inclined plane at 90.
Find (a) the height of point P from ground,
(b) the length of PQ .
Solution: (a) We observe the motion of projectile fixing y-axis with OP and x-axis with OQ.
Hence, velocity at any instant t along x-axis:
vx =10 3  (g sin 60)t
vy = 0 – (g cos 60)t
As vx = 0 at the time of hitting,
Time of flight = T = 2 sec.
1 1 1
Displacement OP during this time = (g cos 60)t2 =  10   4 = 10 m
2 2 2
PH-KM-28
1
Hence, h = OP sin 30 = 10  = 5m
2
1 3
(b) Similarly, displacement OQ = (10 3 )(2)   10   4= 10 3 m
2 2
Hence, PQ = OP 2  OQ2 = 20 m.
Illustration 33. A particle is projected up a large inclined

plane from a point O on it as shown in the
figure. The projection velocity has a P
magnitude of 5.5 m/s and its direction makes a0 = 5 m/s2
u = 5.5 m/s
an angle of 37° with the inclined plane. The 370
inclination of the plane is also 37°. The O
inclined plane starts moving towards left with 370
an acceleration a0 = 5 m/s2 at the moment the
particle is projected. The particle strikes the
inclined plane at a point P. Find the time taken
by the particle to move from O to P. Also find
the magnitude of displacement along the
inclined plane as it moves from O to P. (Take
sin 37 = 3/5)
Y X
Solution: Let us take x and y axes as shown in P 2
the figure. The magnitude of pseudo a0 = 5 m/s
u = 5.5 m/s
force acting on the particle has a 37
0
magnitude of ma0 and its direction will O

0
be towards right as shown in the free 37
body diagram.
The components of the acceleration of the Y X

particle are 37 0
ma0
ma o cos 37  mg sin 37
ax = 0
37
m
mg
4 3
= 5   10   2m / s 2
 5 F.B.D. of the particle
(mg cos 37o  ma o sin 37 o )
ay =
m
 4 3
=  10   5    11m/s2
 5 5
4
ux = ucos37° = 5.5  = 4.4 m/s.
5
3
uy = usin37° = 5.5  = 3.3 m/s
5
Displacement of the particle along y – axis
1 1
y = uy t + ayt2  y = 3.3t   11t2
2 2
When the particle strikes the plane y = 0
2u y 2  3.3
t= = = 0.6 sec.
a y 11
1 2
OP = x = uxt + axt
2
PH-KM-29
1
= 4.4  0.6   2  (0.6)2 = 2.28 m.
2
Illustration 34. A batsman hits a ball at a height of 1.22 m above the ground so that ball leaves the bat at
an angle of 45o with the horizontal. A 7.31 m high wall is situated at a distance of
97.53 m from the position of the batsman. Will the ball clear the wall if its range is
106.68m? Take g = 10 m/s2.
vo y
v20 sin 2
Solution : R(range) =
g 45o x
Rg 1.22 m
 v  2
0  Rg as  = 45o.
sin 2 A B
106.68 m
 vo = Rg . . . (1)
Equation of trajectory
gx 2 gx 2
y = x tan 45o  =x [using (1)]
2v02 cos 2 45o 1
2Rg
2
Putting x = 97.53, we get
2
10   97.53
y = 97.53   8.35
106.68  10
Hence, height of the ball from the ground level is
h= 8.35 + 1.22 = 9.577m.
As height of the wall is 7.31m, so the ball will clear the wall.
Illustration 35. A particle is projected with velocity u and angle  with the horizontal. Find the time
after which the velocity will be perpendicular to the initial velocity.
Solution : v  u cos iˆ  (u sin   gt)ˆj

u  u cos î  u sin ˆj
u  v  0 = u2 cos2  + u2 sin2   (u sin)gt
u
 t=
g sin 
Exercise 11:
(i) A particle is thrown at time t = 0, with a velocity of 10 m/s at an 10m/s
angle of 60 with the horizontal, from a point on an incline
60o
plane, making an angle of 30 with the horizontal. The time 30o
when the velocity of the projectile becomes parallel to the incline
is
(A) 2 (B) 1 sec
sec
3 3
(C) 3 sec (D) 1 sec
2 3
(ii) An object projected with the same speed at two different angles covers the same horizontal
1
range R. If the two times of flight be t1 and t2, prove that R = gt1t2.
2
(iii). Is it important in the long jump that how much height you take for jumping?
PH-KM-30
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

As another small illustration of motion of a particle in two dimensions let’s analyse the uniform circular
motion of a particle.
In uniform circular motion, the particle moves in a circular path with constant speed.
Let’s choose the centre of the circular path as the origin of the reference Y
frame. Point ‘P’ is an arbitrary point on the path whose position vector
 y P
r = xiˆ + yjˆ . r

x X
where r, the radius of the circular path, is related to x and y by following O
equations
x = r cos , y = r sin  and x2 + y2 = r2

 r  r cos iˆ  r sin ˆj
Now, the velocity of particle ‘P’ is given as

 dr dx ˆ dy ˆ d(r cos ) ˆ d(r sin ) ˆ
v  i j  i j
dt dt dt dt dt
 d d
 v  r sin  iˆ  r cos  ˆj
dt dt
d
but    const. [for uniform circular motion]
dt

Thus, v = r(sin  î + cos  ˆj )
 
Now, v . r = r (sin  î + cos  ˆj )(r cos  î + r sin  ˆj ) = r2(sin  cos  + cos  sin ) = 0
 
 v is perpendicular to r

| v | = r sin 2   cos 2  = r

Now, acceleration a is given as

 dv  d d  
a
dt
 r   cos . î  sin  ˆj 
 dt dt 
  
a  2 r cos  î  sin  ˆj
 
 a  2   r 
  
which shows that a is directed in the opposite direction of ‘ r ’. Thus, a is always directed towards the
centre.
 
Magnitude of a , | a | 2 r cos 2   sin 2   2 r
Note: If the circular motion is non-uniform, then tangential acceleration at = dv/dt exists apart from
normal acceleration 2r.
Illustration 36. Does velocity remain constant in uniform circular motion ?
Solution: No, magnitude remains constant but direction keep on changing.
Illustration 37. Find the magnitude of average acceleration of the tip of the second hand of length 10 cm
during 10 seconds.
Solution: Average acceleration has the magnitude

a = v/t, where v = 2v sin /2
2V sin  / 2
 a=
t
PH-KM-31
Putting v = /300 m/sec (obtained earlier), t = 10 seconds and  = 60°, we obtain

2( / 300) sin 30
a=
10

 a= m/sec2.
3000
CIRCULAR MOTION 
 B
| v | = r (variable)
Let ̂  unit vector along the tangent. and  


û = unit vector along radius (outwards)   
A
Since the velocity of the particle describing circular motion is along
the tangent, hence it can be given by the expression.

v  vˆ where v = magnitude of the velocity

dv dv dˆ
  ˆ  v
dt dt dt
Take A and B two positions of the particle.
Change in ˆ  ˆ    û 
Negative sign shows that it is towards the centre as (S = R )

dˆ d dv dv d
    û    ˆ  v  uˆ 
dt dt dt dt dt
    dv d
 a  a tan gential  a radial , where a tangential =  r
dt dt
  d v2
If ‘v’ is a constant then a tangential = 0 and a radial = v  v   2 r
dt r

a  a 2r  a 2T
Illustration 38. A point moves along a circle with velocity v = at where a = 0.5m/s2. Find the total
acceleration of the point at the moment when it covered (1/10)th of the circle after
beginning of motion.
1
Solution : We know S = ut + at 2 an
2
2r r at
Here, S =  , at = 0.5 m/s2 and u = 0 a
10 5
r 1 4 r
  0  0.5t 2 , t 
5 2 5
4 r r
 v = at = 0.5 =
5 5
v2 r 1 
 an = = =
r 5 r 5
2
 2 1
 a= a 2n  a 2t     0.52 =  = 0.8 m/s2
5 25 4
Exercise 12:

(i) By using vector method, show that direction of acceleration vector a is towards the centre of
the circle in which body is revolving.
PH-KM-32
(ii) What is the direction of velocity vector of a particle in circular motion ?
(iii) What is the acceleration associated with a body having variable speed in a circular path ?
(iv) Two cars having masses m1 and m2 move in circles of radii r1 and r2, respectively. If they

complete the circles in equal time, find the ratio of the their angular speeds 1 .
2
RADIUS OF CURVATURE
In a curvilinear motion, every small path may be assumed to be an v2
v1
arc of a circular path, and here the radius of curvature will be
different at different points. So if a particle moves on a curved path v3
v2
then radius of curvature is given by R = .
aR
where v = instantaneous velocity at any time at that point and aR = acceleration acting normal to the path
towards the centre.
Illustration 39. Where is radius of curvature maximum at the highest point or at the point of projection?
Solution: At the point of projection
Illustration 40. Find the ratio of radius of curvature at the highest point of projectile to that just after its
projection if the angle of projection is 30.

Solution : If v0 is the initial velocity y
vp = v0 cos 
P
Normal acceleration at 0 = g cos  
v0 vP
Normal acceleration at P = g (an)p
Hence, if r0 and rp be radii of curvature at O and O

x
P, respectively.
(an)0
v20 v2 cos 2 
r0 = and rp = 0
g cos  g
rp 3 3
Hence, the required ratio = =cos3  = .
r0 8
Illustration 41. A particle is projected with a velocity u at an angle v

 with an inclined plane which makes an angle
  45 with the horizontal. Calculate the radius of 

curvature of the path of projectile when velocity of
projectile becomes parallel to the plane.
Solution : Along y, X

u sin   g cos t  0 v
Y
u
 t  ta n 
g  g sin
g cos
Along x, 
u
vx  u cos   g sin .t  u cos   g sin . tan 
g
PH-KM-33
u cos 2   u sin 2  u cos 2
= 
cos  cos 
2
 vx  u 2 cos 2 2
r 
an g cos3 
Exercise 13:
i) The tangential acceleration change the speed of the particle whereas the normal acceleration
changes its direction. State whether the statement true or false?

ii) At a certain moment, the angle between velocity v 
  v
vector v and the acceleration vector a of the   
a 
particle is . What will be the motion of the  a
particle at this moment for different ’s: v 
a

  v
rectilinear or curvilinear, accelerated or 
decelerated? a
RELATIVE VELOCITY Y
The position, velocity and acceleration of a particle depend on
the reference frame chosen. Y
A particle P is moving and is observed from two frames ‘S’ and
O
‘S’. The frame S is stationary and the frame S is in motion.
S X
Let at any time position vector of the particle P with respect to
P
S is
    O S X
OP  rp,s and with respect to S is O ' P  rp,s '
Position vector of the origin of S with respect to origin of S is
 
