Differential Scale

SDS TRC & RGICD
COLLEGE OF NURSING
BANGALORE-29
NURSING
EDUCATION
SEMINAR ON :
DIFFERENTIAL
SCALES, ANECDOTAL
RECORD,
SOCIOMETRY.
SUBMITTED TO
MRS NATHIYA E M
LECTURER IN
MENTAL HEALTH NURSING
SUBMITTED BY
MISS CHRISTINA
MM
MSc 1 ST
YEAR
INTRODUCTION
The realization of educational goals

& objectives in the educative process is
based on the accuracy of the
judgement & the influences made by
decision the test measurements &
evaluation or being used in educational
situation.
Point scale
 Method I
 Select the words which will give the
opinion.
 That attitude of a respondent is known by
calculating the members of words selected
should be suggestive of an attitude & the
opposite words also be given at the same
time.
 One point is given to each agreement or
disagreement which ever is to be given.
Method II
 Two sets of words
indicating both favourable
and un fourable opinions
are given the unfavourable
items may be closed and
fourable items may be left
un scored.
Difficulties in this method
 The words may not be
dichotomous in nature.
 The neutral or confused opinion
cannot be represented.
 Adequate number of words
expressing the same attitude
may not be found
Thurston scale
 Thurston's techniques is
one of the most important
contributors to attitude
scale
 This scales are measure to
social phenomenon.
Steps in constructing Thurston
attitude scale
 Select the issue.
 Design & collect 100-150 attitudinal
statement.
 Avoid factual statement.
 Multiple interpretation.
 Past tense.
 Irrelevant ones.
 Long statement.
 Writing impel clear & direct
statement.
 Assign numbers for the statement
for identification.
 Reproduce the statements on
uniform individual steps of paper.
 The job of a judge is to place each
statement in a particular category.
 Assemble all the judgement for each
statement & tabulate the sorting
draw up the cumulative graph
Advantages
It is simple to administer &
score primarily useful in
attitude measurement.
Disadvantages
Time consuming to construct
Semantic scale
It was developed by O S good
& P H tannen baum. Its main
objective is to examine the
meaning of certain concepts. the
semantic differential scale
makes the measurement &
comparison of various objects or
concepts possible in order to
form an attitude scale.
 it refers to collection of rating
scales anchored by bipolar
adjectives it is a very flexible
approaches he term semantic
scale refers to any to obtaining
measures of attitude.
 This scale is known as a seven
point scale & the end points of
the scale are associated with
bipolar labels.
In the semantic differential scale
only the extremes have names the in
between categories have either black
spaces or sometimes a number some
examples of scale are as follows.
 Pairs of words are often clear opposite.
Ex: Good .... Bad.
Honest....Dishonest.
Active....Passive.
Cheap...Expansive.
Scalogram (Guttman)
 It is based on the idea that items
can be arranged along a
continuum in such a way that a
person who agrees with an item
an finds an item acceptable. Will
also agree with or find
acceptable all other items
expensing less extra.
 A scalogram analysis is a
simple method of testing the
scalability of the statements
the views of judges are not
necessary in this case a
diagram in which individual
responses are laid out in
called a scalogram.
Q-Sort scale
 The method is widely applied in the

study of personality the individual
can make a study of changes in his
own image. Or in his ideal person. &
so on the data yielded by the Q-Sort
can be summarized into a single
score as in a summated scale to
yield a scale on adjustment.
Advantages
 Q-Sort can be applied to a wide
verity of problem.
 Regarding people to place card
in each pick can reduces biases
that are common in likert scales.
 It can be included in studies
involving face to face intraction.
Disadvantages
 It is difficult & time consuming to
administer Q-sort to large sample of
people.
 Force distribution of cards according
to researchers specification.
 It cannot be incorporated into mailed
or internet questionnaires of
administered in telephone interview.
Summated scale (Likert
scale)
 To measure the social attitude likert
type scale is used.
 It uses only the definitely favourable
& unfavourable statements.
 It excludes intermediate opinion.
 The respondents indicates the degree
of agreement or disagreement.
Meaning
 Summated : to add together total sum up.
 Scale : a set of numbers an wants etc..
Used to measure or compare the level of
something.
Example : 5 - Strongly agree.
4 – Agree
3 – In different
2 – Disagree
1 -Strongly disagree
Advantages
 It supplies more precise & definite
response towards an issue.
 It permits the revelation of several
(5) degree of agreement &
disagreement.
 It has a boarder area of references
method of checking internal
consistency.
Disadvantages
 The judgement on the basis of total
score which is estimated by
calculating the mean or median is
not scientific.
 There is no objective basis for
expressing different degree of
disagreement.
 The respondent is required to
answer all the questions on the
scale.
Scalogram (cumulative/guttman)
 Meaning :
It is an account of the Childs history in
the school it begins as soon as child
enters the school and continues till he
lives in the school.
it contains the total duration of course
his activity during the programme like
learning experience. Subject being
taught different assignments evaluation
judgement done by time to time record.
Difinition
It is a record of
information concerned
appraisal of the individual
pupil maintained in a card
kept in a one place.
Form of cumulative record
 Card sheet contained in an envelope.
 Printed folders.
 Booklet.
Content of cummulative record.
 Personal data.
 Milestones of growth &
development.
 Health information.
 Personality characteristics.
 General overall remarks.
ANACDOTA
L RECORD
DEFINITION
"It is a brief description of

