Designation: E2251 − 14

Standard Specification for

Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard
Precision Liquids1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2251; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope E344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-

1.1 The purpose of this standard is to specify liquid-in-glass etry
ASTM thermometers using low hazard thermometric liquids E563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath
defined in this standard. as a Reference Temperature
1.2 This standard specifies liquid-in-glass thermometers 3. Terminology
graduated in degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit that are
frequently identified and used in methods under the jurisdiction 3.1 Definitions—The definitions given in Terminology E344
of the various technical committees within ASTM. The current apply.
approved thermometers are listed in Table 1. 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3 The technical requirements for the thermometric liquids 3.2.1 bulb length, n—the distance from the bottom of the
used in the thermometers in Table 1 are specified in Annex A1. bulb to the junction of the bulb and the stem tubing.
Tests for conformity to the technical requirements are also 3.2.2 contraction chamber, n—an enlargement of the
found in Annex A1. capillary, located below the main scale or between the main
NOTE 1—It has been found by experience that ASTM Thermometers, scale and the auxiliary scale, that serves to reduce the scale
although developed in general for specific tests, may also be found
suitable for other applications, thus precluding the need for new thermom-
length or to prevent contraction of all the liquid column into the
eter specifications differing in only minor features. However, it is bulb.
suggested that technical committees contact E20.05 before choosing a 3.2.3 diameter, n—the largest outside dimension of the glass
currently designated thermometer for a new method to be sure the
thermometer will be suitable for the intended application.
tubing as measured with a ring gage.
1.4 For full rationale, see Appendix X1. 3.2.4 expansion chamber, n—an enlargement at the top of
the capillary to provide protection against breakage caused by
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the excessive gas pressure.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.2.5 faden thermometer, n—a thermometer with a long,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- thin bulb used to determine emergent stem temperatures.
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use. 3.2.6 interval error, n—the deviation of the nominal value of
a temperature interval from its true value; either for the total
2. Referenced Documents range (total interval) or for a part of the range (partial interval).
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 3.2.7 low-hazard liquid, n—a liquid that is biodegradable,
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers non-hazardous and considered non-toxic in thermometer quan-
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther- tities.
mometers
NOTE 2—It is the responsibility of the manufacturer to determine the
suitability of a liquid for this standard. In marking the thermometer with
the ASTM designation the manufacturer is confirming that the liquid in the
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 on thermometer is non-hazardous as defined by current OSHA (Occupational
Temperature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.05 Safety and Health Administration) standards and non-toxic in thermom-
on Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers and Hydrometers. eter quantities per current definitions of the United States Environmental
Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published September 2014. Originally Protection Agency.
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E2251–11. DOI:
10.1520/E2251-14. 3.2.8 thermometric liquid, n—the liquid in a liquid-in-glass
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or thermometer that indicates the value of temperature.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 3.2.9 top of the thermometer, n—the top of the finished
the ASTM website. instrument.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 E2251 − 14
3.2.10 total length, n—overall length of the finished instru- operations, or graduations so close to the top of the thermometer that
ment. excessive gas pressure results when the thermometric liquid is raised to
this level, may lead to appreciable errors.
3.3 Other terms may be found in the Terminology sections
8.1.1 A 13-mm length of unchanged capillary between the
of Specification E1 and Test Method E77.
bulb and the immersion line or lowest graduation, if the
4. Specifications graduation is not above 100°C (212°F); a 30-mm length if the
graduation is above 100°C (212°F).
4.1 The individual thermometers shall conform to the de-
8.1.2 A 5-mm length of unchanged capillary between an
tailed specifications given in Table 1, the general requirements
enlargement and the graduation next below, except at the top of
specified in Sections 5 – 15, and Annex A1 and Annex A2.
NOTE 3—Thermometers manufactured to previous revisions of this
the thermometer.
standard shall retain the same ASTM status as those meeting current 8.1.3 A 10-mm length of unchanged capillary between an
specifications. enlargement, other than the bulb, and the immersion line or the
NOTE 4—The encapsulation (jacketing) of the glass of liquid-in-glass graduation next above, if the graduation is not above 100°C
thermometers with polyflourinated hydrocarbons will change their perfor-
(212°F); a 30-mm length if the graduation is above 100°C
mance and physical characteristics, including, but not limited to, response
time, accuracy, and physical dimensions. Therefore, under no circum- (212°F).
stances should an encapsulated or otherwise modified ASTM thermometer 8.1.4 A 10-mm length of unchanged capillary above the
be used in performing tests that specify the use of an ASTM thermometer. highest graduation, if there is an expansion chamber at the top
of the thermometer; a 30-mm length if there is no expansion
5. Type
chamber. For the purposes of this requirement, “an expansion
5.1 Each thermometer in Table 1 shall be of the liquid-in- chamber” is interpreted as an enlargement at the top end of the
glass type filled with a low hazard thermometric liquid that capillary bore that shall have a capacity equivalent to not less
meets the specifications in Annex A1. The gas filling above the than 20 mm of unchanged capillary.
liquid shall be nitrogen or other suitable inert gas. The filling
8.2 Due to a change in the methods used for scale
gas shall be chosen to have very low solubility in the
placement, it is possible to manufacture thermometers that
thermometric fluid.
comply with the specifications given in Table 1, but not meet
6. Stem the requirements for capillary clearances given above. In any
case, the distances given in this section are the governing
6.1 Stem—The stem shall be made of suitable thermometer factor. Under no circumstances shall the scales on thermom-
tubing and shall have a plain front and enamel back. eters be placed closer than these minimum distances.
6.2 Top Finish—The top of all thermometers specified in
Table 1 shall have a plain rounded finish, except the following, 9. Graduations and Inscriptions
which shall have the top finish indicated below. Any special top
finish shall be included in the total length of the thermometer. 9.1 All graduation lines, figures, and letters shall be clearly
6.2.1 Special Finish: defined, suitably colored, and permanent. The width and the
6.2.1.1 Any finish suitable for assembly in a standard sharpness of the graduation lines shall be designed in accor-
304.8-mm (12-in.) non-sparking metal armor with open face; dance with necessary space between the graduations and the
in a cup case assembly; or in a flushing case assembly as desired accuracy of interpolation. The middle of the graduation
defined in standards the thermometers are used in: line shall be accurately determinable.
9.1.1 A suitably etched thermometer with the etched lines
Thermometers S58C, S58F, S59C, S59F, S130C, S130F
and figures filled with a suitable colorant shall be considered
7. Bulb permanently marked provided it passes the test for permanency
of pigment in Specification E1.
7.1 The bulb shall be made of glass having a viscosity of at
least 1014.6 poises at 490°C (914°F) and at least 1013.4 poises at 9.2 Graduation Lines—All graduation lines shall be
520°C (968°F). straight, of uniform width, and perpendicular to the axis of the
NOTE 5—Thermometers made with bulb glasses having properties close thermometer. The width of the graduation lines shall be as
to these minimum requirements should not be subjected to temperatures follows:
above 405°C (760°F) or be continuously exposed to temperatures above
370°C (700°F). 9.2.1 Group 1—Maximum line width 0.10 mm; for ther-
mometers that may read to fractions of a division, often with
8. Capillary Clearances magnifying aids:
8.1 The following distances between graduations and the Thermometers S56C, S56F, S62C, S62F, S63C, S63F, S64C, S64F,
S65C, S65F, S66C, S66F, S67C, S67F, S91C, S116C, S117C,
bulb, and between graduations and enlargements in the S120C
capillary, are minimum limits acceptable for thermometers in
9.2.2 Group 2—Maximum line width 0.15 mm; for ther-
this standard.
mometers that may be read to the nearest half division or where
NOTE 6—In order for a thermometer to be usable over its entire the congestion of scale dictates the use of a scale to moderate
graduated range, graduation marks must not be placed too close to any fineness:
enlargement in the capillary. Insufficient immersion of the thermometric
liquid in the main bulb or capillary enlargement, graduation marks placed Thermometers S5C, S5F, S12C, S12F, S15C, S15F, S18C, S18F,
over parts of the capillary that have been changed by manufacturing S22C, S22F

