Para Consulta: Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers

Documento para consulta
Designation: D446 − 12
Designation: 71/2/95
Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for

Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* ISO 3105 Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers—

1.1 These specifications cover operating instructions for Specifications and Operating Instructions
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glass capillary kinematic viscometers of all the types described ISO 5725 Basic Methods for the Determination of Repeat-
in detail in Annex A1, Annex A2, and Annex A3 as follows: ability and Reproducibility of a Standard Measurement
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Method
Modified Ostwald viscometers, Annex A1
ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of
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Suspended-level viscometers, Annex A2
Reverse-flow viscometers, Annex A3 Testing and Calibration Laboratories
1.2 The calibration of the viscometers is described in ISO Guide 25 General Requirements for the Calibration and
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Section 6. Testing Laboratories
1.3 This standard covers some widely used viscometers 2.3 NIST Standards:4
suitable for use in accordance with Test Method D445. Other NIST 1297 Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the
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viscometers of the glass capillary type which are capable of Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results
measuring kinematic viscosity within the limits of precision 3. Materials and Manufacture
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given in Test Method D445 may be used.

3.1 Fully annealed, low-expansion borosilicate glass shall
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as be used for the construction of all viscometers. The size
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this number, serial number, and manufacturer’s designation shall be
to
standard. permanently marked on each viscometer. All timing marks

shall be etched and filled with an opaque color, or otherwise
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2. Referenced Documents
made a permanent part of the viscometer. See detailed descrip-
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 tion of each type of viscometer in Annex A1, Annex A2, and
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
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Annex A3.
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
ity) 3.2 With the exception of the FitzSimons and Atlantic
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D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers viscometers, all viscometers are designed to fit through a
and Viscosity Oil Standards 51-mm hole in the lid of a constant-temperature bath having a
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2.2 ISO Documents:3 liquid depth of at least 280 mm; and it is assumed that the
ISO 3104 Petroleum Products—Transparent and Opaque surface of the liquid will be not more than 45 mm from the top
Liquids—Determination of Kinematic Viscosity and Cal- of the bath lid. For certain constant-temperature baths, espe-
culation of Dynamic Viscosity cially at low or high temperatures, it may be necessary to
construct the viscometers with the uppermost tubes longer than
shown to ensure adequate immersion in the constant-
1
These specifications and operating instructions are under the jurisdiction of temperature bath. Viscometers so modified can be used to
ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and are the direct measure kinematic viscosity within the precision of the test
responsibility of Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2012. Published March 2013. Originally
method. The lengths of tubes and bulbs on the figures should be
approved in 1966 as D2515 – 66. Redesignated D446 in 1977. Last previous edition held within 610 % or 610 mm, whichever is less, such that
approved in 2007 as D446 – 07. DOI: 10.1520/D0446-12. the calibration constant of the viscometer does not vary by
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or more than 615 % from the nominal value.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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D446 − 12
4. Nomenclature for Figures eter which is to be calibrated in order that the kinetic energy
4.1 The figures in the annexes contain letters to designate correction (see 7.1 and 7.2) may be less than 0.2 %.
specific parts of each viscometer. These letters are also used in 6.2.2 Select a calibrated viscometer of known viscometer
the text of the standard when reference to the viscometers is constant C1. This viscometer may be a reference viscometer
given. The more frequently used letters on the figures in the (driving head at least 400 mm) that has been calibrated by the
annexes are as follows: step-up procedure using viscometers of successively larger
A lower reservoir
capillary diameters, starting with distilled water as the basic
B suspended level kinematic viscosity standard or a routine viscometer of the
bulb same type that has been calibrated by comparison with a
C and J timing bulbs
D upper reservoir
reference viscometer. See Test Method D2162.
E, F, and I timing marks 6.2.3 Mount the calibrated viscometer together with the
G and H filling marks viscometer to be calibrated in the same bath and determine the
K overflow tube
L mounting tube flow times of the oil in accordance with Test Method D445.
M lower vent tube 6.2.3.1 The calibration of the reference viscometer should
N upper vent tube
P connecting tube
only be carried out by a reputable laboratory meeting the
R working capillary requirements of, for example, ISO Guide 25.
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6.2.4 Calculate the viscometer constant C1 as follows:
5. Viscometer Holder and Alignment
C 1 5 ~ t 2 3 C 2 ! /t 1 (1)
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5.1 All viscometers which have the upper meniscus directly
above the lower meniscus (Cannon-Fenske routine in Annex where:
A1 and all in Annex A2) shall be mounted in a constant C 1 = the constant of the viscometer being calibrated,
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temperature bath with tube L held within 1° of the vertical as t1 = the flow time to the nearest 0.1 s in the viscometer
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observed with a plumb bob or other equally accurate inspection being calibrated,
means. A number of commercially available holders are so C2 = the constant of the calibrated viscometer, and
designed that the tube L is held perpendicular to the lid of a t 2 = the flow time to the nearest 0.1 s in the calibrated
viscometer.
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constant-temperature bath; nevertheless, the viscometer should
be tested with a plumb line in order to ensure that the tube L 6.2.5 Repeat 6.2.1-6.2.3 with a second oil whose flow times
is in a vertical position.
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are at least 50 % longer than the first oil. If the two values of
5.1.1 Those viscometers whose upper meniscus is offset C1 differ by less than 0.2 % for those viscometers listed in
from directly above the lower meniscus (all others in Annex A1 Annex A1 and Annex A2 and less than 0.3 % for those
and all in Annex A3) shall be mounted in a constant- viscometers listed in Annex A3, use the average. If the
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temperature bath with tube L held within 0.3° of the vertical. constants differ by more than this value, repeat the procedure
5.2 Round metal tops, designed to fit above a 51-mm hole in taking care to examine all possible sources of errors.
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the lid of the bath, are frequently cemented on to the Zeitfuchs, 6.2.5.1 The calibration constant, C, is dependent upon the
Zeitfuchs cross-arm, and Lantz-Zeitfuchs viscometers which gravitational acceleration at the place of calibration and this
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then are permanently mounted on the lid of the bath. Also a must, therefore, be supplied by the standardization laboratory
rectangular metal top, 25 mm × 59 mm, is often cemented on together with the instrument constant. Where the acceleration
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to the Zeitfuchs cross-arm and Zeitfuchs viscometers. Viscom- of gravity, g, differs by more than 0.1 %, correct the calibration
eters fitted with metal tops should also be set vertically in the constant as follows:
constant-temperature bath with the aid of a plumb line.
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C 2 5 ~ g 2 /g 1 ! 3 C 1 (2)
5.3 In each figure, the numbers which follow the tube
designation indicate the outside tube diameter in millimetres. It where subscripts 1 and 2 indicate respectively the standard-
is important to maintain these diameters and the designated ization laboratory and the testing laboratory.
spacing to ensure that holders will be interchangeable. 6.3 Certified Viscosity Reference Standards:
6.3.1 Certified viscosity reference standards shall be certi-
6. Calibration of Viscometers
fied by a laboratory that has been shown to meet the require-
6.1 Procedures: ments of ISO 17025 by independent assessment. Certified
6.1.1 Calibrate the kinematic glass capillary viscometers viscosity reference standards shall be traceable to master
covered by this standard using the procedures described in viscometer procedures described in Practice D2162.
Annex A1, Annex A2, and Annex A3. 6.3.1.1 The uncertainty of the certified viscosity reference
6.2 Reference Viscometers: standard shall be stated for each certified value (k=2, 95%
6.2.1 Select a clear petroleum oil, free from solid particles confidence). See ISO 5725 or NIST 1297.
and possessing Newtonian flow characteristics, with a kine- 6.3.2 Select from Table 1 a certified viscosity reference
matic viscosity within the range of both the reference viscom- standard with a kinematic viscosity at the calibration tempera-
eter and the viscometer to be calibrated. The minimum flow ture within the kinematic viscosity range of the viscometer to
time shall be greater than that specified in the appropriate table be calibrated and a minimum flow time greater than that
of the annex in both the reference viscometer and the viscom- specified in the appropriate table of the annex. Determine the
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D446 − 12
TABLE 1 Certified Viscosity Reference Standards
Approximate Kinematic Viscosity, mm 2/s
Designation
20°C 25°C 40°C 50°C 80°C 100°C
S3 4.6 4.0 2.9 ... ... 1.2
S6 11 8.9 5.7 ... ... 1.8
S20 44 34 18 ... ... 3.9
S60 170 120 54 ... ... 7.2
S200 640 450 180 ... ... 17
S600 2400 1600 520 280 67 32
S2000 8700 5600 1700 ... ... 75
S8000 37 000 23 000 6700 ... ... ...
S30000 ... 81 000 23 000 11 000 ... ...
flow time to the nearest 0.1 s in accordance with Test Method ν 5 C·t (5)
D445 and calculate the viscometer constant, C, as follows: 7.2 Kinetic Energy Correction:
C 5 ν/t (3) 7.2.1 The viscometers described in the Annex A1, Annex
A2, and Annex A3 are designed such that the kinetic energy
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where:
correction term, E/t 2, is negligible if the flow time is more than
ν = the kinematic viscosity, mm2/s, for the certified viscos- 200 s. In the case of several sizes of viscometers for the
ity reference standard, and
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measurement of low-kinematic viscosity liquids, a minimum
t = the flow time, s.
flow time greater than 200 s is required in order that the kinetic
6.3.3 Repeat with a second certified viscosity reference energy correction term, E/ t2, shall be negligible. The minimum
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standard whose flow times are at least 50 % longer than the flow times required are set out as footnotes to the appropriate
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first certified viscosity reference standard. If the two values of tables of viscometer dimensions given in the Annex A1, Annex
C differ by less than 0.2 % for those viscometers listed in A2, and Annex A3.
Annex A1 and Annex A2 and less than 0.3 % for those 7.2.2 For viscometers whose constants are 0.05 mm 2/s2 or
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viscometers listed in Annex A3, use the average as the less, a kinetic energy correction can be significant if the
viscometer constant for the viscometer being calibrated. If the minimum 200 s flow is not observed. Where this is not
constants differ by more than this value, repeat the procedure
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possible, Eq 5 takes on the following form:

