CHAPTER 7 as METHODS OF INTEGRATION Goa doesnot cave about our mathematical difficulties— he integrates empirically, PREVIEW In this chapter we inerease the number of techniques and procedures for integrating a Tunetion, One of the most imporant techniques, substitution, is roviewed in the first svetion and is then expanded in several different contexts. Other important integration procedures include using tables, integration by parts, and partial fractions. In addition, improper integrals, hyperbolic functions, and inverse hyperbolic functions are discussed, along with firstorder differential equations. PERSPECTIVE Its possible to uifferentiate most functions that arise in practice by applying a fairly short list of rules and formulas, but integration is a more complicated process. The purpose of this chapter is to increase your ability to integrate a variety of uifferent functions. Learning lo imegrate is like learning to play a musical instrument: at first, it may seem impossibly ‘complicated, but if you persevere, aller a while music starts to happen. It should be noted that as more powerful technology becomes available, teclniques become less important and ideas become more important. CONTENTS vA 12 73 74 78 76 1 18 Review of Substitution and Integration by Table Review of substiution Using tables of integrals Integration By Parts Integration by pas formula Roped use of integration by Powers af sine and cosine Powers of secant and tangent ‘Trigonometrc substitutions (Quiarate-fora itograls Method of Partial Fractions. arial froction decomposition Invegrating rational functions Rational fmetions of sine and ‘Summary of Integration Techniques First-Order Ditferential Equations st-order linear diferenial equations Applications of frsorder ceguations Improper Integrals Improper inteyrals with insite limits of integration Improper integrals with ‘usibounded invegeands Comparison test for convergence or divergence Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Hyperbolic functions Derivatives and integrals nvolving hyperbolic functions Inverse hyperbolic functions Chapter 7 Review Rosoarch Project 509510 7.1. Review of Substitution and Integration by Table 7.1 REVIEW OF SUBSTITUTION AND INTEGRATION BY TABLE IN THIS SECTION: Review of substitution, using tables of integrals In this seetion, we review our integration formulas as well as the method of imtegration by substitution. ‘Today's technology has greatly enhanced the ability of professional mathematicians and scientists in techniques of integration, thereby minimizing the need for spending hours learning rarely uscd integration techniques. Along with this new teclnology, the use of integral tables has inereased in importance. Most mathematical handbooks contain extensive integral tables, and we have included such an integration table in Appendix D. For easy reference, the most important integration rules and formulas are listed inside the back cover. Notice that the first four integration formulas are the procedural rules, which allow us to break up integrals into simpler forms, whereas those on the remainder of the page form the building blocks of integration. Review of Substitution Rememiber that when doing substitution you must choose 1, ealculate du, and then substi- {ute to make the form you are integrating look exactly like one of the known integrat Formulas. We will review substitution by looking at different situations and special sub- stitutions that prove useful Example 1 Integration by substitution Solution Let uw be the value in parentheses; that is, let u = 2x7 ~ 2. Then dit = 3x? dr, so by substitution, Using substitution As with all indefinite integrals, you ean check your work by finding the derivative of {your answer to see if you obtain the integrand. For this example Uy gat _aytag bt -25.0r) +9 Example 2 Fitting the form of a known integration formula by substitution | tt TA Solution — We notice the sin eta = 1 and w= 2, Then du Fin larity between this and the formula for inverse sine if we 2 dt and7.1. Review of Substitution and integration by Table 511 Wn =, then di Also, I= WC Rannuta 22, Appendis D Ssin 2 C Rewrite in terms of original variable 3 + of orig ‘The method of substitution (Section 5.5) is very important, because many of the teci- niques developed in this chapicr will be used in conjunction with substitution, Examples 3 ‘and 4 illustrate additional ways substitution can be used in integration problems. Example 3. Multiplication by 1 to derive an integration formula Pid fseex ds Solution Multiply the integrand see.x hy see.x + tan. and divide by the same quantity: seex = tans ‘is that the numerator is naw the = [Seem sects HSCEN LAS derivative ofthe denominator: weorFane —. au tan ++ sec, then = eee tan.s)dr = Inlul+ = Injseex + tan.c} + You may wonder why anyone would think to multiply and divide the integrand see.x in Example 3 by sec.x + tan.x. To say that we do it “because it works” is probably not A very satisfying answer. However, techniques like this are passed on Irom generation to generation, and it should be noted that multiplication by I isa common method in ‘mathematics for changing the form of an expression to one that ean be manipulated more easily Example 4 Substitution after an algebraic manipulation Solution The steaightforward substitution 1 = 1+ e* does not work: tf =f ain Paisixnoran appropriate form Tee PA fet because as nr been eininaed Instead, rewrite the integrand as follows: Mui by 1. = loll $C Sloe EEE $1 > forall x, s0 lole Sets in(e"" + 1)512 Substitution does wot guaran tee an obvious integrable form. When the degree ofthe muner- stor is greater than or equal te the degree ofthe denominator, division isefen help. 7.1 Review of Substitution and Integration by Table ‘When the integrand involves terms with fractional exponents, it is usually good idea to choose the substitution x =u, where 1 is the smallest positive integer that is divisible by all the denominators of the exponents (that is, the least common ‘of the denominators). For examph and x, then the substitution is suggested, because {2 is the smallest integer divisible by the exponential denominators 4,3, and 6, The advantage of this policy is that it guarantees that each fractional power of x becomes an integral power of w. Thus, ifthe integrand involves tems such as x M6 = (a2, Mua, PB aad Example § Subst a Solution Because 6 is the smallest integer divisible by the denominators 2 and 3, we set 6, so that u® =.x and 6uSdu = dx. We now use substitution Gu die eae bu de wd Fu) 6° du ou’ een 2 tome division, =f (00464 A) te = 2u Bu? Gu = GIN] bu] HC Subsite w= 3, = 260) = 36 tion with fractional exponents ~6u + 6+ —. Tee + 6¢01) — 6 Int +2!| 40 2g? ay! 4 ge!8 =6in(h 4x) 40 Note: | V8 > 0. Using Tables of Integrals Example 5 (especially the part involving long division) seems particularly lengthy. When faced with the necessity of integrating a function such as ou teu ‘most people would turn to a computer, calculator, or a table of integrals. If you look, for example, at the short table of integrals (Appendix D), you will find (Formula 37Y* that ude _ (au + by) blu +H | WMaw+d) _Y J Bi = ERE MEF, HAD Pinay ene auth Bat Dat o a See ha te begining of the loepral Table tha eh mt the able ras ean of span when using tov fo the ae7.4 Review of Substitution and Integration by Table If we tet a = 1 and b= 1, we find outa 6| HN ay 4 19) = 94 + DE ISG + 1) nf FC When using integration tables, we note that the algebraic form does not the form we obtain by direct integration. You might wish to show algebrai form we have just found andl the form Ihvays match ly that the du! — Bu? + 6u ~Gin|1 +4] +C from Example $ differ by a constant and hence are equivalent To use an integral table, first classify the integral by form. To facilitate substitution of forms, we use « as the variable of integration, and let a,b,c, and represent constants. The forms listed in Appendix D are as follows: Elementary forms (Formulas 1-29; these were developed in the text) Linear and quadratic forms (Formulas 30-76) Forms involving au + 63 12 + a7; 0? — a2; a? — ws and au? + bu tc Radical forms (Formulas 77-121) Fors involving Yau FB; Vu? ak; vie — a a a ‘Trigonometrie forms (Formulas 122-167) Forms involving cosau; sinaw; both sinaw and cosau; tanau; eotan; sean; Inverse trigonometric forms (Formula 168-182) Exponential and logarithmic forms(Formulas 183-200) Forms involving e*; In| ‘There is a common misconception that integration will be easy if a table is provided, but even with a table available there ean be a considerable amount of work, After deciding which form applies, mateh the individual type with the problem at hand by making appropriate choices for the arbitrary constants. More than one form may apply, but the results derived by using different formulas will be the same (except for the constants) ‘even though they may look quite different, We will not include the constants in the table listing, but you should remember to include them with your answers when using the table For integration, “Take a few moments to look at the integration table Appendix D. Notice that the table has two basic (ypes of integration formulas. The first gives a formula that is the antiderivative, whereas the second, called a reduction formula, simply rewrites the integral in another form. Example 6 Integration using a table of integrals Find [23 — x). Solution We can find this integral using substitution: [oe-ota= fo = fico = was (—dir) then die 24 8 7 6 =-gG- 984 7G -97—5G-oh Fe 3 513514 7.1 Review of Substitution and Integration by Table Even though this was not (oo difficult, itis a bil tedious, so we might think to find this integral by using a table of imegrals, This is an integral involving an expression of the form au +b; we find that this is Formula 32 where w = x,a =—1,b =3, and 1 =5) B= — 29G-087 BEHE GFDCI 1 26-4)! G4+dEn ve Jro-ote o-ot+$e-n'-2o-0t +c 3 One of the difficult considerations when using tables or computer software to carry out integration is recognizing the variety of different forms for acceptable answers. Note that it is not casy 10 show that these forms are algebraically equivalent. If we use computer software for this evaluation, we find yet another algebraically equivalent form (remember you ean check equivalence up to an arbitrary constant) by taking the derivative of both integrals and showing they are the same}: [ee-o'a= remember that you must add the + C to the computer software form. set a 1srt¢ sas AEE gi Once agai Ex Bint fansy* as. Solution The integrand is in logarithmic form; from the table of integrals we see that Formula 198, Appendix D applies, where u =x and n = 4, Take a close Took at Formula 198, and note that it gives another integral as part of the result, This is called a reduction formula because it enables us to compute the given integral in terms of an integral of a similar type, only with a lower power in the integral nple 7 Integration ing a reduction formula from a table of integrals Joostac esos = famosa fom x(lncy* a[ntnn fone] eae op adn tna fons a =adinxy* = 4x(lnay + 12 Erdos)? —2xInx 42x] +6 This is ferme 197 = x(inxyt ~ de(inxy? + (20a =x ine + 24x + Reduction Formulas in @ table of integrals, such as the one illustrated in Example 7, are usually obiained using substitution and integration by parts (which we will do in Section 7.2) Nate from the previous example that we follow the convention of adding the eon- stant C only after eliminating the last integral sign (rather than being technically cor. rect and writing Ci, C2, ... for each integral). ‘The reason we can do this is that C+ G4 = C, for arbiuary constants. Its often necessary to make substitutions before using one of the integration for- ‘mulas, as shown in the following example,7.1. Review of Substitution and Integration by Table Example 8 Using an integral table after substitution Solution This isan integral of the form GE =H, but il docs not exactly match any of the formulas. Note, itowever, that except for the coefficient of 5, itis like Formula 111. Let w= 5.x (sou? = 5x"); then de = V5 dx xd a Wu V5x,90 # wen SHS du = Je, s0 that dv = Cl pede O35) Tame 1 3 As you can see from Example 8, using an integral table is not a trivial ta other methods of integration may he preferable. For Example 8, you ean let and integrate by substitution {if |S ul) 46 VB=17)4C Formute 111 where k. In fact, vset du = 108 dx 10 Il B-5e+C Of course, this answer is the same as the one we obtained in Example & The point of this calculation is to emphasize that you should try simple methods of integration before turning to the table of integrals. Example 9 Integration by table (multiple forms with substitution) ind f 50° VIET a Solution This is similar to Formula 87, but you must take care of the $ (constant ‘ulliple) and the 3 (by making a substitution). [sovaesiac=sf (S) veri “ Iu = V3.x, then du = V3 de 53g [PVE FT tu roma witha 5 “WA 4 (ve VER) 4c “ah [pvSeau? + 98 - ievREFT = in (Vix + ViEFFT)] +0 [2r@r? + DY - 2G + DY? n(ic+ ET] +e 515516 PROBLEM SET 7.1 Find each puegrat in Problems 1-12, +5 sds sae 1 a » [ote OTF + a u, [the Tere Integrate the expressions in Problems 13-24 using the short table of integrals given in Appendic D. nfo 1, f xtoxas v7, [xe ae Ver a. [ 7.4 Review of Substitution and Integration by Table Ifyou use a calculator or computer, you will probably obtain an alternate, but equivalent, form: VET ten SViin(VFET HVE [oerias svt py _ SS (VET VS) ‘You can verify that the two expressions are equivalent by differentiating both, as two functions whose derivatives are equal will differ by a constant (of integration, in this ase), Find the integrats in Problems 25-38. If you use the inte gral table, state the number of the formula used, and if you tse substitution, show each step. Ifyou use an alternative 2. [ Bae table of integrais, then cite the source as well as the for init nember. , 25, foros [AS 4 fcosx etna Yao Pa m7, f xc sayas 28, [xvas ae ao, f sea 30, f xnav 4x8 ae 8 / SS aa. fitsar ard are au [Ba 2 T cs a ara « fotem ® [Sa 39. Derive the eosine squared formula shown on the 16 fined ile back cover de costa de = B+ A sine 6 [ fosters = Feb jsinas +e a Hint: Use the identity 20, I= Vas cov = Es 2 (Se 40, bere sine squared formula shown on eins wom Derive the sine sqpared formula shown on thes back cover 2b [sina ese 1 gine +e7.4 Review of Substitution and Integration by Table Hint: Use the identity 1 —cos2 2 Problems 41-44 use substitution 0 integrate certain pow cers of sine and cosine. a. J sn cos at Hints Ltn = es. 42, J sin ceos a nr Lev = sins aa, [si ‘Hine: Use the identities shown in Problems 41 and 42. 