2
 E2251 − 14
9.2.3 Group 3—Maximum line width 0.20 mm; for ther- 12. Bulb Stability
mometers with more open scales, usually read to the nearest
12.1 No test for bulb stability is necessary for any thermom-
division, often times under adverse conditions where a bold
graduation is therefore desired: eters currently in this standard. However, should there be in the
future, the bulb stability test as found in Specification E1 shall
Thermometers S58C, S58F, S59C, S59F, S130C, S130F
be used.
9.3 Immersion Line—On partial immersion thermometers
an immersion line shall be permanently marked on the front of 13. Scale Error
the thermometer at the distance above the bottom of the bulb as
specified in Table 1 within a tolerance of 60.5 mm. The 13.1 Thermometers shall be verified and calibrated at the
immersion inscription shall be written in capital letters and temperatures specified in Table 4. Partial immersion thermom-
abbreviated (for example, 76 mm immersion shall be written eters shall be calibrated for the emergent stem temperatures
76 MM IMM.) specified in Table 4 using faden thermometers.
9.4 Terminal Numbers—The terminal number shall be in 13.1.1 At the time of purchase, the scale errors must be
full when there are one or more numbered graduations between within the maximum scale error found in Table 1. The
it and the next full number. This rule need not necessarily be indications of many high temperature and fractionally gradu-
followed for: ated thermometers may change with time and continued use,
9.4.1 Precision Thermometers: due to minute changes in bulb volume. Periodic verification of
S65F, S66F, S67C, and S67F these thermometers either over the entire scale or reverification
9.5 Scale Below Zero—When a scale extends both above at the reference temperature (ice point or steam point), in
and below 0°C or 0°F, the two parts of the scale shall be accordance with procedures set forth in Test Method E77, is
differentiated by some means. Examples of suitable means are: recommended.
9.5.1 Different colorants for the graduations for the two
13.2 Due to the application requirements for range and
parts of the scale,
construction of the following thermometer(s) do not have
9.5.2 Different style of numerical characters for the two
parts of the scale, and reference points such as ice and steam points:
9.5.3 Use of minus signs before appropriate numbers below S91C

0°C or 0°F.
14. Case and Instructions
10. Special Inscription
14.1 Each thermometer shall be supplied in a suitable case
10.1 The special inscription specified in Table 1 shall be on which shall appear the following marking (except when a
marked on the thermometer in capital letters and Arabic transparent case is used): the letters “ASTM,” the thermometer
numbers without the use of periods. Include year of current number (S59C, S59F, etc.), and the temperature range.
revision in the ASTM designation (for example ASTM S56C-
03). 14.2 Each thermometer shall be supplied with suitable user
10.1.1 Each thermometer shall be permanently marked with instructions. See Appendix X2 for Sample User Instructions.
a unique serial number and the manufacturer’s tradename or
mark. 15. Methods of Verification and Calibration
10.1.2 Each thermometer shall have the average coefficient
of thermal expansion of the liquid permanently marked. 15.1 Thermometers shall be verified and calibrated at the
10.1.3 When the length of the thermometer permits, the specified immersion in accordance with Test Method E77. For
words “TOTAL IMMERSION” may also be inscribed on the partial immersion thermometers careful consideration to emer-
back of thermometers calibrated for total immersion. gent stem temperatures shall be observed.

11. Permanency of Pigment

11.1 The test for permanency of pigment shall be performed
on any convenient portion of the scale section of the thermom-
eter. The pigment shall not chalk, burn out, or loosen as a result
of this test (see Specification E1).

3
 TABLE 1 Specification for E2251 ASTM Thermometers

FIG A. General Reference Figure for Table 1

(Specific figures associated with individual thermometers are found at the end of Table 4)

Explanatory Notes for Table 1 (numbers correspond to those found in Table 1 of Specification E1 whenever possible):
A
An expansion chamber is provided for relief of gas pressure to avoid distortion of the bulb at higher temperatures. It is not for the purpose of joining thermometric
liquid separations and under no circumstances should the thermometer be heated above the highest temperature reading.
G
The test temperatures shall be indicated by an arrow whether the graduation corresponding to that point is numbered or not.
M
For kinematic viscosity thermometers, the ice-point reading shall be taken within 1 h after being at the test temperature for not less than 3 min. The ice-point
reading shall be expressed to the nearest 0.01°C or 0.02°F and applied as explained in Test Method E77, Section 13.
O
Capillary clearances must conform to Section 8.
Y
Over any interval of 2°C the change in claibration correction shall not exceed 0.02°C.
Z
Over any interval of 4°F the change in claibration correction shall not exceed 0.05°F.
AA
Special finish, see 6.2.1.

4
BB
The bulb diameter shall not be more than 0.5 mm greater than the stem.
FF
For Fahrenheit thermometers, dimension G (length of graduated portion) shall be measured as the length of graduated portion corresponding to the nominal Cel-
sius range.
OO
Bulb length as necessary for the thermometric liquid and meeting capillary clearances found in Section 8.
PP
Distance “F” may be to top temperature for thermometers. See individual thermometer reference figure numbers.
E2251 − 14

RR
Contraction chamber necessary for the thermometric liquid and conforming to capillary clearances found in Section 8.
 TABLE 1 Continued
ASTM No. S5C-11 S5F-11FF S12C-03 S12F-03FF S15C-11 S15F-11FF S18C-11 S18F-11FF S22C-11 S22F-11FF
IP No.
Name Cloud and Pour Density-Wide Range Low Softening Point Reid Vapor Point Oxidation Stability
Reference Fig. No. 5 2 2 6 6
Range –38 to 50°C –36 to 120°F −20 to 102°C −5 to 215°F –2 to +80°C 30 to +180°F 34 to +42°C 94 to +108°F 95 to 103°C 204 to 218°F
G
37.8°C 100°FG 98.9 and 210°FG
100°CG
For test at
A Immersion, mm 108 TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL
Graduations:
Subdivisions 1°C 2°F 0.2°C 0.5°F 0.2°C 0.5°F 0.1°C 0.2°F 0.1°C 0.2°F
Long lines at each 5°C 10°F 1°C 1°F 1°C 1°F 0.5°C 1°F 0.5°C 1°F
Numbers at each 10°C 20°F 2°C 5°F 2°C 5°F 1°C 2°F 1°C 2°F
Scale error, max 0.5°C 1°F 0.15°C 0.25°F 0.2°C 0.4°F 0.1°C 0.2°F 0.1°C 0.2°F
Special inscription ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM
S5C-11 or S5F-11 S12C-03 or S12F-03 S15C-11 or S15F-11 S18C-11 or S18F-11 S22C-11 or S22F-11
108 MM IMM
Expansion chamber:
Permit heating to 70°CA 158°FA 130°CA 266°FA 100°CA 212°FA 70°CA 158°FA 125°CA 257°FA
B Total length, mm 254 to 264 435 to 445 395 to 400 295 to 305 295 to 305
C Stem OD, mm 6.0 to 7.0 6.0 to 8.0 6.0 to 7.0 6.0 to 7.0 6.0 to 7.0
OO OO OO OO OO
D Bulb length, mm
E Bulb OD, mm bulb size [ngt]stem size not > stem bulb size [ngt]stem size bulb size [ngt]stem size bulb size [ngt]stem size
Scale location:
Bottom of bulb to line at 50°C 120°F 102°C 215°F 80°C 180°F 42°C 108°F 103°C 218°F
F Distance, mm 195 to 205 370 to 385 328 to 343 210 to 222 210 to 222
G Length of graduated portion, mm 65 to 85O 305 to 350O 245 to 276O 60 to 90O 60 to 90O
Ice-point scale:

5
Range
H Bottom of bulb to ice-point, mm
RR RR
Contraction chamber:
RR RR
I Distance to bottom, min, mm
E2251 − 14

J Distance to top, max, mm

Stem enlargement:
K OD, mm 8 to 9 8 to 9
L Length, mm 4 to 7 4 to 7
M Distance to bottom, mm 112 to 116 112 to 116
A
An expansion chamber is provided for relief of gas pressure to avoid distortion of the bulb at higher temperatures. It is not for the purpose of joining thermometric liquid separa-
tions and under no circumstances should the thermometer be heated above the highest temperature reading.
G
The test temperatures shall be indicated by an arrow whether the graduation corresponding to that point is numbered or not.
O
Capillary clearances shall conform to Section 8.
FF
For Fahrenheit thermometers, dimension G (length of graduated portion) shall be measured as the length of graduated portion corresponding to the nominal Celsius range.
OO
Bulb length as necessary for the thermometric liquid and meeting capillary clearances found in Section 8.
RR
Contraction chamber necessary for the thermometric liquid and conforming to capillary clearances found in Section 8.
 TABLE 1 Continued
S63F-
ASTM No. S56C-03 S56F-03FF S58C-11 S58F-11FF S59C-03 S59F-03FF S62C-03 S62F-03FF S63C-03
03FF
IP No.
Name Bomb Calorimeter Tank Tank Precision Precision
Reference Fig. No. 4 2AA 2AA 2 2
Range 19 to 35°C 66 to 95°F -34 to +49°C -30 to +120°F −18 to 82°C 0 to 180°F −38 to −36 to 35°F −8 to 32°C 18 to 89°F
+2°C
For test at
A Immersion, mm TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL
Graduations:
Subdivisions 0.02°C 0.05°F 0.5°C 1°F 0.5°C 1°F 0.1°C 0.2°F 0.1°C 0.2°F
Long lines at each 0.1°C 0.1 and 0.5°F 1°C 5°F 1°C 5°F 0.5°C 1°F 0.5°C 1°F
Numbers at each 0.2°C 1°F 5°C 10°F 5°C 10°F 1°C 2°F 1°C 2°F
Scale error, max 0.10°CY 0.20°FZ 0.3°C 0.5°F 0.3°C 0.5°F 0.1°C 0.2°F 0.1°C 0.2°F
Special inscription ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM
S56C-03 or S56F-03 S58C-11 or S58F-11 S59C-03 or S59F-03 S62C-03 or S62F-03 S63C-03 or S63F-03
Expansion chamber:
Permit heating to 45°CA 113°FA 100°CA 212°FA 100°CA 212°FA 55°C A 131°FA 55°CA 131°FA
B Total length, mm 610 to 622 300 to 305 300 to 305 401 to 411 401 to 411
C Stem OD, mm 7.0 to 8.0 6.0 to 7.0 6.0 to 7.0 7.0 to 8.0 7.0 to 8.0
OO OO OO OO OO
D Bulb length, mm
BB
E Bulb OD, mm bulb size [ngt]stem size not > stem not > stem not > stem
Scale location:
Bottom of bulb to line 35°C 95°F 49°C 120°F 82°C 180°F 0°C 32°F 32°C 89°F
at
F Distance, mm 510 to 550 245 to 260 245 to 260 306 to 324 319 to 344
G Length of graduated 323 to 385O 155 to 185O 165 to 195O 239 to 283O 239 to 289O
portion, mm

6
Ice-point scale:
Range
H Bottom of bulb to ice-
point, mm
E2251 − 14

Contraction chamber:
O
I Distance to bottom,
min, mm
J Distance to top, max, 110
mm
Stem enlargement:
K OD, mm
L Length, mm
M Distance to bottom,
mm
A
An expansion chamber is provided for relief of gas pressure to avoid distortion of the bulb at higher temperatures. It is not for the purpose of joining thermometric liquid separations and under no circum-
stances should the thermometer be heated above the highest temperature reading.
O
Capillary clearances shall conform to Section 8.
Y
Over any interval of 2°C the change in calibration correction shall not exceed 0.02°C.
Z
Over any interval of 4°F the change in calibration correction shall not exceed 0.05°F.
AA
Special finish, see 6.2.1.
BB
The bulb diameter shall not be more than 0.5 mm greater than the stem.
FF
For Fahrenheit thermometers, dimension G (length of graduated portion) shall be measured as the length of graduated portion corresponding to the nominal Celsius range.
OO
Bulb length as necessary for the thermometric liquid and meeting capillary clearances found in Section 8.
 TABLE 1 Continued
ASTM No. S64C-03 S64F-03FF S65C-03 S65F-03FF S66C-03 S66F-03FF S67C-03 S67F-03FF
IP No.
Name Precision Precision Precision Precision
Reference Fig. No. 1 1 1 1
Range 25 to 55°C 77 to 131°F 50 to 80°C 122 to 176°F 75 to 105°C 167 to 221°F 95 to 155°C 203 to 311°F
For test at
A Immersion, mm TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL
Graduations:
Subdivisions 0.1°C 0.2°F 0.1°C 0.2°F 0.1°C 0.2°F 0.2°C 0.5°F
Long lines at each 0.5°C 1°F 0.5°C 1°F 0.5°C 1°F 1°C 1°F
Numbers at each 1°C 2°F 1°C 2°F 1°C 2°F 2°C 5°F
Scale error, max 0.1°C 0.2°F 0.1°C 0.2°F 0.1°C 0.2°F 0.2°C 0.5°F
Special inscription ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM
S64C-03 or S64F-03 S65C-03 or S65F-03 S66C-03 or S66F-03 S67C-03 or S67F-03
Expansion chamber:
Permit heating to 75°CA 167°FA 100°CA 212°FA 125°CA 257°FA 180°CA 355°FA
B Total length, mm 401 to 411 401 to 411 401 to 411 401 to 411
C Stem OD, mm 7.0 to 8.0 7.0 to 8.0 7.0 to 8.0 7.0 to 8.0
OO OO OO OO
D Bulb length, mm
E Bulb OD, mm not > stem Not > stem not > stem not > stem
Scale location:
Bottom of bulb to line at 25°C 77°F 50°C 122°F 75°C 167°F 95°C 203°F
F Distance, mm 115 to 135 115 to 135 115 to 135 115 to 135
G Length of graduated 189 to 229O 189 to 229O 189 to 229O 189 to 229O
portion, mm
Ice-point scale:
Range −0.5 to 0.5°CO 31 to 33°FO −0.5 to 0.5°CO 31 to 33°FO −0.5 to 31 to 33°FO −1 to +1°CO 30 to 34°FO
0.5°CO