OO '  rs ',s
From vector triangle OOP, we get
     
O ' P  OP  OO '  rp,s '  rp,s  rs ',s
d  d  d 

dt
 rp,s '    rp,s    rs ',s 
dt dt
  
 v p,s '  vp,s  vs ',s
  
 v p,s '  vp(absolute)  vs ' (absolute)
 
If v r and v m are the absolute velocities of the rain and the man, respectively, then the relative velocity of
  
rain w.r.t. (as seen by) the man is v rm = v r  v m .
-vm vm
vrm
vr vrm
vm
 vr
 =
PH-KM-34
Illustration 42. Two men are moving with same velocity in the same direction. What is there relative
velocity?
Solution: zero
Illustration 43. A stationary person observes that rain is falling vertically down at 30 km/hr. A cyclist is
moving on the level road at 10 km/hr. In which direction the cyclist should hold his
umbrella to prevent himself from rain?
Solution: Relative to stationary frame, velocity of rain is 30 km/hr downward. Take horizontal axis
as x-axis and vertical axis as y-axis and î, ˆj are the unit vectors along X- and Y-axes,
respectively.
 
v R  0  30ˆj , vc  10iˆ
   vc  vc
v R,c  vR  vc

 30ˆj  10iˆ  10iˆ  30ˆj vR - vc

If angle between horizontal and the v R,c is  then
vR
30
tan  = 3
10

  = tan 13   = 72o .
Therefore, to prevent himself from rain the cyclist should hold the umbrella at angle of
72o from horizontal.
Illustration 44. A man walking eastward at 5 m/s observes that wind is blowing from the north. On
doubling his speed eastward, he observes that wind is blowing from north-east. Find the
velocity of the wind.
Solution: Let velocity of the wind be


v w  v1î  v2 ˆj m/s
And velocity of the man is

v m  5iˆ
  
 v wm  vw  v m =  v1  5 iˆ  v 2 ˆj
In first case,
v1  5 = 0
 v1 = 5 m/s.
v2
In the second case, tan 45 =
v1  10
 v2 = v1  10 = 5 m/s.

 v w  5iˆ  5jˆ m/s.
Illustration 45. From a lift moving upward with a uniform acceleration ‘a’, a man throws a ball
vertically upwards with a velocity v relative to the lift. The ball comes back to the man
after a time t. Show that a + g = 2 v/t.
PH-KM-35
Solution: Let us consider all the motion from lift frame. Then, the acceleration, displacement and
velocity everything will be considered from the lift frame itself.
As the ball comes again to the man, therefore displacement from the lift frame is zero.
Again, the velocity with respect to the lift frame is v.
Similarly, the acceleration with respect the lift frame is
g – (–a) = a + g (downwards)
1 2
Now, s = ut + at
2
1
 0 = vt – (a + g)t2
2
v
or a + g = 2 .
t
Illustration 46. A river 400 m wide is flowing at a rate of 4 m/s. A boat is sailing at a velocity of 20 m/s
with respect to the still water in a direction making an angle of 37 with the direction of
river flow.
(a) Find time taken by the boat to reach the opposite bank.
(b) How far from the starting point does the boat reach on the opposite bank?
Solution: (a) Resultant velocity of the boat is vB Y

v = (vR + vB cos 37 ) i + vB sin 37 j 400 m 37
0
vR
4 3 X
= 4i + 20  i + 20  j
5 5
= 20 i + 12 j m/s
Time taken by boat to cross the river
distance travelled in y-direction 400 100
= = = sec.
velocity in y-direction 12 3
(b) Displacement along x = v t
100 2000
= 20  = m
3 3
2
2 2000  400
Distance from starting point = (400)     34 m.
 3  3
Illustration 47. A stone is projected from a balloon which is ascending with a velocity 2 m/s. The
velocity of the stone w.r.t. balloon is 2 m/s at an angle of 45. Find the velocity of the
stone with respect to ground.

Solution : vSB  v cos 450 î  vsin 450 ˆj
1 ˆ 1 ˆ
= 2 i 2 j = (iˆ  ˆj)m / s
2 2

v BG  2ˆjm / s
PH-KM-36
  
Thus, vS,G  vSB  vBG
3 ĵ
= 2 ˆj  (iˆ  ˆj) = ( (iˆ  3j)
ˆ
3
v = 12  32  10 m / s and tan  = 
1
1
 = tan (3). î
Illustration 48. A man standing on a road has to hold his umberella at 30 with the vertical to keep the
rain away. He throws the umbrella and runs at 10 kmph. He finds that rain drops are
hitting his head vertically. find the speed of raindrops with respect to
(a) the road
(b) the moving man.
vrm vr

Solution : Velocity ofrain w.r.t. road is v r and velocity of rain

w.r.t. moving man is v rm but
0
   30
v rm = v r  v m
= vr sin 30 î  vr cos 30 ˆj  10 î vm
= (vr sin 30 – 10 ) î  vr cos 30 ˆj
But vr sin 30 – 10 = 0  vr sin 30 = 10

10
vr = =  20 m/s.
sin 30
But vr is not negative

 v m  10iˆ

and v rm  [20 cos30]
= 20 cos 30 ˆj = 10  3 ˆj .
Illustration 49. A particle A is moving along a straight line with velocity 3 m/s and another particle B has a
velocity 5 m/s at an angle of 30 to the path of A.. Find the velocity of B relative to A.
-vA
Solution: |vB  vA| = v2B  v2A  2vA vB cos 300
= 52  32  2  5  3  ( 3/ 2) 5 m/s
vB - vA vB
=8.02 = 2.832 m/sec.  0
30
3 2.832
Using sine rule,  3m/s
sin  sin 300
  = 32
PH-KM-37
Illustration 50. Two particles A and B are moving in a horizontal plane Y
anticlockwise on two different concentric circles with different
constant angular velocities 2 and , respectively.
(a) Find the relative velocity of B w.r.t. A after time t = /. X
(Initial position of particles A and B are shown in figure.) r
A B
2r
(b) Also find the relative position vector of B w.r.t. A.

Solution: A = 2 = 2, vA = 2r ˆj Y


B =  = , vB = 2r( ˆj )

   X
(a) v BA  vB  v A  2r(ˆj)  2r(j) ˆ = 4r ˆj A B
r
   2r
(b) rBA  rB  rA = 2r ( î)  (r) î = 3r î .
PH-KM-38
Exercise 14:
(i) How long will a boy sitting near the window of a train travelling at 54 km/h see a train passing
by in the opposite direction with a speed of 36 km/hr? The length of the slow moving train is
100 m.
(ii) Two particles A and B are moving with speeds of 2 km/hr and 3 km/hr, respectively, in the same
direction. Find how far will B be from A after 1 hour ?
(iii) Two cars are moving in the same direction with the same speed 30 km/hr. They are separated
by a distance of 5 km. What is the speed of a car moving in the opposite direction if it meets
these two cars at an internal of 4 minutes?
(iv) A man standing on a road has to hold his umbrella at 30 with the vertical to keep the rain
away. He throws the umbrella and starts running at 10 km/hr. He finds raindrops are hitting
his head vertically. Find the speed of raindrops with respect to:
(a) the road, and (b) the moving man.
(v) A boat travels downstream from point A to point B in two hours and upstream in four hours.
Find the time taken by a log of wood to cover the distance from point A to point B.
PH-KM-39
SUMMARY
Motion in a straight line:
1. Distance is the total length of the path traversed by an object.
2. Displacement is the change in position x = x2 – x1
dis tan ce traversed

3. Average speed 
time int erval
4. Speed: The speed of an object is equal to the distance traversed by it in a very short time interval
divided by time interval.
5. Instantaneous velocity: It is defined as the limit of average velocity as the time interval t
becomes infinitesimally small,
x dx
v  im v  im 
t  0 t  0 t dt
Slope of the tangent drawn on position–time graph at any instant gives the velocity at that
particular time.
change in velocity
6. Average acceleration =
time int erval
7. Instantaneous acceleration: It is defined as the limit of the average acceleration as the time interval
t goes to zero
v dv
i.e. a  im a  im 
t  0 t  0  t dt
At any particular instant, the slope of the velocity–time graph gives the acceleration of an object at
that particular instant.
8. (i) The area under the speed–time graph gives the distance traversed by the object in the
corresponding time interval.
(ii) The area under a velocity– time graph gives the displacement of the object.
9. For uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion, three equations of motion are

v  u  at
1
x  ut  at 2
2
v 2  u 2  2ax
where
u = initial velocity
v = final velocity
t = time taken
a = acceleration
Motion in a plane:

1. The position vector r of a point P in space is the vector from the origin to P. Its components are
the coordinates x, y and z.

r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ
PH-KM-40
  
 r2  r1  r
2. vav  
t 2  t1 t
 
 im v dr
v 
t  o t dt
  
 v  v1 v
3. a av  2 
t 2  t1 t
 
 v dv
a av  im 
t  0 t dt
4. In projectile motion with no air resistance, ax = 0 and ay = g. The coordinates and velocity
component are simple functions of time, and the shape of the path is always a parabola.