44, Think Tank Problem Using Problems 41-43 formu- Jate a procedure for integrals of the form [sit sco ca Find each integral in Problems 45-48 as eas 18tan® see Sanit Grane are Ta 49, Find the volume of the solid generated when the region under the curve 0s? x dv a wa Wate Oand.x =9is revolved about the 3 between x Interactive 50, Find the volume of the solid generated when the curve y= x( — 22)" from = Oto. = Lis revolved about the x-axis, 1, Find the volume of the solid generated when the region Dotween the curve y + yay? and the x-axis between x = 1 and. = about the y-axis, ‘52, Find the volume of the solid generated when the region between the curve isrevolved Vv S17 and the y-axis between y = | and y= 2 is revolved about the y-axis. Ly = f(x) dea funetion that satisfies the differential equation ay = Von =F inverval [0, 3 35. Find the arca of the surface generated when the curve 2? on the interval [0,1] is revolved about the x- $6, Find the area ofthe surface generated when the curve 1 on the interval [0,1] is revolved about the »- $7, Show that / Hint: Multiply the integrand by SSM 38, Find xd Infesex +cotx| +6 [2 sinccosx ae by using the indicated substitution, a Let = cose. Db. Let = sinx, ¢. Write 2sinx cos. = sin 2x aration, 4. Show that the answers you obtained for pars ave are thes $9, Derive the Formula and earry out the inte- 60. Find the surface area of the torus generated when the circle P+ bP =I 1b > Lis revolved about the x-axis, Interactive518 7.2 Integration By Parts 7.2 INTEGRATION BY PARTS IN THIS SECTION: Integration by parts formula, repeated use of integration by parts, definite integration by parts Integration by parts is a procedure based on reversing the product rule for differentiation. We present this section not only as a technique of integration but also as a procedure that is necessary in a variety of useful applications. Integration by pars ts one of the ‘most imporcant techniques of inte- gration, with many applications in engineering and physics prob- Jems. Due 10a lack of proper naderstanding ofthe formula and integration process, students often face obstactes in applying this procedure corretly, 50 iv i8 important to ake your tine, ask ‘questions, and work through each example careful: You may wonder whan arbi: trary constant (call it K) was not included when performing the imegration assovieted with Sav in integration by parts. The Treason is that when applying inte« gration by parts, wre need just ‘one function v whose differen tial sd, so we take the simplest one-the one with K =. You may find ivinstrerive to see thas tak ing v= 0° + K gives the same Integration by Parts Formula Reeall the formula for differen then on of a product, If and v are differentiable functions, dv) = udu + vdu Integs both sides of this equation to find the formula for integration by parts: [ace fravs f va wom fave [oa If we rewrite this last equation, we obtain the formula summarized in the following box, Example 1 Integration by parts rind xe a Solution ‘To use integration by parts, we must choose u and dv so that the new integral is easier to integrate than the original ‘You can check your work with integration by paris by differentiating, using software, o: using the integration table found in Appendix D (Formula 184, with a = 1), a Integration by parts is often difficult the first time you iy to do it because there is no absolute choice for w and de. In Example 1, you might have chosen7.2 Integration By Parts 519 Then Note, however, that this choice of 1 and dv leads to a more complicated form than the original. In general, when you are integrating by parts, if you make a choice for w and dv that leads to a more complicated form than when you started, consider going back and making another choice for w and dv. Generally, you want to choose dv to be as difficult as possible (and still be something you can integrate), with the remainder being left for the u-factor. Example 2 When the differentiable part is the entire integrand Find fins ds fora > Sonion | oor fe) Inx 240 k with Formula 196 (Appendix D), which we worked ay Problem 16 of Problem Set 7.1 Repeated Use of Integration by Parts Sometimes tegration by parts must be applied several times to find a given integral, Example 3 Repeated integration by parts | ber du dv Solution ren freneran safes Lewes, dvnevar duads wae teraafaccey= feena], Raman iene sgonbots =e 20 $C oF 2r D+ Check with Formula 185, where @ = —1 In the following example, its necessary to apply integration by parts more than once, but as you will see, when we do so a second time we return (0 the original integral. Note carefully how this situation can be handled algebraically.520 7.2 Integration By Parts Example 4 Repeated integration by parts with algebrai manipulation Find fe sins ds Solution For this problem you will see that it will be useful fo call the original integral 1. That is, we let =f esns as Hoos) = f eosayaet any He cose + afer cose dy Lau =e", dv =cosx dr du = 2e* de sin Joos era)] sina ds Nove fe sina ds = ne cose $2 [ein 1 =e cosx + 2e* sins — AF Solve for 1. SI = =e cosy + 26% sing $C Qsinx —cosx) + Thus, fe sine dy = fe*(2sinx — cos) +C. Check with the integration table (Formula 192, where a= 2 and b = 1), of by taking the derivative " Definite Integration by Parts “The integration by parts formula ean be used for definite integrals, as swunmarized in the following box. You should recognize that this formula for definite integrals isthe same as the formula for indefinite integrals, where the first term afier the equal sign has been evaluated at the appropriate limits of imegration. 1 lustrated by the following example. Example $ Integration by parts with a definite integral tase Let di Solution/.2 Integration By Parts 521 is sometimes easier 0 simpli he algebra ad then de one * evasion here atthe end of the integraion part of the problem, Check in Appendix D (Formule 184, with « = 2). Example 6 Integration by parts with a definite integral followed by substitution elute f Solution tan" x de. " "ede tan2y dx = (tanmtx) x | , a = Of ire Use substitution where L 2 Lae sto fia »]- [o- 5m] x =4-3 dina Cheek in Appendix D (Formula 180, with a = 1). PROBLEM SET 7.2 sl 10. fc rsinetds finde “A integral in Problems 1-16 using integration by un [snc xjde 1 | “x sinx eos dy 2. [ecosaras & [essa at. [/ vitna ac 8. fPincar522 19. fanayas 23, ME What cioes this say? Deseribe the process known as integraion by pars. 24, ME What does this say”? Contrast using integration by parts for definite and for indefinite integrals, 20, f 34in34)? ax Ms 22.” visinx + eos.na In Problems 25-28, first use an appropriate substitution ‘and then imegrate by parts to find the integral. Remember to give your answers in ierms of 25, f tsn2vin(esan}as as [saa 21, f sine Inv2-+ cosaytas using integration by parts. >, Find the integral in part a by first dividing the inte grand, 30. a, Find pss using integration by parts. bo, Find the integral in part a by first dividing the inte- grand, 3M, Find cos? x de. J ts 2 F id 33, Use Problem 31 to find using integration by parts. 34. Use Problem 321 find / wade using integration by parts. 7.2 Integration By Parts 2s Tint f° deer any pose mer 36, Show’ that favre [stares for positive integers m,n. fier’ hours on the job, a factory worker can produce 100%e~°" units per hour. How many units does the ‘worker produce during the first 3 hours? 38. Alor seconds, an object is moving along a line with velocity of e°"/? meters per second. Express the posi- tion of the moving object as «function of time. ‘Afierz weeks, contributions in response to 8 local fund-raising campaign were coming ina the rate of 2,0001e"°* dollars per week. How much money was raised during the first $ weeks? 40, Find the volume of the solid generated when ther vnder the curve y = sin.x + cos. on the interval [0, $] is revolved about the y-axis. 41. Find the volume of the solid generated when the region under the curve y = e~* on the interval (0,21 is revolved about the y-axis 42. Find the volume of the solid generated when the region under the curve y = Ix an the interval [L,¢] is revolved about the indicated axis: 3. 29. a. x-axis b. y-axis Find the centroid (with coordinates rounded to the near- est hundrecth) ofthe region bounded by the curves y se'y Se" andthe linex = 1. Find the centroid (with coordinates rounded to the nearest hundredth) of the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curves y = sin.x and y = cos. and the 44 In Problems 45-46, solve the given separable differential ‘equations, dy dy Tin 46, & = ser a 75 a 47, Find a function y = f(x) whose graph passes through 0,1) and has the property that the norinal line at each point (4, ) on the graph has slope 48, 48. Find a function y = f(x) whose graph passes through (1.1) an has the propery that at each point (x3) on the graph, the slope of the tangent line isy tan x, ippose it is known that f(0) = 3 and f * [fey +f") sine dv = 0 What isf (2)?7.2 Integration By Parts 30, In physies, itis known tht loudness L of a sound is related to its intensity 1 by the equation L 1 les 7 decibels where Jp = 10! wate? isthe threshold of udibility (the lowest intensity that can be heard). What fs the average value of L as the intensity ofa TV show ranges between Jp and fy = 3+ 10~$ watv/m=? SI, Because a rocket burns fuel in flight, its mass decreases ‘with time, and this in urn affecis its velocity. Ieean be shown that the velocity v(4) ofthe rocket at time ¢ in its flight is given by ve where w is the initial weight of the rocket (including fuel) and r and & are, respectively, the expulsion speed and the rate of consumption ofthe fuel, which are assumed (o be constant. As usual, ¢ = 32 f/5? isthe acceleration due to gravity (assumed to be constant), ‘Suppose w = 30,000 lb, r = 8,000 fs, and k = 200 lvsec. What is the beight of the rocket after 2 minutes (120seconds)? 152, A photographer is taking a picture ofa clever sign on the back of a truck. The sign is 5 ft high and its lower ledge is 1 above the lens of the camera. AL first the truck is 4 ft away from the photographer, but then it begins to move away. What isthe average value of the angle 6 (correct 10 two decimal places) subtended by the eamera ens as the truck moves from 4 ft 10 20 f away from the photographer? Sien sa ve Cams 20 52. The displacement from equilibrium of a mass oscilla ing at the end of a spring hanging from the ceiling is ‘iven by y= 2.32% cos 5) feet. What isthe average displacement (rounded to the nearest hundredth) of the mass between times ¢ = Oand 1 = n/S seconds? 523 TO 3 exit pie a 54, I'n moles of an ideal gas expand at constant temper ature 7, then its pressure 7 and volume V satisy the ‘equation p¥ = nkT, for constant R. I¢can be shown that the work done by the gas in expanding trom vol- ume ¥; 10 V is v = ART In W = nk? Ing ‘What isthe average work done as V increases from Vi ST, Derive the feduetion formula fre dvav'eh—n is Formula 186, with a ve the reduction formula et dx (This is Formula 198.) 