7
H Bottom of bulb to ice-
point, mm
Contraction chamber:
O O O O
I Distance to bottom, min,
E2251 − 14

mm
J Distance to top, max, mm 102 102 102 87
Stem enlargement:
K OD, mm
L Length, mm
M Distance to bottom, mm
A
An expansion chamber is provided for relief of gas pressure to avoid distortion of the bulb at higher temperatures. It is not for the purpose of joining thermometric liquid separations and under no cir-
cumstances should the thermometer be heated above the highest temperature reading.
O
Capillary clearances shall conform to Section 8.
FF
For Fahrenheit thermometers, dimension G (length of graduated portion) shall be measured as the length of graduated portion corresponding to the nominal Celsius range.
OO
Bulb length as necessary for the thermometric liquid and meeting capillary clearances found in Section 8.
 TABLE 1 Continued
ASTM No. S91C-03 S116C-03 S117C-03 S120C-03 S130C-10 S130F-10FF
IP No.
Name Solidification Point Bomb Calorimeter Bomb Calorimeter Kinematic ViscosityM Tank
Reference Fig. No. 3 4 and 5 4 and 5 1 2AA
Range 20 to 50°C 18.9 to 25.1°C 23.9 to 30.1°C 38.6 to 41.4°C -7 to +105°C 20 to +220°F
For test at 40°C
A Immersion, mm 76 MM TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL
Graduations:
Subdivisions 0.1°C 0.01°C 0.01°C 0.05°C 0.5°C 1°F
Long lines at each 0.5°C 0.05°C 0.05°C 0.1 and 0.5°C 1°C 5°F
Numbers at each 1°C 0.1°C 0.1°C 1°C 5°C 10°F
Scale error, max 0.1°C 0.1°CJJ 0.1°CJJ 0.1°C 0.5°C 1°F
Special inscription ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM ASTM
S91C-03 S116C-03 S117C-03 S120-03 S130C-10 or S130F-10
76 MM IMM
Expansion chamber:
Permit heating to 70°CA 35°CA 40°CA 60°CA 125°CA 257°FA
B Total length, mm 390 to 400 615 to 625 615 to 625 300 to 310 300 to 305
C Stem OD, mm 6.0 to 7.0 7.0 to 8.2 KK 7.0 to 8.2 KK 6.0 to 8.0 6.0 to 7.0
OO OO, KK OO, KK OO OO
D Bulb length, mm
BB BB
E Bulb OD, mm not < 5.0 and not > stem bulb size [ngt]stem size
not > stem
Scale location:
Bottom of bulb to line 50°C 19°C 24°C 38.6°C 105°C 220°F
at
F Distance, mm 315 to 335 220 to 240 220 to 240 140 to 210 245 to 260
G Length of graduated 185 to 219O 300 to 350O 300 to 350O 40 to 90O 162 to 197O
portion, mm

8
Ice-point scale:
Range −0.3 to +0.3°CO
H Bottom of bulb to
ice-point, mm
E2251 − 14

Contraction chamber:
O O O
I Distance to bottom, 100
min, mm
J Distance to top, max, 63 110 110 130
mm
Stem enlargement:
K OD, mm
L Length, mm
M Distance to bottom,
mm
A
An expansion chamber is provided for relief of gas pressure to avoid distortion of the bulb at higher temperatures. It is not for the purpose of joining thermometric liquid separations and under
no circumstances should the thermometer be heated above the highest temperature reading.
M
For kinematic viscosity thermometers, the ice-point reading shall be taken within 1 h after being at the test temperature for not less than 3 min. The ice-point reading shall be expressed to the
nearest 0.01°C or 0.02°F and applied as explained in Test Method E77, Section 13.
O
Capillary clearances shall conform to Section 8.
AA
Special finish, see 6.2.1.
BB
The bulb diameter shall not be more than 0.5 mm greater than the stem.
FF
For Fahrenheit thermometers, dimension G (length of graduated portion) shall be measured as the length of graduated portion corresponding to the nominal Celsius range.
JJ
Over any interval of 1°C the change in correction shall not exceed 0.01°C.
KK
The capillary bore shall be large enough in relation to the bulb to ensure that (without tapping) jumping of the meniscus does not exceed one-half of the smallest scale division, when the tem-
perature is rising at a uniform rate not exceeding 0.05°C/min.
OO
Bulb length as necessary for the thermometric liquid and meeting capillary clearances found in Section 8.
 E2251 − 14
TABLE 2 E2251 ASTM Thermometers Listed Alphabetically According to Application
NOTE 1—The specifications appear in numeric sequence in this standard.
Thermometer No. Thermometer No.
Thermometer Name Thermometer Name
°C °F °C °F
Bomb calorimeter S56C S56F Precision S63C S63F
Bomb calorimeter S116C Precision S64C S64F
Bomb calorimeter S117C Precision S65C S65F
Cloud and Pour S5C S5F Precision S67C S67F
Density-Wide Range S12C S12F Reid Vapor Pressure S18C S18F
Kinematic Viscosity S120C ... Solidification point S91C ...
Low Softening Point S15C S15F Tank S58C S58F
Oxidation Stability S22C S22F Tank S59C S59F
Precision S62C S62F Tank S130C S130F

TABLE 3 List of ASTM Low-Hazard Thermometers by Temperature Range

Scale ASTM Scale ASTM
Celsius Immersion, Fahrenheit Immersion,
Error, Thermometer Error, Thermometer
Range mm Range mm
max Number max Number
Graduated in 0.01°C
18.9 to 25.1°C total 0.1 S116C
23.9 to 30.1°C total 0.1 S117C
Graduated in 0.02°C Graduated in 0.05°F
19 to 35°C total 0.1 S56C 66 to 95°F total 0.2 S56F
Graduated in 0.05°C Graduated in 0.1°F
38.6 to 41.4°C total 0.1 S120C ... ... ... ...
Graduated in 0.1°C Graduated in 0.2°F
−38 to +2°C total 0.1 S62C −36 to +35°F total 0.2 S62F
−8 to +32°C total 0.1 S63C 18 to 89°F total 0.2 S63F
20 to 50°C 76 0.1 S91C ... ... ... ...
25 to 55°C total 0.1 S64C 77 to 131°F total 0.2 S64F
34 to 42°C total 0.1 S18C 94 108°F total 0.2 S18F
50 to 80°C total 0.1 S65C 122 to 176°F total 0.2 S65F
75 to 105°C total 0.1 S66C 167 to 221°F total 0.2 S66F
95 to 103°C total 0.1 S22C 204 to 218°F total 0.2 S22F
Graduated in 0.2°C Graduated in 0.5°F
−20 to 102°C total 0.15 S12C −5 to 215°F total 0.25 S12F
–2 to 80°C total 0.2 S15C 30 to 180°F total 0.4 S15F
95 to 155°C total 0.2 S67C 203 to 311°F total 0.5 S67F
Graduated in 0.5°C Graduated in 1°F
–34 to +49°C total 0.3 S58C –30 to120°F total 0.5 S58F
−18 to +82°C total 0.3 S59C 0 to 180°F total 0.5 S59F
–7 to +105°C total 0.5 S130C 20 to 220°F total 1 S130F
Graduated in 1°C Graduated in 2°F
—38 to 50°C 108 0.5 S5C –36 to120°F 108 1 S5F

