Torsion 3-1 Introduction

Chapter 3
Torsion
3-1 Introduction
In many engineering applications, members are subjected to torsional loadings. The best example of
member that resists torque is the circular shaft. A body of circular section is an efficient shape to
counteract torsional loads. Circular shafts are commonly used in machinery to convey power. Another
application to be discussed in this chapter is the torsion of thin-walled tubes.
In using the torsion formulas, the following assumptions are to be considered: circular sections
remain circular after the application of torsional loads, plane sections remain plane and do not twist or
bend, couples or torques applied in planes of shaft are perpendicular to the axis of the shaft, and
stresses do not go beyond the proportional limit.
3-2 Torsional Shearing Stress
Consider a solid shaft rigidly attached at one end and subjected to couple at the other end as shown in
Figure 3-2. The torsional shearing stress developed in the shaft is denoted by Greek letter tau, τ and
expressed as:
where : τ = shearing stress ( MPa, psi )

T = applied torque ( N-m, lb-in )
ρ = radial distance ( mm, in )
r = radius ( mm, in )
J = polar moment of inertia ( mm4, in4 )
The maximum shearing stress is calculated by replacing “ρ” by the radius “r” of the shaft. The
formula is used through the assumption that proportional limit of the material in shear is not exceeded.
Moreover, these formulas are applicable only to both solid and hollow circular shafts.
Figure 3-2
The values of polar moment of inertia for solid and hollow shafts are given as:
Sustituting the values of polar moment of inertia in the general formula for torsional shearing stress, the
derived expression for stress is now given as:
Shafts are also used to transmit power. When a shaft rotates at an angular speed ω, the power
generated is given by P = Tω. The power transmitted P is given in watts, torque T in terms of N-m and
angular speed ω in rad/ sec. When the shaft is rotating at a frequency f revolutions per unit time, where
ω = 2πf, then the power transmitted becomes P = T2πf.
3-3 Angle of Twist
Another consideration in problems related to torsion is the angle of rotation or angle of twist, which is
also referred to as angular deformation. The angle θ through which the shaft length will rotate is given
by the formula
where : θ = angle of twist ( rad )

T = applied torque ( N-m, lb-in )
L = length ( mm, in )
J = polar moment of inertia ( mm4, in4 )
G = shear modulus or modulus of rigidity ( GPa, psi )
Illustrative Problems:
1. A steel shaft has a length of 4 feet with a diameter of 5 inches and subjected to a torque of 14 kip-ft.
Determine the maximum shearing stress developed in the shaft and the angular deformation. Use G =
12 x 106 psi.
Solution: For solid shaft, the value of shearing stress is

τ = 16 T / πD3
τ = 16 ( 14 x 103 lb-ft x 12” ) / π ( 5 in )3
τ = 6844.94 psi Ans
Calculate the angle of twist, θ;
Θ = TL / JG
Θ = ( 14 x 103 lb-ft x 12” ) ( 4 ft x 12” ) / [ π ( 5 in )4 / 32 ] (12 x 106 psi )
Θ = 0.01095 rad or 0.630 Ans
2. The solid steel shaft is fixed at C and subjected to torques applied at A and B. Determine the shearing
stress developed in segments AB and BC. Also, calculate the angle of twist at the free end. Use G = 12 x
106 psi.
300 lb-ft 800 lb-ft
Solution: Pass a section through segment BC and consider to the right of the cutting section;
TBC 300 lb-ft 800 lb-ft
Applying the equations of equilibrium;