59, Wallis's formula If 1 is an even positive integer, use reduction formulas to show L3-Sen@ =D) t Da én [2 60, EXPLORATION PROUL.EM State and prove a result similar to the one in Problem 59 for the ease ‘where m is an odd positive integer.524 7.3 Trigonometric Methods 7.3 TRIGONOMETRIC METHODS IN THIS SECTION: Powers of sine and cosine, powers of secant and tangent, trigonometric substitutions, quadtatic-form integrals IFC has been awhile since you studied onometry, you might wish lo review Appendix E. Powers of Sine and Cosine Problems 41-44 of Problem Set 7.1 anticipated the results of this section, We begin by considering « product of powers of sine and cosine, which we represent in the form fs scost x ae ‘There are essentially two cases that must be considered, depending on whether the powers rm and n are both even or not. We will state the general strategy for handling each case and then illustrate the procedure with an example. Case I: Kither mor 1 is add (or both) General strategy: Suppose, for simplicity, that m is edd, Separate a factor of sin. from the rest ofthe integrand, so the remaining power of sin.x is even; use the identity sin 1 —cos?.x to express everything but the term (sinx dx) in terms of cos.x. Substitute = cosx, dt = —sinx dx (0 convert the integral into a polynomial in w and integrate using the power rule. The case where 1 is odd is handled in analogous fashion, as shown in the following example by reversing the roles af sin. and cos.x. Example 1 Power of cosine is odd Find f sin cost a Solution Since n = 3 is old, peel off a factor of eos.x and use cost. = I~ sin? x to ‘express the integral as a polynomial in sinw. fs weos'x dt = sinx, then du = cos. ds Case Hz Both m and are even General strategy: Convert this into Case 1 by using the identities 1 20) and costx = 4(1 +e0s2¢ sin? = (1 =0s28) and = tu te0s20) ‘These are sometimes called half-angle identities. Example 2 All powers are even Pind f sin? cost a7.9 Trigonometric Methods Sotation Prete d= [tt corte) (!) cr s020" [ovtscoes n= [10 cot (8) er soea L 3 2x(eos2vyds | Let =sin2r, | then du = 2cos2e de TECHNOLOGY NOTE: One computer algebra system applied t0 this © i[G-fou)art fs Ll t Los. sah ~ sinds + sin dr + imple yields Seal Sead sine I inx cost x + 5 sinscost + 7 sin. eos. + 728 (Recall, technology dovs not show the “+-C” term.) Both answers are correct. They are related by trigonometric identities, and it ean be shown that the two answers differ by a constant. Powers of Secant and Tangent ‘The simplest integrals of thi fs For the more general situation, which we write as form ane x de =lalscex|-+C and [oes dv = lo|seex tian] $C f tan x see" x de there are three essentially different cases to consider. Case I: is even Generat strategy: Peel off a factor of sec. from the in sect.x = tan? +1 to express the integrand in powers of tans except for (se substitute w = tan., du = see? dx, and integrate by using the power rule Example 3. Power of the secant is even Pind fo cae Lf [issrae—fuesnts tsi 2neoae)}s—somteneso526 7.8 Trigonometrie Methods Solution = fat = fc + va Le ty gin gue x dy xt isecta dy [Let w = tana, then di 1 , st any + at > + jumlx ee 5 Case Hs m is odd General strategy’: Peel off a factor of sec.x tanx from the integrand and use the idemity lan? x = see®.x — | (0 express the integrand in powers of sec.x, except for (see. tam x dt); substitute = see. du = see. tans dx, and integrate using the power rule, Example 4 Power of the tangent is odd Find frase ds Soletion = fede lie We Case IE: m is even and nis odd General strategy: Use the identity ta = 1 to express the integrand in terms of powers of see x; then use the reduction Formula 161 au dy = Satan soe! fst of siete face [sti foe] foe saan 1 feta7.8 Trigonometric Methods 527 See 5 [wera] __seclxtanx — seeytans 1 =a 8 In|seex +tan.x| + Trigonometric Substitutions ‘Trigonometrie substitutions can also be useful. For instance, suppose an contains the term Va? =a, where « > 0. Then by setting «= angle 6, and using the identity cos?@ = I~ sin? d,we obtain inn = avis ea var sind for an acute vai cos? Thus, the substitution u =a sind, di = ae0s0 dd eliminates the square root and may convert the given integral into one involving only sine and cosine. This substitution can host be remembered by seiting up a reeronce «rangle. This process is illustrated in the following example Example 6 Trigonometic substitution with form Ya?=u? Find J VIRB ae, Solution Furst, using a table of integration, we find (Formula 117; a = 2) [vrRa +2sie (8) +¢ 2 ur goal with this example is to show how we might oblain this formula with a trigono- ric substitution. Refer to the triangle shown in Figure 7.1. Let x = 2sin6, so dx = 208 U0, Then 3 [ 8a = [ VET ccosaoy =4 [ oot oan since VT = ain 8 = cos =4 f Lee ay Halfangie identity cose x = +sin2e+C Figure 7.1. Reference triangle with form va? a? = 20+ 2sindeosd +C ‘The final sep is to convert this answer back to terms involving x. Using the reference lwiangle in Figure 7.1, we find that528 wk im wae n= Let Figure 7.2 Reference triangle with form Va ue aan = fo Figure 7.3 Reference triangle with form Vue a 7.8 Trigonometric Methods Similar methods ean be used to convert integrals that involve torms of the foe Yak Fu of Vu? —a? into trigonometric integrals, as shown in Table. 7.1. For this table, we require 0. <6 < 3 Table 7.1 Trigonometric substitution for integrands involving a radical form ete integrand Involves... substitute to obtain... vam weasne Jem ara wa auine vane w= aseod with form fata? Example 7 Trigonometrie substitut Bind f tVOR a, Solution Let x = 31and, a 3sve? a d0; [ever Farm [ewe VFI aR H sso do) = [our maseneserods +e =secte = 81 [ antosee'odo This problem can now be completed by looking at Example 5. In order to express the antiderivative in terms of the original variable x, you can use the ceference (langle in Figure 7.2. Since tnd =%, we have se 5 and by substituting into the solu tion shown in Example 5, we find f sec @ tan Vora = 91 [SSSuNe 8 (=) ¢ a Je _ 81, | Vora ae) ore Sosy Example 8 Trigonometrie substitution with form Vu7=a? Find fev Tas Solution Let x = sec8, dv Figure 7.3. sc 1an8 dé we use the reference triangle shown ir7.8 Trigonometric Methods 529 fe ViVi = [seo oY eEP= Hse tan) =e a = [sect an? acc? d0y Rearranging in view of substton fe 26.40 tan? 6 = sec?@ = 1 @ + Ian? o(sec? ade) = foe bette tern = 1008. Quadratic-Form Integrals ‘An integral involving an expression of the form Ax? + Bx +C, with A #0, B #0, can often be evaluated by completing the square and making an appropriate substitution to eanvert it to one of the forms we have previously analyzed. Example 9 Integration by comph vind f M6 = 27 Ba . Solution Complete the square within the radical: ig the square Ler — 2x? -2: =x? — Br 44°) 42-4 23 =v 4) 49 = /5-a( | SBF (Sood) mens 5, fi=WFicaan 9 2 = | conde v2 J s) Where u = V2 = 4)530 7.3 Trigonomatric Methods of, singe = S,[o+B#)+¢ Heatpengteidemiy wal 2 tears 9 v3 rod sin'| Sera) | +254 Vier 2 23 Spe Se ys Tex = 2 B+ This last step requires back-substituting from @ to u and then from w to x. Details are Tefl as an exercise. PROBLEM SET 7.3 Level 1 ai festremeds 9% f na ese as 41, BE What does this say" Explain how to integrate 5 a Whar does this say? Explain how to integrate ' tant x see" x dv when tis even. 3 rHl y. 6. J JOE Bas 3, BE What dovs this say? Explain the process of using & | aa 36, PO 4 trigonometric substitution on integrals of the formvat + w 4, MEWhat does this say? Explain the process of using ‘trigonometric substitution on integrals of the form W, How is this different from handling an ime- gral involving Ve? — a2? ds “(aS 2 foe Evaluate the integrals in Problems 550. wees 8 f cos'xas 6. f sina «fo J @ana 8 [octge [VEE Re 9. [variance am, f SEH , ! Te 3sine [a= 4[o45 ss gi 2 Vee +6 Veter ra fem snsds 12 feat ana so. [ ints sects tr Pow swstnas me ftsinvd Si. Find the average value of f(x over the intor- 9, fas tseenar 20 fsinn +oos9ids val (0,71. 52, Find the centroid ofthe region correct to two decimal 2. / sect y de places) bounded by the curve y = cos? x, the x-axis, and the vertical lines = $ and.x = sce 53, Find the volume (cect to four decimal places) ofthe a4, fe seve® de [osinsreosstds 26, J rsestvds mss onthe rans rovaedabout hea 4, A particle moves along the x-axis in such « way thatthe 3 a cance traveled by the par 9. fowsearde am foc-reatea ioriiicinat ety) = Pont persond?7.4 Method of Partial Fractions. 531 In Problems 55-58, use the following identities: 58, J cos 7x cos(—3t) sin 4x dr 1 sin cos B Isin(A ~ B) + sin(A + BD) mth ~B) cos +B) Dp 59, Leif bea wice differentiable function that satisfies the initial value problem 1 zs FO=FO=1 Find the are length of the curve sind sinB = cosAeoss = t feas(t — 8) + costa + 29] 58, f sinaesinse ate f°) on the interval [0, ss fowSsnteae st. f si as costs ds 7.4 METHOD OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS IN THIS SECTION: Partial fraction decomposition, integrating rational functions, rational functions of sine and cosine Partial fraction decomposition bas great value as 2 tool of integration. This provess may be thought of as the “reverse” tf adding fractional algebraic expressions, and it allows us to break up rational expressions into simpler terms. Partial Fraction Decomposition You are familiar with the algebraic procedure of adding a string of rational expressions to form a combined rational function with a common denominator. For example, 20 a3 Mt DHCMEHY net! yeI 342 G+ De +2 rere) . In partial fraction decomposition, we do just the opposite: We start with the reduced fraction ‘and write it as the sum of fractions vai y42 This procedure has great value for integration because the terms <2, and =} are easy [yee [he = 2infe +t] —3lnbe +24 In the following discussion, we shall consider rational functions x+l Pw) I= Dey532 7.4 Method of Partial Fractions that are reduced in the sense that P(s) and D(x) are polynomials in.s which have no common factors nnd the degree of P is less than the degree of D. In algebra, itis shown that if P@2)/D(x) is such an expression, then PQ) Boy TPO F PLD Hot Fe) where the Fi (x) are expressions of the form A on ArtB wa @rati it 2 4 not reduced, then we simply divide until a reduced form is obtained. For ample (x # 1), QP HI +6r4 96-0 met CEFR OF DOD Loy py @— Dette +d arceses TECHNOLOGY NOTE: Son 2-3 -ware programs will decompose welt e sy rational expressions quite handily 2 using the diretion “expand We will examine a nonreduced rational expression in Example 5. We begin by focusing on the ease where D(*) can be expressed as a product of linear powers. Example 1 Partial fraction decomposition with a single linear power +3 Decompose = 3 ino u sum of partial fractions. me GDF me Solution Paes Ay A Panta fraction decom aS A A Pant ation comes 87 643.5 Ap — 2)? Arle — 2) tay Muy how sides by Ow — 2V. (2? 6243 = A102? +20 -s=Ay Ler D+ Ay This eases must terms to drop out ‘We now substitute this value, y= 5 and expand the right side to obtain WP 6r $3 SAV —2)? HAE — 241-5) = AE + (4A + Ann + Ay 2A; ~ 5)7.4 Method of Partial Fractions 533 ‘This implies (by equ: ing the coeflicients of the similar terms) that 1=A) WO = 4A $A; 3 =4Ay— Because Ay 3 IF there are (wo oF more Tinear factors inthe factorization of D(x), there must be a separate cascade foreach power. In particular, if D(x) can be expressed as the product ‘of maistinet linear factors, then Poo GaGa) is decomposed into separate terms Ay =n ion This process is illustrated with the following example. Example 2 Partial fraction decomposition with distinet linear factors Decompose Solution R les, factor the denominator, e040 A: Brea up the fraction ito pans, eace with a Nowe shay she degree ofthe denon: 7 linear denominator, The task sto find Ay anda, —_‘fhator isthe same asthe nub | a feria constants, Ay and A AU DFA 2 tear ie fest common denominator on the righ, A. This providesa quick inter. w= aeeD mediate check on the correct Be Au (+ DFG = 2) Muiply bot sides by the least comuon denominaion, raced Substitute, one ata time, the values that cause each of the factors inthe least common denominator 1 be zero, Re PSA $+ Arle 2) Lets 1 BN == A+) + Axl-1 2) -9 = —3A2 BeAr Lets 2 82) - FAO +N +A =2) 15 = 3A) S=A,Nore dat the memeraror in each term ofa linear cascade isa con sant Ag, white eck muamerator fina quadratie cascade isa tineur term ef te form Ay + Ba. 7.4 Method of Partial Fractions there isa mixture of distinct and repeated linear actors, we combine the provedures ‘Musttated in the preceding examples, For example, Set 2dr +4 A Az Ay SESE is decomposed as OF Da wr tae xt Note that the degree of the denominator is 4, so we use four constants. Iv'the denominator D(x) inthe rational expression P(x)/D(e) contains an irweducible quadratic power, the partial fraction decomposition contains a different kind of cascading Example 3 Partial fraction decomposition with a single quadratic power tax war Solution ‘The decomposition gives Decompose eBv x AWB, Ane th Wry eT OTHE Multiply both sides of this equation by (x? + 1), and simplify algebraically. * (Aix + Bia? + 1) + ax + Ba) Aut + Bu? + (Al +A) + (Bi +B) ~3e 8 and solve the Next, equate the corresponding coefficients on each side of this equat resulting system of equations to find Ay = ~3, Az = 2, By = 0, and By = 0. This means that caax -3r 2x ay eT a Many of the examples we encounter will offer a mixture of linear and quadratic factors. For example, yar 23 WORF ‘The degree of the denominator is four, and there are four constants. In algebra, the theory of equations tels us that any polynomiel P with real coctli- cionts can be expressed as a product of Finear and irreducible quadratic powers, some of ‘which may be repeated. This fact can be uscd to justify the following general procedure for obtaining the partial fraction decomposition of a rational function.7.4 Method of Partial Fractions 535 PARTIAL