5. When a particle moves in a circular path of radius R, its acceleration a is directed towards the

centre of the circle and perpendicular to v .
v2
aradial 
R
2R
where v 
T

6. If the speed is not constant in circular motion, there is still a radial component of a but there is

also a component of a parallel to the path.
v2
a rad 
R
dv
a tan gential 
dt
7. When two frames of reference A and B are moving relative to each other at constant velocity, the
velocity of a particle P as measured by an observer in frame A usually differs from that measured
from frame B.
  
 v PA  vPB  v BA

where v BA is the velocity of B with respect to A.
Both observers measure the same acceleration for the particle; that is
 
a PA  a PB
PH-KM-41
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. If a particle is accelerating, it is either speeding up or speeding down. Do you agree with this
statement?
2. Two balls of different masses are thrown vertically upwards with the same speed. They pass
through the point of projection in their downward motion with the same speed. Do you agree with
this statement?
3. Is the vertical height taken by a long jumper important while taking the jump?
4. A woman standing on the edge of a cliff throws a ball straight up with a speed of 8 km/h and then
throws another ball straight down with a speed of 8 km/h from the same position. What is the
ratio of the speeds with which the balls hit the ground ?
5. Find the average velocity during the time of flight, if a particle is projected with v at an angle 
with horizontal plane.
1 2
6. Establish the relation x(t) = v(0)t + at by calculus method.
2
7. Derive the velocity–time relationship by (i) calculus method, (ii) graphical method.
8. A stone is thrown upwards from the top of a tower 85 m high. It reaches the ground in
5 second. Calculate (i) the greatest height above the ground, (ii) the velocity with which it reaches
the ground and (iii) the time taken to reach the maximum height.
Given: g = 10 m/s2.
9. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly for 10 s to a velocity of 8 m/s. It then runs at
a constant velocity and is finally brought to rest in 64 m with a constant retardation. The total
distance covered by the car is 584 m. Find the values of acceleration, retardation and total
time taken.
10. Prove that there are two times for which a projectile travels the same vertical distance. Also prove
that the sum of the two times is equal to the time of flight.
SOLUTION TO MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE
1. No, not always. In case of uniform circular motion, the particle is accelerating but its speed is
neither decreasing nor increasing, only direction of velocity changes.
2. This is true as motion under gravity is independent of mass of the body and so the body comes
back to the point of projection with the same speed.
3. Yes, because for the longest jump the player should throw himself at an angle of 45 wrt
u2
horizontal. The vertical height required for this purpose should be , where u is velocity of
4g
PH-KM-42
u2
throw. If the vertical height is different from then the angle will be different from 45 and the
4g
horizontal distance covered also will be less.
4. 1 : 1, both the balls will hit the ground with the same speed.
5. v cos 
8. h = 3.2 m, v = 42 m/s, t = 0.8 sec.
9. 0.8 m/s2, 0.5 m/s2 and 86 sec.
PH-KM-43
SOLVED PROBLEMS
Subjective:
BOARD TYPE
Prob 1. A car starts from rest and moves with a constant acceleration of 2.0 m/s2 for 30 seconds.
The brakes are then applied and the car comes to rest in another 60 seconds. Find
(a) total distance covered by the car.
(b) Maximum speed attained by the car
(c) Find shortest distance from initial point to the point when its speed is half of maximum
speed.
Sol. Final velocity at A vA = 2  t1 = 2  30 = 60 m/sec.
O B
For AB, Let the retardation be ‘b’
A
 0 = vA + bt2
v 60
 b= A = = 1 m/s2
t 60
(a) Total distance = OA + AB
1 1
OB = at12  (v A t 2  bt 22 )
2 2
1 1
= (  2  30  30  60  60  60   1 60  60)
2 2
= 900 + 3600 – 1800 = 2700 m.
(b) Maximum speed vA = 60 m/s.
(c) v2 = 2  a  s
(v / 2) 2 30  30
s= A  = 225 m.
2a 22
Prob 2. A farmer has to go 500 m due north, 400 m due east and 200 m due south to reach his field. If
he takes 20 minutes to reach the field,
(a) what distance he has to walk to reach the field ?
(b) what is his displacement from his house to the field ?
(c) what is the average speed of farmer during the walk ?
(d) what is the average velocity of farmer during the walk ?
Sol. (a) Distance = 500 + 400 + 200 = 1100m y

  N
   
(b) Displacement = 500 j  400 iˆ  200 ˆj  300 j  400iˆ
x
2 2 E
Magnitude of displacement =  400    300  = 500m
Total distance 1100 11
(c) Average speed = = = m/s
Total time 20  60 12
D is placement 500 5
(d) Average velocity = = = m/s
Time 20  60 12

 300 
 = tan 1  400  = 37 due North of East.

Prob 3. A body is projected up such that its position vector varies with time as r =6t î +(8t5t2) ĵ . Find
the (a) initial velocity (b) time of flight
PH-KM-44

Sol. (a) The position of the body at any time t is given as r = 6t î + (8t5t2) ĵ . When t = 0, r = 0.
That means the body is projected from the origin of the coordinate system. Differentiating
both sides w.r.t. time ‘t’, we obtain

dr 
= 6 î + (810t) j  v = 6 î + (810t) j.
dt
Putting t = 0, we obtain the initial velocity (velocity of projection) given as
 
(v)t  0 = v 0 = 6 î + 8 ĵ  v0 = 10 m/sec;
2v0 sin 0
(b) The time of flight T =
g
2(v y ) 0
T= where (vy)0 = 8
g
28
 T= = 1.6 sec.
10
Prob 4. A particle starts from origin at t = 0 along +ve x v
axis. It’s velocity–time graph is shown in the 4
figure. Draw
(i) a, t graph
2 4
(ii) x, t graph. O
t
-4
Sol. (i) Velocity is decreasing

so, a = 4/2 = 2
a

t 4
O
-2
(ii)
4
x
t
Prob 5. A stone ‘A’ is dropped from the top of a tower 20 m high. Simultaneously another stone ‘B’ is
thrown up from the bottom of the tower so that it can reach just on the top of the tower. What is
the distance of the stones from the ground while they pass each other?
PH-KM-45
Sol. Let t be the time when they pass one another A y
1
For stone B, y= vBt + (g)t 2 … (i) H- y
2
1 2
Ffor stone A, H – y = gt … (ii)
2 H C
From (i) and (ii),
y g
H = vBt … (iii)
Stone B can reach just one the top of tower. We can calculate
the velocity of stone B, B O
v 2f  vi2  2a y y
uf = 0, for ymax = H = 20 m
vi = vB ; ay = g ; vB = 20 m/s
20m
From (iii) t =  1sec.
20m / s
1
From equation (i), the required distance (BC) from ground = 20  1   10  12 = 15 m
2
IITJEE TYPE
Prob 6. A rocket is fired vertically and ascends with constant vertical acceleration of 20m/s2 for 1
minute. Its fuel is then all used and it continues as a free particle. Find the
(a) maximum height reached by the rocket
(b) total time elapsed from the take off till the rocket strikes the earth.(g=10m/s2).
Sol. (a) For the time interval from 0 to 60 seconds rocket accelerates and thereafter it moves under
gravity. Distance moved by it in 60 seconds is given by
1 20m 2
S1 =  2   60s  = 36000m.
2 s
20m
v(60s) = 2  60s  1200m / s
s
If H be the maximum height reached.
2
 m
Then, 0 =  1200   2g  H  36000  , (v2 = u2 + 2as)
 s 
1200 1200
 H = 36000 + m
2 10
 H = 108000m
(b) Time taken to ascend is

1200 u
t1 = 60s + s = 180 s, [t = t1 + ]
10 a
Let time taken to descend is t2 then
1
108000 = gt 22
2
2  108000
 t2 =  146.96s
10
Total time T = t1 + t2 = 180 + 146.96 = 326.96 s.
PH-KM-46
Prob 7. The position of a particle moving along the x-axis depends on the time as x = at2– bt3
where a = 3.0 m/s2 and b = 1.0 m/s3 respectively.
(a) At what time does the particle reach its maximum positive x-position ?
(b) What total path length does the particle cover in the first 2.0 sec?
(c) Does the particle cover equal path length in the opposite direction in the subsequent 2.0 sec.
? If not, explain why?
(d) Find the total path length covered in the first 4.0 sec.
(e) Find the displacement during the first 4.0 sec.
(f) What is the particles speed and acceleration at the end of first 3.0 sec.?
Sol. Here, the position (x) is time dependent as x = at2 – bt3 = 3t2 – t3
dx
Instantaneous velocity v =  6t  3t 2 . . . (i)
dt
dv
And acceleration a =  6  6t . . . (ii)
dt
Note that the acceleration is not uniform (like gravity) but time dependent.
(a) At the maximum positive x-position the particle comes to momentary rest (v = 0) and then
moves in the negative x-direction with non uniform acceleration.
From equation (i), v = 0 = 6t – 3t2
 Required time = 2.0 seconds.
(b) The x-coordinate of the particle increases from zero to (x)max during the first 2 seconds.
 path length = (x)t = 2s = (3t2 – t3)t = 2s = 4.0 m
(c) For t > 2s, the particle moves in the backward direction with time dependent acceleration.
Hence, subsequent motion is not repeated (as we have seen in free fall) where the acceleration

| g | remains constant. Hence, the path length for the subsequent 2 seconds will be different.
(d) Position at t = 2 sec. is
(x)t = 2 = 4.0 m and -16m -4m 4m
2 3
(x)t = 4 = (3t – t )t = 4 = 48 – 64 C O A
= 16 m.
Hence, the path length during the first 4.0 is
OA + AO + OC
= 4 + 4 + 16 = 24.0 m
(e) Displacement during the first 4.0 sec is  16.0 m.
(f) Speed at the end of 3.0 sec is
(v)t = 3 = (6t – 3t2)t = 3s =  9.0 m/s.
Negative sign indicates that motion is along the negative x-direction.
Acceleration (a)t = 3s = (6 – 6t)t = 3s =  12 m/s2.
Prob 8. A man can row a boat with a speed of 4 km/hr in still water. He is crossing a river where the
speed of current is 2 km/hr.
(a) In what direction will his boat be headed if he wants to reach a point on the other bank,
directly opposite to starting point?
(b) If width of the river is 4 km how long will it take him to cross the river, with the condition
in part ‘a’ ?
(c) In what direction should he head the boat if he wants to cross the river in shortest time?
(d) How long will it take him to row 2 kms up the stream and then back to his starting point?
PH-KM-47
Sol. B is a point directly opposite to the starting point A. B

Let the man heads the boat in a direction making an v
angle  with the line AB. d  u

Here v w  2iˆ

v bw  4sin iˆ  4cos ˆj A
  
 vbabsolute  v bw  v w
=  2  4sin   î  4 cos ˆj Y
 vbx = 2  4 sin  and vby = 4 cos  X
(a) For directly opposite point vbx = 0

1
 sin  = = sin30o   = 30o
2
Hence, to reach the point directly opposite to starting point he should head the boat an angle
 = (90o + 30o) = 120o with the river flow.
y d 4 2
(b) t = =  o
 hr.
vby 4cos  4cos30 3
(c) For t to be minimum cos  = 1   = 0o
4
 tmin =  1 hr.
4cos 0
2 2  1 4
(d) T = hr  hr  1   hr  hr.
 4  2  4  2  3 3
Prob 9. Two particles A and B move with constant velocities v1 and v2 along two mutually perpendicular
straight lines towards the intersection point O. At moment t = 0, the particles were located at
distances l1 and l2 from O, respectively. Find the time, when they are nearest and also this
shortest distance.
  
Sol.  v AB  vA  vB  v1î  v 2 ˆj y
A v1 O
Minimum distance is the length of the perpendicular
  x
to v AB from B.

