Complex Analysis

The Extended Complex Plane

Proofs of Theorems

August 5, 2017

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Table of contents

1 Topologies on C∞ Theorem

2 Sequences in C∞ Theorem

3 Compactness of C∞ Theorem

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 Topologies on C∞ Theorem

Topologies on C∞ Theorem

Topologies on C∞ Theorem.
Let G ⊂ C. Then G is open in metric space (C, | · |) if and only if G is
open in metric space (C∞ , d).
Proof. Let G ⊂ C be open in (C, | · |) and let a ∈ G . Then, by the
definition of “open,” there is r > 0 such that B(a; r ) ⊂ G . By Proposition
VII.3.3(a), there is ρ > 0 such that B∞ (a, ρ) ⊂ B(a; r ) ⊂ G . Hence G is
open in (C∞ , d).

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 Topologies on C∞ Theorem

Topologies on C∞ Theorem

Topologies on C∞ Theorem.
Let G ⊂ C. Then G is open in metric space (C, | · |) if and only if G is
open in metric space (C∞ , d).
Proof. Let G ⊂ C be open in (C, | · |) and let a ∈ G . Then, by the
definition of “open,” there is r > 0 such that B(a; r ) ⊂ G . By Proposition
VII.3.3(a), there is ρ > 0 such that B∞ (a, ρ) ⊂ B(a; r ) ⊂ G . Hence G is
open in (C∞ , d).
Let G ⊂ C be open in (C∞ , d) and let a ∈ G . Then, by definition of
“open,” there is ρ > 0 such that B∞ (a, ρ) ⊂ G . By Proposition
VII.3.3(b), there is r > 0 such that B(a; r ) ⊂ B∞ (a; ρ) ⊂ G . Hence G is
open in (C∞ , | · |).

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 Topologies on C∞ Theorem

Topologies on C∞ Theorem

Topologies on C∞ Theorem.
Let G ⊂ C. Then G is open in metric space (C, | · |) if and only if G is
open in metric space (C∞ , d).
Proof. Let G ⊂ C be open in (C, | · |) and let a ∈ G . Then, by the
definition of “open,” there is r > 0 such that B(a; r ) ⊂ G . By Proposition
VII.3.3(a), there is ρ > 0 such that B∞ (a, ρ) ⊂ B(a; r ) ⊂ G . Hence G is
open in (C∞ , d).
Let G ⊂ C be open in (C∞ , d) and let a ∈ G . Then, by definition of
“open,” there is ρ > 0 such that B∞ (a, ρ) ⊂ G . By Proposition
VII.3.3(b), there is r > 0 such that B(a; r ) ⊂ B∞ (a; ρ) ⊂ G . Hence G is
open in (C∞ , | · |).

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 Sequences in C∞ Theorem

Sequences in C∞ Theorem

Sequences in C∞ Theorem.
Let {zn }∞
n=1 be a sequence of complex numbers. Then for z ∈ C, zn → z
in metric space (C, | · |) if and only if zn → z in metric space (C∞ , d).
Proof. Suppose zn → z, where z ∈ C, in (C, | · |). Let ε2 > 0. Then
Proposition VII.3.3(b) there is ε1 > 0 such that B(z; ε1 ) ⊂ B∞ (z; ε2 ).
Since zn → z in (C, | · |), then there is N1 ∈ N such that if n ≥ N1 then
|zn − z| < ε1 ; that is, n ≥ N1 implies zn ∈ B(z; ε1 ) ⊂ B∞ (z; ε2 ). Since
ε2 > 0 is arbitrary, we have that zn → z in metric space (C∞ , d).