FRACTION DECOMPOSITION Let f(x) = P(x)/D(), where P(x) and D(x) are polynomials with no common factors and D(x) #0. Step 1 IF the degree of P is greater than or equal to the degree of D. use long (ox synthetic) division to express £42 asthe sum ofa polynomial and a fraction #22 in which the degree of the remainder polynomial R(x) is less than the degree of the denominator polynomial D(x), Step 2 Factor the denominator D() into the product of linear and irreducible quadratic powers. Step 3 Express f+ as a cascading sum of partial fractions ofthe form 4 Aux + Be a akon Integrating Rational Functions We will now apply the provedure of partial fraction decomposition to integration, Example 4 Integrating a rational function with a repeated linear factor af Soluion From Example 1, we have [ieee = fo-m fom aly = as fear a I-24 Example $ Integrating a rational expression with di Find f sib 2e aah eta 3 Solution We have P(r) = 344209 — 4x? + = 3 and Dix) = 3? because the degree of P is greater than the degree of D, we carry out the long division and write ‘The polynomial part is easy to integrate, The rational expression was decomposed into tions in Example 2. et linear factors536 7.4 Method of Partial Fractions [or dves fides faces foe-artas +9 fers rar eat SS tte tSine 243i + FC Example 6 Integrating a rational function with repeated quadratic factors ind {ae Solution From Example 3, 3x3 —x ae 3x wa rT 3 = fra 3 fartan fos] = finwiee | Bua apap tee Example 7 Repeated linear factors Find jee Se HAHA ore Solution ‘The partial fraction decomposition of the integrand is Set42id+d Ar An GFA GFF esl Muhiply both sides by (x + 1)(« — 3): Sa? 4 218 + = Ante 3) 4 Abe + Dt = 3) FAG + UP ‘As in Example 2, we substitute x = —1 and x = 3 on both sides of the equation to obtain ‘Ay =2 and Ay = 7, but Az cannot be obtained in this fashion, To ind Az, multiply out the polynomial on the right: Sk? 4 Le +4 = (Az + Anda? + (Al — 2A2 + 2Ag)e + (3A — 342 + As) quate the coefficients of «2, x, and 1 (the constant term) on each side of the equation: Asta x? terms: = 2A) + 2Ay terms = 34) Mi +s Because we already know that Ay = 3 and Ay =7, we use the equation § = Az + As to obtain Az = 2. We now tum to the integration: Sei4244 yf Bee | putde , p Tae GF PG=D US WHIPS tT r-3 = 3 $1) 2In|et +7 Inf — 3] +O7.4 Method of Partial Fractions 537 Example 8 Distinct mear and quadratic factors 4x—23 Fad {aaa Solution The partial fraction decomposition of the integrand has the form Pe dx—23 Aw + By w FGFS ‘Multiply both sides by (x? +4)(¢ + 3) and then combine the terms on the right (Aix + Bix +3) 4 Ae? 44) (Ay + Aa)x? ++ (BAY + Bye + BBs Aaa) quate the coelficients to set up the following system of equations: Alt a? terms BA +B)=4 terms Bij $day = 23 Solve this system (the details are not shown) to find Ay = We now turn to the integration: . By = —5, and Ap ax-5 2d eaen =f peat [PS xd de de [sass 4, then dic [fie <0] [Jon E]-2miceaiee Rational Functions of Sine and Cosine The German mathematician Karl WeierstraB (1815-1897) noticed that the substitution w= tan Tunetion of sin.x and cos. into u rational function of x. To see ne and eosine (see Figure 7.4}: will convert any ration why this is true, we use the double-angle identities for sing = 260 cos -*(ae) Ge) 2u Tre ; ‘and Vee Figure 7.4 Weierstrass substitution7.4 Method of Partial Fractions WEIRSTRASS SUBSTITUTION For = 4. We continue with the integration, / dr ih du Beosx —4sinx J Gu Dw +3) x}du +f date © f3uaT Fes 3 1 1 7 37g mB + 3 Inw43/4C =-!uppun +tinlon$+3)4c Problem $9 asks you to derive the formula [908 de = nisoos + tans +€ from scratch, You might recall that we derived this formula using an unusual alge- braic step in Example 3 of Section 7.1, You can now derive it by using a Weierstrass substitution,7.4 Method of Partial Fractions PROBLEM SET 7.4 Write each rational function given in Problems 1-14 as @ ura of partial fractions 1 L xa-D 2tr—5 stand Gi ares) v@+DQr=1 Find the indicated integrals in Problems 15-30, 2x 49x = 1 wost4a is, fag PEE J GRD OS SED ® | iarie=s xi arose Pade 31, M What does this say? Describe the process of partial fraction decomposition. 539 32, MH What does this siy? What is the Weierstrass substitu- tion and when would you us Find he indicated integrats in Problems 33-50 es cons fates /aeis sins ds TF eos tne+4 ax » font sin ~ osx ts of mat I sacs 6 fo «foe wea Tasers a a 8 | agateans ® | sate de 37 dx dy , f “9, f _* _ ° faacenacen 2osex — eon +2 S51, Find the area ofthe region bounded by the curve 52. Find the area under the curve 1 °O Reged between .x = Oand x 53 Find the volume (o four decimal places) of the solid ‘generated wien the region under the curve 1 Vea on the interval [0,3] is revolved about a. the-axis by the y-axis 54, Find the volume (to four decimal places) ofthe solid generated when the curve is revolved a a. the by the x-axis . the Tine540 58, Sistorieal Quest George Patya was born in Hungary and attended universities in Budapest Vienna, Gattingen, and Paris, He was a professor of mathematics at Stanford University. Polya’s research and winning personatity earned him a place of honor not only among mathematicians, but among students and teachers ax well. His discoveries spanned an impressive range of mathematics, real and complex analysis, probabitity, combinatorics, number theory, and geometry. Pélya’s ‘book, How to Solve I, has been iranstated into 20 lan- guages. His books have a clarity and elegance seldom seen in mathematics, making them a joy to read. For ‘exanuple, he explained why he became a mathematician by saying that essentially, he thought he was not good enough for physics but on the other had, too good for philosophy, and mathematics is “in between”. A story tole by Pélya provides our next res. He said that he had once intentionally put the problem [ss first on a test of techniques of integration, thinking that it would make his students confident at the start of he exam. I'you substinte w= x? — 9, you can solve the problem very quickly and he assumed his stu- dents would do jst that. Half of them di use it, but a.quarerof them used the procedure of partial fra ions, which isthe correct mothod but i used up much af the time allowed, so they were not abe to finish the exam, Another group of students used the wig subst (ution x = 3sin6, which is also correct, but again, used up so much time that they weren't abe to finish and did poorly on the exam. What Polya found io be Ineresting was tat the stuglents who used the more time-consuming techniques demonstrated that they George Polya (1887-1985) 7.8. Summary of Integration Techniques Know more difficult mathematics than those who opted for the easy technique. "But they showed that “i's not just what you knows i's how and when you use it I's nice whea what you do is right, but it’s much better when its also appropriate.” Carry out all three mete cds of solution ofthe given integral Pélya described in this quotation, 56, EXPLORATION PROBLEM Consider the intogral [Vr aee, one a, Ifyou have access to.a CAS, report on your altempis| {o find this integral , Use a Weierstrass substitution o find this integra € Can you think of an even more clever way to per Form the integration’? 57. Use partial fractions to derive the integration formula | dx bin Mae +) '58, Use purtial fractions to derive the integration formula a 1 le 2a" 89. Derive the formula arte +e ats a-s [sede = tnises sani +e using a Weierstrass substitution, 60, Derive the formula f[osvas =—tnjeses peots| +O using a Weierstrass substitution, 7.5 SUMMARY OF INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES IN THIS SECTION: Integration strategy We conelude our study of integration techniques with a procedure summarizing lion techniques. “Paya, Prodew Solving, and Beatin," by Alan H, Schoenfeld, Madlenares Mages 1 Vl 6, No.5, Dssumber 1957, 9,2907. Summary of Integration Techniques INTEGRATION STRATEGY In order to integrate a function, consider the following steps. Step 1 Simplify. Simplify the integrand, if possible, and use one of the procedural rules (see the inside back cover or the table of integral). Step 2 Use baste formulas. Use the basic integration formulas (1-29 in the integration table, Appendix ). These are the fundamental building blocks for integration. Almost every integration will involve some basic formulas somewhere in the process, which means that you should memorize these formulas. Step 3 Substitute. Make any substitution that will ransform the integral into one ofthe basic forms. Step 4 Classify. ‘Classify the integrand according to form in order to use a table of integrals. You may need to use substitution to transform the integrand into a form contained in the integration table. Some special types of substitution are contained in the following list: I. Integration by parts A. Forms [r"edx, fx" sinax dx, fx" cosax ds Let u =" B Forms fix" Inx dx, fx" sin! ax de, fx" tan"! ax dv Let dv =x"dx C. Forms fe*sinbx dx, fe cosbx de Let dv sede. IL Trigonomettic forms A. J sin" xcost x de In od Pecl off a factor of (sin. dr) and let u = cos. 1 ot: Peel off a factor of (cos. dx) and let u = sin. im and n both ev ‘Use half-angle identities: costx = $(U-+ 0s2x) and sin?x = 4(1 — c0s2x) B. fan" x sect x dx hn even: Peel off a factor of (Sec? x dx) and let w = tan. m odd: Peel off a factor of (see tanx) and let w = sex. m even, 1 odd: Write using powers of secant and use a reduction formula (Formula 161 inthe integration tables). C. For a rational trigonometric integral, try the Weierstrass substitution, Let « = tan so that daw Tu" and de = du Tye m. Radical forms; ty a trigonometric substitution A. Form Ja? ut: Let u = asind. B. Form Vatu: Let u =atand. C. Form Vu? —a?: Let u = asecd. IV. Rational forms; try partial fraction decomposition.542 7.5 Summary of Integration Techniques Step 5 Try again, Still stuck? 1. Manipulate the integrand: Multiply by 1 (clever choice of numerator or denominator). Rationalize the numerator. Rationalize the denominator. 2. Relate the problem to a previously worked problem, 3, Look at another table of integrals or consult computer software that does integration. 4, Some integrals do not have simple antderivatives, so all these methods ‘may fail, We will look at some of these forms later in the text $. If dealing with a definite integral, an approximation may suffice. It ‘may be appropriate to use a calculator, computer, or approximate inte- eration Example 1 Deci ing on an integration procedure Indicate a procedure to set up each intogral. I isnot necessary to carry out the integration, sin 4, wf / Secon? [ (ttantede ef sin'xcostx de a f ax? cosa de “| a Da Jodie =, ft . fetsinae ds hf SAA Solution — Keep in mind that there may be several correct approaches, and the way you proceed from problem to solution is often a matter of personal preference. However, to ‘give you some practice, we will show several hints and suggestions in the context of this example, a wha vy ‘The integrand is simplified and is not a fundamental type. Substitution will work well for this problem if you let w = JF. Aller you make this substitution you can integrate using a basic formula, & for san? ae The integrand can be simplified using a trigonometric idemtity (1 + tan?@ = sec? 6), so that ican now be integrated using a basic form, & f six cots a ‘The integrand is simplified, it is not a basic formula, and there does not seem to be an easy substiton, Nex, ry to casi the integrand, We soe tha i involves powers of trigonometric functions ofthe type fsin™ x cos" x a, where m = 3 (odd) and n =2 (even), so we make the substitution w = cos f #2 oosan ds ‘The integrand is simplified (you can bring the 4 out in front of the integral, wish), it is not a basic formula, and there is no easy substitution, You might try integration by parts (several steps) or you can check the (able of integrals and find it to be Formula 124, 4, he integrand is simplified and is not a basic Formula, However, we might try the sub- stitution 1 = 9 — 2x7. IClooks like this will work because the degree of the numerator is one less than the degree of the denominator.7.5 Summary of Integration Techniques. [28 iy ‘The integrand is simplified, ic is not abasic formula, and it looks as though an algebraic substitution will not work because of the degree of the numerator. Since the integrand involves Y9—x3, we use the irlgonometric substitution x = 3sin9, de = 3cos 68. 1 the integral had been f 7-6, you would have used the substitution x = 33806, dy = 3 tand sec a9. ef esinas ‘The integrand is simplified and i is not a besie formula, IF we try to classify the integrand, we see that integration by parts will work with a = sin 2x and dv = e* dx ‘We also find that this form is Formula 192 in the integration table cost x dx T= sit ‘The integration can be simplified by writing 1 ~ substitution, you will obtain sont as __f sont de Pi = cos? x de Taste coer in? y = costx, Afier doing this ‘This form can be integrated by using a balf-angle identity or Formula 127 in the table of integrals. ( can also be integrated by pars PROBLEM SET 7.5 ep a Find each integral in Problems \-34. 