If  is the angle between the x-axis and v AB , then
D
v2 C
v v 
tan  =  2  2 vAB
v1 v1 B
v2
In AOD, OD = OA tan  = l1
v1
v1l2  v2 l1
Therefore, BD = l2  OD =
v1
BC
In BCD, cos  
BD
v l  v2 l1 v1
 BC = BD cos  = 1 2 
v1 v1  v22
2
| v1l2  v2 l1 |
 BC =
v12  v22
PH-KM-48
AC AD  DC
The required time t =   
| v AB | | v AB |
1 v   v2 1 v 2
v12  v22  1 2
 1 sec   BC tan  v1 v12  v22 v1
 =
v12  v 22 v12  v 22
 1 v1   2 v2
=
v12  v22
Alternatively
l1
After time ‘t’ , the position of the point A and B are A O
(1  v1t) and (2  v2t), respectively. v1 A
The distance L between the points A and B are L

L2 = (1  v1t)2 + (2  v2t)2 . . . (i) l2
B
Differentiating with respect to time, v2
B
dL dL
2L  2  1  v1 t  (v1 )  2   2  v2 t  (  v 2 ) For minimum value of L, 0
dt dt
v 2
1  v22  t  1 v1   2 v 2
1 v1   2 v 2
or t
v12  v 22
Putting the value of t in equation (i)
|  v   2 v1 |
L mi n  1 2 .
v12  v 22
Prob 10. A wheel rotates around a stationary axis so that rotation angle  varies as  = Pt2, where
P = 0.20 rad/s2. Find the total acceleration a of the point A at the rim at the moment
t = 2.55 sec, if the linear velocity of the point A at this moment is v = 0.65 m/s.
Sol. Total acceleration of a body moving in a circular path aT

  
a  aR  at
A
   aN
a  a 2R  a 2t

The radial acceleration aR is the centripetal acceleration
2
v2  d 
aR =  2 R =  R
R  dt 
2
d 
=   Pt 2   R  4P 2 t 2 R . . . (i)
 dt 
d
Tangential acceleration aT =  v 
dt
d R d2 
=  R   = 2PR . . . (ii)
dt dt 2
2
 v2  2
 a=     2PR 
R
2 2 v
=  4P t R 
2 2
  2PR  = 2PR 1  4P 2 t 4 =
t
1  4P 2 t 4 = 0.7 m/s2.
PH-KM-49
Prob 11. Velocity–time graph of a particle moving in a
v (m/s)
straight line is shown in figure. Plot the
corresponding displacement–time graph of a 20
C
particle if at t = 0 displacement s = 0.
A B
10
D
0 2 4 6 8 t (sec.)
Sol.
s(m)
80 D
60
30
10
0 2 4 6 8 t (sec.)
Prob 12. A particle moves in a circle of radius 20 cm at a speed given by v = 1 + t + t2 m/s where t is
time in s. Find (a) the initial tangential and normal acceleration. (b) the angle covered by the
radius in first 2 s.
dv
Sol. (a) Tangent acceleration at = = 2t +1
dt
v2
Normal acceleration an =  (at)t=0 = 1 m/s2
R
v2 1
(an)t=0 = 0  = 5 m/s2
R  0.2 
d
(b) v = R
dt
' 2
R d = (1+t+t2 )dt  R  d   1  t  t 2  dt
0 0
 = 33.3 rad
Prob 13. A body of mass m is projected vertically upwards with a speed v0. It goes up and comes back to
the same point. For this motion draw displacement–time, velocity–time, acceleration–time and
speed–displacement graphs.
Sol. Displacement–time Speed–displacement
s v
t d
Speed time Acceleration time
v a
PH-KM-50
Prob 14. A car starts moving from rest with an acceleration whose value linearly increases with time
from zero to 6 m/s2 in 6 sec after which it moves with constant velocity. Find the time taken by
the car to travel first 72 m from starting point.
Sol. Since acceleration varies linearly with time therefore
at
6 6
 a = kt   da  k  dt k=1
0 0
dv t2
then, t  v= m/s
dt 2
ds t 2 t3
then,  or, s =
dt 2 6
at the end of t = 6 sec. Acceleration becomes zero.
Distance moved by car at t = 6 sec is
6 66
S1 = = 36 m
6
6 6
Speed of the car = = 18 m/s
2
Remaining distance = 72 – 36 = 36 m.
36
so time taken to cover this distance = t2 = sec.  2sec.
18
Total time = 6+2 = 8 sec.
Prob 15. A particle projected with velocity v0 from an inclined plane v0

whose angle of inclination with the horizontal is . If
afterwards the projectile strikes the inclined plane 
perpendicular to it. Find the height of the point struck, from
horizontal plane through the point of projection.
X
Y
Sol. Let  be the angle between the velocity of projection and
the inclined plane. v0 Y
v0x = v0cos, v0 y  = v0 sin
ax = gsin ay = gcos 
X
 vx (t) = v0cos  gsint 
At the point of impact vx = 0

v cos 
 t= 0 . .(1)
g sin 
Also y at the point is zero.
1
 v0 sint  gcost2 = 0
2
2v0 sin 
 t= . . (2)
g cos 
cot 
From (1) and (2) tan = . . (3)
2
x = v0 cos( + )t
v0 cos 
 v0  cos  cos   sin  sin  .
g sin 
v02
 cos 2  cot   sin  cos  
g 
PH-KM-51
2
  
v2  2 cot  2 
 0  cot   .
g  4  cot 2   4  cot 2  4  cot 2  
   
v02 2 cot 

g 4  cot 2 
v 20 2 cot 
 y  x tan   . tan 
g 4  cot 2 
2v02
 y
g  4  cot 2  
Prob 16. The velocity of a boat in still water is n times less than the velocity of flow of a river. At what
angle to the stream direction must the boat move so that drift is minimised ? If n = 2, show that
the angle  = 120.
vR B
Sol. Given vb = vb
n vR

v b = (vb sin  ) î  (v b cos )jˆ 
Resultant velocity of boat
 
= vb  vR A
= (vR  vb sin ) î + (vb cos ) ˆj

If w = width of the river, time for crossing is
W
T=
vb cos 
Drift during time T is (vR  vb sin ) T
w
 Drift x = vb(n  sin ) = w(n sec   tan  )
vb cos 
dx 
For x to be minimum, = 0 lead to  = sin 1 (1/ n)
d
Direction of boat w.r.t. stream is

90 +  = 90 + sin 1 (1/n)
For n = 1/2, the required angle = 90 + 30 = 120
Prob 17. A man can row a boat in still water at 3 km/h He can walk at a speed of 5 km/h on the shore.
The water in the river flows at 2 km/h. If the man rows across the river and walks along the
shore to reach the opposite point on the river bank find the direction in which he should row the
boat so that he could reach the opposite shore in the least possible time. The width of the river
is 500 m.
Sol. Let the points towards B and reches at C B D C

t1 : the time taken by the boat to reach C
AD v
t1 = CD = (v  u sin )t1
u cos 
u
500  103 1 
t1 = hr =
3cos  6 cos 
A
1
CD = (3 sin  + 2)
6 cos 
PH-KM-52
1
=  0.5 tan  +
3cos 
t2 : time taken by the man from C to D
CD 0.5 tan  1 1 1
t2 = =  = tan  +
vs 5 3cos  5 10 15cos 
sin  1
= 
10 cos  15cos 
(3sin   2)
=
30cos 
1 3sin    7  3sin 
Total time t = t1 + t2 =  =
6 cos  30cos  30 cos 
7 1
= sec   tan
30 10
For minimum t
dt 7 1
0  sec tan   sec2 = 0
d 30 10
1 7  7
 sec   tan   sec   = 0  tan   sec  = 0
10 3  3
7 sin    
=0   = sin 1 (3/7)
3cos 
Prob 18. A cyclist moves with constant speed 5 m/s along eastward for 2 seconds, and along southward
for 2 seconds. Then, he moves along west for one second and finally along north-west for
2 seconds. Find
(a) Distance and displacement of cyclist for whole journey.
(b) Average speed and average velocity for whole journey
(c) Average acceleration of cyclist for whole journey.
y North
Sol. (a) In figure, shown final displacement

OD  5jmˆ
Distance = OA + AB + BC + CD
= (25 + 5 2 ) m 10 m A
O x East
total dis tan ce
(b) Average speed = D 10 m
total time 52
B
25  5 2 C 5 m
 = 5 m/s.
5 2
5jˆ
Average velocity = m/s
(5  2)
v f  vi
(c) For average acceleration =
t
vf  5iˆ  5j,
ˆ vi = 5 î
5iˆ  5jˆ  5jˆ 10iˆ  5jˆ

average = = m/s2
(5  2) 5 2
PH-KM-53
Prob 19. The velocity-time graph of moving object is given in the figure. Draw the acceleration versus
time and displacement versus time graph. Find the distance travelled during the time interval
when the acceleration is maximum. Assume that the particle starts from origin.
80
60
V 40
(m/s
20
O
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (s)
Sol.
80
60
40
20
O
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (s)
6
a
m/s2
O 40 80
10 20 30 50 60 70
Time (s)
2
4100
900
x
(m)
400
200
O 40 80
10 20 30 50 60 70
Time (s)
Prob 20. A projectile is fired with speed v0 at an angle  with the horizontal on a horizontal plane, Find
(a) the average velocity of projectile in half of time of flight.
(b) the time in which the speed of projectile becomes perpendicular to its initial velocity.
(c) the radius of curvature of projectile at the instant when it is at its maximum height.
PH-KM-54
 displacement xiˆ  yjˆ y

Sol. (a) v av  
time v0 sin 
2g
v20 sin 2 y ĵ
x = half of range =
2g x
2 2 x î
v sin 
0
y = Max. height =
2g
v20 sin 2 ˆ v20 sin 2  ˆ
i j
2g 2g v sin 2 ˆ v0 sin 2  ˆ
vav  = 0 i j
v0 sin  sin  sin 
2g
= 2v0 cos  î + v0 sin  ˆj

(b) Let the perpendicular velocity be v
v v = 0  v  v = (v0 cos  î + v0 sin  ˆj ). (v0 cos  î + (v0 sin   gt) ˆj
 v02 cos 2   v0 sin (v0 sin   gt)  0
v0
v 20  v0 sin gt  0  t =
g sin 
v2 v02 cos 2 
(c) Radius of curvature = 
g g
Prob 21. An elevator car whose floor to ceiling distance is equal to 2.7 m starts ascending with a constant
acceleration of 1.2 m/s2. Two seconds after it starts, a bolt begins to fall from the ceiling of the
elevator. Find
(a) the bolt’s free fall time,
(b) the displacement and the distance covered by the bolt during the fall in the reference frame
fixed to the ground. (Use g = 9.8 m/s2.)
Sol. (a) Since a = 1.2 m/sec2 is the constant acceleration of the elevator car while ascending and
h = 2.7 m is the separation between the floor and the ceiling, therefore, the free fall time is given by
1 2h
h= (g + a)t2  t = = 0.7 sec
2 ga
(b) Velocity of elevator at t = 2 sec is v = (1.2 m/s2) (2 s) = 2.4 m/sec.
Thus, with respect to the reference frame fixed to the ground i.e. with respect to a stationary
observer, the displacement in the course of free fall is
1
y = (–2.4 m/s) (0.7 s) + (9.8 m/s2) (0.7 s)2 = 0.72 m
2
Total distance covered w.r.t. the ground during the free fall times is
s = y + 2h
= 0.72 + 2 
 2.4 2 = 1.31 m.
2  9.8
v 2  u 2  2gh
0 = (2.4 m/s)2 + 2 ( 9.8 m/s2)h
 2.4 m / s 2
 h

