Index: SL - No Content Construction of The Attitude Scale

INDEX
Sl.No Content
Construction of the attitude scale
1 Meaning of attitude scale
2 The attitude scale
3 Criteria of attitude scale
4 Steps of constructing and using an attitude scale
5 The Likert Method of attitude scale construction
6 Merits
7 Demerits
8 Bibliography
CONSTRUCTION OF AN ATTITUDE SCALE
1. MEANING OF ATTITUDE
Attitude is a dispositional readiness to respond to certain situations persons,
objects or ideas in a consistent manner which as been learned and as become
one’s typical mode of responses.
2. THE ATTITUDE SCALE
The more common attitude scale also consists of a series of attitude

statements. Unlike the ordered scale, however, these sentences do not represents
gradations if the attitude. They embody extreme statements, either clearly
favorable or clearly unfavorable. The agreement scale achieves a wide range or
scores by having respondents report the intensity of an attitude.
3. CRITERIA OF ATTITUDE SCALE
In making the initial list of the statements several practical criteria were
applied in the first editing work. Some of the important criteria are as follows;
i. The statements should be as brief as possible so as not to fatigue the

subjects who are asked to read the whole list.
ii. The statements should be such that they can be indorsed or rejected in
accordance with their agreement or disagreement with the attitude of the
reader.
iii. Every statement should be such that acceptance or rejection of the statement
does indicate something regarding the reader’s attitude about the issue in
question.
iv. Double-barreled statements should be avoided except possibly as examples
of neutrality when better neutral statements do not seem to be ambiguity.
v. One must insure that at least a fair majority of the statements really belong
on the attitude variable that is to be measured.
4. STEPS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND USING AN ATTITUDE SCALE
1. Accumulate a large number of clearly favorable or clearly unfavorable
statements about the attitude you wish to measure (approximately 60). As
with the statements for the ordered scale, a good source might be prospective
respondents.
2. Ask a pilot group (50 or more) to respond to these statements. The group
should consist of people who are (similar) to the people whose attitudes you
wish to measure and (b) likely to express the whole range of attitudes you
wish the instrument to detect.
3. Score responses by assigning them from one to five points-five for most
favorable, one for lease favorable. This, of course, means responses will be
scored differently depending on whether the statement reflects a negative or
positive attitude.
Example. Scoring key for two items measuring attitude toward school.
School is waste of time School teaches you things that help in getting a job.
SA A U D SD SA A U D SD
1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1
Note that the highest rating, (5) for favorable attitude toward school may be
given to strongly disagree (SD) or strongly agree (AS) depending on how the
item is worded.
4. Compute a score for each respondent by totaling the points corresponding to

his or her responses.
5. Identify high scores (top 25%) and low scores (lowest 25%)
6. Analyze each statement according to how high and low scores responded to
it. The method for accomplishing this step, called “item analysis”, is
discussed below.
7. Retain those items (approximately 20) which provided good discrimination
between high and low scorers.
8. Construct the questionnaire by listing the retained statements in random
order.
9. Administer the instrument.
10.Compute a score for each respondent by totaling the scores corresponding to
his or her responses.
5. THE LIKERT METHOD OF ATTITUDE SCALE CONSTRUCTION.
The first step in the Likert method is also the collection of a large
number of statements expressing various degrees of positive and negative
feelings about an object, institution, or class or person. The selection of
items for the attitude scale, however, does not involve the use of judges:
rather the selection is base on the results of administering the items to a
representative group of subjects. Each item is rated by subjects taking the
attitude scale on a five point continuum from “strongly approve”. the total
score is the sum of all the item scores. The validity of each item is studies,
with the criterion being total score on the preliminary edition. Only those
items that have high correlations with total score are retained. Items that
have low correlations are excluded as either unreliable or as measuring some
extraneous attitude factor. As a result, the shorter revised attitude scal3 is
much more homogenous than the preliminary edition. It has greater internal
consistency, a characteristic which is necessary, but not sufficient, for
construct validity.
6. MERITS
The advantages of the Likert method include

1. Greater ease of preparation.
2. The fact that the method is based entirely on empirical data regarding
subjects responses rather than subjective opinions of judges.
3. The fact that this method produces more homogeneous scales and
increases the probability that a unitary attitude is being measured.
4. The scales provide more information about the subject’s attitudes, since
an intensity reaction is given to each of many items.
5. The chief disadvantage of the Likert method is that the scores are relative
to the group used in scale construction, whereas the Thurstone method
establishes a neutral point as a basis of reference.
6. Attitude scales are used chiefly in are search studies and most researchers
find that an attitude scale devised to suit their specific purpose is more
suitable than any of the published scales.
7. DEMERITS
1. The chief criticism that might be leveled at attitude scales is oncerned

with the indirectness of measurement, that is, verbal statements are used
as basis for influence about “real attitudes”. Moreover, attitude scales are
easily faked.
2. Although administering the scale anonymously may increase the validity
of results, anonymity makes it difficult to correlate them findings with
related data about the individuals unless such data are obtained at the
same time.
3. ‘It seems that we must limit our influences from attitude scale scores,
recognizing that such scores merely summarize the verbalized attitudes
that the subjects are willing to express in a specific test situation.
4. The student will recognize the difficulty of studying the concurrent
validity of verbal attitude scales by studying their relationship with
behavioral criteria.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sl. Name of the Book Author

No.
1 Under standing psychology and Human ability Prof. R .R . Madankar
2 Advanced educational psychology S. K. Mangal
3 Advanced educational psychology B. N. Dandpani

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INDEX

CONSTRUCTION OF AN ATTITUDE SCALE

2. THE ATTITUDE SCALE

The more common attitude scale also consists of a series of attitude

3. CRITERIA OF ATTITUDE SCALE

i. The statements should be as brief as possible so as not to fatigue the

4. Compute a score for each respondent by totaling the points corresponding to

5. THE LIKERT METHOD OF ATTITUDE SCALE CONSTRUCTION.

The advantages of the Likert method include

1. The chief criticism that might be leveled at attitude scales is oncerned

Sl. Name of the Book Author

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