taking care to examine all possible sources of errors. kinematic viscosity, mm2 /s 5 Ct 2 E/t 2 (6)
6.4 Expression of Constant:
where:
6.4.1 Report the constant to the nearest 0.1 % of the
to
determined value. This generally means four significant figures E = kinetic energy factor, mm2 × s,
from 1 × 10N to 6.999 × 10 N and three significant figures from C = viscometer constant, mm2/s2,
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7 × 10 N to 9.99 × 10N. t = flow time, s.

7.2.3 Although the kinetic energy factor, E, is not a
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7. Kinematic Viscosity Calculation constant, it may be approximated by means of the following

7.1 Basic Formula: equation:
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7.1.1 Kinematic viscosity, expressed in mm2/s, can be E 5 52.5 V 3/2 / L ~ Cd! 1/2 (7)
calculated from the viscometer dimensions as follows:
where:
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ν 5 ~ 106 πgD4 Ht/128 VL! 2 E/t 2 (4)

(using the units given in Figs. A1.1-A3.4)
where: V = volume of the timing bulb, mL,
ν = the kinematic viscosity, mm2/s, L = capillary working length, mm,
g = the acceleration due to gravity, m/s2, d = capillary working diameter, mm,
D = the diameter of the capillary, m, C = viscometer constant, mm2/s2.
L = the length of the capillary, m, NOTE 1—The kinetic energy factor for certain viscometer designs and
H = the average distance between the upper and lower flow time use can result in significant kinematic viscosity errors. Deter-
mine the effect of the kinetic energy factor for viscometers not described
menisci, m, in this specification.
V = the timed volume of liquids passing through the
capillary, m3 (approximately the volume of the timing 7.3 Maximum Flow Time:
bulb), 7.3.1 The limit of 1000 s has been set arbitrarily for
E = the kinetic energy factor, mm2·s, and convenience as the recommended maximum flow time for the
t = the flow time, s. viscometers covered by this standard. Longer flow times may
7.1.2 If the viscometer is selected so that the minimum flow be used.
time shown in the tables of Annex A1, Annex A2, and Annex 7.4 Surface Tension Correction :
A3 are exceeded, the kinetic energy term, E/t2, becomes 7.4.1 If the two menisci have different average diameters
insignificant and Eq 4 may be simplified by grouping the during the flow time and if the surface tension of the sample
non-variable terms into a constant, C, as follows: differs substantially from the calibrating liquid, a surface
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D446 − 12
tension correction is necessary. The changed C constant, C2, is 7.5.3 The following equation can be used to calculate the
given approximately as follows: viscometer constant at temperatures other than the calibration
C 2 5 C 1 @ 11 ~ 2/g h ! ~ 1/r u 2 1/r l ! · ~ γ 1 /ρ 1 2 γ 2 /ρ 2 ! # (8) temperature for the Cannon-Fenske routine, Pinkevitch, and
Cannon-Manning semi-micro viscometers:
where:
g = the acceleration due to gravity, m/s2,
C2 5 C 1 @ 11 ~ 4000 V ~ ρ 2 2 ρ 1 !! /πD 2 hρ 2 ! (9)
h = the average driving head, m, where:

ru = the average radius of the upper meniscus, m, C 1 = the constant of the viscometer when filled and cali-
rl = the average radius of the lower meniscus, m, brated at the same temperature,
γ = the surface tension, N/m, and V = the volume of charge, mL,
ρ = the density, in kg/m3. D = the average diameter of the meniscus in the lower
Subscripts 1 and 2 relate to values with the calibrating liquid reservoir for the Cannon-Fenske routine, Pinkevitch,
and the test portion, respectively. and Cannon-Manning semi-micro viscometers, and in
7.4.2 While this correction applies to all viscometers, a the upper reservoir of the Cannon-Fenske opaque
number of viscometers are designed to minimize the surface viscometer, mm,
tension correction. The greatest correction normally encoun- h = the average driving head, mm,
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tered is with a viscometer calibrated with water and used for ρ 1 = the density of the test liquid at the filling temperature,
oils. Generally, viscometers are calibrated and used with kg/m3 × 10 −3, and
hydrocarbons whose surface tensions are close enough for ρ2 = the density of the test liquid at the test temperature,
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these corrections to be insignificant. kg/m3 × 10−3.
7.5 Effect of Temperature: 7.5.4 The temperature dependence of C for the Cannon-
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7.5.1 The viscometer constant, C, is independent of tem- Fenske opaque (reverse-flow) viscometer is given as follows:
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perature for all those viscometers which have the volume of
sample adjusted at bath temperature and in the case of all C2 5 C 1 @ 1 2 ~ 4000 V ~ ρ 2 2 ρ 1 !! / ~ πD 2 hρ 2 ! # (10)
suspended-level viscometers.
7.5.2 The following viscometers, which have a fixed vol- 8. Keywords
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ume charged at ambient temperature, have a viscometer 8.1 kinematic viscosity; viscometer; viscosity
constant, C, which varies with temperature: Cannon-Fenske
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routine, Pinkevitch, Cannon-Manning semi-micro, Cannon-

Fenske opaque.
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ANNEXES
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(Mandatory Information)
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A1. MODIFIED OSTWALD VISCOMETERS

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A1.1 General A1.1.3.2 Constant volume at the test temperature:

A1.1.1 The following viscometers of the modified Ostwald (1) Zeitfuchs viscometer5
type for transparent liquids follow the basic design of the (2) SIL viscometer
Ostwald viscometer, but are modified to ensure a constant (3) BS/U-tube viscometer
volume test portion in the viscometer as described in A1.1.2 (4) BS/U-tube miniature viscometer
and A1.1.3. A1.2 Operating Instructions
A1.1.2 These viscometers are used for the measurement of A1.2.1 A standard operating procedure applicable to all
the kinematic viscosity of transparent Newtonian liquids up to glass capillary kinematic viscometers is contained in Test
20 000 mm2/s. Method D445. Operating instructions for the modified Ostwald
A1.1.3 For the modified Ostwald viscometers, detailed viscometers are outlined in A1.2.2-A1.2.7 with emphasis on
drawings, size designations, nominal constants, kinematic procedures that are specific to this group of viscometers.
viscosity range, capillary diameter, and bulb volumes for each NOTE A1.1—ISO methods 3104 and 3105 correspond to Test Methods
viscometer are shown in Figs. A1.1-A1.7. D445 and D446, respectively.
A1.1.3.1 Constant volume at filling temperature:
(1) Cannon-Fenske routine viscometer
(2) Cannon-Manning semi-micro viscometer 5
Zeitfuchs is a tradename of Cannon Instrument Co., P. O. Box 16, State
(3) Pinkevitch viscometer College, PA 16804–0016.
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D446 − 12
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NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres. co
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NOTE 2—For size 25 only, the capillary N extends straight through bulbs D and C to about 10 mm below bulb C; the timing mark F encircles this
capillary.
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Kinematic Inside Diameter of Bulb Volume, mL

Approximate Constant, Inside Diameter of Tubes (±5 %)
Size No. Viscosity Range, Tube R, mm
(mm 2/s)/s N, E, and P, mm
mm 2/s (±2 %) D C
to
25 0.002 0.5A to 2 0.30 2.6 to 3.0 3.1 1.6

50 0.004 0.8 to 4 0.44 2.6 to 3.0 3.1 3.1
75 0.008 1.6 to 8 0.54 2.6 to 3.2 3.1 3.1
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100 0.015 3 to 15 0.63 2.8 to 3.6 3.1 3.1

150 0.035 7 to 35 0.78 2.8 to 3.6 3.1 3.1
200 0.1 20 to 100 1.01 2.8 to 3.6 3.1 3.1
300 0.25 50 to 250 1.27 2.8 to 3.6 3.1 3.1
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350 0.5 100 to 500 1.52 3.0 to 3.8 3.1 3.1

400 1.2 240 to 1200 1.92 3.0 to 3.8 3.1 3.1
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450 2.5 500 to 2500 2.35 3.5 to 4.2 3.1 3.1

500 8 1600 to 8000 3.20 3.7 to 4.2 3.1 3.1
600 20 4000 to 20 000 4.20 4.4 to 5.0 4.3 3.1
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250-s minimum flow time; 200-s minimum flow time for all other units.
FIG. A1.1 Cannon-Fenske Routine Viscometer for Transparent Liquids
A1.2.2 Select a clean, dry calibrated viscometer which will viscometer and apply suction to tube L (the Pinkevitch vis-
give a flow-time greater than 200 s or the minimum shown in cometer has a side arm O to which vacuum is applied, with the
the table of dimensions, whichever is greater. finger on tube L being used to control the liquid flow) with tube
A1.2.3 Charge the viscometer in the manner dictated by the N immersed in the liquid sample. Draw the sample to timing
design of the instrument, the operation being in conformity mark F for the Cannon-Fenske routine and Pinkevitch viscom-
with that employed when the unit was calibrated. If the sample eters and to filling mark G for the Cannon-Manning semi-
is thought or known to contain fibers or solid particles, filter micro viscometer. Mount the viscometer upright in the
through a 75–µm screen either prior to or during charging. constant-temperature bath keeping tube L vertical.
NOTE A1.2—To minimize the potential of particles passing through the A1.2.3.2 Mount the Zeitfuchs viscometer in the constant-
filter from aggregating, it is recommended that the time lapse between temperature bath, keeping tube L vertical. Pour sample through
filtering and charging be kept to a minimum. tube L to fill mark G. Allow 15 min for the sample to attain
A1.2.3.1 To charge the Cannon-Fenske routine, Cannon- bath temperature and become free of air bubbles. Attach the
Manning semi-micro, and Pinkevitch viscometers, invert the vacuum line with stopcock and trap to tube K. Slowly draw the
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D446 − 12
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NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.

Kinematic Inside Diameter of Tube
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Approximate Constant, Inside Diameter of Tubes P, E, Volume, Bulb C, mL

Size No.
(mm2 /s)/s Viscosity Range,A R, mm
and F, mm (±5 %)
mm 2/s (±2 %)
1 0.003 0.6 to 3 0.42 3.8 to 4.2 3.0
m
2 0.01 2 to 10 0.59 3.8 to 4.2 4.0

3 0.03 6 to 30 0.78 3.8 to 4.2 4.0
4 0.1 20 to 100 1.16 3.8 to 4.2 5.0
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5 0.3 60 to 300 1.54 3.8 to 4.2 5.0

6 1.0 200 to 1000 2.08 3.8 to 4.2 5.0
7 3.0 600 to 3000 2.76 3.8 to 4.2 5.0
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A
200-s minimum flow time for all units.
FIG. A1.2 Zeitfuchs Viscometer for Transparent Liquids
sample into timing bulb C by partially opening the stopcock in final adjustment of the working volume, remove the finger and
the vacuum line and partially closing tube N with the finger. close or remove the connection to the vacuum source. The final
Allow the excess liquid to flow into bulb D and through tube adjustment may be more conveniently made by disconnecting
K into the trap in the vacuum line. When the liquid in tube L the vacuum and applying pressure to the mounting tube L by
reaches a point 2 mm to 5 mm above filling mark H, hold it at use of a rubber bulb.
this point by alternately closing the opening tube N to the A1.2.3.3 Charge the SIL viscometer by tilting it about 30°
atmosphere with the finger for the time in the Table A1.1 from the vertical, with bulb A below capillary R. Introduce
shown as follows to permit the sample to drain from the walls enough of the sample into tube L for bulb A to fill completely
of tube L. and overflow into the gallery. Return the viscometer to the
(1) Adjust the working volume by drawing the meniscus at vertical position and mount it in the constant-temperature bath
the bottom of the column of the liquid exactly to filling mark so that tube L is vertical. The quantity of sample charged
H, making sure that the sample completely fills the viscometer should be such that the level in the lower reservoir is 3 mm to
between mark H and the tip of the overflow in bulb D; after this 14 mm above opening S. The sample will rise in capillary R
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D446 − 12
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Kinematic Inside Diameter of

Approximate Constant, Inside Diameter of Volume, Bulb C, mL
Size No. Viscosity Range,A Tube R, mm
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(mm2 /s)/s Tubes E and P, mm (±5 %)

mm 2/s (±2 %)
0C 0.003 0.6 to 3 0.41 4.5 to 5.5 3.0
1 0.01 2.0 to 10 0.61 4.5 to 5.5 4.0
m
1C 0.03 6 to 30 0.79 4.5 to 5.5 4.0

2 0.1 20 to 100 1.14 4.5 to 5.5 5.0
2C 0.3 60 to 300 1.50 4.5 to 5.5 5.0
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3 1.0 200 to 1000 2.03 4.5 to 5.5 5.0