2  9.8m / s 2 
PH-KM-55
Objective:
Prob 1. In the given vt graph, the distance travelled by the body V(m/s)
in 5 sec will be 40
(A) 100 m 20
(B) 80 m 4 t
0.0
(C) 40 m 1 2 3 5 t(s)
(D) 20 m 20
Sol. A.
Distance travelled = area under the v–t curve
20  2 20  1 20  1
  20  2  20 1   = 100 m
2 2 2
Prob 2. In Question 1, the displacement of the body in 5 sec will be

(A) 100 m (B) 80 m
(C) 40 m (D) 20 m
Sol. B.
Displacement is a vector and is equal to algebraic sum of area under the v–t graph.
= 20 + 40 + 20 + 10  10 = 80 m.
Prob 3. In Question 1, the average velocity of the body in 5 seconds is

(A) 20 m/s (B) 16 m/s
(C) 8 m/s (D) 4 m/s
Sol. B.
displacement 80
Average velocity    16 m / s
time 5
Prob 4. In above Question, the average speed of the body during 5 sec is
(A) 20 m/s (B) 16 m/s
(C) 8 m/s (D) 4 m/s
Sol. A.
dis tan ce 100
Average speed    20 m / s
time 5
Prob 5. A body when projected vertically up, covers a total distance D during its time of flight. If there
were no gravity, the distance covered by it during the same time is equal to
(A) 0 (B) D
(C) 2D (D) 4D
Sol. C.
The displacement of the body during the time t as it reaches the point of projection
1 2v 0
 S = 0  v0t  gt2 = 0  t 
2 g
During the same time t, the body moves in absence of gravity through a distance
D = v.t, because in absence of gravity g = 0
PH-KM-56
 2v  2v 02
 D = v0  0   …(1)
 g  g
In presence of gravity, the total distance covered is
v2 v2
= D = 2H = 2 0  0 …(2)
2g g
(1)  (2)  D = 2D.

Prob 6. A particle is projected vertically upward with initial velocity 25 ms 1. During third second of its
motion, which of the following statement is correct?
(A) displacement of the particle is 30 m
(B) distance covered by the particle is 30 m
(C) distance covered by the particle is 2.5 m
(D) none of these
Sol. C.
Displacement of the particle during third second of the motion (i.e. between t = 2s and t = 3s) is
zero. Hence, t = 2.5 sec is the turning point of the motion.
1
For distance St = 2 = 25  2   10  22 = 30 m
2
1
and St=2.5 = 25  2.5   10  2.52 = 31.25
2
Hence, distance covered by the particle during third second of motion
= 2 (31.25  30) = 2.5 m.
Prob 7. A particle is projected from a point A with a velocity v at an angle  (upward) with the
horizontal. At a certain point B, it moves at right angle to its initial direction. It follows that
(A) velocity of the particle at B is v.
(B) velocity of the particle at B is v cos .
(C) velocity of the particle at B is v tan .
v
(D) the time of flight from A to B is .
gsin 
Sol. D.
  
v  u  at C
Considering along the line AC
v B
0 = v – g sin t  t = v
g sin  v
Now, consider along the line CB A 
v
v = 0 + g cos   v cot 
g sin 
Prob 8. A particle is projected horizontally from the top of a cliff of height H with a speed 2gH . The
radius of curvature of the trajectory at the instant of projection will be
(A) H/2 (B) H
(C) 2H (D) 
Sol. C.
PH-KM-57
 
Since, g  v
Radial acceleration ar = g
v20
  g where r is the radius of curvature.
r
2gH
  g (  v  2gH)
r
 r = 2H
Prob 9. If a boat can have a speed of 4 km/hr in still water, for what values of speed of river flow, it can
be managed to row boat right across the river, without any drift?
(A)  4 km/hr (B) greater than zero but less than 4 km/hr
(C) only 4 km /hr (D) none of these
Sol. B.
Drift (x) = (vb, x) t = (vbr cos  + vr)t
where vb, x = velocity of boat w.r.t. ground
v, r = velocity of boat w.r.t river
vr = velocity of river w.r.t. ground
For x = 0, vr = vbr cos 
 (vr)max = vbr
For, vr > vbr we can not have zero drift.
Prob 10. A swimmer crosses a river of width d flowing at velocity v. While swimming, he keeps himself
always at an angle of 120 with the river flow and on reaching the other end he finds a drift of
d/2 in the direction of flow of river. The speed of the swimmer with respect to the river is
(A) (2 – 3 ) v (B) 2 (2 – 3 ) v
(C) 4 (2 – 3 ) v (D) (2 + 3 ) v
Sol. C.
Drift = d/2 = (Vr – Vssin30)d/Vscos30
 Vs = 4 (2 – 3 )V
Prob 11. A projectile is thrown into space so as to have the maximum possible horizontal range equal to
400 m. Taking the point of projection as the origin, the coordinates of the point where the
velocity of the projectile is minimum, are
(A) (400, 100) (B) (200, 100)
(C) (400, 200) (D) (200, 200)
Sol. B.
When the horizontal range is maximum, the maximum height attained is R/4 = 100 m. The
velocity of the projectile is minimum at the highest point.
 Required point is (200, 100).
Prob 12. Two particles are separated at a horizontal distance as shown u3 u
in the adjacent figure. They are projected along the same line
with different initial speeds. The time after which the horizontal 30 60
distance between them becomes zero is x
x x
(A) (B)
u 2u
2u
(C) (D) none of these
x
Sol. B.
PH-KM-58
Both particles will collide at the highest point of their path. At highest point, only the horizontal
component exists.
3u
V1 = u3 cos 30 
2
u
V2 = u cos 120  
2
3u u
Relative velocity of the particle 1 w.r.t. particle 2 in x-direction =   2u
2 2
x
 Required time 
2u
Prob 13. A particle is thrown vertically upward. Its velocity at half of the height is 10 m/s, then maximum
height attained by it is: (g = 10 m/s2)
(A) 8 m (B) 20 m
(C) 10 m (D) 16 m
Sol. C.
Suppose after travelling distance s, particle has the velocity 10 m/s.
So, v2 = u2  2as
 (10)2 = u2 – 2  10s …(1)
At the maximum height, i.e. 2s, v = 0
 0 = u2  2g(2s)
 u2 = 40s …(2)
From Eqs. (1) and (2), s = 5 m
 2s = 10 m
Prob 14. A person walks up a stationary escalator in 90 sec. If the escalator moves with the person, first
standing on it, it will take 1 minute to reach the top from ground. How much time it would take
him to walk up the moving escalator?
(A) 24 sec (B) 48 sec
(C) 36 sec (D) 40 sec
Sol. C.
Let L be the length of escalator.
L L L
 Relative speed   
90 60 36
 L 
 Time taken to walk up the moving escalator     36sec
 L / 36 
Prob 15. A driver applies brakes on seeing a traffic signal 400 m ahead. At the time of applying the
brakes the vehicle was moving with 15 m/s and retarding with 0.3 m/s2. The distance of vehicle
after 1 min from the traffic light is
(A) 25 m (B) 375 m
(C) 360 m (D) 40 m
Sol. A.
2
v2 15
The maximum distance covered by the vehicle before coming to rest   = 375 m
2a 2  0.3
v 15
The corresponding time = t =   50 sec
a 0.3
 The distance of the vehicle from the traffic signal after one minute = 400 – 375 = 25 m
PH-KM-59
Prob 16. A motorboat is to reach at a point 30 upstream on the other side of a river flowing with velocity
5 m/s. The velocity of the motorboat wrt water is 53 m/s. The driver should steer the boat at an
angle
(A) 30 wrt the line of destination from starting point
(B) 60 wrt normal to the bank
(C) 120 wrt stream direction
(D) None of these
Sol. C. y
The velocity of motorboat,
  
v m  v mw  v w
= 53 cos 30 î  5 3 sin 30 ˆj  5 î vm,w vm
5 3ˆ 30 x
= 2.5 î  j
2 vw
  5 3 
 = tan 1  
2  2.5
1
 
  tan  3  120
0
 
Prob 17. The acceleration of a particle is increasing linearly with time t as bt. The particle starts from the
origin with an initial velocity v0. The distance travelled by the particle in time t will be
1 1
(A) v0 t  bt 3 (B) v0 t  bt 3
6 3
1 1
(C) v0 t  bt 2 (D) v0 t  bt 2
3 2
Sol. A.
Given, acceleration a = bt
dv bt 2
  bt  v  c
dt 2
At t = 0, v = v0  c = v0
bt 2
So, v   v0
2
ds bt 2
   v0
dt 2
bt 3
 s  v0 t
6
Fill in the Blanks
Prob 1. The position of a body w.r.t. time is given by x = 3t3 – 6t2 + 12t + 6. At time t = 0, its
acceleration is ____________.
dx
Sol.  6t 2  12t  12
dt
d2 x
 12t  12
dt 2
d2x
 12
dt 2 t  0
Prob 2. A body thrown up from the ground vertically passes the height of 10.2 m twice in an interval of
10 sec. Its initial velocity was ________ m/s and its time of journey upwards was ________sec
(g = 10 m/s2).
PH-KM-60
Sol. It takes 5 sec from its maximum height to the height of 10.2 m, travelling from rest at
acceleration of 10 m/s2. Hence, if this distance be s, then
1
s   10  52  125 m.
2
So, u2 = 2  10  (125 + 10.2)
 u = 52 m/s
52
 t= = 5.2 sec.
10
Prob 3. For a projectile projected at an angle ____________, the maximum height and horizontal range
are equal.
1
Sol. tan (4)
u 2 sin 2 u 2 sin 2 

g 2g
sin 2 
 sin 2 =
2

 tan  = 4   = tan 1 4.
Prob 4. A car covers the first half of its distance between two places at a speed of 40 km/hr and the second
half at 60 km/hr. The average speed of the car is ________ km/hr.
Sol. 48 km/hr.
Let total distance be 2x km
 x x  x
 Total time taken     hr  hr
 40 60  24
2x
Therefore, average speed =  48 km/hr.
 x 
 