19. f cos. de aie sets ae lees at [eeu a fasesea 4 fetecea 28, | sis vo0s? ds flees fst cost x dy , [sees 8. [are nds ede 10. (es Tp" Trsinte no [82a us [xfs Tear de ax x fs 543, as 20, f 2 sin br de 22 few'eas 24, fo cosy dy 26, [ sixes ds 28, fan's eet ds ~ ( 2 / secede * SS Yee a8. [cost ds544 Find the exact value of the definite integrals in Problems 35-42, a Par as. [ i= as a6. f h™ b wo iF 38. at bo WeaS 203 — fp Gx fo 2 ay x. [ ss | aS Mi 4 a [Vera anf eV5= as |. I piel Find each integral in Problenes 43-50, et ds “4, / (2x + Dde 4 / Set 3v—2 Beis poe rT 48. a9, [ET 50, Yor $1, HE Wht does this say’? Outline a method of approaching integration problems. Comment on the strategy pre= sented inthis section 52, ME What does this say? Integrals of the a, What substitution would you use in the ease where an ised? bb, What substitution would you use ifm is even? cc. What would you do it n is odd and mt is even? 3, Find the arc length (correct to four decimal places) of the curve y =. from. = =I 10. 7.5 Summary of Integration Techniques ‘$4, Find the arc length (correct to four decimal places) of the curve y = Inx from x = 2t0.x =3. 55, Find the volume of the solid generated when the region under the curve y = cos x between x = Oand.x revolved about the x-axis 56. What is the volume ofthe solid obtained when the region bounded by y = vFe™ x = 2isrevolved about the x1 $7. Generalize the result of Example 4, Section 7.2 by showing that for constants a and b, (This is Formula 192.) 58, Let /” be continuous on the closed interval [a, b]. Use integration by parts to show that +c . [oP ods = 170-406) +700) —aF 39, Derive the reduction formuls f x ncyde edn on mat met foron ayy where mand 1 are positive integers. Use the formula to fing [Pano ae 660, Derive the reduction formula [sntacas sin"! Ax cosx a [ver Ade Use this formula to evaluate [otscas7.6 First-Order Differential Equations 545 7.6 FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS IN THIS SECTION: First-order linear differential equations, applications of first-order equations In this section, we see how differential equations can be used to model several real-world applications. First-Order Linear Differential Equations We introduced separable differential equations in Section 5.6, but not all first-order dit- ferential equations have the separable form dy _ fa) ax gi) ‘The goal of this section is to examine a second class of differential equations, called first-order linear, that have the general form 2 + ray 200 For example, the differential equation ay is firsvonder linear wih P(x) =~ and Q(x) = e°*, and ady de wtdy can be put into this form by dividing by x2, the coefficient of dy /dx, to obtain dy (x24? as xt?) [rena =~ (E52) 0 We have P(x) = 2 and Q(x) = e°*. Both P(x) and Q¢x) are continuous in the domain x = 0. An imegrating factor is given by roy =e for 0 We now use the first-order linear differential equation theorem, where [(x) = e2* and Qwaer, eds +e] = ble +c] 4Ce* tors 20 “To find C, nate that because y = 2 when x =0 it follows that |= C. Thus, yee +e x20 You might wish to compare the analytic and graphical solutions by noting that the graph of the equation matches the solution shown in Figure 7.Sb. Integration by paris is often used in solving first-order linear differential equations, Here is an example, Example 2. First-order linear differential equation Find the general solution of the differential equation Solution Asa first step, divide each term in the given equation by x so that we ean use an integrating factor, as in Theorem 7.1. ds ax ing factor is Hex) = ellen ‘Thus, the general solution is, 40] See tiamne Scion 127.8 First-Order Differential Equations Applications of First-Order Equations Modeling Logistic Growth ‘When the population Q(0) of a colony of living organisms (humans, bacteria, ct.) is sivall, it is reasonable to expect the relative rate of change of the population 1 be constte. In other words, 1 Bar oo Burg @ a where k is a constant (the unrestricted growth rate). This is called exponential growth. AAs Tong as the colony has plenty of food and living space, its population will abey this tuntestricted growth rate Formula and @@) will grow exponentially, However, in practice, there often comes a time when environmental factors begin to restrict the further expansion of the colony, and at this point, the growth ceases to be purely exponential in nature, To construct a population mode! that takes into account the effect of diminishing resources and crowding, we assume thal the population of the species has a cap” B, called the earrying capacity of the species. We further assume thatthe rate of change in population is jointly proportional to the current population Q¢?) and the difference B ~ Q, which can be thought of as the potential unborn population of the species. That is, dQ (B , & 5 aMA-O) oF ‘This is called a logistic equation, and it arises not only in connection with populatior models, but also in a variety of other situations, The following example illustrates one way such an equation can arise. OB - 2) Example 3. Logistic equation for the spread of an epidemic The rate at which an epidemic spreads through » community is proportional to the product of the number of residents who have been infected and the number of susceptible residents, Express the number of residents who have beon infected as a funetion of time Solution Let Q(P) denote the number of residents who have been infected by time f and B the total number af residents. Then the number of susceptible residents who have not been infected is 8 —Q, and the differential equation descsibing the spread of the epidemic is da bs = Is she consien of proporiionati do. TD Use separation of variables. / do. WE-2 Partial fraction decomposition: 1 1 [lgetg)e= foo apace) al 1 ~ 08-0) 1 pao eo al otal wean ft7.8 First-Order Differential Equations 549 Lime! ginl@l— gine -Qi=k +e Integrate each term, re alt + BC (note shat B > Q > 0. efter Definition of logarithm @=(B-Qye eh Because eis a constant, let Ay @ = AyBe™ — A, Qe" + AiQe™ = Arnel Abetit 14 Ape t ‘To simplify the equation, we make another substitution; lel A = = so that after several if H simplification steps) we have ‘The graph of Q(epis showr Note that the curve ha Figure 7.6. tn inflection point where ow AQ (1) #4 = 9) = (8-20) B Figure 7.6 Interactive A =0 when Q = 5 and changes sign there, logistic curva This corresponds to the fact thatthe epidemic is spreading most rapidly when half the" yaar susceplible residents have been infected (dQ /dt has & maximum there). Note also in Example 3 that y = Q(1) approaches the line y = B asymptotically as 1 — 6. Thus, the number of infected people approaches the nuinber of those susceptible in the long run A summary of growth models is given in Table 7.2.550 Table 7.2 Summary of Growth Models 7.6 First-Order Differential Equations Model Graph ‘Equation and solation ‘Sample applications (Q(t the population a ime 2. Qy $5 heii po Qo) as ining val, lt tbe dente by B. Uniohibited growth «oy Rate i proportions 0 the amount presen Uninibited decay <0) Rate i proporcona the apn preset Inbibited geomth or Logistic growth Rae is proportional the noun preset nd to tho diferonen beoun the amount preset onda fixed moun, Lined growth «=o Rate proportional to Ano cttrence between the smo presen find Bd lit Jeurve Y ° ‘Seurve ion, an $8 a constant preperionality. ag @ 1g Solution = Oe" @ Bug Solution 2 = Ore" a 2 -10@-e Solution ‘Aan aubizary constant 210-0) Solution Q=0-A0% Exponential growth ‘Shostiemn popolaion growth Imerest compounded cominuously Iain Prive-suply cures Raiactve decay Depleon of rata resources Pace-dennd curves Population grow {Growin of business Leaning curve Dittsion of mass media Invavercus inion of med Rewtn’s tow of cooing Sales oF new products7.6 First-Order Differential Equations 551 Compartmental Analysis: Modeling Dilution Example 4A dilution problem ‘A tank contains 20 Ib of salt dissolved in $0 gal of water, Suppose 3 gat of brine containing 2 Ib of dissolved salt per gallon cuns into the tank every minute and that the ‘mixture (kept uniform by stirring) runs out of the tank at the rate of 2 galfmin, Find the ‘amount of sall in the tank at any time f, How much salt is in the tank at the end of one hhour? Solution Let $() denote the amount of salt in the tank at the end of t minutes. Because Inflow rate of salt: 6 lbvmin 3 gal of brine flows into the tank each minute and each gallon contains 2 th of sal, it Fallows that (3)(2) = 6 lb of salt lows into the tank each minute (see Figure 7.7). This i the inflow rate. For the outflow, note that at time 1, there are $(r) Ib of salt and 50+ (3 ~2)¢ gallons of solution (because solution flows in at 3 gal/min and out at 2 gal/min), Thus, the concentration of salt in the solution at time ¢ is P Sa) Soe; eel and the outflow rate of satis oun SM 25() sin) 5 pyyal] [2 gavin] = 280 2 vin [se Ib it galinin] = 2 iin oa Combining these observations, we sce that the net rae oF change of salt dS Jd is given by Figure 7.7. Rate of flow ‘equals inflow rate minus as 2s ution rate Si 6 a Inflow Outflow ass a 3045 which we recognize as a first-order linear differential equation with 2 p SO+r and Q(1) = 6. An integrating factor is Jed nsorsy Tay = ef Pm e2hOHl = 650.4197 and the general solution is 1 : so apiop [faeneara ee] 1 3 = ap oor +c] c 260 CON 0+ SR ‘To evaluate C, we recall that there are 20 Ib of salt initially in the solution. This S(O) = 20, s0 that c $0) = 2050+ 0)+ aap552 7.6 First-Order Differential Equations ‘Thus, the solution to the given differential equation, subject to the initial conelition SO) = 20, is 80(502) S09 = 28040 ~ BETS Specifically, at the end of | hour (60 min), the tank comains soy: 0+ 60) ~ SCO a09.4710744 Seo (30 +60)? ‘The tank contains about 200 Ib of sal Modeling RZ. Cireuits Another application of first-order linear differential equations involves the current in an RL electric circuit. An RL circuit is one with a constant resistance, R, and a constant inductance, L. Figure 7.8 shows an electrie circuit with an electromotive force (EMF). Ressance a resistor, and an inductor connected in series. The EMF souree, which is usually a battery or generator, supplies vollage that causes ‘8 current to flow in the cireuit, According to Kirchhoil’s second law, if the cireuit is Cumen closed at time ¢ = 0, then the applied electromotive Force is equal to the sum of the 40) voltage drops in the rest of the circuit. It can be shown that this implies that the current Inductor F(t) that flows in the circuit at time ¢ must satisfy the first-order linear differential 1 equation ors) ton) & Tames) rks) where £ (ihe inductance), and R (the resistance) are positive constants," Write Figure 78 An Al. circuit diagram aR aR LE are Pt R (a constant) and to see that PQ) = (constant and QU 1a) =o ftir i owl forra cc] fb eww [E Egan [e-em] E F (@ constant), Then citings] TL Iis reasonable to assume that no current flows when 0, That is, / =0 when t = 0, e huve 0 = E/R-+C or C = —£/R. The solution ofthe initial value problem is Sie common price in physice and apie aematic to use atthe embod for cen, Ofcom, tha hig oo wh the concept of megrating fat inoduced car in his section7.6 First-Order Differential Equations 553 Notice that because e~!#H/) > O.as + 00, we have Ea E This means thal, in the Tong run, the curtent F must approach =. The solution of ia the differential equation consists of two parts, which are given specfal names: — Eerste transient eurrent 7 Figure 7.9 The currant in an Figure 7.9 shows how the current /(7) varies with time s. AL circuit with constant EMF PROBLEM SET 7.6 Solve she differential equations in Problems 1-16. Ins 13, dy. 18, 2 + (seex)y = sin 2 Solve the differential equations in Problems 17-20 for a articular solution. fory =Swhenx =0 fory = 2whenx = 1 fory = I when x = 1 for y = 2 when, ae Ts , * In Problems 21-26, solve the initial value problems, A graphical solution is shown as a check for your workdy 26, & x > Owithy = Owhenx =2 In Problems 27-30, find the orthogonal trajectories of the given family of curves. Recall from Section 5.6 thar a curve is an orthogonal wajectory of « given family it intersects each member of tha family at right angles. 27, the family of parabolas y2 = kx 28. the family of hyperbolas xy = ¢ 29, the family of circles.x? + 30, the family of exponential curves cen ‘Modeling Problems: fn Problems 31-42, set up an appro priate modelo answer the given question. Be sire to state your assumptions. 3M. In 2010, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States was $14.26 trillion. Suppose the growth rate from 2009 to 2010 was 1.80%. Predict the GDP in 2020. 32, In 2000, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States was $9.38 trillion. Suppose the growth From 2000 to 2010 was 3.10%. Predict the GDP 2010. Do some research to find the GDP in 2010, Comment on your prediction. Cite your sources. 7.8 First-Order Differential Equations 33. According tothe U.S. Census Bureau, the number of U.S. marriages in 2005 was 2,230,000. Ifthe mariage rate is 0.7146, how many marriages (othe nearest en thousand) would you expect to be reported in 2010 if the macriage rate is constant? ‘According to the U.S, Census Bureau, the number of USS. divorces was 957,200 in 2000, I the divorce rate is 0.35%, how many divorces (tothe nearest hundred) would you expect 10 be reported in 2010 if the divorce rate is constant? 