DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

INNOVATIVE PROJECT: THERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY OF FOUR

STROKE PETROL ENGINE

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

PROF R.S.MISHRA ABHISHEK MANU SAXSENA (23/AE/76 )
ADIL JABAR MIR(23/AE/77)
KULDEEP BISHNOI(23/AE/97)
LITERATURE REVIEW OF FOUR STROKE PETROL ENGINE
References:International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Key Findings from the Study
Volume 7, Issue 2, February-2016 1212 ISSN 2229-5518 IJSER Pressure Dynamics: The study reveals that during the Intake stroke, the pressure
Simulation of Four Stroke Internal Combustion remains relatively constant. However, as the engine progresses through the
Compression and Expansion strokes, the pressure reaches a peak value of 1.3 MPa
Engine before decreasing towards the completion of the Exhaust stroke.
By Asad Islam1 , M.Umer Sohail2 , Syed Mudassir Ali3 , Ammar-ul- Temperature Variation: The maximum temperature achieved during the expansion
Hassan4 , Roman Kalvin5 stroke is recorded at 710 K. This indicates significant thermal dynamics during the
Objective: The primary aim is to analyse the combustion combustion process, which is crucial for understanding engine efficiency and
process by examining variations in pressure, temperature, performance
velocity, and swirl ratio during the four strokes of the engine: Brake Power Output: The analysis shows that the maximum brake power, which is
Intake, Compression, Power, and Exhaust the useful work output of the engine, is approximately 490 W during the expansion
Abstract: stroke. This finding is essential for evaluating the engine's performance and its
[1]. Model Specifications: The engine model used in the study potential applications [3].
consists of a single cylinder equipped with one intake and one exhaust CFD Simulation Insights: The use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) allowed
valve. This model was created using ANSYS Design Modeller, ensuring for a detailed visualization of the velocity contours throughout the four strokes. This
accurate representation of the engine's geometry. approach provided insights into the flow dynamics of the gasoline-air mixture during
Simulation Software: The simulations were conducted using ANSYS intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust phases [4] [5].
FLUENT, which is a powerful tool for computational fluid dynamics Mesh Quality: The simulation's mesh skewness was monitored, with values ranging
(CFD). The k-ε turbulence model was employed to capture the complex from a maximum of 0.39 to a minimum of 0.21. This indicates the quality of the mesh
flow dynamics during the combustion process. used in the CFD simulation, which is critical for obtaining accurate results [1].
Engine Parameters: The engine's specifications include a bore of 68.5 Engine Configuration: The study emphasizes the importance of the engine's
mm, a stroke of 72.4 mm, a connecting rod length of 165 mm, a configuration, including the specifications of bore, stroke, and connecting rod length,
cylinder capacity of 266.67 cc, a clearance volume of 29.63 cc, and an which were meticulously defined to ensure accurate simulation results
operational speed of 1500 rpm.
Importance of Study: This investigation is significant as it provides
insights into the behaviour of the engine under various conditions,
which can be crucial for optimizing performance and efficiency before
moving to the manufacturing phase
 Conclusion of the Study
Maximum Pressure Achievement: The CFD simulation revealed that the maximum
pressure reached after the compression of the air-fuel mixture is 1.3 MPa. This peak
pressure is critical for understanding the engine's performance during the compression
phase and its impact on subsequent strokes .
Temperature Dynamics: The maximum temperature observed during the expansion
stroke was recorded at 710 K. This high temperature is indicative of the combustion
efficiency and the thermal characteristics of the engine, which are essential for
optimizing engine design and performance .
Brake Power Output: The study found that the maximum brake power, which
represents the useful work output of the engine, is approximately 490 W during the
expansion stroke. This finding is significant for evaluating the engine's overall efficiency
and effectiveness in converting fuel energy into mechanical work .
Importance of CFD Analysis: The use of CFD in this study allowed for a
comprehensive understanding of the engine's behavior throughout its operational cycles.
The ability to visualize parameters such as pressure, temperature, and velocity during
the intake, compression, expansion, and exhaust strokes is invaluable for future engine
design and optimization .
Engine Configuration and Performance: The investigation emphasizes the importance
of the engine's configuration, including the specifications of bore, stroke, and connecting
rod length, which were carefully defined to ensure accurate simulation results. This
highlights the need for precise engineering in the design of internal combustion engines .
Gasoline Engine with CAI Combustion Key Findings from the CAI Combustion Study
Hua Zhao, Jian Li, Tom Ma and Nicos Ladommatos Successful Implementation: CAI combustion was successfully achieved using
Published:19 aug 2019 standard engine components with minimal modifications, specifically in the
Brunel University U.K camshafts to control gas exchange. This demonstrates the feasibility of CAI in
Abstract Overview of CAI Combustion in a 4-Stroke Engine production engines without extensive redesigns.
Engine Configuration: The CAI combustion was achieved without the Operational Range: The engine operated effectively within a wide range of loads
need for intake charge heating or increasing the compression ratio. The (0.5 to 4 bar BMEP) and speeds (1000 to 3500 rpm), indicating versatility in
modifications made to the engine were minimal, focusing primarily on performance under different driving conditions.
camshaft adjustments to control the gas exchange process. Operational Emissions Reduction: The study reported significant improvements in emissions,
Range: The engine was capable of operating under CAI conditions with CO emissions reduced and NOx emissions decreased by over 93% across
across a range of loads (from 0.5 to 4 bar Brake Mean Effective the CAI range. This highlights the potential of CAI combustion to contribute to
Pressure - BMEP) and speeds (between 1000 to 3500 rpm). cleaner engine operation.
Emissions Reduction: Significant reductions in specific fuel Fuel Consumption: There were notable reductions in specific fuel consumption
consumption and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were observed. (BSFC), suggesting that CAI combustion can enhance fuel efficiency compared to
Notably, the reduction in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions exceeded traditional combustion methods.
Unburned Hydrocarbons: Despite the reductions in CO and NOx emissions, the
93% throughout the CAI operational range.
operation under CAI conditions resulted in higher levels of unburned
Unburned Hydrocarbons: Despite the improvements in emissions, the
hydrocarbons, indicating a trade-off that needs to be addressed in future
operation under CAI conditions resulted in higher levels of unburned developments
hydrocarbons compared to traditional combustion methods. Impact of Engine Load: The behavior of CAI combustion was closely linked to
Simulation Analysis: To assess the potential of CAI technology, a engine load. At higher loads, combustion started earlier and burned faster, leading
simulation based on the European New Driving Cycle (NEDC) was to higher combustion temperatures and pressures. This relationship emphasizes
conducted. This simulation compared a standard spark-ignition (SI) the importance of load management in optimizing CAI performance.
engine with a CAI/SI hybrid engine. The results indicated only moderate Backflow Effects: The study found that backflow during the gas exchange
improvements in fuel economy and exhaust emissions, attributed to the process affected CAI combustion behavior by reducing mixture temperature and
limited utilization of CAI during the driving cycle. stratification, which in turn influenced ignition timing and combustion speed.
Further Investigations: The study emphasizes the need for detailed Moderate Driving Cycle Improvements: Simulation results from the European
analyses of the engine's performance, heat release characteristics, and NEDC driving cycle showed only moderate improvements in fuel economy and
emissions, as well as the impact of gas exchange processes to fully emissions when comparing a CAI/SI hybrid engine to a standard SI engine,
leverage the benefits of CAI combustion technology. primarily due to limited CAI utilization during the cycle
 Conclusions from the CAI Combustion Study