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 Sequences in C∞ Theorem

Sequences in C∞ Theorem

Sequences in C∞ Theorem.
Let {zn }∞
n=1 be a sequence of complex numbers. Then for z ∈ C, zn → z
in metric space (C, | · |) if and only if zn → z in metric space (C∞ , d).
Proof. Suppose zn → z, where z ∈ C, in (C, | · |). Let ε2 > 0. Then
Proposition VII.3.3(b) there is ε1 > 0 such that B(z; ε1 ) ⊂ B∞ (z; ε2 ).
Since zn → z in (C, | · |), then there is N1 ∈ N such that if n ≥ N1 then
|zn − z| < ε1 ; that is, n ≥ N1 implies zn ∈ B(z; ε1 ) ⊂ B∞ (z; ε2 ). Since
ε2 > 0 is arbitrary, we have that zn → z in metric space (C∞ , d).
Suppose zn → z, where z ∈ C, in (C∞ , d). Let ε1 > 0. Then Proposition
VII.3.3(b) there is ε2 > 0 such that B∞ (z; ε2 ) ⊂ B∞ (z; ε1 ). Since zn → z
in (C∞ , d), then there is N2 ∈ N such that if n ≥ N2 then d(zn , z) < ε2 ;
that is, n ≥ N2 implies zn ∈ B(z; ε2 ) ⊂ B∞ (z; ε1 ). Since ε1 > 0 is
arbitrary, we have that zn → z in metric space (C, | · |).

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 Sequences in C∞ Theorem

Sequences in C∞ Theorem

Sequences in C∞ Theorem.
Let {zn }∞
n=1 be a sequence of complex numbers. Then for z ∈ C, zn → z
in metric space (C, | · |) if and only if zn → z in metric space (C∞ , d).
Proof. Suppose zn → z, where z ∈ C, in (C, | · |). Let ε2 > 0. Then
Proposition VII.3.3(b) there is ε1 > 0 such that B(z; ε1 ) ⊂ B∞ (z; ε2 ).
Since zn → z in (C, | · |), then there is N1 ∈ N such that if n ≥ N1 then
|zn − z| < ε1 ; that is, n ≥ N1 implies zn ∈ B(z; ε1 ) ⊂ B∞ (z; ε2 ). Since
ε2 > 0 is arbitrary, we have that zn → z in metric space (C∞ , d).
Suppose zn → z, where z ∈ C, in (C∞ , d). Let ε1 > 0. Then Proposition
VII.3.3(b) there is ε2 > 0 such that B∞ (z; ε2 ) ⊂ B∞ (z; ε1 ). Since zn → z
in (C∞ , d), then there is N2 ∈ N such that if n ≥ N2 then d(zn , z) < ε2 ;
that is, n ≥ N2 implies zn ∈ B(z; ε2 ) ⊂ B∞ (z; ε1 ). Since ε1 > 0 is
arbitrary, we have that zn → z in metric space (C, | · |).

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 Compactness of C∞ Theorem

Compactness of C∞ Theorem

Compactness of C∞ Theorem.
C∞ is a compact metric space under d.
Proof. Let G be a collection of open sets in metric space (C∞ , d) such
that C∞ ⊂ supG ∈G G . Then ∞ ∈ G for some G ∈ G, say ∞ ∈ G0 . Since
G0 is open and ∞ ∈ G0 , there is ρ > 0 such that B∞ (∞, ρ) ⊂ G0 .

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 Compactness of C∞ Theorem

Compactness of C∞ Theorem

Compactness of C∞ Theorem.
C∞ is a compact metric space under d.
Proof. Let G be a collection of open sets in metric space (C∞ , d) such
that C∞ ⊂ supG ∈G G . Then ∞ ∈ G for some G ∈ G, say ∞ ∈ G0 . Since
G0 is open and ∞ ∈ G0 , there is ρ > 0 such that B∞ (∞, ρ) ⊂ G0 . So by
Proposition VII.2.2(c), there is a compact set K in metric space (C, | · |)
such that C∞ \ K ⊂ B∞ (∞, ρ).

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 Compactness of C∞ Theorem

Compactness of C∞ Theorem

Compactness of C∞ Theorem.
C∞ is a compact metric space under d.
Proof. Let G be a collection of open sets in metric space (C∞ , d) such
that C∞ ⊂ supG ∈G G . Then ∞ ∈ G for some G ∈ G, say ∞ ∈ G0 . Since
G0 is open and ∞ ∈ G0 , there is ρ > 0 such that B∞ (∞, ρ) ⊂ G0 . So by
Proposition VII.2.2(c), there is a compact set K in metric space (C, | · |)
such that C∞ \ K ⊂ B∞ (∞, ρ).
Next, for every z ∈ K there is Gz ∈ G such that z ∈ Gz , since G is an open
cover of C∞ . Since Gz is open in (C∞ , d) then there is ρz > 0 such that
B∞ (z, ρz ) ⊂ Gz . By Proposition VII.2.2(b), there is rz > 0 such that
B(z, rz ) ⊂ B∞ (z, ρz ) ⊂ Gz . Taking all such B(z, rz ) for z ∈ K gives an
open cover of K : K ⊂ ∪z∈K B(z, rz ).

