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ANALYSIS OF EMISSIONS IN FOUR STROKE VCR DIESEL ENGINE

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | June-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

ANALYSIS OF EMISSIONS IN FOUR STROKE

VCR DIESEL ENGINE
S.murali1,K.siva2,Chinmayabadek3 ,K.Sambasivarao4 ,Dr.Ugandhar Puli5
1,2&3
B.Tech(students)mechanical engineering,SWAMY VIVEKANANDA Engg college,Kalavari,bobbili
4
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Dept,Swami Vivekananda, Engineering College, Bobbili
5
Senior faculty in mechanical engineering, MAHA RAJA polytechnic college, Department of technical education, Andhra
Pradesh

1.1Variable compression ratio: It is a technology to adjust

ABSTRACT the compression ratio of an internal combustion engine
while the engine is in operation. This is done to increase fuel
One of the hazardous problems faced by the world efficiency while under varying loads. Higher loads require
is global warming. The entire world is looking to search for lower ratios to be more efficient and vice versa. Variable
the best methods to reduce global warming effect. Global compression engines allow for the volume above the piston
warming is caused due to many reasons. Even though, there at 'Top dead centre' to be changed. For automotive use this
are many sources contributing the global warming, needs to be done dynamically in response to the load and
automobiles play a vital role for this. The emissions coming driving demands.
out from the internal combustion engine causes global
warming. 1.2 NECESSITY OF VCR:-
The present work focuses on the
emissions from the 4-stroke diesel engine. The data is related The present challenge in automotive engine technology is
to the engine emissions from VCR engine which is taken the improvement of thermal efficiency and hence the fuel
experimentally. The data of emissions such as(Hc,No x,so2,co) economy and lower emission levels. Compression ratio is the
hydrocarbons, nitrous oxides, sulpherdioxide and carbon key features which affect thermal efficiency of engine, the
monoxide and other emissions of percentage based formula for air standard cycle efficiency is
according to the variable compression ratios.
Engine emissions are measured with AVL gas analyzer. The η=1− (1/r) k−1
readings of 4-stroke VCR diesel engine are taken at
constant speed but varying the compression ratios and loads. Higher compression ratio results in higher thermal efficiency
The work concentrates on achieving optimized compression and improved fuel economy in the internal combustion
ratio of the VCR engine which can reduce the emissions from engine. Generally, the operating conditions vary widely, such
the chosen engine effectively. The analysis has conducted on as stop and go city traffic, highway motoring at constant
the emissions from 4-stroke single cylinder VCR diesel engine speed, or high- speed freeway driving. In a conventional SI,
with respect to different compression ratios and loads but the maximum compression ratio is set by the conditions in
keeping the speed constant. the cylinder at high load, when the fuel when the fuel and air
consumption are at maximum levels. If the compression ratio
The present work gives the details of compression ratio, its is higher than the designed limit, the fuel will pre-ignite
effects on emissions from the engine, overview of VCR causing knocking, which could damage the engine.
engine, methods of obtaining VCR, experimental setup, Unfortunately, most of the time SI engines in city driving
details of experimentation and results. conditions operate at relatively low power levels under slow
accelerations, low speeds, or light loads, which lead to low
INTRODUCTION thermal efficiency and hence higher fuel consumption. As
the engine load decreases, the temperature in the end on

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | June-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

thermal efficiency is compression ratio and air–fuel mixture when compared at constant spark timings. The relative
strength. The fuel–air cycle Efficiency gas drops, so that high effect of CR on NO emissions decreased as CR was
compression ratio could be employed without the risk of increased. For part throttle at MBT timing, the
knocking in naturally aspirated or boosted engines. Raising measurements showed that as CR was increased, the NO
the compression ratio from 8 to 14 produces an efficiency emissions initially increased but then decreased. Increasing
gain from 50 to 65 per cent (15%), whereas going from 16 to CR resulted in an in- crease in HC emissions when compared
20 produces a gain from 67 to 70 at constant spark tim- ing.