3C 3.0 600 to 3000 2.68 4.5 to 5.5 5.0
4 10.0 2000 to 10 000 3.61 4.5 to 5.5 5.0
Do
A
FIG. A1.3 SIL Viscometer for Transparent Liquids
somewhat higher than opening S. After the temperature equi- and for different kinematic viscosities, establish a safe equilib-
librium has been reached, remove any excess sample from the rium time by trial (30 min should be sufficient except for the
gallery by suction applied to tube K. highest kinematic viscosities). One bath is often used to
A1.2.3.4 Mount the BS/U-tube or BS/U/M miniature vis- accommodate several viscometers. Never add or withdraw a
cometer in the constant-temperature bath keeping the tube L viscometer while any other viscometer is in use for measuring
vertical. Using a long pipette to minimize any wetting of tube a flow time.
L above filling mark G, fill bulb A with a slight excess of the
sample. After allowing the sample to attain the bath A1.2.5 Use vacuum (or pressure if the sample contains
temperature, adjust the volume of the sample to bring the liquid volatile constituents) to draw the sample through bulb C to
level within 0.2 mm of filling mark G by withdrawing the about 5 mm above upper timing mark E. Release the vacuum,
sample with a pipette. and allow the sample to flow by gravity.
A1.2.4 Allow the charged viscometer to remain in the bath A1.2.6 Measure, to the nearest 0.1 s, the time required for
long enough to reach the test temperature. Because this time the leading edge of the meniscus to pass from timing mark E
will vary for different instruments, for different temperatures, to timing mark F. If this flow time is less than the minimum
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D446 − 12
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Approximate Kinematic Inside Diameter of Tube Inside Diameter of Tubes
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Volume, Bulb
Size No. Constant, Viscosity Range,A R, mm
C, mL (±5 %)
(mm 2/s)/s mm2/s (±2 %) N and F, mm P, mm
25 0.002 0.4 to 2.0 0.22 ± 0.01 1.0 to 1.2 0.4 to 0.7 0.31
m
50 0.004 0.8 to 4 0.26 ± 0.01 1.0 to 1.2 0.5 to 0.8 0.31

75 0.008 1.6 to 8 0.31 ± 0.01 1.1 to 1.3 0.6 to 0.8 0.31
100 0.015 3 to 15 0.36 ± 0.02 1.2 to 1.4 0.7 to 0.9 0.31
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150 0.035 7 to 35 0.47 ± 0.02 1.2 to 1.4 0.8 to 1.0 0.31

200 0.1 20 to 100 0.61 ± 0.02 1.4 to 1.7 0.9 to 1.2 0.31
300 0.25 50 to 250 0.76 ± 0.02 1.5 to 1.8 1.2 to 1.6 0.31
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350 0.5 100 to 500 0.90 ± 0.03 1.8 to 2.2 1.5 to 1.8 0.31
400 1.2 240 to 1200 1.13 ± 0.03 2.0 to 2.4 1.6 to 2.0 0.31
450 2.5 500 to 2500 1.40 ± 0.04 2.2 to 2.6 2.0 to 2.5 0.31
500 8 1600 to 8000 1.85 ± 0.05 2.4 to 2.8 2.5 to 2.8 0.31
600 20 4000 to 20 000 2.35 ± 0.05 3.0 to 3.4 2.7 to 3.0 0.31
A
FIG. A1.4 Cannon-Manning Semi-Micro Viscometer for Transparent Liquids
flow time specified for the viscometer, select a viscometer with sample, followed by rinsing with a completely volatile solvent.
a smaller diameter capillary and repeat steps A1.2.3-A1.2.6. Dry the viscometer by passing a slow stream of filtered, dry air
A1.2.7 Repeat steps A1.2.5 to A1.2.6 making a duplicate through the viscometer for 2 min, or until the last trace of
measurement of flow time. If the two measurements agree solvent is removed. The use of alkaline cleaning solutions is
within the determinability given in Test Method D445 for the not recommended as changes in the viscometer calibration may
product being measured, use the average for calculating occur.
kinematic viscosity.
A1.2.8 Clean the viscometer thoroughly by several rinsings
with an appropriate solvent completely miscible with the
8
D446 − 12
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n su
NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres. co
ra
Inside Diameter Outside Diameter of TubesA Outside Diameter
Size Nominal Viscometer Kinematic Viscosity Volume Bulb Vertical Distance
of Tube R, mm of Bulbs A and C,
No. Constant, (mm2/s)/s Range, mm2/s L and P, mm N, mm C, mL (±5 %) F to G, mm
pa
(±2 %) mm
A 0.003 0.9B to 3 0.50 8 to 9 6 to 7 5.0 91 ± 4 21 to 23
B 0.01 2.0 to 10 0.71 8 to 9 6 to 7 5.0 87 ± 4 21 to 23
C 0.03 6 to 30 0.88 8 to 9 6 to 7 5.0 83 ± 4 21 to 23
D 0.1 20 to 100 1.40
to
9 to 10 7 to 8 10.0 78 ± 4 25 to 27
E 0.3 60 to 300 2.00 9 to 10 7 to 8 10.0 73 ± 4 25 to 27
F 1.0 200 to 1000 2.50 9 to 10 7 to 8 10.0 70 ± 4 25 to 27
en
G 3.0 600 to 3000 4.00 10 to 11 9 to 10 20.0 60 ± 3 32 to 35

H 10.0 2000 to 10 000 6.10 10 to 11 9 to 10 20.0 50 ± 3 32 to 35
A
Use 1 to 1.25 mm wall tubing for N, P, and L.
m
B
300 s minimum flow time; 200 s minimum flow time for all other sizes.
FIG. A1.5 BS/U-Tube Viscometer for Transparent Liquids

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Do
9
D446 − 12
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su
n
Size Nominal Viscometer Kinematic Viscosity Range,A Inside Diameter of Tube R, Outside Diameter of Tubes
mm 2/s Volume Bulb C, mL (±5 %)
No. Constant, (mm 2/s)/s mm (±2 %) L, N, and PB , mm
co
M1 0.001 0.2 to 1 0.20 6 to 7 0.50
M2 0.005 1 to 5 0.30 6 to 7 0.50
M3 0.015 3 to 15 0.40 6 to 7 0.50
M4 0.04 8 to 40 0.50 6 to 7 0.50
ra
M5 0.1 20 to 100 0.65 6 to 7 0.50
A
200 s minimum flow time for all sizes.
pa
B
Use 1 to 1.25 mm wall tubing for N, P, and L.
FIG. A1.6 BS/U/M Miniature Viscometer for Transparent Liquids

to
en
m
cu
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10
D446 − 12
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Nominal Kinematic Inside
pa
Bulb Volume, mL (±5 %)

Size Viscometer Viscosity Diameter of
No. Constant, Range,A Tube R,
(mm 2/s)/s mm2/s mm (±2 %) D C
A
0 0.0017 0.6 to 1.7 0.40 3.7 3.7
to
1 0.0085 1.7 to 8.5 0.60 3.7 3.7

2 0.027 5.4 to 27 0.80 3.7 3.7
3 0.065 13 to 65 1.00 3.7 3.7
en
4 0.14 28 to 140 1.20 3.7 3.7

5 0.35 70 to 350 1.50 3.7 3.7
6 1.0 200 to 1000 2.00 3.7 3.7
m
7 2.6 520 to 2600 2.50 3.7 3.7

8 5.3 1060 to 5300 3.00 3.7 3.7
9 9.9 1980 to 9900 3.50 3.7 3.7
cu
10 17 3400 to 17 000 4.00 3.7 3.7

A
350 s minimum flow time: 200 s minimum flow time for all other sizes.
Do
FIG. A1.7 Pinkevitch Viscometer for Transparent Liquids
TABLE A1.1 Drainage Time for Various Kinematic Viscosity