3S. A tank contains 10 Ib of salt dissolved in 30 gal of Water. Suppose 2 gal of brine containing 1 tb of dis- solved salt per gallon runs ino the tank every minute and that the mixture (kept uniform by string) runs out atthe same rae, fa, Find the amount of salt in the tank at time ¢ b, How long dors i take (tothe nearest second) forthe tank to comtain 15 Ib of sa? 36. In Problem 35, suppose the tank has a capacity of 100 gal and thatthe mixture flows out atthe rate of 1 gal/min instead of 2 gal/min, How long will i take forthe tank to fill? 'b, How much salt will be in the tank when i is full? ‘The rae at which a drug is absorbed into the blood sys tem is given by 34, 3. pb where 6(1) is the concentration of the drug inthe blood: stream al time r, What does b(¢) approach in the long run (that i, a8 ¢ + 20)? AL what time is b(t) equal to half this limiting value? Assume that 6(0) = 0. 38. An RL circuit has a resistance of & ohms, inductance of Lhenries, and EMF of E volts, where R,£, and & are constant, Suppose no current flows in the eircuit at time 1 = 0. 1fL is doubled and & and R are held constant, what effect does this have on the “long run” current in the eireuit (that is, the current as # —» 00)? 39, In 2000 there were 31.1 million Hispanics in the United States, Ifthe growth is proportional to the population, how many Hispanics should have been recorded in 2010 ifthe 1990 Hispanic population was 15.5 million? 40. A population of animals on Catalina Island is limited by the amount of food available. Studies show there ‘were 1,800 animals present in 2005 and 2,000 in 2011 and suggest that 5,000 animals ean be supported by the conditions present on the island, Use a logistic model to predict the animal population in the year 2030. 41, {In 1986 the Chernobyl nuclear disaster in the Soviet Union contaminated the atmosphere. The buildup of radioactive miaterial in the atmesphere satisfies the di Ferential equation or(t-a)7. First-Order Differential Equations the rate at which the radioactive material is introduced. into the atmosphere; r isthe annual decay rate of the radioactive material. Find the solution, Af (7), ofthis. ifferential equation in terms off and r. 42, The Motion of a Body Falling through a Resisting ‘Medium A body of mass m is dropped from a great hooight and falls ina straight line, Assume that the only forces acting on the body are the earth’s gravi- (ational attraction mg and air resistance kv. (Recall g = 328s) a, According to Newton's second lav, dv mB = me ko am Solve this equation, assuming the object has velocity vp = Oat timer = 0. 1, Find the distance s(7) the body has fallen at time 1 Assume s = Oat timer = 0, ce. Ifthe body weighs W = 100 Iivand & = 0.35, how long does it tke forthe bady to reach the ground from a height of 10,000 ft? Recall from Section 5.6 that a tank filled with water drains athe rae w ar where h is the height of water at sine t (in seconds) and Ay isthe area (in JP) of the drain hole. This formuta, called Torricell's ta, is used in Problems 43 and 44. 43, A full lank of water has a drain with area 0.07 1. tthe tank has a constant cross-sectional area of i height of lo = 4 f, low long does it take =-4.8dov toempty? ‘A full tank of water of height 5 ft and constant cross sectional area A = 3 1? has two drains, both of area (0.02 R®. One drain is at the bottom and the other at height 2 f1. How long does it take for the tank to drain? ‘The Euler beam model. For «rigid beam with uniforia 44 45, loading, the deflection y(x) is modeled by the differ- cential equation y= —k, where & > 0 is a constant sures the distance along the beam from one cends. Assume that (0) the length of the beam, snd tha a. Solve the beam equation 10 find y(s). bb. Where does the maximum deflection occur? What is the maximum deflection? ¢. Suppose the beam is cantilevered, so that (0) = y(L) = Oand y"(O) = y"(L) = 0. Now ‘where does the maximum deflection occur? 1s the :maximum deflection greater or less than the case considered in part b? Would you expect the graph of 46, 47. 49, j. Modeling Problem A chemical i 555 the deflection y = y(x) to be concave up or concave down on [0,L]? Prove your conjecture Modeling Problem A tank initially contains Ib of salt in 50 ft of solution, Attime ¢ = 0, brine begins to enter the tank atthe rate of 2 f0°%h, and! the mixed solu tion drains atthe same rate, The brine coming inta the. tank has concentration cw eartye 1 hours afer the dilution begins. A, Sct up and solve a differential equation forthe amount of salt S(r) in the solution at time. 1b. How much salt is eventually in the tank (as 1 00)! fe Atwhut time is $( maximized ‘mum amount of salt in the tank’ Modeling Problem Two 100-gallon tanks initially con tain pure water. Brine containing 2 Ib of salt per gallon enters the first tank at che rate of T galfmin, and the mixed solution drains into the second tank at the same rate, There, iis again thoroughly mixed and drains at the same rate, I gal/min, a. Set up and solve a differential equation of the amount of salt $1 (¢) inthe first tank at time ¢ (nin- utes. ' Set up and solve a second differential equation for the amount of salt S(t) inthe second tank at time 1. 6 Let $(4) = 5) — 5p. Intuitively, $(¢) = O forall At what time i the excess $() maximized? What is the maximum excess? 1? What is the maxi- olution diffuses {rom a compartment with known concentration Cy(F) across a membrane to a second compartment whose concentration C2(?) changes at arate proportional 10 the difference C; ~ Cz. Setup and solve the differential equation for C(t} in the following cases: 4 iter s3 ou S iff>3 The Gomperts equation for population P (1) is ® Lae - ine dt ¢ nr) where & and B are positive constants. Ifthe initial pop- ulation is P(O) = Po, and the ultimate population is lim Poe) find PC). |. Modleling Problem Uranium-234 (half-life 2.48 x 10° xy decays to thorium-230 (hal ile 80,000 yn),556 a. IFUG@) and 7() are the amounts of uranium and, thorium at time £, then du av Oi RUG SORT a Solve this system of differential equations to obtain U@and TO. b. Ifwe start with 100 g of pure U-234, how much ‘Th-230 will hore be after? = 5,000 yr? 1. Solve the differential equation a l+y ay Fesy) by regarding y as the independent variable (i... reverse the roles of x and y). 52, Certain biological processes occur periodically over the 24 hours aa day. A patient's metabolic excretion rate is modified by Lol R= GZ e-O and the rate of intake is / (1) for 0 <¢ = 24. The patient's bedy contains 200 g ofthe substance when = 0, The amount of substance Q(t) ina patient's body at time ¢ satisfies Q(r) is equal to the amount of intake minus the amount of input a. If7(¢} = 0 (the patient intakes only water), the amount of substance Q() in the patient’s body at time f satisfies ag B =0-R®) Solve this equation for Q(0) bb. Suppose the patient intakes (in gal/hr) the substance fata constant rate for part of the day. Specifically, 04 for 10 <1 < 20 lin= © 0 otherwi Sot up and solve a differential equation for the amount of substance Q(1) in the patient’s body at timer. When is Q(1) maximized? 53. An RL citeuit has a resistance of R = 10 ohms and an \ductance of L = Shenries, Find the current /(t) in the circuit al time # if (0) = Oand the electromotive force (EMR) is a. E = 1S volts b, B= Se sin ‘84, An RL-circuit has an inductance of L = 3 henties and a esistance R = 6 ohms in series with an EMF of E = 50 sin 30¢, Assume /(0) = 0. a, What is the current (7) at time 2? bb, What is the transient current? The steady-state current? 7.6 First-Order Differential Equations 55, Modeling Problem A lake has a volume of 6 billion 19, and is initial pollutant content is 0.22%. A river ‘whose waters contain only 0.06% poltatants flows into the lake at the rte of 350 million fi¥day, and another riyer Rows out of the lake also carrying 350 million 12 /day, Assume thatthe water in the wo rivers andthe lake is always well mixed. How long does it take forthe pollutant content to be reduced to 0.15%2 56, A Bernoulli equation is a differential equation of the form y+ Ply = Qiny" where 1 isa real number, 0,2 # 1 a, Show thatthe change of variable forms such an equation into one of the form WO) + (1 = Pode) = 1 =) Qe) This wansformed equation is a first-order linear dif: Ferentisl equation in w and can be solved by the methods of this section, yielding a solution (the given Bernoulli equation, Use the change of variable suggested to solve the Bernoulli equation b, ‘57. Consider a curve with the property that when horizontal and vertical lines are drawn from each point P (x,y) on the eurve to the coordinate axes, the arca. A; under the curve is twice the area ag above the curve, as shown in Figure 7.10 Figure 7.10. Problem 57 ‘Show that x and y satis the differential equation owls ax Oe Solve the equation and characterize the faraily ofall ‘curves that satisfy the given geometric eondition.7.7 Improper Integrals 58, Historical Quest Danie Bernoulli was a member of the famous Bernoulli family (see i Sistorial ies! Problem $0, Secon 4.5) Berveen 1725 § and 1749 he won ten pressor 3 (9 his work bh astronony, gre : tides, magnetism, ocean Daniel Bernoulli currents, and the behavior of " ships ct sea, While nodeling the effets ofa smallpox epidemic, he obtained the diferental equation 8 ag 4 (S) aN 4 2S dt rs Ni} dt | mN Jn this equation S(t) is the number of people at age t that are susceptible to smattpas: N (1) is the number of people at age t wha survive; p is the probability of ca susceptible person geuing the disease, and Imi is the proportion of those wha die from the disease. Let y= S/N, then solve the resulting equation for y(¢) and then write as a function of S. (Hine: You will need the result of Problem 56.) ‘59, An object of mass mis projected upward from ground level with initial velocity vp against air resistance pro- 557 dv "E mg — kv Solve this equation for (0), and then find s¢f) the height ofthe object above the ground at time f ‘When does the objet reach its maximum height? ‘What is the maximum height? Suppose & = $. For an object weighing 20 Ib with initial velocity ty = 150 1Vs, what is che maximum height to the nearest foot? When to the nearest sec- ‘ond does the object hit the ground? Suppose the same object as in part eis launched with the same initial velocity butina vacuum, where {here is no ar resistance (& = 0). Would you expect {he object to hit the ground sooner or fate than the ‘object in part c? Prove your conjecture, 660. A body of mass falls froma height of so Nt against ai resistance modeled tobe proportional to te squave of its velocity v, 50 that b, 1, Solve this differential equation to find w(t). Then find the height s(1) of the objet at time r (in see~ ‘onds). b, Ifthe object weighs 1,000 1b, $9 = 100 ft, and k = 0.01, how Jong to the nearest hundredth of a second does it take for the object to hit the ground? portional its velocity v(t). Thus, Interpret this result 7.7_IMPROPER INTEGRALS IN THIS SECTIO! integrands We have defined the definite integral f? f(x) on a closed bounded interval (2,6), where the integrand f(x} is bounded. In this section, we extend the concept of integral to the case where the interval of integration is infinite and also t0 the case where f is unbounded at a finite number of points on the interval of integration, Collectively, these are called improper integrals. Improper integrals with infinite limits of integration, improper integrals with unbounded Improper Integrals with Infinite Limits of Integration In physics, economics, probability and statistics, and other applied areas, itis useful 10 have a concept of an integral that is defined on the entire real line or on half-lines of the form x > or. x 0, the integral of fon the interval x > a can be thought of as the area under the curve y = f(x) on this unbounded interval, as shown in Figure 7.11. ‘A reasonable strategy for finding this area is first (0 use a definite integral to compute ‘the area from x =a to some finite number x = A’ and then to let N’ approach inf the resulting expression. Hove is a definition, Figure 7.11 Area of an unbounded region558 7.7 Improper Integrals Example 1 Convergent improper integral Solution The region under the curve y = I/x? for x > 1 is shown in Figure 7.12. This rogion is unbounded, so it might seem reasonable to conclude that the area is also infinite, Begin by computing the integral from 1 10 N Ie hoe 0 to ~ a SET reais, at | aspen, 2 a { 2 9 99 Lo =3,A=5 La = 10, A= = Let W = 100, A= Figure 7.13 Area enclosed by y = 1, the x-axis, x = 1, andx = For N = 2,3, 10, r 100, this integral has values}, 3, and 2, respectively, suggesting thatthe region under y = 2p for x > 1 actually'has finite area approaching 1 as’ gets larger and lagger. To find this area analytically, we take the limit as N’—+ 2c, as shown in Figure 7.14. ‘Thus, the improper integral converges and has the value . Example 2 A divergent improper integral Evaluate f * a Oe Figure 7.14 The region to the right of = 1 bounded by the cuney = “and the avis, has ard t