Chemistry Notes Chap 1

CHEMISTRY NOTES F.
Sc-I
CHAPTER 1:
Matter
Definition:
A substance having some mass and occupies some space is called matter.
Matter occurs in six physical states:
i. Solid
ii. Liquid
iii. Gas
iv. Plasma
v. Boss Einstein Condensate
vi. Fermionic condensate.
It three states are more common which last three sates are less common..
Matter consist of tiny particles called atoms and molecules.
ATOM:
History word atom has been derived from a Greek work “atoms”. The word atoms
is the combination of two words i.e. “A” and “Tomes” means cutable.
Definition:.
The smallest particle of matter that can _______ exists independently is called
atom.
OR
“Smallest particle of matter which can take part in a chemical reaction is called
atom”.
Size of Atom:.
Atom is extremely small particle. Size of atom can be imagine from the following
facts.
i. A Signal pen full stop covers 2 million atoms.
ii. During a deep breath 105 millions atoms entre into the body.
iii. Average diameter of an atom is 10-10m.
Molecules
“The smallest particle of matter which can exists independently is called
molecule”
It may contains one, two or many atoms.
Atomicity:
The total number of atoms present in a molecule is called atomicity.
On the basis of atomicity molecule are of three types molecules.
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CHEMISTRY NOTES F.Sc-I
1. MONATOMIC MOLECULES
Molecules having only one atom are called monatomic molecules.
Example:
He, Ne, Ar, Xe, Kc, Kr etc.
2. DIATOMIC MOLECULES
Molecules having two atoms are called diatomic molecules:
Example:
N2, O2, H2, Cl2, HCl2, HBr, Co etc.
Types:
Diatomic molecules are of two types.
(i) Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
Diatomic molecules having two similar atoms are called
homonuclear diatomic molecules.
Examples:
H2, N2, Cl2, O2 etc.
(ii) Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules
Diatomic molecules having two different atoms are called
heteronuclear diatomic.
Molecules
HCl, HBr, HI, CO, NO etc.
3. POLYATOMIC MOLECULES
Molecules having more than two atoms are called poly atomic molecules:
Example:-
O3, P4, S8, HNO3, H2SO4, CH4 etc.
Types:
Polyatomic molecules are of two types.
i. Homonuclear polyatomic molecules
Polyatomic molecules having all the similar atoms are called
polyatomic molecules.
Example:
O3, P4, S8 etc.
i. Heteronuclear Polyatomic Molecules
Polyatomic molecules in which all atoms are not similar are called
heteronuclear polyatomic molecules e.g. HNO3, NH3, CH4, H2SO4 etc.
ATOMIC NUMBER
Definition:
The number of protons or electrons present in an atoms of any element is called
atomic number.
Symbol:
It is represented by “Z”.
Unit:
Atomic number has no unit. Atomic number of all the isotopic of an element is
alike.
Example:
i. Hydrogen has one proton and electrons. So its atomic number is eight.
ii. Similarly: Oxygen has eight protons and eight electrons. So its atomic
number is eight.
MASS NUMBER
Definition:
Total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an atoms is
called mass number.
OR
“Total number of nucleons present in the nucleus of _______ atom of an
element is called mass number.
Symbol: It is represented by “A”
Unit: It has no unit.
Example: Oxygen – 16 has 8 protons and eight neutrons. So it mass number is 16.
ATOMIC MASS:
Definition:
Total quantity of matter in one atom of an element is called atomic mass”.
OR
“Mass of one atom of an element which is compared with mass of one atom
of carbon-12 “C12” is called atomic mass OR relative atomic mass.
Carbon – 12 C12 is selected as a standard for determination of relative
atomic masses of other elements because.
i. Carbon – 12 is highly stable.
ii. It is present in the large number of compounds.
________________________
Q: Why C12 is highly stable?
Ans: C12 is highly stable.
Reason
(i) Because it has even protons and event neutrons
(ii) Number are protons and neutrons are equal.
(iii) In C12 12 is a magic number.
Q: What is magic number?
Ans: Magic Number
Those mass numbers which can be divided by four 4 are called magic
number.
The unit of atomic mass if Dalton or a-m-u.
Q: Define a-m-u.
Abbreviation:
a-m-u stands for “atomic mass unit”
Definition:
Twelfth part of 1 atom of carbon – 12 a-m-u or Dalton.