 24 
Prob 5. In a uniform motion, the particle travels in a ______________ and traces equal
_________however ______________intervals of ________________ be taken.
Sol. Straight line, displacements, small, time.
True or False Type Questions
Prob 1. A particle in one-dimensional motion with positive value of acceleration must be speeding up.
Sol. False.
If the velocity of the body is negative, then even in case of positive acceleration the body speeds
down, e.g. a body projected up slows down even when acceleration is positive.
Prob 2. A particle in one-dimensional motion with constant speed must have zero acceleration.
Sol. True.
As the direction of motion remains unchanged, therefore, if the speed is zero the acceleration must
also be zero.
Prob 3. A particle moves with a uniform velocity in a straight line. If another particle moves such that it is
always directed towards the first particle then the motion of the second particle is also along a
straight line.
PH-KM-61
Sol. False.
Because the second particle is always directed towards the first particle, the motion of the second
particle can be straight line only in the special case when it follows the uniformly moving first
particle along the same straight line.
Prob 4. A particle in one-dimensional motion with zero speed at any instant may have non-zero
acceleration at that instant.
Sol. True.
When a body begins to fall freely under gravity, its speed is zero but it has non-zero acceleration
of 9.8 m/s2
Prob 5. If a base ball player can throw a ball to a maximum distance d over the ground, then the
maximum vertical height to which he can throw it will be equal to d/2. Assume that initial speed
of the ball is same in both the cases.
Sol. True.
u2 u2 d
Rmax = d = and Hmax  
g 2g 2
Prob 6. A bus moving towards north takes a turn and starts moving towards east with same speed. There
will be no change in the velocity of the bus.
Sol. False.
The direction will change.
PH-KM-62
ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
Subjective:
Level - O
1. A wooden block of mass 10 g is dropped from the top of a cliff 100 m high. Simultaneously, a bullet
of mass 10 g is fired from the foot of the cliff upward with a velocity 100 m/s. After what time the
bullet and the block meet ?
2. Figure shows the x–t plot of a particle in one-dimensional

x
motion. Three different equal intervals of time are shown.
In which interval is the average speed greatest, and in
which is it the least? Give the sign of average velocity for
3
each interval. 1 2 t
3. Two balls of different masses are thrown vertically upwards with the same speed. During their
downward journey, they pass through the point of projection with the same speed. Neglect air
resistance. Is this statement correct?
4. Galileo stated that “For elevations which exceed or fall short of 45 by equal amounts, the ranges are
equal.” Prove this statement.
5. A block slides down a smooth inclined plane when released from the top while another falls freely
from the same point. Which one of them will strike the ground earlier ?
6. A stone is thrown horizontally with a speed 2gh from the top of a wall of height h. What is the
distance from the wall when it reaches the ground?
3v2
7. What is the angle  of projection with horizontal plane of a projectile if its range is , where v is
2g
velocity of projection?
8. Two trains A and B of length 400 m each are moving on two parallel tracks with a uniform speed of
72 km/h in the same direction, with A ahead of B. The driver of B desires to overtake A and
accelerates by 1 m/s2. If after 50 s, the guard of B just brushes past driver of A, calculate the original
distance between the guard of B and the driver of A.
9. A particle 1 is projected with speed v1 from a point A making an angle of

30 with the vertical. At the same instant, a second particle 2 is thrown
v1 H
vertically upwards from position B with velocity v2. The two particles
reach height H, the highest point on the parabolic path of particle 1 30 v2
v 1 2
simultaneously. Calculate the ratio 1 .
v2
PH-KM-63
10. A car is moving with a speed of 30 m/s on a circular path of radius 500 m. Its speed is increasing at a
rate of 2 m/s2. What is the acceleration of the car?
11. A particle is thrown vertically upward. Its velocity at half of the maximum height is 10 m/s, then
calculate the maximum height attained by it. (g=10 m/s2)
12. A car moving with a speed of 40 km/hr can be stopped, by applying brakes, in 2 meters. If the same car
is moving with a speed of 80 km/hr, what is the minimum stopping distance?
13. The position of a particle moving along x-axis is given by x = a + bt2 where x is in meter and t in
seconds. The constants a and b are 4.5 m and 3.5 m/s2 respectively. Find
(a) initial velocity
(b) velocity at t = 3 seconds.
(c) average velocity during the time interval t = 1 s to t = 3 s.
14. A body dropped from a height h, with initial velocity zero, strikes the ground with velocity 3 m/s.
Another body of the same mass is dropped from the height h with an initial velocity of 4 m/s. Find the
final velocity with which it strikes the ground.
15. The velocity of a train increases uniformly from 20 km/hr to 60 km/hr in 4 hours. Find the distance
travelled by the train during this period.
16. A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate  for some time after which it decelerates at a constant
rate  and comes to rest. If the total time elapsed is t, then find the maximum velocity acquired by the
car.
17. An aeroplane is flying horizontally with a velocity of 216 km/hr and at a height of 1960 m. When it is
vertically above a point A on the ground, a bomb is released from it. The bomb strikes the ground at
point B. Find the distance AB.
18. A body is projected horizontally with a speed of 20 m/s from the top of a tower. What will be its speed
after nearly 5 sec? (g = 10 m/s2)
19. A bus moves a distance of 200 m. It covers the first half of the distance at speed 40 km/hr and the
second half of the distance at speed v. The average speed is 48 km/hr. Find the value of v.
20. A ball is dropped from height of 90 m on a floor. The ball loses one tenth of its speed. Put the speed–
time graph of its motion between t = 0 and 12 sec. (g = 10 m/s2)
PH-KM-64
Level - I
1. The position of a particle along the x-axis is given in centimeters by x=9.75+1.50t3, where t is in
seconds. Consider the time interval t = 2 s to t = 3 s and calculate
(a) the average velocity
(b) instantaneous velocity at t = 2 s;
(c) the instantaneous velocity when t = 2.5 s;
(d) the instantaneous velocity when the particle is mid way between its position at t = 2 s and t = 3 s.
2. A train started from rest and moved with constant acceleration. At one time it was travelling at
33.0 m/s and 160 m farther it was travelling at 54.0 m/s. Calculate
(a) the acceleration.
(b) the time required to travel the 160 m.
(c) the time required to attain the speed of 33.0 m/s.
(d) the distance moved from rest to the time the train had a speed of 33 m/s.
3. A body travelling in a straight line travels 2 m in the first two seconds and 2.2 m in the next four
seconds with constant retardation. What will be its velocity at the end of the seventh second from the
start?
4. A motorcyclist moving with uniform retardation takes 10 s and 20 s to travel successive quarter
kilometer. How much further he will travel before coming to rest?
5. A car is moving on a straight road with a speed 20 m/s. At t = 0, the driver of the car applies the brakes
after watching an obstacle 150 m ahead. After application of brakes the car retards with
2 m/s2. Find the position of the car from the obstacle at t =15 s.

6. A ball is thrown with a velocity of 100 ms 1 at an angle of 30 to the horizontal and meets the same
horizontal plane later. Find
(a) its time of flight
(b) the horizontal distance it travels

(c) the velocity with which it strikes the ground at the end of its flight. [ g = 9.8 ms 2]
7. A projectile shot at an angle of 60 above the horizontal strikes a wall 30 m away at a point 15 m
above the point of projection.
(a) Find the speed of projection.
(b) Find the magnitude of velocity of the projectile when it strikes the wall.
8. A ball is thrown vertically up with a certain velocity from the top of a tower of height 40 m. At 4.5 m
above the top of the tower its speed is exactly half of that it will have at 4.5 m below the top of the
tower. Find the maximum height reached by the ball above the ground?
9. A rotating fan completes 1200 revolutions every minute. Consider a point on the tip of the blade,
which has a radius of 0.15 m
(a) Through what distance does the point move in one revolution?
(b) What is the speed of the point? (c) What is its acceleration?
10. A particle A is moving along a straight line with velocity 3 m/s and another particle B has a velocity
5 m/s at an angle 30o to the path of A. Find the velocity of B relative to A.
PH-KM-65
11. A ball dropped from some height covers half of its total height during the last second of its free fall.
Find
(a) time of flight
(b) height of its fall
(c) speed with which it strikes the ground.
12. From the foot of an inclined plane, whose rise is 7 in 25, a shot is projected with a velocity of 196 m/s
at an angle of 30o with the horizontal up the plane. Find the range.
13. A man walking eastward at 5 m/s observes that wind is blowing from the north. On doubling his speed
eastward, he observes that wind is blowing from north-east. Find the velocity of the wind.
d
14. The acceleration experienced by a moving boat after its engine is cut off, is given by = kv3,
dt
where k is a constant if v0 is the magnitude of the velocity at cutoff find the magnitude of the velocity
at time t after the cut off.
15. A boy throws a ball vertically upward with an initial speed of 15.0 m/s. The ball was released when it
was at 2.00 m above ground. The boy catches it at the same point as the point of projection.
(a) What is maximum height reached by the ball ?
(b) How long is the ball in the air?
PH-KM-66
Level- II
1
1. The equation of motion of a particle moving along a straight line is given as x = vt when x, v t, have
2
usual meaning, prove that the acceleration is constant.
2. A point moving in a straight line traversed half the distance with a velocity vo. The remaining part of
the distance was covered with velocity v1 for half the time, and with velocity v2 for the other half of the
time. Find the mean velocity of the point averaged over the whole time of motion.
3. At the instant the traffic light turns green, an automobile starts with a constant acceleration of 2.2 m/s2.
At the same instant a truck, travelling with a constant speed of 9.5 m/s, overtakes and passes the
automobile.
(a) How far beyond the starting point will the automobile overtake the truck?
(b) How fast will the car be traveling at the instant?
(It is instructive to plot a qualitative graph of ‘x’ versus t for each vehicle.)
4. A balloon is ascending vertically with an acceleration of 1 m/s2. Two stones are dropped from it at an
interval of 2 s. Find the distance between them 1.5 sec after the second stone is released.
5. Two particles move in a uniform gravitational field with an acceleration g. At the initial moment the
particles were located at one point in space and moved with velocities v1 = 3.0 m/s and
v2 = 4.0 m/s horizontally in opposite directions. Find the distance between the particles at the moment
when their velocity vectors become mutually perpendicular.
A C D
6. From point A located on a highway (Fig.) one has to get by car as soon as
possible to point B located in the field at a distance  from the highway. It is