of 1 Solution "The graph of y =~, shown in Figure 7.15, looks very much lke the graph in Figure 7.147-7 Improper Integrals 559 We compute the integral from | to. and then let N’ go to infinity. ‘ Way [Sem [OF ya = Jim lolat wing eal = Jim Inn at. ‘The limit is not a finite number, which means the improper integral diverges. dix ote shove tte inpeprinses [SS conagssan te inrore I pyuias sancis gat [7% ss nee os is aye at saa oe hots = CHEM Je the ca 1 ie inte, whereas th 4 sora VT | bounded by the cure y= 4 unde he cre y = eae, whereas he cormspondingaen under te curve y = {Donde by te cue is infie. The reason for he diferenee is thal as increases, 2 approaches 220 more quickly than does 4, as shown in Figure 7.16, Example 3 Determine convergence of an improper integral Stow that he improper itera! {$F converges ony for constant p > 1 a Iutinte Solution For this example, remember that p is a constant and x is the variable. We have seen in Example 1 that the integral converges for p =2. We also know from Example 2 that the integral diverges for p = 1, so we can assume p # | in the following computation: de iy [A |, NS ee . Figure 7.16 An unbounded [ yoptl ] ragion may have either a finite ie 1 pat L ‘ran infinite area Fina Nate Top wren) Ip > Iythen 1—p <0, oN!" > Oas N = 0, and ‘Thus, the improper integral diverges for p < 1 and converges for p > 1. Waa ais says The improper integral fee560 7.7 Improper integrals Example 4 Improper integral using 'HGpital’s rule and integration by parts cowie [Me f Solution By paris, Leru=x, dv dude Hopital’s nde Example § Gabriel's horn: a solid with a finite volume but infinite surface area Gabriel's horn is the name given to the solid formed by revolving about the «axis tho unbounded region under the curve y You can fill Gabrie'shorn with volume but infinite surface area, finite amount of pains, Bu it takes an infinite amount of paint tocolor is inside surfaced {for & 1. Show that this solids fine Solution We will find the volume, V. by using disks, as shown in Figure 7.17, We also find the surface ar of fool's ror a aan fly ~1 =x fot hx Figure 7.17 Interactive aay [ YEH, Gabi’ horn 2 = ie [ie 0, as shown in Figure 7.19. For any such interval [(, 1, We have [B= [ree val It we let ¢ > 0 through positive values, we see that ai Figure 7.19 Interactive crhoty = ti [= Nim @—2v0 pat Jy UR et ‘This is called a convergent improper integral with value 2, and it seems reasonable Day mn . La-mla-7.7 Improper Integrals In this example, f is unbounded at the left endpoint of the interval of integration, but similar reasoning would apply if it were unbounded at the right endpoint or at an interior point, Here is @ definition of this kind of improper integral. + If a function is continuous on the open interval (a,b) but is unbounded at one of its endpoints of the interval, then replace that endpoint by f, evaluate the integral, and take the limit as ? approaches that endpoint, On the other hhand, if f is continuous on the interval (a, 6], except for some ¢ in (a,b) where f has an infinite discontinuity, rewrite the integral as [roa [rea [roa ‘You will then need Fimits to evaluate each of the integrals on the right. Example'9 Improper integral at a right endpoint tds woime A Solution f(x) = (x — 1% is unbounded at the right endpoint of the interval of ine- ‘gration and is continoous on (0,1) for any 1 with O t PROBLEM SET 7.7 7.7 Improper Integrals ‘Theorem 7.2__ Comparison test for improper integrals Suppose f and g are continyous functions sueh thet f(s) = g(x) 2 0 for x Ba. I Jf, (8) de converges, then fg(x) dx converges to a value less than or equal to the integral of f(x). If f° g(x) dx" diverges than f° f(x) de diverges. Proof: We omit the proof of this but it is similar to the proof of the dominance rule (Theorem 5.6 in Section 5.3). See the illustration in the next example for an indication svhy it wor ’ Example 12 Comparison test Show that f de converges. Solution We cant evaluate this integral directly as the antiderivative of e7* cannot be stated as an elementary function, However, e* < e~* for x > I (see Figure 7,20), so [lores [ovec=in [ Notice from Figure 7.20 that the graph of > I, so that Theorem 7.2 gives the result What does this, improper integrals, In Problems 3 ofS 8 [as 2 Discuss the different types of either show that the improper integral converges and find its value, or show that it diverges. 4 fe oe oa de 2 Pst 41, BH What does this say’? What isan improper integral? 0 2 a ade * Lr 1 ns as. invds a6 fincas hb h as ede » ff xqnay? x. f ia? 1 co! ae vw Pema wo. f po * rer =P sinx ds 42, lo Zeosx7.7 Improper Integrals 43, Find the ares of the unbounded region between the x-axis and the curve oon for > 6. 44, ind the area of the unbounded region between the x-axis and the curve eo fory <2 45. The total amount of radioactive material present in the simosphere at time 7 is modeled by f whore P is a constant and ¢ is the number af years. Sup- pose a recent United Nations publication indicates that, atthe present time, ¢ = 0,002 and P = 200 milliads. Estimate the total future buildup of radioactive material in the atmosphere if these valves remain constant, 46, Suppose that an oil well produces P (7) thousand barrels ‘of crude oil per month acconding to the formula PD) = 1002-8 — 100¢-8" where ris the number of months the well has been in production, What is the total amount of oil produced by the il well? 47, Find all values of p for whieh converges, and fn th valu fhe negra when it 44, Findall vals op for wich ‘de Io x? converges and adh valu ofthe cea when oxists. 49, Find ll values of p for which Wd ais conessand di aot eine wie Sah No. September, 1998.1. 3 0, Think Tank Problem Discuss the calculation =-0-en =-2 Is the calculation correct? Explain. 51, Journal Problem (College Mathematics Journal*) Peter Lindstrom of North Lake College in Irving, ‘Texas, had a student who handled an oo/00 form as Fallows: [Pompei f° =["3 Hopital’ vate 1 ‘What is wrong, ifanyting, with this student's solu- 52, Find | fOddr, where ford 0} Hi Le) z b. Lla} = ¢ 1 © ci)=5 cw = © Lloos ar} = Af Lbsinat) =568 7.8 Hyperbolic and inverse Hyperbolic Functions SS. If Fis) = Cf(t)}, show that 58, Use the result in Problem 55, along with those of Problem 54, 1 find the following Laplace transforms Lie" sf} = Fis -a) and inverse transforms. a. £(he2) b. Lle~* cos 20} 36, Let £-"EF(s)} denote the inverse Laplace transfor fs ds of Fs thats the function FH) such that CLF} = ef lz = Se] Fs). Find the following inverse Laplace transforma tions (Problems $3 and 54 may help). Hint: Complete the square. 59, Whatis Cte2f(O)2 What about £(e"f(O}? 60. Let LF] = F(3). Suppose thot fis eontinuous on [0, 00} and that f” is piecewise continuous on [0,4] for every positive number &, Further suppose that fim ef) = 0. (3s8 + 287 = 35 = 17 a. : 57. a, If F(a) = {f(t}, show that a. Show that 6") = (8) 00, Hint: Use integration by parts. cur) =-F'6) . Apply the result in part ato find Cty], where y sai fies the initial value problem You may assume that +3y =sin2r d fey dy ape ‘rood = [ fletyola with y(0) =2 Solve the inal valu problem in par by using b. Use the result to find £60521 Jnverse Laplace transforms to obin y 7.8 HYPERBOLIC AND INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS IN THIS SECTION: Hyperbolic functions, derivatives and integrals involving hyperbolic functions, inverse hyperbolic functions Hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions are introduced and studi the rest of the text are derived. integration formulas to be used throughout Hyperbolic Functions In physics, itis shown that a heavy, flexible cable (for example, a power Fine) that is suspended between to points at the same height assumes the shape of a curve called a centenary (sce Figure 7.21), with an equation of the form a Serle erste See ery) This is one of several important applications that involve sums of exponential functions ‘The goal of this section is to study such sums and their inverses. In certain ways, the functions we shall study are analogous to the trigonometric functions, and they have essentially the same relationship to the hyperbola that the ‘tigonometric functions have 10 the circle, For this reason, these functions are called hyperbolic functions. Three basic hyperbolic functions are the hyperbolic sine (Jenoved sind. and pronounced “cinch? the hyperbolic cosine (cosh x: pronounced “kosh”), and the hyperbolic tangent (tanh.x; pronounced “tansh”). They are defined as follows. Figure 7.21. The hanging cable problem7.8 Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions. 569 y= eosh set Taide 1a. The hyperbolic sine by The hyperbolic cosine es The hyperbolic tangent y= sins y cosh tanh x Figure 7.22 Graphs ofthe three basic hyperbolic functions ‘The list of properties in the following theorem suggests that the basic hyperbolic functions are analogous to the trigonometric functions. ‘Theorem 7.3 Properties of the hyperbolic functions cosh? x — sink? sinhux is ade cosh(—x) = cosh cosh. is even tanh(—x) tanh x fs odd sinhGe +3) = sinh x cosh y+ cosh. sinh y cosh(e +9) = cosh coshy + sinh x sinh y Proof: We will verity the first identity and leave the others for the reader. cosh sink? = (ary A major diference between the trigonometric and hyperbolic fnetins I thatthe tigonone- 4 "ic fetions are pevidt, but the _ 4 Moperboliefanctions arena, ‘There are three additional hyperbolic functions: the hyperbolic cotangent (coth x), the hyperbolic secant (sech x), and the hyperbolic easeeant (sch x). These functions are defined as follows:570 7.8 Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions eee 1 2 1 sech eschx cosh ~ pe Sinhy ee otha = ianhy ~ ee TECHNOLOGY NOTE: Some of the software packages show these in simplified form as: 2et 2et sech= = esch = eT ari ‘Two identities involving these functions are tanh? and esch? x = cot sech? x = You will be asked to verify these identities in the problems, Derivatives and Integrals Involving Hyperbolic Functions Rules for differentiating the hyperbolic functions we listed in Theorem 7.4 ‘Theorem 7.4 Rules for differentiating the hyperbolic functio Let w be a differentiable function of x. Then: a du d du Zinn) = cosh wt (cosh) = sinh uw Frbinhan = cosh gy ooshan = sinh u a de ad du Gann uy = sech®n (coh) = —esek? wt Frits = seen eae wu du sch wcoth d dud <(sech w chutanhuc eschew gy See) = ~sech wan uw Cesc) Proof: Each of these rules can be obtained by differentiating the exponential functions ‘that make up the appropriate hyperbolic Function. For example, to differentiate sink, ‘we use the definition of sinh: dg Fy sinhs) Lt gent pete) = cosh ‘The proofs for the other derivatives can be handled similarly. Example Derivatives involving hyperbolic functions a Find foreach ofthe follosving functions: a, y =cosh At, Ais aconstant — bey =tanhtx?-+ 1) ey = InGsinhx) Solution a. We have d a 5 [eosh Ax) = sins} (x) =A sinb Ax7.8 Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions 571 D, We find that d 2 Poet a Ge? + 1) = Bese F (tamer? +] = soot? + DEG + 1) = 2a see &. Using the chain rule, with w= sinh.x, we obtain Ltinsinns) dane cane h differentiation formula for hyperbolic functions corresponds to an integration formula, These formulas are listed in the following theorem, ‘Theorem 7.5 Rules for integrating the hyperbolic functions fombs de scone foster a J sechictnnie dy = sesh + Cf eschs coh x dy = esens 4 othe $C tanhy $C fositeas Proof: The proof of each of these formulas follows directly from the corresponding derivative Formule, + Example 2 Integration invol hyperbolic forms Find each of the following integrals af costsinh ds bf xseonto% ar c.f wan. as Solution = 5 tanh tC c =Inlul +€ = Infeoshx) +. Leta572 Figure 7.23. The graph of y= sinh" ‘Tne graph of y = sinh” tx ig obtained by reflecting y= sinh in the lina y = x 7.8 Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Inverse Hyperbolic Functions Inverse hyperbolic functions are also of interest primarily because they enable us to express certain integrals in simple terms. Because sinh « is continuous and strictly mono- tonie (increasing), itis one-to-one and has an inverse, which is defined by yesinh"!x ifand only if’ x =sinhy for all x and y, This is called the inverse hyperbolic sine function, and its graph is ‘obtained by reflecting the graph of y = sinb.x in the line y = .x, as shown in Figure 7.23, Other inverse hyperbolic functions are defined similarly (see Problem 58). Because the hyperbolic Functions are defined in terms of exponential functions, we ‘may expect to be able 10 express the inverse hyperbolic functions in terms of logarithmic Tunctions, We summarize these relationships in the following theorem, 6 Logarithmic formulas for inverse hyperbolic functions Inge + VET), all. x esch“* Ine + va? 1), x= 1 sech™'y wht oth"! Proof: We will prove the first formula and leave the next two formulas for you to verify (ee Problem $9). The other formulas are proved similarly. Let y= sinh; then its inverse is x= sinhy 1 ve qlee") Dee’ e —2xe —1=0 Quadratic formula wih a = 1, B = 28, ¢ aes VIE . 