Ranges in the Zeitfuchs Viscometer
Kinematic Viscosity of
Drainage Time,
Sample,
s
mm 2/s
Under 10 10 to 20
10 to 100 40 to 60
100 to 1000 100 to 120
Over 1000 180 to 200
11
D446 − 12
A2. SUSPENDED LEVEL VISCOMETERS FOR TRANSPARENT LIQUIDS
A2.1 General sign omits marks G and H since this viscometer is designed
A2.1.1 The suspended level viscometers include the BS/IP/ both for semi-micro and dilution use; pour sufficient sample
SL, BS/IP/SL(S), BS/IP/MSL, Ubbelohde, FitzSimons, through L into bulb A to ensure that capillary R and bulb C can
Atlantic, Cannon-Ubbelohde, and Cannon-Ubbelohde semi- be filled as described in A2.2.6.
micro designs. The distinctive feature of suspended-level A2.2.3.2 Charge the BS/IP/SL, BS/IP/SL(S), BS/IP/MSL,
viscometers is that the liquid is suspended in the capillary and FitzSimons viscometers through tube L with sufficient
which it fills completely. This suspension ensures a uniform sample to fill bulb A, but not bulb B. The viscometer may be
driving head of liquid independent of the quantity of sample mounted vertically in the constant-temperature bath either prior
charged into the viscometer, making the viscometer constant to or following charging of the sample into the viscometer.
independent of temperature. By making the diameter of the A2.2.3.3 Permanently mount the Atlantic viscometer in the
lower meniscus approximately equal to the average diameter of constant-temperature bath with the enlargement S resting on
the upper meniscus, the surface tension correction is greatly the top-split collar, and the lower end of capillary tube R, 25
mm from the bottom of the bath. Pour the sample into a clean
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reduced. Suspended-level viscometers are used for the mea-
surement of the kinematic viscosities of transparent, Newto- 50-mL beaker. Charge the viscometer by positioning the beaker
nian liquids up to 100 000 mm2/s. and sample under tube L so that it will be completely immersed
su
in the sample. Slowly apply vacuum to tube N by turning the
A2.1.2 For the suspended-level viscometers, detailed three-way stopcock O to vacuum. Draw the sample into the
drawings, size designations, nominal viscometer constants, viscometer filling capillary R, timing bulb C, and partially
n
kinematic viscosity range, capillary diameter and bulb volumes filling upper bulb D. Close stopcock O, holding the sample in
co
for each viscometer are shown on Figs. A2.1-A2.7. the viscometer. If only a small sample is available, a short
A2.2 Operating Instructions length of rubber-tipped glass tubing can be placed in the beaker
with the rubber against the bottom of capillary tube R, and the
A2.2.1 A standard operating procedure, applicable to all
ra
sample drawn up as above.
glass capillary kinematic viscometers, is contained in Test
Method D445. Operating instructions for the suspended-level A2.2.4 Allow the charged viscometer to remain in the bath
pa
types are outlined in A2.2.2-A2.2.7 with emphasis on proce- long enough to reach the test temperature. Because this time
dures that are specific to this group of viscometers. will vary for different instruments, for different temperatures
and for different kinematic viscosities, establish a safe equilib-
NOTE A2.1—ISO methods 3104 and 3105 correspond to Test Methods
to
rium time by trial (30 min should be sufficient except for the
D445 and D445, respectively.
highest kinematic viscosities). One bath is often used to
A2.2.2 Select a clean, dry calibrated viscometer which will
en
accommodate several viscometers. Never add or withdraw a

give a flow time greater than 200 s or the minimum shown in viscometer while any other viscometer is in use for measuring
the table of dimensions, whichever is greater. a flow time.
m
A2.2.3 Charge the sample into the viscometer in the manner A2.2.5 Except for the Atlantic viscometer which already has
dictated by the design of the instrument, this operation being in the sample in position, close tube M with the finger and use
cu
conformity with that employed when the instrument was vacuum (or pressure, if the sample contains volatile constitu-
calibrated. If the sample is thought or known to contain fibers ents) to draw the sample slowly through bulb C to about 8 mm
Do
or solid particles, filter through a 75–µm screen either prior to above upper timing mark E. Release vacuum from tube N and
or during charging (see Note A1.1). immediately place a finger from tube M to tube N, holding the
A2.2.3.1 Charge the Ubbelohde and Cannon-Ubbelohde meniscus above timing mark E until the lower meniscus has
viscometers by tilting the instrument about 30° from the dropped below the end of capillary R in bulb B. Release finger
vertical and pouring sufficient sample through the L into bulb and allow the sample to flow by gravity.
A so that when the viscometer is returned to the vertical the
meniscus is between fill marks G and H, and tube P completely A2.2.6 Measure, to the nearest 0.1 s, the time required for
fills without entrapping air. Mount the viscometer in the the leading edge of the meniscus to pass from timing mark E
constant-temperature bath keeping tube L vertical. To facilitate to timing mark F. If this flow time is less than 200 s, select a
charging very viscous liquids, the viscometer may be inverted smaller capillary viscometer and repeat A2.2.3-A2.2.6.
with tube L placed in the sample. Apply vacuum to tube N, A2.2.7 Repeat steps A2.2.6 and A2.2.7 making a duplicate
closing tube M by a finger or rubber stopper; draw sufficient measurement of flow time. If the two measurements agree
sample into tube L such that after wiping L clean and placing within the determinability given in Test Method D445 for the
the viscometer in the constant-temperature bath, bulb A will fill product being measured, use the average for calculating
as described above. The Cannon-Ubbelohde Semi-Micro de- kinematic viscosity.
12
D446 − 12
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co
ra
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Approximate Kinematic Inside Diameter Volume, Inside Diameter
Size No. Constant, Viscosity Range,A of Tube R, mm Bulb C, mL of Tube P, mL
to
(mm 2/s)/s mm 2/s (±2 %) (±5 %) (±5 %)

0 0.001 0.3A to 1 0.24 1.0 6.0
en
0C 0.003 0.6 to 3 0.36 2.0 6.0

0B 0.005 1 to 5 0.46 3.0 6.0
1 0.01 2 to 10 0.58 4.0 6.0
m
1C 0.03 6 to 30 0.78 4.0 6.0

1B 0.05 10 to 50 0.88 4.0 6.0
2 0.1 20 to 100 1.03 4.0 6.0
cu
2C 0.3 60 to 300 1.36 4.0 6.0

2B 0.5 100 to 500 1.55 4.0 6.0
3 1.0 200 to 1 000 1.83 4.0 6.0
3C
Do
3.0 600 to 3 000 2.43 4.0 6.0

3B 5.0 1 000 to 5 000 2.75 4.0 6.5
4 10 2 000 to 10 000 3.27 4.0 7.0
4C 30 6 000 to 30 000 4.32 4.0 8.0
4B 50 10 000 to 50 000 5.20 5.0 8.5
5 100 20 000 to 100 000 6.25 5.0 10.0
A
FIG. A2.1 Ubbelohde Viscometer for Transparent Liquids
A2.2.8 Clean viscometer thoroughly by several rinsings through the viscometer for 2 min, or until the last trace of
with an appropriate solvent completely miscible with the solvent is removed. The use of alkaline cleaning solutions is
sample, followed by rinsing with a completely volatile solvent. not recommended as changes in the viscometer calibration may
Dry the viscometer by passing a slow stream of filtered, dry air occur.
13
D446 − 12
lta
n su
co
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pa
to

en
Approximate Kinematic Inside Diameter of Volume,

Size No. Constant, Viscosity Range,A Tube R, mm Bulb C, mL
(mm 2/s)/s mm 2/s (±2 %) (±5 %)
m
1 0.003 0.6 to 3.0 0.43 3.0

2 0.01 2 to 10 0.60 3.7
cu
3 0.035 7 to 35 0.81 3.7

4 0.10 20 to 100 1.05 3.7
5 0.25 50 to 250 1.32 3.7
Do
6 1.20 240 to 1200 1.96 3.7

A
FIG. A2.2 FitzSimons Viscometer for Transparent Liquids
14
D446 − 12
lta
n su
co
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pa
to

Approximate Kinematic Inside Diameter Volume,
en
Size No. Constant, Viscosity Range, of Tube R, mm Bulb C, mL

(mm 2/s)/s mm2/s (±2 %) (±5 %)
0C 0.003 0.7A to 3 0.42 3.2
m
0B 0.005 1 to 5 0.46 3.2