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 E2251 − 14
TABLE 4 Calibration and Verification TemperaturesA
Av Temp. Av Temp. Av Temp. Av Temp.
of Emergent of Emergent of Emergent of Emergent
Temperature Thermometric Temperature Thermometric Temperature Thermometric Temperature Thermometric
Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid
Column Column Column Column
Thermometer S5C Thermometer S5F Thermometer S12C Thermometer S12F
−38 to 50°C −36 to 120°F −20 to 102°C −5 to 215°F
−38°C 21°C –30°F 70°F −20°C −5°F
0°C 21°C 32°F 70°F −10°C 15°F
50°C 21°C 120°F 70°F 0°C 32°F
10°C 60°F
20°C 85°F
30°C 110°F
40°C 135°F
50°C 160°F
60°C 185°F
70°C 210°F
80°C
90°C
100°C
Thermometer S15C Thermometer S15F Thermometer S18C Thermometer S18F
−2 to 80°C 30 to 180°F 34 to 42°C 94 to 108°F
0°C 32°F 38°C 100°F
20°C 70°F 41°C 107°F
40°C 100°F
60°C 140°F
80°C 180°F
Thermometer S22C Thermometer S22F Thermometer S56C Thermometer S56F
95 to 103°C 204 to 218°F 19 to 35°C 66 to 95°F
99°C 210°F every 2° from 19°C every 4° from 65°F and
102°C 212°F including 95°F
Thermometer S58C Thermometer S58F Thermometer S59C Thermometer S59F
-34 to +49°C -30 to +120°F −18 to +82°C 0 to 180°F
-30°C -20°F 0°C 32°F
0°C 32°F 25°C 80°F
25°C 80°F 55°C 130°F
45°C 120°F 80°C 180°F

Thermometer S62C Thermometer S62F Thermometer S63C Thermometer S63F

−38 to +2°C −36 to +35°F −8 to +32°C 18 to 89°F
−37°C −35°F −7°C 20°F
−30°C −15°F 0°C 32°F
−20°C 0°F 10°C 50°F
−10°C 15°F 20°C 70°F
0°C 32°F 30°C 88°F
Thermometer S64C Thermometer S64F Thermometer S65C Thermometer S65F
25 to 55°C 77 to 131°F 50 to 80°C 122 to 176°F
0°C 32°F 0°C 32°F
25°C 80°F 50°C 125°F
35°C 95°F 60°C 145°F
45°C 115°F 70°C 160°F
55°C 130°F 80°C 175°F
Thermometer S66C Thermometer S66F Thermometer S67C Thermometer S67F
75 to 105°C 167 to 221°F 95 to 155°C 203 to 311°F
0°C 32°F 0°C 32°F
75°C 168°F 100°C 205°F
85°C 185°F 110°C 240°F
95°C 200°F 130°C 275°F
105°C 220°F 150°C 310°F
Thermometer S91C Thermometer S116C Thermometer S117C Thermometer S120C
20 to 50°C 18.9 to 25.1°C 23.9 to 30.1°C 38.6 to 41.4°C
20°C 25°C every 1°C from 19°C every 1°C from 24°C 0°C
30°C 25°C 40°C
40°C 25°C 41°C
50°C 25°C

Thermometer S130C Thermometer S130F

-7 to +105°C 20 to +220°F
0°C 32°F
35°C 100°F
70°C 160°F
105°C 220°F

10
 E2251 − 14
A
For verification and calibration of total immersion thermometers see Test Method E77.
The emergent column temperatures are those attained when using the thermometers in the test equipment for which the thermometers were originally designed. In
some cases these temperatures are markedly different from those realized during verification. Analysis of the factors affecting emergent column temperatures in use will
provide the explanation for such apparent inconsistencies. See Annex A2 for information on using faden thermometers to evaluate emergent stem temperatures.

16. Keywords
16.1 bulb; liquid-in-glass thermometers; low-hazard liquid;
standard specification; stem; temperature; thermometer

FIG. 1 Total Immersion Thermometer with Auxiliary Ice Point

FIG. 2 Total Immersion Thermometer without Contraction Chamber

FIG. 3 Partial Immersion Thermometer with Contraction Chamber

FIG. 4 Total Immersion Thermometer with Contraction Chamber

11
 E2251 − 14

FIG. 5 Partial Immersion Thermometer without Contraction Chamber

FIG. 6 Total Immersion Thermometer with Enlargement in Stem

FIG. 7 Schemes for Graduation and Figuring S56C and S56F

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE THERMOMETRIC LIQUID

A1.1 Purpose A1.1.2 After completing the tests below, the manufacturer
A1.1.1 This annex shall be used by liquid-in-glass ther- will know the highest temperature the tested liquid shall be
mometer manufacturers to determine the suitability of a used at. The manufacturer will then be able to construct
proposed liquid to be used in manufacturing the thermometers thermometers in this standard with top ranges at or below the
in this standard. The tests in this annex shall be successfully highest temperature of the test.
accomplished, prior to marketing thermometers using the A1.1.3 WARNING: Mercury has been designated by EPA
proposed liquid. and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause

12
 E2251 − 14
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or A1.3.2 In a comparator bath, bring the same thermometers
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to tested in A1.3.1 back to the highest temperature of the liquid at
materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and which the liquid passed all of the tests in A1.3.1. Leave the
mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma- thermometers in the bath at that temperature for a minimum of
terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website 6 h per day for 5 days.
(http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional informa- A1.3.2.1 Repeat A1.3.1.1.
tion. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or A1.3.2.2 Repeat A1.3.1.2.
mercury containing products into your state may be prohibited A1.3.2.3 After the fifth day, wait a minimum of 72 h and
by state law. proceed with tests in A1.5.
A1.3.2.4 If thermometers do not repeat per A1.5, liquid is
A1.2 Behavior of Liquid and Response Time not considered suitable for thermometers in this standard at the
A1.2.1 Under 5× magnification, the liquid shall show either temperature tested. The manufacturer may begin the tests again
no meniscus or a positive meniscus. Under no circumstances at a lower temperature.
shall it show a negative meniscus. A1.3.2.5 If thermometers repeat per A1.5, using the same
test thermometers, repeat this section of tests (A1.3) a mini-
A1.2.2 The liquid column must be able to ascend or descend
mum ten test cycles. (If after ten test cycles the thermometers
upon change in temperature so that the top of the liquid column
still pass the tests in A1.5, the liquids tested shall be considered
reaches its final position within 3 min of attaining temperature
stable, up to the highest temperatures successfully tested, for
to be measured within the limits described in the balance of this
use in thermometers in this standard. If the liquids are to be
annex.
dyed, the dye must also pass the permanency of dye tests in
A1.2.3 Liquid shall be able to descend from a higher A1.4.)
temperature to a lower temperature at a minimum rate of 20°C
per minute without separation of the liquid column. A1.4 Permanency of Dye (as Applicable)
A1.4 The dye shall be considered stable up to the highest
A1.2.4 Liquid shall be able to descend through a contraction temperature tested if it passes the following test.
chamber at a rate of 20°C per minute and have a repeatable ice
point reading within 3 min of attaining the ice point tempera- A1.4.1 In a comparator bath, bring a minimum of 5 total
ture in an ice point bath, within the limits described in the immersion thermometers to the highest temperature at which
balance of this annex. the liquid passed all of the tests in A1.3.1. Leave the thermom-
eters in the bath at that temperature for a minimum of 6 h per
A1.3 Stability of the Thermometric Liquid (Decomposi- day for 20 days (minimum of 5 days per week). Keep at least
tion) one thermometer out of the baths as a color control.
A1.3 The liquid shall be considered stable up to the highest A1.4.2 Allow to cool each day and compare the test
temperature tested if it passes the following set of tests: thermometers with the control thermometer. Visually check for
A1.3.1 In a comparator bath, bring a minimum of 5 total the following parameters:
immersion thermometers to the highest temperature the liquid A1.4.2.1 Dye shall have no solids floating in liquid.
is expected to perform. Leave the thermometers in the bath at A1.4.2.2 Dye shall not lighten or disappear.
that temperature for a minimum of 6 h per day for 20 days A1.4.2.3 Dye shall have no appreciable change of color.
(minimum of 5 days per week). If the liquid will be dyed, it is A1.4.2.4 Dye shall not separate from the liquid.
best to manufacture test thermometers with undyed liquids. A1.4.3 If after the twentieth day the dye has not visually
A1.3.1.1 Before removing the thermometers from the com- changed per the above parameters, repeat the test for 5
parator each day, check for distillation above the liquid column concurrent days for ten test cycles.
using 5× magnification. If the liquid distills, thermometers fail
the test and the liquid is not considered suitable for thermom- A1.4.4 If after ten test cycles the thermometers still pass the
eters in this standard at the temperature tested. The manufac- tests in A1.4.2, the dye shall be considered permanent for the
turer may begin the tests again at a lower temperature. liquids tested up to the highest temperature tested.
A1.3.1.2 When thermometers have cooled, check for A1.5 Repeatability Requirements
changes in color or hue of the undyed liquid. If the liquid
changes in color or hue, thermometers fail the test and the A1.5.1 Main Scale of test thermometer.
liquid is not considered suitable for thermometers in this A1.5.1.1 In a comparator bath, bring a test thermometer and
standard. a calibrated mercury-in-glass standard thermometer with the
A1.3.1.3 After the twentieth day, wait a minimum of 72 h same scale divisions as the test thermometer to the highest
and proceed with tests in A1.5. temperature inscribed on the test thermometer. Leave the
thermometers in the comparator for a minimum of 3 min.
A1.3.1.4 If thermometers do not repeat per A1.5, liquid in
not considered suitable for thermometers in this standard at the NOTE A1.1—The manufacturer may wish to have another thermometer
temperature tested. The manufacturer may begin the tests again of suitable range and accuracy in the comparator with the test thermometer
and calibrated mercury-in-glass thermometer. This thermometer may be
at a lower temperature. used to measure the actual temperature of the comparator. However, since
A1.3.1.5 If thermometers repeat per A1.5, proceed to the test is being accomplished with an expanded bulb test thermometer,
A1.3.2. the absolute temperature of the comparator is less important than the

13
 E2251 − 14
comparison of performance against a mercury-in-glass thermometer of then the test shall be done using temperature A as ten lines below the top
known accuracy. The results of the test shall be determined by the temperature on the scale and B10 lines above the lowest temperature on
comparison of test thermometer and calibrated standard thermometer. the scale.
A1.5.1.2 Bring the temperature of the thermometers down A1.5.2 Auxiliary Ice Point Scale of test thermometer.
at a rate no more than 20°C per minute and no less than 10°C A1.5.2.1 Prepare an ice point bath per Practice E563.
per minute to exactly ten lines below the maximum tempera- A1.5.2.2 In a comparator bath, bring a test thermometer to
ture of the test thermometer (this is temperature A). The the highest temperature inscribed on the test thermometer.
comparator shall be set with the test thermometer. After 3 min, Leave the thermometers in the comparator for a minimum of 3
read both your calibrated mercury-in-glass standard thermom- min.
eter and the test thermometer. Record the results for measure- A1.5.2.3 Bring the temperature of the thermometer down at
ments A1. The difference between the readings of the test a rate no more than 20°C per minute and no less than 10°C per
thermometer and the corrected readings of the standard ther- minute through a contraction chamber to an auxiliary ice point
mometer shall be within the tolerance of the test thermometer graduation. After 3 min, read the thermometer. Record the
at that temperature. results for measurement A1.
A1.5.1.3 Immediately bring the temperature of the ther- A1.5.2.4 Remove the thermometer from the ice point bath
mometers down at a rate no more than 20°C per minute and no and permit it to naturally warm to room temperature. Wait a
less than 10°C per minute to exactly 100 lines below tempera- minimum of 3 min and maximum of 5 min at that temperature.
ture A on the test thermometer. This is temperature B. The A1.5.2.5 Immediately repeat step A1.5.2.3.
comparator shall be set with the test thermometer. After 3 min, A1.5.2.6 The difference between the two ice point readings
read both your calibrated mercury-in-glass standard thermom- shall be no more than 1⁄10 th of the smallest scale division of the
eter and the test thermometer. Record the results for measure- test thermometer.
ment B1. The difference between the readings of the test
thermometer and the corrected readings of the standard ther- A1.6 Reproducibility Requirements A1.6 Repeat tests in
mometer shall be within the tolerance of the test thermometer A1.5 for ten test cycles as described in .
at that temperature.
A1.6.1 Compare the ten results of A1.5.1.5. All tests shall
A1.5.1.4 Immediately repeat steps A1.5.1.1 through
agree within 3⁄10 ths of the smallest scale division of the test
A1.5.1.3. These readings shall be considered measurements A2
thermometer (after correction for changes at the ice point).
and B2.
A1.5.1.5 The difference between the corrected readings on A1.6.2 Compare the ten results of A1.5.1.6. All tests shall
the calibrated standard between measurement A1 and A2 shall agree within 3⁄10 ths of the smallest scale division of the test
be no more than 1⁄10 th of the smallest scale division. Since the thermometer (after correction for changes at the ice point).
bath is being set to the lines on the test thermometer, there
should be no difference in the readings of the test thermometer A1.7 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
between measurement A1 and A2. The absolute temperature of A1.7.1 The coefficient of Thermal Expansion shall be cal-
the comparator need not be known. culated for the liquid. The calculated value shall be adequate to
A1.5.1.6 The difference between the corrected readings on be used in the stem temperature correction formulae found in
the calibrated standard between measurement B1 and B2 shall Annex A2 and must be known and reported as an inscription on
be no more than 1⁄10 th of the smallest scale division. Since the the back of the thermometer (see 10.1.2).
bath is being set to the lines on the test thermometer, there A1.7.2 Only liquids meeting all of the requirements and
should be no difference in the readings of the test thermometer tests of this annex and the definition of low-hazard liquid in
between measurement B1 and B2. The absolute temperature of 3.2.7 shall be considered suitable as thermometric liquids in
the comparator need not be known. this standard. Manufacturers shall retain testing records for
NOTE A1.2—If the test thermometer does not have 100 lines in its scale, each unique liquid or application.