2 ara Veet 4+ VET, and from the definition yin + v2+1) + Because e > 0 for all y, the only solution is e* = of logarithms, Differentiation and integration formulas involving inverse hyperbolic Functions are listed in Theorem 7.77.8 Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions. 873 Differ ‘Theorem 7. 4 ape! Sosinh!) a cosh! a) a 7 tanh“ eC 4 ann Seecant tn ~esch™ jul + vied: J ree 4 ech =! de uw a ae OC = ae [a= sech”* jul +C Ld au ax I= Proof: ‘The derivative of cach inverse hyperbolic function can be found either by dif ferentiating the appropriate logarithmic function or by using the definition in terms of hyperbolic functions, We will show how this is done for y "x, and then will Ieave it for you to apply the chain rule for u, a differentiable function of x. By defi of inverse, we see r=sinhy and ‘Thus, st coshy fi sinh? y since cosh? y — sinh’ and sinh y =x. The integration formula that corresponds «0 this differentiation formula is dx Vise The other differentiation and integration formulas follow similarly. nh eC Example 3 Derivatives involving inverse hyperbolic functions Find © for ay sinha $5) bey = cosh "sceu Osx < $ ax : Solution a a. rs d ter +) 14 (ar bp de has +2)) = VIF (ar + by a be LS feosh"l(scex J leost" Gee 8)] tany > ObecaweO 0) is revolved about the x-axis. For what value of ¢ does V Find the length of the eatenary between x = —a andy = 54, Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving th region bounded by the curve y = tanh. on the interval [0,1] about the x-axis. $88, Find the surface area of the ing the curve y the x-axis. lid generated by revolv- ‘cosh «on the interval [—1, 1] about 6, Prove the following formulas ‘a. sech?x + tanh? b. cot? x ~ eseh?r 87. Derive the differentiation formulas for cosh 1, tanh a, and sech , where w is a differentiable function of x 8, First give definitions for cosh! tanh”! x, and sech”/x, and then derive the differentiation formulas, for these functions by using these definitions. 59, Prove a. cosh" he = Ine + VET 1), eH Lee Ix for constant a > 0. State and prove a similar formula for | ‘ bb. tanh“! 60, Show that a > 0.576 Chapter 7 Review CHAPTER 7 REVIEW Carers ‘he most powerful weapon af thought yer devised by the wit of man. aids 8 Proficiency Examination Concept Problems 1, Discuss the method of integration by substitution for both indefinite and definite integ 2 a What is the formula for integration by parts? 'b, What is @ reduction formula for integration? 3. a. When should you consider a trigonometric substitution? 'b. What are the Substitutions to use when integrating rational trigonometric integrals? 4. When should you consider the method of partial factions? 5. Outline a strategy for integration. 6, What is a first-order linear differential equation? Outline a procedure for solving such an equation, 7. What is an improper integral? 8. Define the hyperbolic sine, hyperbolic cosine, and hyperbolic tangent functions. 9. State the rules for differentiating and integrating the hyperbolic functions. 10, What are the logarithmic formulas for the inverse hyperbolic functions? 1, State the differentiation and integration formulas for the inverse hyperbolic Functions. Practice Problems 12, Evaluate each of the given numbers. a. tanh”! 0.5, b. sinh(In 3) e. coth”!2 Find the integrals in Problems 13-18. nf iene 1, f sine a 1s, fst 2004 wf/AS nfo wf Evaluate the definite integrals in Problems 19-22. vw. [xine ae of af 2, [sce'vins ds Determine whether each improper integral in Problems 28-26 converges and if it does fnd it vale. 23, [seas os, [Sess asf) tka am [Me sine ae fy x*(x ~ 2) 28, Find the volume of the solid generated when the region under the curve ye ‘on the interval {0,2} is revolved about the y-axisChapter 7 Review 577 29, Solve the first-order linear differential equation dy ay a tre subject (0 the condition y = 1 when x = 0. 30, A tank contains 200 gal of saturated brine with 2 Ib of salt per gallon, A salt solution containing 1.3 Ib of salt per gallon flows in at the rate of 5 gal/min, and the uniform mixture flows out at 3 gal/min. Find the amount of salt in the tank (to the nearest tenth of a tb) after 1 hour. Supplementary Problems* Prd he drnine Pons Ley = tant! 4 2. y = xeosh™' (Gx +1) ay = Soe ¥ e 4. y = sinhx cosh By sinhx + sinh(e* + e~*) Find the integrals in Problems 6-47 wade axdx 6. ly ay 1 . | -———— & fow'ea le * [tas dx i. f a », 9x? —Tde wae 8 | a = « [A 18, fevimae 16, feos $i nx + tan 3993 5, fee 19. [Raa 20, cose tnginsyds at. J sindnsas a tanh! na, f e*ssene%as a [ms aw [ee 2s. fears ae Ff eoshe 249 ay 1. f a gf SET OT de 29. | cose Fade m frovnira om foie oe [Gee [erie aa. f YEH RIT sinas av an f EEE Tt 2t oy as, [SEH aT ES ¥ / GEST freeones at, f see'stans a “Pas cos. sing Sictan® x de . | ——_—__ 4. dx ef ede 4 fom 43 [okt a 44, fants ar 4s fc as Sx? 39 x dx ae ts a, f—* __ Baa pa 4 laa {In Problems 48-53, solve the given ferential equations. dy try oy is Tex 50 ee PST 52, y+ (amx)y =sec'x $3, (cos".x)y" = sin? xcosy BI. xy’ yx! = “ine epplemensry probelns sce prtet n sneha random art, ht neces in on of icy.578 Chapter 7 Review Determine whether the iproper integral in Problenss $4-59 converges, and if it does, find its vatue. ® se, tes, = dx sf seas ss. [ ede $6, [xe 7 cos lt ae rds af sfiste ° Lactnm 60, Think Tank Problem Each of the following equations may be either true or false. In each case, either shove that the equation is generally true or find a number x for which it fails. U aol =| = tank! z aut (tins) =Sehvsa bs nano) 0, the integral function defined by is called the gamma funetion, It was introduced by Leonhard Euler in 1729 and has some useful properties a, Show that T(s) converges for all s > 0. b, Show that Ms-+ 1) = sP(s), Show that [Qu + 1) =n! for any positive integer 1. FFind the centroid oa thin plate of constant density that occupies the region bounded by the graph of y = sinx + c0sx, the coordinate axes, and the line x 67, Ropest Problem 66 for 2 plate that ocupies the region bounded by y "ede R ec? x, the coordinate axes, and the line 68, Find ihe volume obtained by revolving about the y-axis the region bounded by the curve the line. = 1. 69. Find the volume (to the nearest hundredth) cbtained by revolving about the y-axis the y= cosh. the y-axis, and the line 70. ‘The region bounded by the graph of y = sin.x and the x-axis between x = 0 and.x = 7 is revolved about the x-0is to gencrate a solid, Find the volume of the solid and its surface arca 71. Find the length of the arc of the curve y = 4v'M that lies between x = 0 and x = | ‘72 Find the volume ofthe solid obtained by revolving about the x-axis the region hounded by the curve y and the x-axis 73. Find the volume of the soli formed by revolving about the y-axis the region bounded by the eurve sinh x, the x-axis, and on bounded by the eurve 9-3 and the «x-axis between x = 0 and x =4, {Lk Tae, “The Leming Funston”. of Gens Pycteogy 31920) pp 469-493.Chapter 7 Fleview 879 74, Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving about the «x-axis the region bounded by the curve the was and the fines v= | and x =2 15, Find the surface ae of the sold genested by rvolving the rion bounded by the eurve sade i ‘on [0, 1] about the x-axis. 76. Fn te vome ofthe sol whose base i heroin H bounded bythe cunve y = e* and de ies y = 0, = 0, {= [if eos sections perpendicular wo the x-axis te equilateral bangles, 77. Show thatthe ares under = * on the imterval (1,2 equals the area under the same curve on [kK oe any number & > 0. 78, Find the length of the curve 79, Find the length of the curve Ingesex) on the interval [ Dotwoon y =b and y = 2b, Derive the reduction formula, feo sas = SS BS fe tas 80. yay = Use this Formula to find [49 = 2°) °Paty. 81. Derive the reduction fortiula alae cost x de sin" 83. Derive a reduction formula for f x(x? 4.02)-ay. #2, Derive reduction formula for 84, Derive the reduetion formula / ava TF Qu da dr Pash Ww Die Quan) ware 85, The improper integral lue of the constant A, Find A and then compute the value of the integral. ds t iT i ewists, Hit: Let {or exactly one [ea stat, The true mass a is then estimated by a =“, where ne [sot as Ip 86, Evaluate Determine the mumber /580 Chapter 7 Review 88. Two substances, A and 8, are being converted into a single compound C, In the kaboratory, it is shown that the time rate of change of the amount « of compound C is proportional 10 the product of the amourt of unconverted substances A and B. Thus, 1 Beka sb — 3) Gp aha 0d for iniial concentrations a and b, of A and B, respectively. ‘a, Solve this differential equation to express x in fermas af time #, What happens to x(0) asf > oo ib > a? What ita» b? bb. Suppose @ =. What is (1)? What happens to x{¢) as f+ 00 in this case? ' 89. Lei fix 1 for -Tex et et Tory <1 Sketch the graph of f and evaluate 90, Evaluate the improper polar integral 91. Find the total area between the spirals for 8 > 0. 92, Modeling Problem ‘The residents of « certain community have voted to discontinue the Muoridation of their waner supply. The local reservoir currently holds 200 million gallons of fluoridated water containing 1,600 Ib of Auoride. The fluoridated water flows out of the reservoir at the rate of 4 million gallons per day and is replaced by unlluoridated water at the same rate, At all times, the ren ly distributed, Sot up and solve a differential equation or the amount (2) of fluoride in the reservoir at inte r, When will 90% of the Nuoride be replaced? 93, Modeling Problem The Nuclear Regulatory Commission puts atomic waste into sealed containers snd dumps them into the ocean. It is important to dump the containers in water shallow enough to ensure they do not brek when they hit bottom, Suppose s(7) is the depth of the container at time ¢ and Tet W and B denote the container"s weight and the constant buoyaney farce, respectively. Assume there is a “dra Forve” proportional to velocity v fa. Explain why the motion of the containers may be modeled by the differential equation {ining tluovide in the reservoir is ev Oe wegen where g is the constant seceleration due to gra and Db, Integrate the expression for v(¢) in part a to find s(0, ¢. Suppose W’ = 1,125 newions (about 250 Ih), B= 1,100 newtons, and k = 0.64 ky/s, If the container breaks ‘when the impact speed exceeds 10 m/s, what is the maximum depth (fo the nearest meter) for safe dumping? 94, The Evans price-adjustment model assumes that if there is an excess demand 2 over supply 5 in any time peri, the price p changes at a rate proportional to the excess, D— S that is, y. Solve this equation to express v(2) in terms of WW, &, a ® Lanes o = KD-S) Suppose for a certain commodity, demand is linear Dy) =e~pd and supply is eyelical Sqr) = asin)Chapter 7 Review 581 Solve the differential equation to express price p(#) in terms of a,b,c, and d. What happens to p(t) “in the tong, tun” (as. 1 > 09)? Use po = p(O). ‘Modeling Problem A country hes 5 billion dollars of paper currency. Each day about 10 million dollars comes into banks and 12 mitlion is paid out. The government decides to issue new currency, and whenever an “old” bill comes into the bank, itis replaced by a “new” bill. Sel up and solve a differential equation 10 model the currency replacement, How long will it take for 95% of the currency in circulation to be “new” bills? 96. If w is a positive integer and a is a positive number, find 95, 98. Putnam Examination Problem Evaluate dy oe t+ Cana v0 1985 (: + le [ cthat fear = Vek You may assun582 Chapter 7 Group Research Project CHAPTER 7 GROUP RESEARCH PROJECT Working in small groups is typical of mast work environments, and this book Buoy Design seeks to develop skills with group activities. We present a group project at the ‘end of each chapter. These projects are to be done in groups of three or four students. You have been hired as a special consultant by the U. S. Coast Guard to evaluate some proposed new designs for navigational aids (buoys). The buoys are floating cans that need to be visible from some distance away, without rising too far out of the water. Each buoy has @ circular cross section and will be fitted with a superstructure that carries equipment such as lights and batteries. To be acceptable, a fully equipped buoy must float with not less than 1.5 ft nor more than $ ft of freeboard. (Freeboard is the distance from the water level to the top of the device.) You should make the following assumptions:* a. A floating object will displace a volume of water whose weight equals the weight of the floating object. (This is Archimedes’ principle.) bb. Your devices will be floating in salt water, which weighs 64.0 Ib/tt. ¢. The buoys will be constructed of } in.-thick sheet metal that weighs 490 It’ . . You can estimate an additional 20% in weight attributable to welds, bolts, and the like. e. Each buoy will be fitted with a superstructure and equipment weighing a total of 2,000 Ib. 1. Each design you are given to evaluate will be presented to you in the form of a curve x = f(y"), to be revolved about the y-axis. Extended paper for further study. Write a report using the given assumptions to evaluate several designs for buoys, and formulate a conclusion about the design you recommend to the Coast Guard. "iis prejctis adapted rom a computer project used atthe U.S, Coast Guard Academy.