1 0.01 2 to 10 0.56 3.2
1C 0.03 6 to 30 0.74 3.2
cu
1B 0.05 10 to 50 0.83 3.2

2 0.1 20 to 100 1.00 3.2
2C 0.3 60 to 300 1.31 3.2
Do
2B 0.5 100 to 500 1.48 3.2

3 1.0 200 to 1000 1.77 3.2
3C 3.0 600 to 3000 2.33 3.2
3B 5.0 1000 to 5000 2.64 3.2
A
FIG. A2.3 Atlantic Viscometer for Transparent Liquids
15
D446 − 12
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n su
co
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pa
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Approximate Kinematic Inside Diameter Volume,
en
Size No. Constant, Viscosity Range, of Tube R, mm Bulb C, mL

(mm 2/s)/s mm2/s (±2 %) (±5 %)
25 0.002 0.5A to 2 0.31 1.5
m
50 0.004 0.8 to 4.0 0.44 3.0

75 0.008 1.6 to 8.0 0.54 3.0
100 0.015 3 to 15 0.63 3.0
cu
150 0.035 7 to 35 0.78 3.0

200 0.1 20 to 100 1.01 3.0
300 0.25 50 to 250 1.26 3.0
Do
350 0.5 100 to 500 1.48 3.0

400 1.2 240 to 1200 1.88 3.0
450 2.5 500 to 2500 2.25 3.0
500 8 1600 to 8000 3.00 3.0
600 20 4000 to 20 000 3.75 3.0
650 45 9000 to 45 000 4.60 3.0
700 100 20 000 to 100 000 5.60 3.0
A
FIG. A2.4 Cannon-Ubbelohde (A) and Cannon-Ubbelohde Dilution (B) Viscometers for Transparent Liquids
16
D446 − 12
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co
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pa
to

Approximate Kinematic Inside Diameter Volume, Inside Diameter of
en
Size No. Constant, Viscosity Range,A of Tube R, mm Bulb C, mL Tubes N, E, F,

(mm 2/s)/s mm 2/s (±2 %) (±5 %) and P, mm
25 0.002 0.4 to 2.0 0.22 0.30 1.2 to 1.4
m
50 0.004 0.8 to 4 0.25 0.30 1.2 to 1.4

75 0.008 1.6 to 8 0.30 0.30 1.2 to 1.4
100 0.015 3 to 15 0.36 0.30 1.2 to 1.4
cu
150 0.035 7 to 35 0.47 0.30 1.2 to 1.4

200 0.1 20 to 100 0.61 0.30 1.4 to 1.7
300 0.25 50 to 250 0.76 0.30 1.5 to 1.8
Do
350 0.5 100 to 500 0.90 0.30 1.8 to 2.2

400 1.2 240 to 1200 1.13 0.30 2.1 to 2.5
450 2.5 500 to 2500 1.40 0.30 2.4 to 2.8
500 8 1600 to 8000 1.85 0.30 2.7 to 3.1
600 20 4000 to 20 000 2.35 0.30 3.7 to 4.0
A
FIG. A2.5 Cannon-Ubbelohde Semi-Micro Viscometer for Transparent Liquids
17
D446 − 12
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NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimeters. co
ra
Nominal Viscometer
Size Kinematic Viscosity Range, Inside Diameter of Volume Bulb C, mL Inside Diameter of Inside Diameter of
Constant, (mm 2
No. mm /s Tube R, mm (±2%) (±5%) Tube N, mm Tube at E, mm
2/s)/s
pa
1 0.0008 1.05A min 0.36 5.6 2.8 to 3.2 3

2 0.003 2.1B to 3 0.49 5.6 2.8 to 3.2 3
3 0.01 3.8C to 10 0.66 5.6 2.8 to 3.2 3
4 0.03 6 to 30 0.87 5.6 2.8 to 3.2 3
to
5 0.1 20 to 100 1.18 5.6 2.8 to 3.2 3

6 0.3 60 to 300 1.55 5.6 2.8 to 3.2 3
7 1.0 200 to 1000 2.10 5.6 3.7 to 4.3 4
en
8 3.0 600 to 3000 2.76 5.6 4.6 to 5.4 5

9 10.0 2000 to 10 000 3.80 5.6 4.6 to 5.4 5
A
1320 s minimum flow time;
m
B
600 s minimum flow time;
C
380 s minimum flow time; 200 s minimum flow time for all other sizes.
cu
FIG. A2.6 BS/IP/SL(S) Viscometer for Transparent Liquids

Do
18
D446 − 12
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Nominal Kinematic Inside Inside

Volume
Size Viscometer Viscosity Diameter of Diameter of
en
Bulb C,
No. Constant, Range,A Tube R, mm
mL (±5 %)
Tubes N and
(mm 2/s)/s mm2/s (±2 %) P, mm
1 0.003 0.6 to 3 0.35 1.2 4 to 6
m
2 0.01 2 to 10 0.45 1.2 4 to 6

3 0.03 6 to 30 0.62 1.2 4 to 6
4 0.1 20 to 100 0.81 1.2 4 to 6
cu
5 0.3 60 to 300 1.10 1.2 4 to 6

6 1.0 200 to 1000 1.45 1.2 4 to 6
7 3.0 600 to 3000 1.98 1.2 4 to 6
Do
A
200 s minimum flow time for all sizes.
FIG. A2.7 BS/IP/MSL Viscometer for Transparent Liquids
19
D446 − 12
A3. REVERSE FLOW VISCOMETERS FOR TRANSPARENT AND OPAQUE LIQUIDS
A3.1 General thin films are opaque. Reverse-flow viscometers are used for
A3.1.1 The reverse-flow viscometers for transparent and the measurement of kinematic viscosities of opaque and
opaque liquids include the Zeitfuchs cross-arm, Cannon- transparent liquids up to 300 000 mm 2/s.
Fenske opaque, BS/IP/RF and Lantz-Zeitfuchs viscometers. A3.1.2 For the reverse-flow viscometers, detailed drawings,
Unlike the modified Ostwald and suspended-level viscometers, size designations, nominal viscometer constants, kinematic
the sample of liquid flows into a timing bulb not previously viscosity range, capillary diameter and bulb volumes for each
wetted by sample, thus allowing the timing of liquids whose viscometer are shown in Figs. A3.1-A3.4.
lta
n su
co
ra
pa
to
en
m
cu
Do

Approximate Inside Diameter Lower Bulb Horizontal Tube
Size No. Constant, Kinematic Viscosity Range,A of Tube R, mm
Length of Tube R ,
Volume, mL Diameter, mm
mm 2/s mm
(mm 2/s)/s (±2 %) (±5 %) (±5 %)
1 0.003 0.6 to 3 0.27 210 0.3 3.9
2 0.01 2 to 10 0.35 210 0.3 3.9
3 0.03 6 to 30 0.46 210 0.3 3.9
4 0.10 20 to 100 0.64 210 0.3 3.9
5 0.3 60 to 300 0.84 210 0.3 3.9
6 1.0 200 to 1000 1.15 210 0.3 4.3
7 3.0 600 to 3000 1.42 210 0.3 4.3
8 10.0 2000 to 10 000 1.93 165 0.25 4.3
9 30.0 6000 to 30 000 2.52 165 0.25 4.3
10 100.0 20 000 to 100 000 3.06 165 0.25 4.3
A
FIG. A3.1 Zeitfuchs Cross-Arm Viscometers for Transparent and Opaque Liquids
20
D446 − 12
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en
Bulb C Inside Diameter

Kinematic Inside Diameter of Volume, Bulbs
Approximate of Tube N Volume, Bulb D ,
Size No. Viscosity Range,A Tube R, A, C, and J,
Constant,B mm2/s
Tubes E, F, and I,
mL (±5 %)
mL (±5 %)
mm (±2 %)
(mm2/s)/s mm (±5 %)
m
25 0.002 0.4 to 2 0.31 3.0 1.6 11