14
 E2251 − 14

A2. USE OF FADEN THERMOMETERS WITH EMERGENT STEM TEMPERATURE CORRECTIONS3

A2.1 Specification for Faden Thermometer tracting the length of the second faden thermometer multiplied
A2.1.1 A faden thermometer gives a convenient and accu- by the reading and dividing this value by the distance from the
rate measurement of the emergent stem temperature of a partial immersion line to the end of the thermometric liquid column of
immersion thermometer or a total immersion thermometer the thermometer being measured. For example, if two faden
immersed as a partial immersion thermometer. Faden ther- thermometers are used to measure a 150 mm emergent stem,
mometers have long bulbs measuring between 5 and 20 cm, and one faden has a 200mm bulb length and the second faden
with wall thicknesses and bore sizes nearly the same as the has a 50 mm bulb length, the following formula applies:
stem of an ordinary thermometer. The bulb length is selected to Emergent stem temperature = [(200 · reading faden one) − (50 ·
reading faden two)]/150
approximate that of the emergent stem whose temperature is to
be measured. The stem of the faden thermometer has a finer A2.2.2 All partial immersion ASTM thermometers show
capillary than its bulb and for this standard (E2251) shall be emergent stem temperature data in Table 4. All temperature
graduated in 0.5°C divisions or 1°F divisions. The reading of calibrations for these thermometers shall be corrected for these
the faden thermometer or thermometers will indicate the mean temperatures, even if they seem artificially high or low.
temperature value of the area surrounding the bulb, which is A2.2.2.1 When correcting for differences in observed and
also the mean temperature value of the adjacent portion of the specified stem temperatures during calibration, the following
thermometer stem. formula applies:
NOTE A2.1—Auxiliary thermometers may be used if faden thermom- Emergent stem temperature correction 5 kn ~ tsp 2 tobs!
eters are not available. However, they may not be able to approximate the
emergent stem temperatures to the precision necessary for some test where:
methods and should never be substituted during manufacture or calibra-
tion.
k = coefficient of thermal expansion for thermometric
liquid in specified type of glass,
A2.2 Use with Partial Immersion Thermometers n = magnitude of the temperature interval (in °C or °F)
A2.2.1 A faden thermometer, or combination of faden represented by the portion of the thermometer stem
thermometers, shall be used to measure the mean emergent emergent from the bath, including the evaluated
stem temperature from the immersion line to the top of the portion from the immersion line to the first
liquid column of a partial immersion thermometer. Be aware graduation,
tsp = emergent stem temperature specified in Table 4, and
that the immersion line may be under a plate or holder in a
tobs = emergent stem temperature found with faden
comparator. The faden thermometer must measure from the
thermometer(s).
immersion line, not the top of the plate or holder, but should
not be immersed in the liquid being measured. A2.3 Use with Total Immersion Thermometers Being Used
A2.2.1.1 If a combination of faden thermometers is used to as Partial Immersion
approximate the average emergent stem temperature the fol-
lowing formula using the average of the readings (weighted by A2.3.1 Whenever possible, total immersion ASTM ther-
the length of the faden thermometer in millimeters) shall be mometers should be calibrated and used at total immersion. If
used. this is impossible, it is essential to measure the emergent stem
temperature of that portion of the thermometer that is in the
Emergent stem temperature = [(length of faden one · reading faden
one) + (length of faden two · reading faden two)]/ length of emergent
incorrect environment.
column A2.3.1.1 Under no circumstances shall a total immersion
For example, if two faden thermometers are used to measure thermometer be calibrated if the contraction chamber is out of
a 314 mm emergent stem, and one faden has a 200 mm bulb the comparator bath or in the unknown region of the bath.
length and the second faden has a 114 mm bulb length: A2.3.1.2 Measure the emergent stem temperature using the
Emergent stem temperature = [(200 · reading faden one) + (114 · faden thermometers described in A2.2.
reading faden two)]/314 A2.3.1.3 The formula is modified as follows:
A2.2.1.2 Occasionally it may be necessary to use a faden Emergent stem temperature correction 5 kn ~ t1 2 t !
thermometer that is longer than the emergent liquid column.
When this is the case, a second faden thermometer of appro- where:
priate length shall be placed with the top of its bulb on a k = coefficient of thermal expansion for thermometric liquid
horizontal plane with the top of the bulb of the longer faden specified type of glass,
thermometer, and the bottom of the bulb adjacent to the top of n = number of degrees emergent from the bath (number of
the thermometric liquid column of the thermometer being degrees between the top of the comparator bath liquid
measured. The stem temperature is then determined by sub- and the end of the thermometric liquid column),
t1 = temperature being calibrated (bath temperature), and
3
t = emergent stem temperature found with faden
Wise, J. NIST Publication 250-23. Liquid-in-glass thermometer calibration
thermometer(s).
service, 1988:82. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD.

15
 E2251 − 14

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. RATIONALE

X1.1 History require the use of any specific liquid. Instead, Annex A1 gives
X1.1.1 This standard was created to introduce and give very specific tests a manufacturer’s liquid must perform to. The
specifications for liquid-in-glass thermometers using low- liquid must also meet the definition of low-hazard liquid found
hazard precision thermometric liquid alternatives to the in 3.2.7.
mercury, mercury thallium and toluene/organic filled (spirit)
thermometers found in Specification E1. X1.3 ASTM Designation
X1.1.2 The thermometers in this standard will perform to X1.3.1 Thermometers in Table 1 that are direct substitutes
the specifications in Table 1. However, in some ways, they for thermometers found in Specification E1 will have the same
perform differently than either mercury or spirit thermometers. designation as its mercury, mercury-thallium or toluene (spirit)
Therefore, it was the decision of the task group governing this equivalent from Specification E1, but with an “S” in front of
task in subcommittee E20.05 to create a new standard for these the number.
thermometers.
X1.3.2 Thermometers in Table 1 that will be designed for
X1.1.3 The thermometers in this standard will meet the
this standard that do not have direct equivalents in Specifica-
tolerances, repeatability and response times necessary for use
tion E1 will begin with the number ASTM 301 (C or F as
in ASTM standards when used following the manufacturer’s
instructions, like those found in Appendix X2. necessary).

X1.2 Specification for Liquids

X1.2.1 Unlike Specification E1, which specifies mercury,
mercury-thallium or toluene (spirit), this standard does not

X2. SAMPLE USER INSTRUCTIONS

INTRODUCTION

Each thermometer in this standard will come with a complete set of manufacturers instructions. The
instructions below are guidelines for the instructions sheets.

X2.1 General Instructions for Use X2.3 Rejoining Liquid Column

X2.1.1 The low hazard precision thermometers in this X2.3.1 All thermometers experience occasional separations,
specification react very quickly to changes in temperatures especially during transit or storage. In order to obtain true and
being measured. It is important that when running the liquid accurate readings; follow the rejoining instructions below.
from a higher temperature to a lower temperature (in the down These thermometers rejoin more like mercury thermometers
direction) the rate of descent does not surpass a rate greater than spirit thermometers. However, because the liquid is much
than 20°C per minute. When going from a lower to a higher lighter than mercury, some modifications in the technique are
temperature there is no restriction on rate of rise. Once at the necessary.
desired temperature, leave thermometer in medium being
tested a minimum of three minutes before reading. X2.3.2 Rejoining separations in thermometers with two
upper expansion chambers (low temperature thermometers).
X2.2 Ice Point Readings These low range thermometers are normally joined in one of
X2.2.1 Place the thermometer in a beaker of room tempera- the two upper chambers.
ture water. GRADUALLY add chopped ice to the water so that X2.3.2.1 If the separation is in the lower part of the scale,
the liquid moves no faster than 20°C per minute. As the liquid run the liquid down (no faster than 20°C per minute) using dry
approaches the ice point, place the thermometer directly into a ice and alcohol. When all the liquid is in the bulb, tap the bulb
prepared ice point bath. Allow the thermometer to remain in gently so the separations rejoin. Allow the thermometer to
the ice bath three minutes before reading temperature. stand at room temperature while the liquid rises. Do not touch