ΣT=0
TBC + 300 lb-ft – 800 lb-ft = 0
TBC = 500 lb-ft
From the shearing stress formula for solid shaft;
τ = 16 T / πD3
τBC = 16 ( 500 lb-ft x 12” ) / π ( 2 in )3
τBC = 3819.72 psi Ans
Pass a section through segment AB and consider to the right of the cutting section;
TAB 800 lb-ft
ΣT=0
TAB – 800 lb-ft = 0
TAB = 800 lb-ft
τ = 16 T / πD3
τAB = 16 ( 800 lb-ft x 12” ) / π ( 2 in )3
τAB = 6111.55 psi Ans
Compute the total angular deformation;
ΘTotal = Σ TL / JG
ΘTotal = TL / JG)AB + TL / JG)BC
ΘTotal = 800 lb-ft x 12” ( 5’ x 12” ) / [ π ( 2 in )4 / 32 ] (12 x 106 psi ) + 500 lb-ft x 12” ( 3’ x 12” ) / [ π ( 2 in )4
/ 32 ] (12 x 106 psi )
ΘTotal = 0.042 rad = 2.410 Ans
3. The compound shafts are attached to unyielding supports as shown. If a torque of T = 12 kip-ft is
applied, determine the maximum shearing stress developed in the aluminum and steel shafts. Use G =
12 x 106 psi for steel and G = 4 x 106 psi for aluminum.
Solution: Consider the FBD of the whole system and using the equations of equilibrium;
TAl + TSt = 12 x 103 x 12”
TAl + TSt = 144 x 103 lb-in ( Equation 1 )
Since the supports are rigid, the aluminum shaft must rotate the same angle as the steel shaft so that
the total angular deformation is zero.
Σ TL / JG = 0
TL / JG)Al = TL / JG)St
TAl ( 6 ft ) /[ π ( 3 in )4 / 32 ] (4 x 106 psi ) = TSt ( 3 ft ) /[ π ( 2 in )4 / 32 ] (12 x 106 psi )
TAl = 0.84375TSt ( Equation 2 )
Solve the two equations simultaneously;
TSt = 78101.70 lb-in
TAl = 65898.30 lb-in
τ = 16 T / πD3
τSt = 16 ( 78101.70 lb-in ) / π ( 2 in )3
τSt = 16 ( 65898.30 lb-in ) / π ( 3 in )3
Exercises:
1. A 5-m length solid steel shaft is subjected to a torque of 15 kN-m. If the angular deformation of the
shaft is limited to 40, what minimum diameter is required? Also, calculate the maximum shearing stress
developed. Use G = 83 GPa. Answer: D = 107.15 mm
2. A steel marine propeller shaft transmits a power of 5 MW at a frequency of 2.5 Hz. The diameter of
the shaft is 250 mm with G = 83 GN/ m2. Determine the maximum shearing stress in the shaft.
Answer: τ = 103.75 MPa
3. The copper pipe has an outside diameter of 45 mm and an inside diameter of 40 mm. It is tightly
fixed to the wall at A and loaded by torques as shown in the figure. Compute the absolute maximum
shearing stress developed. Answer: τ = 13.39 MPa
4. The 70-mm diameter solid shaft carries the torsional loadings shown. Calculate the maximum
shearing stress in the shaft. What is the distance from fixed A at which the shear stress is zero.
Answer: τ = 26.73 MPa, x = 0.90 m
5. A 3-in solid aluminum shaft is subjected to two torques as shown. Use G = 4 x 106 psi. Compute the
maximum shearing stress and the angle of rotation at the free end.
Answer: τ = 1810.83 psi, θ = 0.930
6. The steel shaft shown rotates at 3 rev/ sec with 30 kW removed at A, 15 kW taken off at B, and 45
kW applied at C. Compute the minimum and maximum shearing stress developed in the shaft.
Determine the total angular deformation of gear A relative to gear C. use G = 83 GPa.
Answer: τmin = 44.27 MPa, θ = 6.770
7. A compound shaft consists of an aluminum segment and a steel segment and subjected to torsional
loads as shown. Calculate the maximum value of T that will satisfy the following criteria: allowable
shearing stress in the steel shaft is not to exceed 80 MPa, shearing stress in the aluminum shaft is
limited to 50 MPa, and the angle of twist of the free end is not to exceed 5 0. For aluminum, use G = 28
GPa and for steel, use G = 83 GPa Answer: T = 628.32 N-m
8. The compound shaft is rigidly attached to unyielding supports as shown. Use G = 35 GPa for bronze
and G = 83 GPa for steel. Calculate the largest torque T that can be applied at B if the shearing stress in
the bronze is limited to 60 MPa and for steel, shearing stress is not to exceed 85 MPa.
2.5 m 1.5 m
9. The compound shaft consists of three segments made from steel, aluminum, and bronze. The shaft is
secured at both ends by rigid supports. Use GSt = 12 x 106 psi, GAl = 4 x 106 psi, and GSt = 6 x 106 psi.
Determine the shearing stress developed in each segment.
300 lb-ft 500 lb-ft

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Chapter 3

3-2 Torsional Shearing Stress

where : τ = shearing stress ( MPa, psi )

3-3 Angle of Twist

where : θ = angle of twist ( rad )

Solution: For solid shaft, the value of shearing stress is

Applying the equations of equilibrium;

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