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.5Amjad Shaik el at reviews the geometric approaches and

solutions used to Achieve VCR, consider the results of prior
research, and forecasts what benefits, if any, a VCR would
2.1 De Souza et al 1998, Evaluate the effects of compression
bring to present engine design.
ra- tio with EGR for 4 cylinder one liter capacity engine. The
engine performance was evaluated on two compression ratio
8.9 and 9.6. The compression ratio is increased by reduction
of the volume of combustion chamber and which improve Experimental Test Rig
overall engine perfor- mance. The emissions of (NO X ) and
carbon monoxide (CO 2 )reduced. There is a loss of torque The experimental test rig consists of a variable compression
and power and emission ofunburned hydrocarbons (HC) ratio compression ignition engine, eddy current
increased and it depends on engine speed.
dynamometer as loading system, fuel supply system for both
2.2 Porpatham et al 2012, Investigate the performance, Diesel oil oil supply and biodiesel supply, water cooling
emis- sion and combustion characteristics with different
compression ratios. The investigation concludes that system, lubrication system and various sensors and
thermal efficiency for the engine is high at high instruments integrated with computerized data acquisition
compression ratio and compression ratio above 13:1
increased NOx, HC and CO emissions. The re- duction in the system for online measurement of load, air and fuel flow
ignition delay and higher heat release rate with increase in rate, instantaneous cylinder pressure, injection pressure,
compression ratio. Power and thermal efficiency reached
their highest values with the compression ratio between13:1 position of crank angle, exhaust emissions and smoke
and 15:1 and the equivalence ratio between 1.08 and 0.95. opacity. the photographic image of the experimental setup
2.3 Changup Kim et. al in 1999. Study the emissions used in the laboratory to conduct the present study .
characteristics for two compression ratios ( 8.6 : 1 and
10.6 : 1 ) and various EGR ratios. The results conclude that The schematic representation of the experimental test setup.
at high compres- sion ratio and lean burn method lead to
the increase in the engine efficiency and decrease in NOx & The technical specifications of different components used in
CO2 emissions. Increasing CR, which makes more stable the test rig. The setup enables the evaluation of thermal
combustion by higher combustion pressure, temperature
and turbulence intensity, extended engine lean operation performance and emission constituents of the VCR engine.
limit. At the same A/F, increasing the EGR (%) resulted in less The thermal performance parameters include brake power,
NOx emissions. However HC emission, engine efficiency and
the production of ozone were not greatly affected by the brake mean effective pressure, brake thermal efficiency,
change of EGR (%) volumetric efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption,
2.4 Takagaki et. al ,1997 Study the effects of compression exhaust gas temperature, heat equivalent of brake power
ratio on NOx and HC emissions on a single cylinder SI engine
and heat equivalent of exhaust gas. Commercially available
fuelled with natural gas. The
engine was tested at different equivalence ratio, spark labview based Engine
timing and for the compression ratio of 8 and 15 at
constant throttle. Investigation concludes at wide open
throttle increase in NO concentration with increasing CR

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | June-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Performance Analysis software package ―EnginesoftLV‖ is Dynamometer arm 185mm

used for on line performance evaluation. The exhaust length

emissions of the engine are analysed using an exhaust gas

analyser. The constituents of the exhaust gas measured are FULE DIESEL
CO (% and ppm), CO2 (%),O2 (%), HC (ppm), NOx (ppm) and
Power 3.5kW
SOx (ppm). The smoke intensity is measured in terms of
Hartridge Smoke Unit (HSU in %) /K(the light absorption Speed 1500rpm
-1
coefficient (m ). CR range 12:1 to 18:1
0
Injection point 0 to 25 BTDC
variation

3.3 Compression Ratio Setting

The engine with fixed compression ratio can be

modified by providing additional variable combustion
space. There are different arrangements by which this can
be achieved. Tilting cylinder block method is one of the
arrangements which can be used to vary the combustion

fig 3.1 Experimental Test Rig space volume. A photographic image of the tilting cylinder
block installed on the engine cylinder is given in Plate 3.4.
The engine is made to operate as a variable compression
3.2 Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) Diesel Engine
ratio (VCR) engine by providing a tilting block arrangement
The variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel to suitably change the compression ratio (CR) to the
engine used to conduct the experiments is a single desired value in the given range without stopping the
cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, direct injection engine. engine and without altering the combustion chamber
The technical specifications of the engine are given in geometry.
Table 3.2. The engine is mounted on a stationary frame
with a suitable cooling system. The lubricating system is
The tilting cylinder block arrangement consists of
inbuilt in the engine. Two different photographic images
a tilting block with six allen bolts, a compression ratio
of the engine are given in Plates 3.2 and 3.1Technical
adjuster with lock nut and compression ratio indicator. For
Specifications of VCR Diesel ENGINE
setting a chosen compression ratio, the allen bolts are to