an observed behaviour
that appears significant for
evaluation purpose”
“ It is the written
description of a specific
incident for which a teacher
has observed.”
“ A verbal Snapshot of an
incident”
Meaning
 Informal device used by the teacher
to record behaviour of students as
observed by him time to time.
 It Provides a Lasting record of
behaviour which may be useful later in
contributing to a judgement about
student.
 Teachers will note down the important
happenings pertaining to a pupil for
future reference.
Characteristics
 A actual description of an event how it
occurred, what happened, when it
occurred, this all will described by the
observer.
 Each anecdotal record should contain
a record of a single incident.
 The incident recorded should be one i.e
considered to be significant to the pupil
growth and development.
Purposes
 To furnish the multiplicity of evidence
needed for a good cumulative record.
 To stimulate teachers to look for
information i.e pertinent in helping
each student realize good self
adjustment.
 To understand individuals basic
personalities pattern & reaction in
different situations,
 The teacher is able to
understand her pupil ion a
realistic manner.
 It provides an opportunities for
healthy pupil teacher
relationship.
 Can be used by the students for
self appraisal and peer
assessment.
Advantages
 Supplements and validates of other
structured instruments.
 Provision of insight into total
behavioural incidents.
 Use of formative feedback
 Economical and easy to develop.
 Needs no special training.
 Open ended and can catch unexpected
events.
DISADVANTAGES
 Only records events of interest to the
person doing the observing.
 Quality of the record depends on the
memory of the person doing observing.
 At a time educators forget all of the
details during observation.
 Incident can be taken out of context
may miss out on recording specific
types of behaviour.
SOCIOMETRY
Meaning
Sociometry which is quantitative method
for measuring social relationships & is
based on the fact that people make
choices is interpersonal relationships.
Sociometry came from latin word

Socius – social.
Metrum-measure.
Definition
“The study of relationship within a group
of people”
oxford
dictionary
“The enquiry into the evolution &
organization of groups & the position of
individual within them”
jacob
moreno
Need of sociometry
 Focusing on achieving targets .

 Focusing on key contributors who
create value the informal leaders.
 Knowing what is really going on
enhancing the informal relationship
network.
 Focusing on culture providing
connection contribution & credibity.
Types of Sociometry
1.Research Sociometry
2.Applied Sociometry
Research Sociometry
It is a action research with group

exploring the socio emotional networks
of relationship using specified creteria.
It mainly concern with the
relationship of small & large population.
( organization, neighbour, indivisual,
small group,)
Example: Who in the group do you want

to sit beside you at work?
Applied sociometry
It utilizes range of methods

to assist people and group
review expand and develop
their existing psycho social
network of relationship.
Uses of sociometry
 Sociometry measurement can be used
to study the type of interaction and
factors affecting the relationship.
 It can also used to measure group
characteristics such as cohesiveness
morale bonding.
 It can also be used to measure
individual characteristics such as
leadership. Agressiveness,libralism.
Areas of sociometry
applied.
Educatio
Industry
n
sociometr
y
Service &
Army public
sector
Methods of analysis of
sociometric data (Techniques).
 Socio matric matrix.

 Sociogram
 Socio matric index
Process of sociometry
 A sociogram is a important tool for a
teacher.
 The sociogram is a chart used to
actually apply of sociomatric in the
classroom.
 Its value to a teacher is in its
potentiality for developing greater
understanding of group behaviour.
 This shows the positive nature of
sociometry and once the relationship
understood by the teacher group
work can be better facilitated for
greater learning.
 The data for the sociogram may also
be displayed as a table or matrix of
each person choices such a table is
called socio matrix.
Socio matric matrix
 A matrix is a rectangular
arrangement of members
of other symbols
sociomatric is square or in
X n matrix
EX: A group of 6 members
responds to a sociometric
questions to whom would you
like to work on such projects
during next 3 months.
-Individual the responses made
are choice of a member.
-Choose another non-choice is
denoted by 0.
A B C D E F
A 0 1 0 1 0 1
B 0 0 0 0 1 1
C 0 0 0 1 1 1
D 0 1 0 0 1 1
E 1 0 0 1 0 1
F 0 1 0 1 1 0
Total 02 03 0 04 04 05
Advantages of sociomatrix
 It is inclusive that is
relationship between every
single pair is specifically
recorded.
 Joint relationship among pairs
are recorded.
 Matrix may be combined and
compared
Disadvantages of sociomatrix
 It is suitable for a large group.

 It is a poor graphic device.
 It is a poor tool detecting
mutual choices
& other aspects of group
structure.
Sociogram
Meaning
 A sociogram is a drawing
that plots the structure of
interpersonal reactions in a
group situations.
 It is a graphic representation
of a social links that person
has.
Socio matric index
 Socio matric choices or other

relation are also measured by
indies. A large member of
medics are possible.
 CSA = Σ CA
------------
n–1
 (n-1) is used because one
cannot choose oneself.
 Where CSA = Choice states
of person A
 Σ CA= Some of choice in
common A
 n – 1 member individual in
the group.
Application of sociometry
 A good and clear explanation.
 A friendly & attentive classroom
atmosphere.
 Class members should have known
each other better.
 It must be applied to the students who
can read & write.
 Application should be repeated
periodically to see improvement.
THANK YOU

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SDS TRC & RGICD

The realization of educational goals

 The method is widely applied in the

"It is a brief description of

Sociometry came from latin word

 Focusing on achieving targets .

It is a action research with group

Example: Who in the group do you want

It utilizes range of methods

 Socio matric matrix.

 It is suitable for a large group.

 Socio matric choices or other

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