Feasibility of CAI: CAI combustion was successfully implemented in a production-type engine using
standard components, with modifications primarily to the camshafts to control gas exchange. This
indicates that CAI can be integrated into existing engine designs with minimal changes.
Performance Improvements: The engine demonstrated significant improvements in brake specific fuel
consumption (BSFC) and a substantial reduction in CO emissions. Notably, NOx emissions were reduced
by up to 99% in many operating conditions, showcasing the potential of CAI to enhance environmental
performance.
Operational Range: The engine was capable of operating effectively across a wide range of speeds and
loads, which is crucial for practical applications in various driving conditions. This versatility is a key
advantage of CAI combustion.
Influence of Engine Load: The behavior of CAI combustion was closely related to engine load. At higher
loads, combustion occurred earlier and was completed more rapidly, resulting in higher combustion
temperatures and pressures. This relationship emphasizes the need for careful load management to
optimize performance.
Residual Fractions Impact: The study found that the engine torque output was primarily influenced by
the residual gas fractions, with higher residual fractions leading to lower torque output. This highlights the
importance of managing residuals for effective CAI operation.
Backflow Effects: Backflow during the gas exchange process was shown to affect CAI combustion
behavior by reducing mixture temperature and stratification, which delayed ignition and slowed
combustion. This finding suggests that optimizing gas exchange processes is critical for improving CAI
performance.
Moderate Driving Cycle Results: The analysis of the European NEDC driving cycle indicated that while
there were improvements in fuel economy and emissions, these were moderate compared to a modern
spark-ignition (SI) engine. This suggests that further optimization of CAI operation is necessary to fully
realize its potential benefits in real-world driving scenarios.
Konya Journal of Engineering Sciences v. 10, n. 1, 18-28, 2022 by Richard Balthi MSHELIA , Rabo YUSUF ,
Solomon SUDI