Symbol: -
It is represented by µ value 1 a-m-u = 1.66x10-24g.
Q: Define Molecular Mass.
Ans: Molecular Mass
“Mass of one molecule is called molecular mass.”
OR
“The sum of atomic masses of all the atomic present in one molecule is called
molecular mass”.
Unit:
Unit of molecular mass is a-m-u.
Example:
Water = H2O
Atomic mass of hydrogen = 1
Atomic mass of oxygen = 16.
H2O = 1x2+16
Molecular mass of water = 18 a-m-u.
Q: Define Molar Mass.
Ans: Molar Mass: -
Mass of one male of substance is called molar mass
OR
-23
“Mass of 6.02x10 particles (Molecules, atoms or ions) is called molar mass”.
Unit:
It unit is gram.
STOICHIOMETRY
STOICHIOMETRY
“The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of relationship between
amount of reactants and products in a balance chemical equation is called
Stoichiometry”.
OR
“The branch of chemistry which deals with the calculation involved in the
interconversion of matter during change is called stoichiometry.
ASSUMPTIONS:-
During the stoichiometric calculation following assumptions are made:
1. All the reactants must be converted into the product.
2. There should be no formation of any bye-product.
3. Laws of conservation of mass and the law of definite proportion must be
obeyed.
SIGNIFICANCE
Stoichiometry tells us how much reactants are required for the formation of
specific product. It tells us how much product will be formed from certain amount of
reactant. Stoichiometric calculations are done by using two steps.
STEP NO. 1:
For Stoichiometric calculation a balanced chemical equation is written for
reaction.
STEP NO. 2:
Amount of required substance is calculated from a given value with the help of
balance chemical equation.
Example: -
7 grams of H2 reacts with a sufficient amount of oxygen. How much water H2O
will be formed?
Solution: -
balanced chemical equation:
2H2 + O2 → 2H2 O
4g + 32g → 36g
According to balance chemical equation:
4g of hydrogen produce 36g of H2O 7 g of hydrogen produce: xg
By Cross Multiplication: -
4 x x = 7 x 36
x = 7 x 36
4
x=7x9
x = 63 g
Result:
So, 7g of hydrogen shall form 63 grams of the water.
GRAM ATOMIC MASS:
When atomic mass of an element is expressed in grams then it is called gram
atomic mass, gram atom or mole.
Example:
Gram atomic mass of Na = 23g
Gram atomic mass of H2 = 1g
Gram atomic mass of Al = 27g
Gram atomic mass of S = 32g
GRAM MOLECULAR MASS:
When molecular mass of molecule or compound is expressed in grams, then µ is
called gram molecular mass, gram molecule or mole.
Example:-
Gram molecular mass of H2O=18g
Gram molecular mass of CH4=16g
Gram molecular mass of NaOH=40g
GRAM IONIC MASS:-
When ionic mass of an ion is expressed in grams then it is called gram ionic mass
gram ion or mole.
Example:-
Gram ionic mass of Cl=35.5g.
Gram ionic mass of Na4=23g.
MOLE:-
Mole is a counting unit i.e. like a pair, dozen, century etc.
PAIR:-
Two similar quantities are called pair.
DOZEN:
12 similar substances are called a dozen.
CENTURY:
100 similar substances are called century.
Similarly:
6.02x1023 similar substances are called a mole.
OR
“When atomic mass, molecule or ionic masses of a substance are expressed in grams, it is
called a mole”.
OR
“One mole of quantity having number of particles, as contained by 12-grams of carbon-
12”
OR
“At standard temperature and pressure one mole of ideal contain 22.4 decimeter 3
volume”.
In a chemical analysis chemist deals with different amount of substance and different no
of particles of reactants. So, following are the relationships between mole, amount of
substance, and no of particles.
Mathematically:
Mole = Mass in gram,
A/M/Ionic Mass
And:
Mole: No particles
Avogadros number.
Some Important Formulas
Relation With Mole
1. Mass in gram = Molex molar mass
2. Mass in gram = No of particles x molar mass NA
3. Mass in gram = Mole x NA
4. Mass in gram = Mass in gram x NA Molar Mass
5. Mass in gram = Mole x NA x Atomicity
6. Mass in gram = Mass in gram x NA x Atomicity x Molar Mass
MOLE AND CHEMICAL EQUATION:
“When magnesium is heated in the air. Atom of magnesium react molecule of oxygen
to form MgO. This reaction can be represented by the following “Balanced chemical
equation”.
