Exponential and Logarithmic Series 1

Chapter

8
Exponential and Logarithmic Series
n
Exponential Series  Tn 1  General term in the expansion of e x  x and
n!
Definition (The number e)
1
n coefficient of x n in e x  .
 1 n!
The limiting value of  1   when n tends to infinity is
 n The above series known as exponential series and e x is called
denoted by e. exponential function. Exponential function is also denoted by exp. i.e.,
i.e., exp A  e A ;  exp x  e x .
x
n
 1
e  lim  1    1 
1

1

1

1
 .........  Replacing x by , we obtain
n   n 1! 2! 3! 4 ! 2
x x x3 xn
= 2.71 (Nearly) e x  1     ........  (1)n  ........ 
1! 2! 3! n!
Properties of e  Tn 1  General term in the expansion of
(1) e lies between 2.7 and 2.8. i.e., 2.7 < e < 2.8 (since xn (1)n
1 1 e  x  (1)n and coefficient of x n in e  x  .
 n 1 for n  2 ). n! n!
n! 2
(2) The value of e correct to 10 places of decimals is Exponential function ax, where a > 0
2.7182818284. xx log e a
(3) e is an irrational (incommensurable) number.  a x  e log e a  e
(4) e is the base of natural logarithm (Napier logarithm) i.e.,
 ax  e x ....(i), where   log e a
ln x  log e x and log 10 e is known as Napierian constant.
We have,
log 10 e  0 . 43429448 , ln x  2 . 303 log 10 x . 2 3 r
x x x x
ex 1   ........   ........ 
1! 2! 3! r!
 1 
Replacing x by  x in this series,
 since ln x  log10 x . log e 10 and log e 10   2 . 30258509 
 log e 
 10  x  2 x 2  3 x 3 rxr
e x  1     .....   ..... 
Expansion of exponential series 1! 2! 3! r!
Hence from (i),
For x R ,
log e a (log e a)2 2 (log e a)r x r
x x2 x3 xr ax  1  x x  .....   ..... 
ex 1    ......   ......  1! 2! r!
1! 2! 3! r!
 xn Some standard results from exponential series
or e x   n!
.
n 0
 2 Exponential and Logarithmic Series
  
1 1 1 (1) (i) log e (1  x )  log e (1  x )  log e (1  x 2 )
(1)  n!   (n  1)!   (n  k )!  e
n 0 n 0 n 0

x
2
x4 

  2    ........  , (1  x  1)
1 1 1 1  
(2)  n!  1!  2!  3! ..........   e  1  2 4 
n 1
(ii)

1 1 1 1  x3 x5 
(3)  n!   
2! 3! 4 !
 .........   e  2 log e (1  x )  log e (1  x )  2  x 
3

5
 ........  
n2  

1 1 1 1
(4)  (n  1)!  1!  2!  3!  .........   e  1 or log e 
1  x  
  2x 
x3

x5 
 ........  
n 0
1  x   3 5 

1 1 1 1
(5)  (n  2)!   
2! 3! 4 !
 .........   e  2 (2) The series expansion of log e (1  x ) may fail to be valid,
n 0 if |x| is not less than 1. It can be proved that the logarithmic series is
 valid for x =1. Putting x=1 in the logarithmic series.
1 1 1 1
(6)  (n  1)!   
2! 3! 4 !
 .........   e  2 We get,
n 1
1 1 1 1 1
log e 2  1       .... 
(7) 2 3 4 5 6
e  e x
x
x2 x4 x6 
x 2n 1 1 1
1    .......        .... 
2 2! 4! 6! n  0 (2n)!
1 .2 3 .4 5 .6
(8) (3) When x  1 , the logarithmic series does not have a
sum. This is in conformity with the fact that log(1 – 1) is not a finite
e x  e x x3 x5 
x 2 n 1
2
x
3!

5!
 .......    (2n  1)! quantity.
n 0
Difference between the exponential and logarithmic
(9)
series
(ax ) (ax )2 (ax )3 (ax )n
e ax  1     ......   ...... 
1! 2! 3! n! x x2 x3
(1) In the exponential series ex  1   
1! 2! 3!
 Tn 1  General term in the expansion of
n n
..........  all the terms carry positive signs whereas in the
ax (ax ) ax a
e  and coefficient of x n in e  . logarithmic series log e (1  x )
n! n!
x2 x3 x4
 x    ........  the terms are alternatively
Logarithmic Series 2 3 4
positive and negative.
Definition (2) In the exponential series the denominator of the terms
involve factorial of natural numbers. But in the logarithmic series the
An expansion for log e (1  x ) as a series of powers of x
terms do not contain factorials.
which is valid only, when | x |  1 .
(3) The exponential series is valid for all the values of x. The
Expansion of logarithmic series logarithmic series is valid, when |x|< 1.

Expansion of log e (1  x ); if | x |  1, then

x2 x3 x4
log e (1  x )  x     ........ 
2 3 4
Replacing x by x in the logarithmic series, we get

x2 x3 x4 

 (2n)!  1  2!  4 !  6!  ......... 
log e (1  x )   x     ........  1 1 1 1
2 3 4 
n 0

x2 x3 x4
or  log e (1  x )  x     ........  e  e 1

1
2 3 4 
2
  (2n  2)! .
n 1
Some Important results from logarithmic series

 Exponential and Logarithmic Series 3

1 1 1 1 e  e 1
 (2n  1)!  1!  3!  5!  .........  
n 1
2

1
  (2n  1)! .
n 0

 
n n
  n!  e   n!
n 0 n 1

 
n2 n2
  n!
n0
 2e   n!
n 1

 
n3 n3
  n!
n0
 5e   n!
n 1

 
n4 n4
  n!
n 0
 15 e   n!
n 1