Abstract Findings
● The study focuses on exergy analysis of a four-stroke
● Exergy Destruction: The results show significant exergy
single-cylinder gasoline engine.
destruction primarily during the combustion process, where a
● Aimed to improve efficiency and reduce fuel
large portion of the fuel’s available energy is not converted into
consumption in developing countries.
useful work due to high-temperature and pressure reactions.
● Key parameters measured include brake thermal power
● Heat Loss: Another major source of exergy loss is through
and exergy efficiency.
heat transfer to the engine’s surroundings. Improving thermal
● A G200K1 Honda engine was used for experimentation.
management in engines could potentially reduce these losses.
● At 9.4Nm torque, brake power was 2.4609kW with
● Potential Efficiency Improvements: By minimizing these
17.07% efficiency.
exergy destructions, the study suggests that engine efficiency
● At 9.70Nm torque, brake power increased to 2.5395kW
could be improved, either through design modifications or by
with 17.62% efficiency.
altering operational conditions.
● A 1.06% rise in torque corresponds to a 1.80% rise in
efficiency.
Conclusions
● Major energy waste identified as high-temperature
exhaust gases. The research concludes that exergy analysis is a powerful tool for
● Recommendations include optimizing combustion identifying inefficiencies in engine systems. The insights provided can
temperature and reducing heat loss. help in designing more efficient engines, particularly by reducing
exergy destruction in key areas like combustion and heat transfer.
International Energy Journal 14 (2014) 199-208 by Ningxia Yin* , Siqin Chang , Zhaoping Xu and Jiming Lin

Key Objectives Conclusions

The main objective is to compare the FPE's efficiency against the Otto The FPE cycle, with optimized parameters, achieves greater exergy
cycle engine through exergy analysis, specifically evaluating factors like efficiency compared to the Otto cycle. The study concludes that
compression ratio, expansion ratio, and supercharge ratio to understand specific modifications, like adjusting compression and expansion
their impact on the second-law efficiency. ratios and optimizing air-fuel mixtures, significantly impact the FPE's
efficiency, providing guidance for future engine designs.
Findings
This research demonstrates the FPE's potential as a more efficient
1. Compression and Expansion Ratios: Higher compression and alternative to conventional engines, especially in applications where
expansion ratios significantly enhance exergy efficiency. The maximizing exergy efficiency is critical.
FPE's longer expansion stroke increases cycle efficiency by
lowering exhaust temperatures, which helps reduce exergy loss.
2. Supercharging: Increasing the supercharge ratio boosts power
output and exergy efficiency by reducing combustion
irreversibility. This effect is more favorable than simply
increasing the compression ratio.
3. Air-Fuel Ratio: Maintaining a stoichiometric air-fuel mixture
minimizes incomplete combustion and exergy destruction,
further improving efficiency.
Inventions 2018, 3, 33; doi:10.3390/inventions3020033 by Jerald A. Caton

● Objective of the Study: The paper focuses on ● Insights on Exhaust Gas Dilution: The comparison
between external and internal exhaust gas dilution
enhancing the performance and efficiency of provided valuable insights into their respective
internal combustion (IC) engines through the thermodynamic implications. The results indicated that
application of thermodynamic principles. It the choice of dilution method can significantly affect
engine performance and efficiency. This finding
emphasizes the importance of both the first emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate
and second laws of thermodynamics in setting exhaust management strategies to optimize engine
the limits and strategies for thermal operation .
● Critique of the Otto Cycle Model: The discussion
efficiencies in engines . surrounding the Otto cycle analysis concluded that this
● Results on Low Heat Rejection Engines: The traditional model is not suitable for accurately
analysis of low heat rejection engine concepts representing the behavior of internal combustion
engines. The paper highlighted that relying on this
revealed significant challenges in achieving model could lead to misconceptions about engine
higher efficiencies. The thermodynamic performance. Instead, it pointed out that specific heat is
evaluation indicated that while the concept is a critical thermodynamic property that must be
considered for a more accurate understanding of engine
theoretically appealing, practical dynamics .
implementation is fraught with difficulties that ● Overall Conclusion: The study concludes that a deeper
hinder its effectiveness in real-world understanding of thermodynamic principles is essential
for advancing the performance and efficiency of internal
applications. This suggests that alternative combustion engines. By examining various concepts and
strategies may be necessary to improve engine models, the paper underscores the need for innovative
performance . approaches that align with thermodynamic realities. The
insights gained from the examples provided can guide
future research and development efforts in engine
International J of Engine Research 2017, Vol. 18(1-2) 155–169 by Martin LWissink, Derek A Splitter, Adam B
Dempsey, Scott J Curran, Brian C Kaul and Jim P Szybist