16
 E2251 − 14
the bulb with your hand as this may cause the bulb to break. When all the liquid is in the bulb, tap the thermometer gently.
Allow the thermometer to reach room temperature before This should cause the separation to join. Allow the thermom-
using. eter to warm up naturally to room temperature before using. Do
X2.3.2.2 If the separation is below the lower expansion not touch the bulb with your hand as this could cause the bulb
chamber above the scale, use a cup of warm water to force the to break. Allow the thermometer to reach room temperature
liquid into the first chamber and gently tap the thermometer before using.
until the separations are joined. If the separation does not join X2.3.4.2 If the separation is above the contraction chamber
easily in the chamber, gently tap the side of the thermometer or ice point chamber and below the top line of the scale, dip the
near the chamber until the separated liquid is all on one side of bulb into plain chopped ice until all the liquid is in the
the chamber. Then allow the balance of the liquid column to chamber. Gently tap the side of the thermometer near the
run further into the chamber and the liquids will rejoin. Allow chamber until the separated liquid is all on one side of the
the thermometer to reach room temperature before using. chamber. Slowly run the liquid in the bore into the chamber,
X2.3.2.3 If the separation is between the two expansion tapping the bulb if needed to keep the liquid in the chamber at
chambers, dip the bulb into plain chopped ice until all the the side of the chamber. When both liquids meet, tap the
liquid is in the chamber. Gently tap the side of the thermometer thermometer gently until they join. Allow the thermometer to
near the chamber until the separated liquid is all on one side of reach room temperature before using.
the chamber. Slowly run the liquid in the bore into the X2.3.4.3 If the separation is above the top line of the scale
chamber, tapping the bulb if needed to keep the liquid in the or in the top chamber, use the directions in X2.3.2.4 allowing
chamber at the side of the chamber. When both liquids meet, the thermometer to cool naturally until it reaches room
tap the thermometer gently until they join. Allow the thermom- temperature.
eter to reach room temperature before using.
X2.3.2.4 If the separation is above the lower chamber or in X2.4 Use of Faden Thermometers to Determine Emer-
the top chamber, prepare a cup of boiling water and a cup of gent Stem Temperature Corrections
warm water. Place the TOP of the thermometer (not the bulb X2.4.1 It is important to be sure to know the emergent stem
end), including the top chamber, into boiling water for at least temperature of partial immersion thermometers or total immer-
two minutes or until the liquid joins together into the bottom of sion thermometers being used in a condition of partial immer-
the chamber. Now, place the thermometer’s bulb into the warm sion. When using a partial immersion thermometer, use it in
water so the liquid in the bore rises and joins together with the conjunction with the information on emergent stem tempera-
separation in the top chamber. Gentle tapping may be required tures found in Table 4.
to rejoin. Maintain the thermometer in warm water and allow
to cool naturally until it reaches the lower chamber tempera- X2.4.2 Use with partial immersion thermometers.
ture. X2.4.2.1 A faden thermometer, or combination of faden
thermometers, shall be used to measure the mean emergent
X2.3.3 Rejoining separations in thermometers with no con- stem temperature from the immersion line to the top of the
traction chamber. This type of thermometer may be joined in liquid column of a partial immersion thermometer. Be aware
the bulb or the expansion chamber. that the immersion line may be under a plate or holder. The
X2.3.3.1 If the separation is below the top line of the scale faden thermometer must measure the temperature from the
and below the expansion chamber. Slowly draw the liquid immersion line, not the top of the plate or the thermometer
down into the bulb using a mixture of dry ice and and a suitable holder, and must not be immersed in the liquid being measured.
alcohol. Do not run the liquid down faster than 20° per minute. X2.4.2.1.1 If a combination of faden thermometers is used
When all the liquid is in the bulb, tap the thermometer gently. to approximate the average emergent stem temperature the
This should cause the separation to join. Allow the thermom- following formula shall be used; the average of the readings
eter to warm up naturally to room temperature before using. Do (weighted by the length of the faden thermometer in millime-
not touch the bulb with your hand as this could cause the bulb ters) shall be used. For example, if two faden thermometers are
to break. Allow the thermometer to reach room temperature used to measure a 314 mm emergent stem, and one faden has
before using. a 200 mm bulb length and the second faden has a 114 mm bulb
X2.3.3.2 If the separation is above the top line of the scale length:
or in the expansion chamber, use the directions in X2.3.2.4
Emergent stem temperature = [(200 · reading faden one) + (114 ·
allowing the thermometer to cool naturally until it reaches reading faden two)]/314
room temperature. X2.4.2.1.2 Occasionally it may be necessary to use a faden
X2.3.4 Rejoining separations in thermometers with contrac- thermometer that is longer than the emergent liquid column.
tion chambers or ice point chambers. This type of thermometer When this is the case, a second faden thermometer of appro-
may be joined in the bulb and in the contraction chamber. It is priate length shall be placed with the top of its bulb on a
only to be joined in the top chamber if the liquid is separated horizontal plane with the top of the bulb of the longer faden
into the top chamber. thermometer, and the bottom of the bulb adjacent to the top of
X2.3.4.1 If the separation is between the bulb and the the thermometric liquid column of the thermometer being
contraction chamber or ice point chamber, slowly draw the measured. The stem temperature is then determined by sub-
liquid down into the bulb using a mixture of dry ice and tracting the length of the second faden thermometer multiplied
alcohol. Do not run the liquid down faster than 20° per minute. by the reading and dividing this value by the distance from the

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 E2251 − 14
immersion line to the end of the thermometric liquid column of X2.4.3 Use of faden thermometers when total immersion
the thermometer being measured. For example, if two faden thermometers are used as partial immersion.
thermometers are used to measure a 150 mm emergent stem, X2.4.3.1 Whenever possible, total immersion ASTM ther-
and one faden has a 200 mm bulb length and the second faden mometers should be used at total immersion. If this is impos-
has a 50 mm bulb length, the following formula applies: sible or if called for use as partial in a standard or test method,
Emergent stem temperature = [(200 · reading faden one) − (50 · it is essential to measure the emergent stem temperature of that
reading faden two)]/150
portion of the thermometer that is in the incorrect environment.
X2.4.2.2 Table 4 shows emergent stem temperature data for
all ASTM partial immersion thermometers. All temperature X2.4.3.1.1 Under no circumstances shall a total immersion
readings for these thermometers must be corrected for these thermometer be calibrated with the contraction chamber out of
temperatures, even if they seem artificially high or low. the comparator bath, out of instrument the thermometer is used
X2.4.2.2.1 When correcting for differences in observed and in, or in an unknown region of the bath or instrument.
specified stem temperatures during calibration, the following X2.4.3.1.2 Measure the emergent stem temperature using
formula applies: the faden thermometers described in X2.4.2.1.
Emergent stem temperature correction 5 kn ~ tsp 2 tobs! X2.4.3.1.3 The formula is modified as follows:
where: Emergent stem temperature correction 5 kn ~ t1 2 t !
k = coefficient of thermal expansion for thermometric where:
liquid specified type of glass, k = coefficient of thermal expansion for thermometric liquid
n = magnitude of the temperature interval (in °C or °F) specified type of glass,
represented by the portion of the thermometer stem n = number of degrees emergent from the bath (number of
emergent from the bath, including the evaluated degrees between the top of the comparator bath liquid
portion from the immersion line to the first and the end of the thermometric liquid column),
graduation, t1 = temperature being calibrated (bath temperature), and
tsp = emergent stem temperature specified in Table 4, and t = emergent stem temperature found with faden
tobs = emergent stem temperature found with faden thermometer(s).
thermometer(s).

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