known that the car moves in the field n times slower than the highway. At
what distance from point D one must turn off the highway? B
7. To a man walking at 7 km/hr due west the wind appears to blow from the north west, but when he
walks at 3 km/hr due west the wind appears to blow from the north. What is the actual direction of the
wind and what is its velocity?
8. A particle is projected with a velocity u at an angle  with the horizontal. Find the radius of the
curvature of the parabola traced out by the particle at the point where velocity makes an angle (/2)
with the horizontal.
9. A ship A streams due north at 16 km/hr and a ship B due west at 12 km/hr. At a certain instant B is
10 km north-east of A. Find the velocity of A relative to B. Find also the nearest distance of approach
of ships.
10. A particle moves in x-y plane with constant acceleration ‘a’ directed along the negative y-axis. The
equation of motion of the particle has the form y = px – qx2 where p and q are positive constants. Find
the velocity of the particle at the origin.
PH-KM-67
11. The position vector of a particle varies with time t as x = kt(1– t), where k is a constant vector and 
is a positive factor. Find
(a) the velocity v and the acceleration a of the particle as functions of time.
(b) the time interval t taken by the particle to return to the initial points, and the distance covered
during that time.
12. A balloon starts rising from the surface of the Earth. The ascent rate is constant and equal to vo. Due to
the wind the balloon gathers the horizontal velocity component vx = ay, where a is a constant and y is
the height of ascent. Find how the following quantities depend on the height of ascent.
(a) The horizontal drift of the balloon x(y);
(b) The total, tangential, and normal accelerations of the balloon.
13. Two boats A and B move away from buoy anchored at the middle of a river along mutually
perpendicular straight lines, the boat A along the river and the boat B across the river. Having moved
off an equal distance from the buoy the boat returned. Find the times of motion of boats tA / tB if the
velocity of each boat with respect to water is n times greater than the stream velocity.
14. A ball starts failing with zero initial velocity on a smooth inclined plane forming an angle  with the
horizontal. Having fallen the distance h, the ball rebounds elastically off the inclined plane. At what
distance from the impact point will the ball rebound for the second time?
15. A man standing in an elevator observes a screw fall from the ceiling. The ceiling is 3m above the
floor.
(a) If the elevator is moving upward with a speed of 2.2 m/s, how long does it take for the screw to hit
the floor.
(b) How long is the screw in the air if the elevator starts from rest when the screw falls and moves
upwards with a constant acceleration of a = 4.0 m/s2.
PH-KM-68
Objective:
Level- I
1. A bus starts moving with an acceleration of 2 m/s2. A cyclist 96 m behind the bus starts simultaneously
towards the bus at 20 m/s. After what time will he be able to overtake the bus?
(A) 4 sec (B) 8 sec
(C) 12 sec (D) 16 sec
2. A body is projected at an angle of 30 to the horizontal with a speed of 30 m/s. What will be the angle
with the horizontal after 1.5 seconds? [Take g = 10 m/s2]
(A) 0 (B) 30
(C) 60 (D) 90
3. A ball rolls off the top of stairway with a horizontal velocity of magnitude 1.8 m/s. The steps are 0.20
m high and 0.2 m wide. Which step will the ball hit first?
(A) First (B) Second
(C) Third (D) Fourth
4. In a projectile motion, the velocity is

(A) never perpendicular to the acceleration
(B) always perpendicular to the acceleration
(C) perpendicular to acceleration at one instant only
(D) perpendicular to acceleration at two instants only
5. A boat is sent across a river with a velocity of 8 km/hr. If the resultant velocity of the boat is 10 km/hr,
then velocity of the river is
(A) 12.8 km/hr (B) 6 km/hr
(C) 8 km/hr (D) 10 km/hr

6. The position vector of a particle is r   a cos t  î  (a sin t) ˆj . The velocity of the particle is
(A) parallel to position vector (B) perpendicular to position vector
(C) directed towards the origin (D) directed away from the origin
7. A particle starts from rest with constant acceleration. The ratio of space-average velocity to the time-
average velocity is
(A) 1/2 (B) 3/4
(C) 4/3 (D) 3/2
8. A ball is projected with a speed of 20 m/s at an angle of 30 from a point on v

30
the top of a very high tower. The time after which its velocity becomes
perpendicular to the velocity of projection (take g = 10 m/s2) is
(A) 0.5 sec (B) 2 sec
(C) 4 sec (D) never
9. A particle is moving along a circular path of radius r with uniform speed v. Through what angle does
its angular velocity change when it completes half of the circular path?
(A) 0 (B) 45
(C) 180 (D) 360
PH-KM-69
10. Three particles start moving simultaneously from a point on a horizontal smooth plane. First particle
moves with speed v1 towards east, second particle moves towards north with speed v2 and third one
moves towards north east. The velocity of the third particle, so that the three always lie on a straight
line, is
v +v
(A) 1 2 (B) v1v 2 s
2
vv vv
(C) 1 2 (D) 2 1 2
v1 + v 2 v1 + v 2
11. A particle is moving along a circular path of radius 5 m and with uniform speed 5 m/s. What will be
the average acceleration when the particle completes half revolution?
(A) zero (B) 10 m/s2
2
(C) 10  m/s (D) 10/ m/s2
12. The velocity v versus t graph of a body in a straight line is as shown v(m/s)
2
in the adjacent figure. The displacement of the body in 4 sec is
(A) 2 m (B) 4 m 3
0 1 2 4 t (s)
(C) 6 cm (D) 8 m
13. Which of the following displacement–time graph is not possible?

(A) x (B) x
t t
(C) x (D) x
t t
14. A train of length 100 m travelling at 50 m/s overtakes another train of length 200 m moving at 30 m/s.
The time taken by the first train to overtake the second is
(A) 5 sec (B) 10 sec
(C) 15 sec (D) 20 sec
15. A balloon starts from the ground with an acceleration of 1.25 m/s2. After 8 sec, a stone is released from
the balloon. The stone will
(A) cover a distance of 40 m
(B) have a displacement of 50 m
(C) reach the ground in 4 sec
(D) begin to move down after being released.
PH-KM-70
16. A body moving with a uniform acceleration has velocities of u and v when passing through points A
and B in its path. The velocity of the body midway between A and B is
uv u 2  v2
(A) (B)
2 2
(C) uv (D) None of these
17. The velocity–time graph of a linear motion is V (m/s)
shown in figure. The displacement from the 4
origin after 8 sec. is 2

 t (sec.)
0
(A) 5 m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-2
(B) 16 m
(C) 8 m
(D) 6 m
18. A ball is thrown up vertically with speed u. At the same instant another ball B is released from rest
from a height h. At time t, the speed of A relative to B is
(A) u (B) u – 2gt
(C) u 2  2gh (D) u – gt
19. The greatest height to which a man can throw a stone is h. The greatest distance to which he can throw
will be:
(A) h/2 (B) h
(C) 2 h (D) 4 h
20. A motor boat is to reach at a point 30 upstream on the other side of a river flowing with velocity 5
m/s. Velocity of motor boat with respect to water is 5 3 m/sec. The driver should steer the boat an
angle:
(A) 30 w.r.t. the line of destination from starting point
(B) 60 w.r.t.. normal to the bank
(C) 120 w.r.t. stream direction
(D) None of these
Fill in the Blanks

1. A particle moves in a circle of radius R. In half the period of revolution its displacement is
______________________ and distance covered is ______________________.
2. A particle is projected with an initial velocity of 200 m/s in a direction which makes an angle of 30
with the vertical, the horizontal distance travelled by the particle in 3 sec is ____________ m.
3. A stone is released from an elevator going up with an acceleration a. the acceleration of the stone after
the release is ________________________.
4. For angles of projection which exceed or fall short of 45 by equal amounts, the ranges are
____________ .
5. The weight of a body in projectile motion is ______________________.
PH-KM-71
1. If the displacement y of a particle is proportional to t2, i.e. if y  t2, then its initial velocity will be non-
zero.
2. The instantaneous velocity vector is always in the direction of motion.
3. The magnitude of the sum of two displacement vectors must be greater than the magnitude of either
displacement vectors.
4. A particle can move with constant velocity and constant acceleration simultanesouly.
5. The average velocity of a particle moving on a straight line is zero in a time interval. It is possible that
the instantaneous velocity is never zero in the interval (infinite acceleration are not allowed).
PH-KM-72
Level - II
1. A stone is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity v0 . The distance travelled in time 4v0/3g is
2v20 v02
(A) (B)
g 2g
4v20 4v20
(C) (D)
3g 9g
dv
2. The motion of a body depends on time according to the equation = 6.0 – 3v, where v is speed in
dt
m/s and t is time in second. If the body was at rest at t = 0 which of the following statements is correct?
(A) The speed of the body approaches 2 m/s after long time
(B) The speed varies linearly with time
(C) The acceleration remains constant
(D) The initial acceleration is zero
3. If the angle () between velocity vector and the acceleration vector is 90 <  < 180. The body is
moving on a:
(A) Straight path with retardation (B) Straight path with acceleration
(C) Curvilinear path with acceleration (D) Curvilinear path with retardation
4. The relation between time t and distance x is t = x2 + x where  and  are constants. The retardation
is: (if v is velocity of the particle)
(A) 2 v3 (B) 2 v2

(C) 2 v2 (D) 2 2v3
5. Two particles start moving along the same straight line starting at the same moment from the same
point. The first moves with constant velocity u and the second with constant acceleration f. During the
time that elapses before second catches the first, the greatest distance between the particles is
u u2
(A) (B)
f 2f
f u2
(C) (D)
2u 2 f
6. A particle is projected horizontally in air at a height of 25 m from the ground with a speed of 10 m/s.
The speed of the particle after 2 seconds will be
(A) 10 m/s (B) 22.4 m/s
(C) 25 m/s (D) 28.4 m/s
7. A man can swim at a speed of 5 km/h w.r.t. water. He wants to cross a 1.5 km wide river flowing at
3 km/h. He keeps himself always at an angle of 60o with the flow direction while swimming. The time
taken by him to cross the river will be
(A) 0.25 hr. (B) 0.35 hr.
(C) 0.45 hr. (D) 0.55 hr.
PH-KM-73
8. A body starts from rest and moves along a straight line with constant acceleration. The variation of
speed v with distance s is given by graph
(A) v (B) v
O O
s s
(C) v (D) v
O O
s s
9. The displacement of a particle in a straight line motion is given by s = 1+ 10t – 5t2. The correct
representation of the motion is
(B)
(A)
s
s
t t
(C) (D)
s s
t t
10. The position of a particle along x-axis at time t is given by x = 1+ t – t2. The distance travelled by the
particle in first 2 seconds is
(A) 1m (B) 2m
(C) 2.5 m (D) 3m
11. From the top of a tower, two particles A and B are projected simultaneously with speeds of 3 m/s and 4
 