● Objective: The paper investigates the thermodynamic Conclusions Drawn from the Research
foundations of various combustion strategies in internal
● Thermodynamic Insights: The study concludes that
combustion engines, focusing on their efficiency and
a thorough understanding of thermodynamic
performance. It employs a model that analyzes the
principles is crucial for enhancing the performance
impacts of heat addition, volume change, mass addition,
and efficiency of internal combustion engines. The
and molecular weight change on engine efficiency.
findings suggest that while certain combustion
Results of the Study are strategies show promise, practical implementation
must consider the thermodynamic limitations and
● Efficiency Comparisons: The comparative analysis
characteristics of the working fluids involved.
between measured and modeled efficiencies highlighted
● Future Directions: The paper emphasizes the need
fundamental sources of efficiency reductions across
for further research into optimizing combustion
different combustion regimes. It was found that
strategies and engine designs to maximize
efficiency tends to improve with decreased combustion
efficiency. It advocates for a more nuanced
duration and optimal combustion phasing, although
approach to engine operation that aligns with
various factors such as engine load and compression
thermodynamic realities, potentially leading to
ratio also play significant roles in efficiency outcomes .
significant advancements in engine technology and
● Impact of Engine Design: The results indicated that
performance .
engine design parameters, such as bore and stroke,
influence the efficiency of different combustion
strategies. The study also noted that increased
compression ratios could lead to efficiency losses due to
retarded combustion phasing and increased heat
Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 26 (7) (2012) 2213~2225 by Dashti Mehrnoosh,*, Hamidi Ali
Asghar and Mozafari Ali Asghar

● Objective: The study aims to develop a thermodynamic Conclusions Drawn from the Research
model to predict the performance and emission
● Model Effectiveness: The developed thermodynamic
characteristics of a spark-ignition (SI) engine fueled by
model demonstrates a strong capability to predict
gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG). The model
engine performance and emissions, validating its
incorporates the first law of thermodynamics to analyze
use for further studies in engine operation
in-cylinder temperature and pressure variations as a
optimization. The findings suggest that the model
function of crank angle.
can be a valuable tool for evaluating the effects of
various parameters, such as equivalence ratio,
Results of the Study compression ratio, and spark timing, on engine
● Performance Predictions: The model successfully performance.
predicted key performance metrics, including power ● Implications for Future Research: The study
output and indicated specific fuel consumption, for both emphasizes the importance of understanding the
gasoline and CNG fuels. The results showed reasonable combustion characteristics of different fuels and
agreement with experimental data, indicating the their impact on engine emissions. The results
model's reliability in simulating engine performance advocate for further parametric studies to explore
under various conditions. the potential of alternative fuels and combustion
● Emission Characteristics: The study found that the strategies in enhancing engine efficiency and
specific emissions of CO2 and CO were lower in the reducing emissions .
CNG-fueled engine compared to the gasoline-fueled In summary, the research provides a comprehensive
engine. This is attributed to the lower carbon-to- analysis of SI engine performance and emissions,
hydrogen ratio of methane (the main component of highlighting the effectiveness of the thermodynamic model
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 78, No. 4, pp. 1986-1988, April 1981 Applied Physical Sciences by MICHAEL
MOZURKEWICH AND R. S. BERRY

● The paper explores finite-time thermodynamics to ● The study emphasizes the importance of
optimize the performance of an Otto cycle engine, understanding the time dependence of piston
focusing on the piston motion to enhance efficiency and motion in real engines, which can lead to better
work output per cycle . design principles and enhanced efficiency in internal
● It addresses real-world engine losses, specifically friction combustion engines .
and heat leakage, and proposes a method to control the
piston motion to minimize these losses . Results
● The study finds that by optimizing the piston motion,
the effectiveness (or second-law efficiency) of a ● The optimization process revealed that the
conventional near-sinusoidal engine can be improved by maximum work per cycle can be achieved by
approximately 10% . adjusting the piston motion while keeping other
parameters, such as compression ratio and fuel
consumption, fixed .
Conclusion ● The results indicated that the effectiveness of the
● The research connects theoretical concepts of finite- optimized engine could increase by up to 17% when
time thermodynamics with practical engineering accounting for larger heat losses and reduced
applications, demonstrating that optimizing piston friction losses compared to conventional engines .
motion can lead to significant improvements in engine ● The study concludes that the approach taken in this
performance . research can serve as a bridge between abstract
● The findings suggest that the optimal piston motion thermodynamic theories and practical applications,
involves maintaining constant velocity during most potentially leading to more efficient engine designs
strokes, with acceleration and deceleration at the stroke in the future .
CODES TO SIMULATE FOUR STROKE ENGINE