50 0.004 0.8 to 4 0.42 3.0 2.1 11
cu
75 0.008 1.6 to 8 0.54 3.0 2.1 11

100 0.015 3 to 15 0.63 3.2 2.1 11
150 0.035 7 to 35 0.78 3.2 2.1 11
200 0.1 20 to 100 1.02 3.2 2.1 11
Do
300 0.25 50 to 200 1.26 3.4 2.1 11

350 0.5 100 to 500 1.48 3.4 2.1 11
400 1.2 240 to 1200 1.88 3.4 2.1 11
450 2.5 500 to 2500 2.20 3.7 2.1 11
500 8 1600 to 8000 3.10 4.0 2.1 11
600 20 4000 to 20 000 4.00 4.7 2.1 13
A
B
Bulb J nominal constant will be less than Bulb C constant by approximately 25%.
FIG. A3.2 Cannon-Fenske Opaque Viscometer for Transparent and Opaque Liquids
A3.2 Operation Instructions NOTE A3.1—ISO methods 3104 and 3105 correspond to Test Methods
D445 and D446, respectively.
A3.2.1 A standard operating procedure applicable to all
glass capillary kinematic viscometers is contained in Test A3.2.2 Select a clean, dry calibrated viscometer which will
Method D445. Operating instructions for the reverse-flow give a flow time greater than 200 s and a kinetic energy
viscometers are outlined in A3.2.2-A3.2.7 with emphasis on correction of less than 0.2 %.
procedures that are specific to a particular instrument or this A3.2.3 Charge the viscometer in the manner dictated by the
group of instruments. design of the instrument, this operation being in conformity
21
D446 − 12
lta
n su
co
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pa
to

Approximate Kinematic Inside Diameter Length of
en
Volume, Bulb C,
Size No. Constant, Viscosity Range,A of Tube R, Tube R,
mL (±5 %)
(mm2/s)/s mm2/s mm (±2 %) mm
5 0.3 60 to 300 1.65 490 2.7
m
6 1.0 200 to 1000 2.25 490 2.7

7 3.0 600 to 3000 3.00 490 2.7
8 10.0 2000 to 10 000 4.10 490 2.7
cu
9 30.0 6000 to 30 000 5.20 490 2.7

10 100.0 20 000 to 100 000 5.20 490 0.85
A
Do
FIG. A3.3 Lantz-Zeitfuchs Viscometer for Transparent and Opaque Liquids
with that employed when the unit was calibrated. If the sample A3.2.3.2 Mount the Zeitfuchs cross-arm viscometer in the
is thought or known to contain fibers or solid particles, filter constant-temperature bath, keeping tube N vertical. Introduce
through a 75 µm screen either prior to or during charging. See the test specimen through tube N, taking care not to wet the
Note A1.1. sides of tube N, into the cross-arm D until the leading edge
A3.2.3.1 To charge the Cannon-Fenske opaque viscometer, stands within 0.5 mm of fill mark G on the siphon tube. The
invert the viscometer and apply suction to the tube L, immers- volume of the test specimen is dependent on the location of the
ing tube N in the liquid sample. Draw liquid through tube N, fill mark G. When the flow time of the lower meniscus is being
filling bulb D to filling mark G. Wipe any excess sample off measured between timing marks E and F (see A3.2.6), the
tube N and invert the viscometer to its normal position. Mount upper meniscus shall be in the horizontal cross-arm D, thus
the viscometer in the constant temperature bath, keeping tube making the location of fill mark G critical.
L vertical. Close tube N with a rubber stopper or a short length A3.2.3.3 Mount the Lantz-Zeitfuchs viscometer in the
of rubber tube with a screw clamp. constant-temperature bath, keeping tube N vertical. Introduce
22
D446 − 12
lta
n su
co
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to

Nominal viscometer Kinematic viscosity Inside Diameter Inside diameter at E,
Length of tube R, Volume bulb C
en
Size No. constant range,A of tube R,

mm
F, and H
mL (±5 %)
(mm 2/s)/s mm2/s mm (2 %) mm
1 0.003 0.6 to 3 0.51 185 3.0 to 3.3 4.0
2 0.01 2 to 10 0.71 185 3.0 to 3.3 4.0
m
3 0.03 6 to 30 0.93 185 3.0 to 3.3 4.0

4 0.1 20 to 100 1.26 185 3.0 to 3.3 4.0
cu
5 0.3 60 to 300 1.64 185 3.0 to 3.3 4.0

6 1.0 200 to 1000 2.24 185 3.0 to 3.3 4.0
7 3.0 600 to 3000 2.93 185 3.3 to 3.6 4.0
8 10 2000 to 10 000 4.00 185 4.4 to 4.8 4.0
Do
9 30 6000 to 30 000 5.5 185 6.0 to 6.7 4.0

10 100 20 000 to 100 000 7.70 210 7.70 4.0
11 300 60 000 to 300 000 10.00 210 10.00 4.0
A
200 s minimum flow time for all units.
FIG. A3.4 BS/IP/RF U-Tube Reverse Flow Viscometers for Opaque Liquids
sufficient sample through tube N to completely fill bulb D, A3.2.3.4 Mount the BS/IP/RF viscometer in the constant-
overflowing slightly into overflow tube K. If the sample is temperature bath keeping the straight portion of the capillary
poured at a temperature above the test temperature, wait 15 tube R vertical by using a plumb-line observed in two
min for the sample in the viscometer to attain bath temperature directions at right angles, or as stated in the certificate of
and add more sample to overflow slightly into tube K. calibration.
23
D446 − 12
(1) Allow the viscometer to reach the bath temperature and A3.2.6 Measure to the nearest 0.1 s the time required for the
then pour sufficient of the filtered test sample into the filling uppermost ring of contact of the sample with the glass to rise
tube N to a point just below the filling mark G avoiding wetting from the bottom of timing mark E to the bottom of timing mark
the glass above G. F. The lower filling mark H, as shown in Fig. A3.4 (BS/IP/RF
(2) Allow the liquid to flow through the capillary tube R, U-tube) if applicable, must not be confused with the lower
taking care that the liquid column remains unbroken, until it timing mark E. Timing marks F and I and bulb J (as shown in
reaches a position about 5 mm below the filling mark H and Fig. A3.2) may be used to make a second viscosity determi-
arrest its flow at this point by closing the timing tube L with a nation immediately following the determination made in bulb
rubber bung. It is desirable that the rubber bung is fitted with C for Newtonian samples only. Note that bulb C and J have
a glass tube and stopcock so that one can apply a controllable, separate calibration constants which shall be used for calculat-
very slight excess pressure to tube L. ing their respective viscosity determinations from the measured
(3) Add more liquid to the filling tube N to bring the oil efflux times. If measuring two viscosity determinations in this
surface to just below mark G. Allow the sample to reach the manner using both bulbs C and J, ensure that the two
determinations do not differ by more than the precision
bath temperature and air bubbles to rise to the surface (at least
estimate for the test method used (for example, the determin-
30 min is required).
ability limit in the Precision of Test Method D445) – see Note
(4) Gently manipulate the stopcock or bung closing the
lta
A3.2. If the flow time is less than the minimum specified for
tube L until the level of the liquid is arrested at mark H. The
the viscometer, select a clean, dry viscometer with a smaller
uppermost ring of contact of the sample with the glass should diameter capillary and repeat stepsA3.2.2-A3.2.6.
su
coincide with the bottom of mark H. Add sample to tube N
until the uppermost ring of its contact with tube N coincides NOTE A3.2—If the two kinematic viscosity determinations so calculated
meet or are better than the determinability limits set in Test Method D445
with the bottom of mark G.
n
for the sample being measured, this is indication that the test sample is
likely Newtonian. If the two kinematic viscosities so calculated vary
A3.2.4 Allow the charged viscometer to remain in the bath
co
significantly from each other (they do not meet the determinability limit),
long enough to reach the test temperature. Because this time the test sample may be non-Newtonian. The magnitude of the difference
will vary for different instruments, for different temperatures, between the kinematic viscosities calculated from the two timing bulbs
and for different kinematic viscosities, establish a safe equilib- can give an indication of the level of deviation from Newtonian fluid
ra
behavior.
rium time by trial (30 min should be sufficient except for the
highest kinematic viscosities). One bath is often used to A3.2.7 Using this viscometer after it has been thoroughly
pa
accommodate several viscometers. Never add or withdraw a cleaned and dried, or a second clean and dry viscometer, repeat
viscometer while any other viscometer is in use for measuring steps A3.2.3-A3.2.6 making a duplicate determination of the
kinematic viscosity. If the two determinations agree within the
a flow time.
to
determinability given in Test Method D445 for the product