Equation:. 2Mg+O2 → 2MgO
This equation can be read in different ways.
1. Two moles of magnesium react with bn mole oxygen to produce two moles of
MgO.
2. In terms of mass, the above equation can be modified as:
48g of Mg react with 32 g of oxygen to produce two moles of MgO. This is called
mole mass relationship.
3. Similarly:
We can also read the above equation as
48g of Mg react with 32g of oxygen to produce 80g of MgO.
This is called mass relationship.
A BALANCE CHEMICAL EQUATION
Indicates the number of mole of reactant and produce in a reaction. The idea of
mole can be used to calculate the amount of reactant and produce in a reaction with the
help of balance chemical equation. Amount of reactant and product can be expressed
either in mole or mass. So there are three different type of relation in stoichiometric
calculation.
1. Mole, Mole relation or Conversion.
In this type of relationship mole of reactant and product are determined
from the given amount of reactant or produce using B.C.E.
For Example
Oxygen can be prepared by decomposition of KCLO 3. Formation of oxygen
is represented by following reaction.
Equation:
2KCLO3→ 2KCl+302
This indicates that 2 mole of KClO3 decomposes to form three moles of oxygen.
Using this relationship, we can determine the amount of oxygen from any amount of
KClO3.
2. Mole Mass Conversion: -
In this type of relation one of the value is given are asked in mass unit. So an
extra step is added either in beginning or at the end of the numerical problem.
In simple words, we have to convert mass into mole or mole into mass either in
beginning or at the end of conversion. For this conversation following formula
are used:
Formulas: -
Mole = Mass in Grams
Molar Mass
Mass in gram – Molar Mass x mol.
Examples:
1. How many moles in NaCl are produced from 15.5 grams of HCl According
to neutralization reaction?
Ans: Given
Mass of HCl in grams = 15.5 g
Molar Mass of HCl = 1+35.5=6.5 g
To find:
No of moles of NaCl = ?
Formula:
As Mole = Mass in grams
Molar mass
Moles of HCl = 15.5g
36.5
Mole of HCl = 0.42
Now:
1 mole of HCl produce = 1 mole of NaCl 0.42 moles of HCl shall produce = x
x x 1 = 0.42 x 1
x = 0.42 moles
2. How many grams of CO2 can be produce from heating 8.8 moles of
ZnCO3?
Ans: Given
Moles of ZnCO3 = 8.8 mole
To find:
Mass of CO2 in grams = ?
Equation:
ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2
Now: -
1 mole of ZnCO3 produce = 1 mole of CO2.
8.8 mole ZnCO3 produce = x.
x + 1 = 1x8.8
x = 8.8 mol
Mole of CO2 = Mass in grams
Molar Mass
Molar mass of CO2 = 12 + (2+16)
= 12 + 32 = 44
PUTTING THESE VALUES IN ABOVE FORMULA
8.8 = Mass in Grams
44
8.8 x 44 = mass in grams
387.2g = Mass in grams
OR mass in grams = 387.2 g
3. Mass Mas Relationship: -
In this relationship the values of substances are given in mass and we
are also asked to find answer in mass.
In this relationship the values of substances are given in mass and we are
also asked to find answer in mass. In this type of relationship two extra steps are
required on at beginning (mass into mole) and one at the end (max into mass).
Diagrammatically we can represent this relationship as
DIAGRAM
Example:
1. What mass of aluminum oxide Al2O3 is produced from 14.5 of Al metal when it
reacts completely with oxygen gas according to following equation.
4Al+ 302 → 2Al2O3
Ans: Given
Mass of Al=14.5g
27
0.53 mole
Now:
4 moles of Al produce = 2 mol of Al2O3 0.53 moles of Al shall produce = x
By Cross Multiplication:
4 x x = 0.53x2
x = 0.53x2
42
x = 0.53/2
x = 0.265 moles
mass of Al2O3 in gram = Mol x Molar Mass
Molar Mass:
Al2O3= (2x27) + (3x16) = 54 48
Al2O3= 102g
Putting in above formula: -
Mass of Al2O3 = 0.265x102
= 27.03 grams
Calculation involving gasses: -
In reaction, involved in gases, as a reactant or a product volume is measured more
easily as compared to masses.