No of cylinders 1 be slightly loosened (refer Plate 3.5). Then, the lock nut on
No of strokes 4 the adjuster is to be loosened and the adjuster is to be
Cylinder diameter 87.5mm rotated to set a chosen compression ratio by referring to
Stroke length 110mm
Connecting rod length 234mm the compression ratio indicator and to be locked using
Orifice diameter 20mm lock nut. Finally all the allen bolts are to be tightened

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | June-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

gently. The compression ratios considered for conducting Smoke Unit (%) and light absorption coefficient (K
-1
the experiments are 14, 15, 16, 17, 17.5 and 18. Due to expressed in m ). A photographic image of the assembly
rough running of the engine and greater vibration, the of the emission measurement systems used in the

compression ratio below 14 is not set though there is a experiment is given in Plate 3.17. The range, data
resolution and accuracy of the exhaust measurement
provision to set the CR value up to 12.
systems are given in Table 3.6. The calibration certificate
of exhaust gas analyser and smoke meter are given in
The basic principle of the tilting cylinder block Appendix V.
assembly is as shown in Figure 3.2 and Plate 3.5. When
the CR is to be reduced the block is tilted so that the
clearance volume increases and swept volume remains a 3.5 Exhaust Gas Analyzer

constant (indicated by red colour in the Figure 3.2). An instrument used to analyze the chemical
composition of the exhaust gas released by a reciprocating
engine is called exhaust gas analyzer. An image of the
exhaust gas analyzer used in this study is given in Plate
3.18. The analyser (Model PEA205) is of make INDUS
Scientific Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru. The instrument measures the
concentrations of Carbon monoxide (CO in % & ppm),
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Oxygen (O2) in percentage,
Hydrocarbons (HC), Nitric Oxide (NO x) and Oxides of
Sulphur (SOx) in ppm in the engine exhaust gas. The
technical specifications of the exhaust gas analyser are
given in the Table 3.7
Fig 3.2 Compression Ratio Setting
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The table which is given below gives the information about

emissions from the VCR diesel engine . The experiment has
3.4 Emission Measurement System been done at constant speed by varying the compression
ratios and at different loads.
The emission measurement system is used to measure the
constituents of exhaust gas and its opacity (smoke
number). This system consists of an exhaust gas analyzer
and a smoke meter. The exhaust gas analyzer measures
the exhaust gas constituents of Carbon dioxide (CO2),
Carbon monoxide (CO), Oxides of nitrogen (NOx), Unburnt
Hydrocarbons (HC), Oxygen (O2) and Oxides of sulphur
(SOx). The smoke meter is used to measure the intensity of
exhaust smoke and it is measured in terms of Hartrigde

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
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At CR 16:1

SPEED LOAD
(rpm) KG Co Hc Co2 Nox The experimentation is done at constant speed by varying
the loads and compression ratios. The data related to
1500 0 0.06 8 0.4 69 emissions is simultaneously taken at a time.The tests are
carried out without exhaust gas recirculation. The results
obtained from experimentation is plotted and explained in
1500 3 0.054 10 2.24 614 this section

1500 6 0.053 16 3.36 716 4.1 EMISSIONS FROM THE ENGINE AT COMPRESSION RATIO
18:1

1500 9 0.045 14 3.93 716

1500 12 0.036 15 4.59 666 LOAD

AT CR 15:1 0.1

0.08
SPEED LOAD
CO 0.06
(rpm) KG Co Hc Co2 Nox
0.04 CO
1500 0 0.06 10 0.4 0
0.02
1500 3 0.031 11 2.21 116 0
0 3 6 9 12
1500 6 0.093 12 3.02 537

1500 9 0.055 12 4.29 716 The above figure describes emission of co at compression
ratio 18:1. As shown in the figure emission of co increases
1500 12 0.045 13 5.03 716
with increase in the load and it reaches maximum value at
load 3kg and then decreases by increasing the load. It
AT CR 18:1 reaches the minimum value at load 6kg. it gives the low
emission at optimum load 6kg.
SPEED LOAD