m/s, respectively, in horizontally opposite directions at time t = 0. At time t = 2 3 10 sec, the angle
between their velocities is
(A) 60 (B) 45
(C) 90 (D) 30
12. A particle is thrown at time t = 0, with a velocity of 10 m/s at an angle

of 60 with the horizontal, from a point on an incline plane, making
10m/s
an angle of 30 with the horizontal. The time when the velocity of the
projectile becomes parallel to the incline is 60o
30o
2 1
(A) sec (B) sec
3 3
1
(C) 3 sec (D) sec
2 3
PH-KM-74
1 2
13. A particle is moving along a straight line with a velocity of kt , where k is a constant. Then, the
2
average velocity of the particle as a function of time is best represented by
(A) (B)
VAVG vAVG
O t
t
(C) (D)
vAVG
vAVG
t
t
14. A particle is projected perpendicularly to an inclined plane as shown in the u

adjacent figure. If the initial velocity of the particle is u, calculate how far
from the point of projection does it hit the plane again if the distance is
measured along the plane? 
2
2u
(A) (B) zero
g
2u 2 2u 2
(C) sin  (D) tan  sec 
g g
15. A box is moving up on an inclined plane of inclination 30 with a constant acceleration of 5 m / s 2 . A
particle is projected with a velocity of 53 m/s inside a box, at an angle of 30 with the base. Then, the
time after which it again strikes the same base of the box is (assume during its flight, particle does not
hit any other side of the box)
(A) 1 sec (B) 2 sec
(C) 1.5 sec (D) data insufficient
16. The height y and distance x along the horizontal for a body projected in the vertical plane are given by
y = 8t  5t2 and x = 6t. The initial speed of projection is
(A) 8 m/s (B) 9 m/s
(C) 10 m/s (D) (10/3) m/s
More than one choice are correct:
17. Read and examine the following statements. Which of the following is /are correct/ true?
(A) ax  0, ay = 0, az = 0 is necessarily a case of one dimensional motion.
(B) vx  0, vy = 0, vz = 0 is necessarily a case of one dimensional motion.
(C) If vx  0, ax  0; vy  0, ay  0 ; vz = 0, az = 0 is necessarily a case of motion in one plane.
(D) If ax = ay = az = 0 is necessarily a case of one dimensional motion.
18. The rain is falling vertically downwards. A man walking on the road holds his umberalla tilted. Now,
suddenly the rain stops and there is afternoon sun just above the head. In order to protect himself from
sun-rays, he holds the umberalla vertical. The reason assigned can be
(A) The speed of light is much higher than that of speed of rain drops.
(B) The speed of light is much higher than that of speed of man.
PH-KM-75
(C) Actually, the angle of tilt of umberalla in sun-light is very small in comparison to the angle of tilt
of umberalla in rain.
(D) Light is behaving as a wave, not as a particle here.
19. A swimmer swims in a flowing river.


v s,r = velocity of swimmer with respect to (w.r.t.) river water.

v r,g = velocity of river water w.r.t. ground,

v s,g =velocity of swimmer w.r.t. ground.
The swimmer intends to reach at the opposite bank of the river. It is possible only when,
(A) vr,g > vs, r (B) vr,g < vs, r
(C) vs, g < vs,r (D) none of these.
1. The instantaneous velocity of a body is equal to its average velocity when it is moving with uniform
velocity.
2. The average velocity is always equal to the mean value of the initial and final velocities.
3. If the displacement y of a particle is proportional to time, i.e. if y  t, then the displacement of the
particle will be non-zero.
4. Two bullets are fired simultaneously, horizontally and with different speeds from the same place. The
two bullets will hit the ground simultaneously.
5. A man while walking observes that the rain is falling vertically downward, if he suddenly stops
walking then the rain drops will strike him on his back.
Fill in the Blanks
1. If the velocity of a particle is given by v  180  16x m/s, its acceleration will be ___________.
2. A boat takes 2 hours to travel 8 km and back in a still water lake with water velocity 4 km/hr. The time
taken for going up-stream 8 km and coming back is _______________ minutes.
3. The velocity of a particle moving with constant acceleration at an instant t is 10 m/s. After 5 sec the
velocity is 20 m/s. The velocity at 3 sec before was ______________________.
4. A food packet is released from a helicopter which is rising steadily at 2 m/s. After 2 sec the velocity of
the packet is ________________ (g = 9.8 m/s2).
5. A horizontal stream of water leaves an opening in the side of a tank. If the opening is h metre above
the ground and the stream hits the ground D meter away, and the acceleration due to gravity is ‘g’, the
speed of water as it leaves the tank in terms of g, h and D is ________________.
PH-KM-76
ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS
Subjective:
Level - O
1 1
1. x =  100t + gt 2 ; 100 – x = gt 2
2 2
x =  100 t + 100 – x  t = 1 s.
2. Greatest in 3, least in 2; v > 0 in 1 and 2, v < 0 in 3.
3. The given statement is true. Both the balls have equal acceleration due to gravity. Both the balls
would attain the same height and would pass through the point of projection with the same speed.
4. The values of sin (90 + 2) and sin (90  2) are the same, equal to cos 2. Therefore, range are
equal for elevation which exceed or falls short of 45 by equal amount .
5. The block will reach the ground earlier which falls freely.
6. x = 2h 7.  = 30
2
9. 10. 2.7 m/s2
3
11. 10 m 12. 8m
13. (a) 0 m/s. (b) 21.0 m/s. (c) 14.0 m/s. 14. 5 m/s
t
15. 160 km 16.
 
17. 1200 m 18. 54 m/s
19. 60 km/hr.
20.
30 (2)1/2
27 (2)1/2
24 (2)1/2
Speed
(m/s)
O 4.24 8.05 11.86 t (s)
PH-KM-77
Level - I
1. (a) 28.5 cm/s (b) 18.0 cm/s (c) 28.1cm/s (d) 30.4 cm/s
2. (a) 5.71m/s2 (b) 3.68s (c) 5.78s (d) 95.4m
3. 0.1m/s 4. 10.42 m 5. 50 m
6. (a) 10.20s; (b)883.67 m; (c) 100 m/s 7. (a) 21.8 m/s, (b) 13.55 m/s
8. 47.5 m 9. (a) 94cm (b) 19m/s (c) 2400 m/s2.

10. [ 2.832 m/s at an angle of 32o with VB
11. (a) 3.41 seconds (b) 58.14 m(c) 34.10 m/s
12. 1749.8 m 13.  5iˆ - 5jˆ  m/s

v0
14. 15. (i) 13.5 m, (ii) 3.06 sec.
1  2kv02 t
Level – II
2vo  v1  v 2 
2. 3. (A) 82 m; (B) 19 m/s
2vo  v1  v 2
4. 55m 5. 2.5 m

6. CD = 7. 5 km/hr, 53o North of East.
2
n 1
u 2 cos 2 
8.

g cos3
2
3
9. 20 km/hr at an angle tan1 or 37o east of north, 2 km
4
10.
a p 2
 1
2q
11. (a) v = k (12t), a = – 2k (b) t = 1/, s = k/2
 a  2 a 2 v0 y av02
12. (a) x =  y (b)  = avo , t = , n =
 2vo  v20  a 2 y 2 v20  a 2 y 2
 n 
13.  2 
 n 1 
14.  = 8 h sin 
15. (a) 0.78 sec. (b) 0.66 sec.
PH-KM-78
Objective:
Level – I
1. B 2. A 3. D
4. C 5. B 6. B
7. C 8. C 9. A
10. D 11. D 12. B
13. D 14. C 15. C
16. B 17. A 18. A
19. C 20. A
Fill In The Blanks
1. 2R and R 2. 300 m
3. downward 4. equal
5. zero
1. False 2. True
3. False 4. False
5. False
Level – II
1. D 2. A 3. D
4. A 5. B 6. B
7. B 8. D 9. D
10. C 11. C 12. B
13. C 14. D 15. A
16. C 17. C, D 18. B, C
19. B, C
1. True 2. False
3. True 4. True
5. True
Fill In the Blanks

1. 8 m/s2 2. 160
3. 4 m/s 4. 17.6 m/s
g
5. D
2h
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What are the different types of motion discussed?

What are the different types of motion discussed?

FIITJEE

Rest and Motion

Motion in a Straight Line

Illustration 1. A particle P is moving along a straight line OS. The Y S

Solution: Distance travelled by A1, S1 = 2  10 = 20 m,

POSITION, PATH LENGTH AND DISPLACEMENT

(i) When motion is along a straight line

Position: To locate the position of the particle at some time

+60 cm and –30 cm, respectively. In vector notation, we represent

(ii) When the motion is along the curved path

Exercise 1: A person moves from A to B along the semicircular

Solution: Distance = 2D meter, Displacement = Zero

Illustration 4. A particle moves along a circle of radius R. Find B

the path length and magnitude of displacement from 

indicates that the particle is stationary in the given reference

Illustration 5. The adjacent figure shows the displacement–time x

Consider the distance time graph as shown in the given

Solution : Let the distance between the two places be 2x km.

The figure depicts the motion of a particle.

x, t group Motion of particle

D Negative slope, so Vx 0 Moving in x direction

Illustration 7. From the velocity– time plot shown in fig. Find

Solution: (a) Distance = area under the curve 5 m/s

(ii) Under what circumstances, does the relationship x = v. t hold good.

(v) In 1.0 sec, a particle goes from point A to point B, moving in a A

(iii) A uniformly moving cricket ball is turned back by hitting

acceleration during the intervals OA, AB, BC and C

= 0.5 m/s2 at 37 South of West.

Solution: The change in velocity Ny

Solution: (A), (B) and C

(ii). Which of the following statement is incorrect?

Uniformly accelerated motion

EQUATION OF MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE WITH UNIFORM ACCELERATION

The equations describing such uniformly accelerated motion are

Derivation of Equations of Motion

By definition, slope of v–t graph gives the acceleration v-u

gives the net displacement during the given time

Graphs Representing Motion of a Particle

(a) Uniform motion

(c) Uniformly retarded motion

Illustration 12. The velocity–time graph of a 80

figure. Find the maximum 40

acceleration of the body and 20

distance travelled by the body in O

Solution: Acceleration is maximum when slope is maximum.

Solution: (a) x(t) = 3t  4t2 + t3

Illustration 17. The velocity–time graph of a particle is given

Motion Under Gravity (Free Fall)

Solution: Velocity = 0 , acceleration =  g

axis as vertically upward, we collect the data in the vector

Position Vector and Displacement

Let the particle be at a point P at any time t and at a point P at any

= (x ˆi  yˆj)  (xiˆ  yj)

Direction of the average velocity is same as that of displacement.