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 Compactness of C∞ Theorem

Compactness of C∞ Theorem

Compactness of C∞ Theorem.
C∞ is a compact metric space under d.
Proof. Let G be a collection of open sets in metric space (C∞ , d) such
that C∞ ⊂ supG ∈G G . Then ∞ ∈ G for some G ∈ G, say ∞ ∈ G0 . Since
G0 is open and ∞ ∈ G0 , there is ρ > 0 such that B∞ (∞, ρ) ⊂ G0 . So by
Proposition VII.2.2(c), there is a compact set K in metric space (C, | · |)
such that C∞ \ K ⊂ B∞ (∞, ρ).
Next, for every z ∈ K there is Gz ∈ G such that z ∈ Gz , since G is an open
cover of C∞ . Since Gz is open in (C∞ , d) then there is ρz > 0 such that
B∞ (z, ρz ) ⊂ Gz . By Proposition VII.2.2(b), there is rz > 0 such that
B(z, rz ) ⊂ B∞ (z, ρz ) ⊂ Gz . Taking all such B(z, rz ) for z ∈ K gives an
open cover of K : K ⊂ ∪z∈K B(z, rz ).

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 Compactness of C∞ Theorem

Compactness of C∞ Theorem (continued)

Compactness of C∞ Theorem.
C∞ is a compact metric space under d.

Proof (continued). Since K is compact in (C, | · |) then there are finitely

many z ∈ K such that the corresponding B(z, tz ) cover K , say
K ⊂ B(z1 , rz1 ) ∪ B(z2 , rz2 ) ∪ · · · ∪ B(zn , rzn ). Since B(z, rz ) ⊂ Gz for all
z ∈ K , then K ⊂ Gz1 ∪ Gz2 ∪ · · · ∪ Gzn and so {Gzi | i = 1, 2, . . . , n} is an
open cover of K .

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 Compactness of C∞ Theorem

Compactness of C∞ Theorem (continued)

Compactness of C∞ Theorem.
C∞ is a compact metric space under d.

Proof (continued). Since K is compact in (C, | · |) then there are finitely

many z ∈ K such that the corresponding B(z, tz ) cover K , say
K ⊂ B(z1 , rz1 ) ∪ B(z2 , rz2 ) ∪ · · · ∪ B(zn , rzn ). Since B(z, rz ) ⊂ Gz for all
z ∈ K , then K ⊂ Gz1 ∪ Gz2 ∪ · · · ∪ Gzn and so {Gzi | i = 1, 2, . . . , n} is an
open cover of K . Therefore {G0 } ∪ {Gi | i = 1, 2, . . . , n} ⊂ G is a finite
cover of C∞ which is a subcover of G and so C∞ is compact.

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 Compactness of C∞ Theorem

Compactness of C∞ Theorem (continued)

Compactness of C∞ Theorem.
C∞ is a compact metric space under d.

Proof (continued). Since K is compact in (C, | · |) then there are finitely

many z ∈ K such that the corresponding B(z, tz ) cover K , say
K ⊂ B(z1 , rz1 ) ∪ B(z2 , rz2 ) ∪ · · · ∪ B(zn , rzn ). Since B(z, rz ) ⊂ Gz for all
z ∈ K , then K ⊂ Gz1 ∪ Gz2 ∪ · · · ∪ Gzn and so {Gzi | i = 1, 2, . . . , n} is an
open cover of K . Therefore {G0 } ∪ {Gi | i = 1, 2, . . . , n} ⊂ G is a finite
cover of C∞ which is a subcover of G and so C∞ is compact.

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