(rpm) KG Co Hc Co2 Nox

LOAD
1500 0 0.06 10 0.4 153
50
1500 3 0.078 16 2.63 706 40
30
HC

1500 6 0.053 24 3.48 665

20 HC
1500 9 0.063 40 5.03 712
10
1500 12 0.064 35 5.33 705 0
0 3 6 9 12

Table4.1 emissions from the VCR diesel engine

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | June-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

4.2 EMISSIONS FROM THE ENGINE AT COMPRESSION RATIO

16:1
The above figure describes that emission of HC increases
with increasing load and it reaches the maximum load at 6 kg
at compression ratio 18:1.
LOAD
0.07
0.06
0.05

CO
0.04
LOAD 0.03 CO
6 0.02
0.01
5
0
4
CO2

0 3 6 9 12
3
2 CO2

1
0 The above graph shows that emission of CO decreases with
0 3 6 9 12 increase in the load at compression ratio 16:1

The above graph shows that the emission of CO 2 increases

with increase in the load at compression ratio 18:1
LOAD
20

LOAD 15
HC

800
10
600 HC
5
NOx

400
NOX 0
200
0 3 6 9 12
0
0 3 6 9 12
The above graph shows that emission of HC increases up to
load 6kg and then decreases with increase in the load at
compression ratio 16:1.
The above graph shows that emission of NOX increases with
increase in the load upto 3kg and then it attains the constant
value even though increase in the load.

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | June-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

LOAD
5 LOAD
4
0.07
CO2

3 0.06
2 0.05
CO2

CO
0.04
1 0.03 12 CO
0 0.02
0.01
0 3 6 9 12
0
0 3 6 9 12
The above figure shows that emissions of CO2 increases with
increase in the load at compression ratio 16:1.
The above graph shows that emission of CO decreases with
increase in the load at compression ratio 15:1.

LOAD
14
12
LOAD 10
HC

8
800
700 6 HC
600 4
500 2
NOx

400 0
300 Nox 0 3 6 9 12
200
100
0
0 3 6 9 12 The above graph shows that emission of HC increases with
increase in the load at compression ratio 15:1.
The above figure shows that emission of NO x increases up to
load 3kg and then it reaches the constant value with increase
in the load at compression ratio 16:1.

4.3 EMISSIONS FROM THE ENGINE AT COMPRESSION RATIO

15:1

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 03 Issue: 06 | June-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

 The desirable results of emissions of

LOAD CO2,CO,HC,NOX are coming at 16:1 CR by
comparison with 15:1 CR.
800  This project concludes desirable emissions are
getting at 16:1 compression ratio at 6kg and speed
600
1500 rpm.
NOx

400
NOX
200

0
0 3 6 9 12
FUTURE SCOPE:

The above graph shows that emission of NOX increases with  The same experimental analysis can also be done on
increase in the load at compression ratio 15:1 BIO DIESEL VCR ENGINE.

load
6 REFERENCES
5
4 [2.1] De Souza, M., Vianna, J., and Fraga, A., “Study of an
CO2

3 Engine Operating with Ex- haust Gas Recirculation at

CO2 Different Compression Ratios,” SAE Technical Paper
2 982895, 1998, doi:10.4271/982895.
1
[2.2] E. Porpatham, A. Ramesh ,B. Nagalingm, Effect of
0
compression ratio on the performance and combustion of
0 3 6 9 12 a biogas fuelled spark ignition engine. Fuel 95 (2012) 247–
256.

The above graph shows that emission of CO2 increases with *2.3+ Changup Kim Choongsik Bae, “Hydrocarbon emissons
increase in the load at compression ratio 15:1 from a gas fueled SI en- gine under lean burn conditions ”,
SAE Paper No. 1999-01-3512.

[2.4] The effects of compression ratio on nitric oxide and

CONCLUSION hydrocarbon emissions from a spark-ignition natural gas
fuelled engine”, SAE Paper No. 970506
 In this experimental analysis study on emissons is
conducted on single cylinder VCR engine at different
[2.5] Amajd Shaik, N Shenbaga Vinayaga Moorthi and R.
loads with constant speed.
Rudramoorthy “Variable compression ratio engine: a future
 From the study of emissions at compression ratios
power plant for automobiles – an overview”2007 (PSG
18:1,16:1,15:1, it is observed that CO2,CO,HC,NOX
College of Technology).
contents of emissions decreases at 16:1 and 15:1
compression ratios with the comparasion of 18:1
CR.

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