A3.2.5 For the Cannon-Fenske opaque and BS/IP/RF being measured, report the average of the calculated kinematic
en
viscometers, remove the stopper in tubes N and L, respectively, viscosities. Note that the precision of the viscometers in Annex
and allow the sample to flow by gravity. For the Zeitfuchs A3 is slightly poorer than those in Annex A1 and Annex A2
cross-arm viscometer, apply slight vacuum to tube M (or (see 6.3.3).
m
pressure to tube N) to cause the meniscus to move over the A3.2.8 Clean the viscometer thoroughly by several rinsings
siphon tube, and about 30 mm below the level of tube D in with the appropriate solvent completely miscible with the
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capillary R; gravity flow is thus initiated. For the Lantz- sample, followed by a completely volatile solvent. Dry the
Zeitfuchs viscometer, apply slight vacuum to tube M (or viscometer by passing a slow stream of filtered, dry air through
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pressure tube N with tube K closed) until the lower meniscus the viscometer for 2 min, or until the last trace of solvent is
is opposite the lower timing mark E; allow the sample to flow removed. The use of alkaline cleaning solutions is not recom-
by gravity. mended as changes in the viscometer calibration may occur.
24
D446 − 12
REFERENCES
(1) Cannon, M. R., and Fenske, M. R., “Viscosity Measurement,” Engineering Chemistry, Analytical Edition, ANCHA, Vol 7, 1935.
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Analytical Edition, ANCHA, (6) Watt, J. J., and Headington, C. E., “New Viscometer Solves Old
Vol 10, 1938, p. 297. Problems,” Petroleum, Refiner., PEREA, October 1954 .
(2) Zeitfuchs, E. H., “An Accurate Viscometer for Refinery Control (7) Cannon, M. R., and Manning, R. E., “Viscosity Measurement,”
Laboratories,” Proceedings , American Petroleum Institute, PDRAA, Analytical Chemistry , ANCHA, Vol 32, 1960, p. 355.
Vol 20 (III), 1939. (8) Cannon, M. R., and Fenske, M. R., “Viscosity Measurement—Opaque
(3) Ruh, E. L., Walker, R. N., and Dean, E. W., “The SIL Viscometer,” Liquids,” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Analytical Edition,
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, ANCHA, Vol 13, 1941, p. 346. ANCHA, Vol 13, 1941, p. 299.
(4) Ubbelohde, L., “The Suspended Level Viscometer,” Journal, Institute (9) Zeitfuchs, E. H., “Kinematic Viscometer for Opaque and Very Viscous
of Petroleum Technology (London), JIPEA, Vol 22, 1936, p. 37.
Liquids,” Oil and Gas Journal, OIGJA, Vol 44, No. 36, 1946, p. 99.
(5) FitzSimons, O.,“ A Rapid Precision Viscometer,” Industrial and
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
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Subcommittee D02.07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(D446–07) that may impact the use of this standard.)
su
(1) Revised A3.2.6 for clarification on the use of the Cannon (2) Added Note A3.2.
n
Fenske Opaque type viscometer when measuring Newtonian (3) Revised Fig. A3.2 to note the “approximate constant” is for
co
materials. Bulb C and added Footnote B for Bulb J.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
ra
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
pa
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
to
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en
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COPYRIGHT/).
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25

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Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for

1. Scope* ISO 3105 Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers—

given in Test Method D445 may be used.

standard. permanently marked on each viscometer. All timing marks

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

possible, Eq 5 takes on the following form:

7 × 10 N to 9.99 × 10N. t = flow time, s.

7. Kinematic Viscosity Calculation constant, it may be approximated by means of the following

ν 5 ~ 106 πgD4 Ht/128 VL! 2 E/t 2 (4)

h = the average driving head, m, where:

routine, Pinkevitch, Cannon-Manning semi-micro, Cannon-

A1. MODIFIED OSTWALD VISCOMETERS

A1.1 General A1.1.3.2 Constant volume at the test temperature:

Kinematic Inside Diameter of Bulb Volume, mL

25 0.002 0.5A to 2 0.30 2.6 to 3.0 3.1 1.6

100 0.015 3 to 15 0.63 2.8 to 3.6 3.1 3.1

350 0.5 100 to 500 1.52 3.0 to 3.8 3.1 3.1

450 2.5 500 to 2500 2.35 3.5 to 4.2 3.1 3.1

FIG. A1.1 Cannon-Fenske Routine Viscometer for Transparent Liquids

NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.

Approximate Constant, Inside Diameter of Tubes P, E, Volume, Bulb C, mL

2 0.01 2 to 10 0.59 3.8 to 4.2 4.0

5 0.3 60 to 300 1.54 3.8 to 4.2 5.0

FIG. A1.2 Zeitfuchs Viscometer for Transparent Liquids

NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.

Kinematic Inside Diameter of

(mm2 /s)/s Tubes E and P, mm (±5 %)

1C 0.03 6 to 30 0.79 4.5 to 5.5 4.0

3 1.0 200 to 1000 2.03 4.5 to 5.5 5.0

FIG. A1.3 SIL Viscometer for Transparent Liquids

NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.

50 0.004 0.8 to 4 0.26 ± 0.01 1.0 to 1.2 0.5 to 0.8 0.31

150 0.035 7 to 35 0.47 ± 0.02 1.2 to 1.4 0.8 to 1.0 0.31

FIG. A1.4 Cannon-Manning Semi-Micro Viscometer for Transparent Liquids

G 3.0 600 to 3000 4.00 10 to 11 9 to 10 20.0 60 ± 3 32 to 35

FIG. A1.5 BS/U-Tube Viscometer for Transparent Liquids

FIG. A1.6 BS/U/M Miniature Viscometer for Transparent Liquids

Bulb Volume, mL (±5 %)

1 0.0085 1.7 to 8.5 0.60 3.7 3.7

4 0.14 28 to 140 1.20 3.7 3.7

7 2.6 520 to 2600 2.50 3.7 3.7

10 17 3400 to 17 000 4.00 3.7 3.7

FIG. A1.7 Pinkevitch Viscometer for Transparent Liquids

TABLE A1.1 Drainage Time for Various Kinematic Viscosity

A2. SUSPENDED LEVEL VISCOMETERS FOR TRANSPARENT LIQUIDS

accommodate several viscometers. Never add or withdraw a

NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.

(mm 2/s)/s mm 2/s (±2 %) (±5 %) (±5 %)

0C 0.003 0.6 to 3 0.36 2.0 6.0

1C 0.03 6 to 30 0.78 4.0 6.0

2C 0.3 60 to 300 1.36 4.0 6.0

3.0 600 to 3 000 2.43 4.0 6.0

FIG. A2.1 Ubbelohde Viscometer for Transparent Liquids

NOTE 1—All dimensions are in millimetres.

Approximate Kinematic Inside Diameter of Volume,

1 0.003 0.6 to 3.0 0.43 3.0

3 0.035 7 to 35 0.81 3.7

6 1.20 240 to 1200 1.96 3.7