In such cases we must know relationship between volume of gas and number of
particles. This relationship was discovered by “Amedo Avogadro” and is called
“Avogadro’s law”.
According to this law “Equal volume of different gases contain equal number of
particles at some conditions of temperature and pressure”. Experimentally it was
observed that one mole of any g as at standard temperature (O oC or 273K) and pressure
(1 atmosphere) occupies 22.4 dm3 volume, this is called molar volume of gas. At room
3
temperature one mole of any gas occupies 24 dm volume. Using above law we can
derive a relationship between volume and number of mole At STP:.
Mole of gas = Volume of gas in dm3
Molar volume (22.4dm3)
Volume of gas indm3 = Mol of gas x M. Volume
Volume of gas = Mol in gram x M. Volume
Molar Mas
Volume of gas = Number of particles x M.Volume
NA
AT ROOM TEMPERATURE PRESSURE RTP
Mole of gas = volume of gas in dm3
24.2 dm3
Volume of gas indm3 = Mole x 24 dm3
Volume of gas = mass in gram x 24dm3
Molar Mass
Volume of gas in dm3= number of particles Avogadro Number
Percentage Composition:
Number of parts of element present in 100 parts of a compound is called
percentage composition is called percentage composition. Percentage composition of an
element depends upon total mass of an element in a compound. Total mass of an element
in a compound is determined by the following formula.
Total mass of element.
Atomic mass of element x total number of atoms
Percentage composition of can be determined either.
1. When formula of a compound is not given.
%age of element: Amount of element x 100
Amount of Compound
2. When formula of a compound is given than.
%age of element: Total mass of element x 100
Molar mass of compound
There is a direct relation between percentage of element and total mass of
element in a compound. Total mass means (mass of element x number of atom
of that element).
Limiting and Excess Reaction:
Limiting Reactants:
The reactants that consume earlier in a chemical reaction are called limiting
reactants.
OR
The reactants that produce least number of moles of product are called
limiting reactants.
Excess Reactants: -
The reactants whose some amount left unreacted at the end of a reaction are
called excess reactants.
OR
The reactants that produce more number of moles of a product are called
excess reactants.
Explanation:
Let us consider the reaction of Hydrogen and oxygen to form water
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O------->(i)
Equation No 1 (BCE) indicates that 2 mole of hydrogen react with 1 mole of
oxygen to form two moles of water.
If someone is interested to form two moles of water, he will have to take 1
mole of oxygen and 2 moles of hydrogen.
In this case no reactant has left unreached at the end of a reaction. This
amount of reactant is called “Stoichiometric amount”. But in actual practice due to
one reason or other Stoichiometric amount of reactant is not taken for a reaction.
Normally, amount of reactant is taken roughly in a reaction. For example 5
moles of oxygen are reacted with 4 mole of hydrogen according to BCE.
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
These 4 moles of hydrogen react with 2 moles of oxygen and 3 moles of
oxygen will remained unreacted at the end of reaction. In this case hydrogen is
limiting reactant while oxygen is excess reactant.
Significance of Limiting Reactions:-
1. As soon as the limiting reactant is consumed, reaction is stopped.
2. Amount of product is controlled by amount of limiting reactant.
Identification of Limiting Reactants:
Following are the steps to identify the limiting reactants: -
1. Write the BCE for given reaction.
2. Convert amount of all reactant into mole.
3. Calculate mole of product from the moles of all the reactant using BCE.
4. Reactants that produces least number of mole of produce will be limiting
reactant and the reactant that produce more number of mole of product will be
excess reactant.
Yield of a Reaction:
Amount of product in a chemical reaction is called yield of a reaction. Yield of
a reaction indicates the efficiency of a reaction. Efficiency of a reaction and
yield of a reaction directly related to each other.
There are three type of yield.
1. Theoretical Yield:
Amount of product obtained by calculation based on balanced chemical
equation is called theoretical yield, expected yield. Theoretical yield is
always maximum in a reaction.
2. Actual Yield:
Amount of product formed actually during an experiment by the
reaction of reactant is called actual yield practical yield, or experimental
yield.
3. Percentage Yield:
Number of parts of actual yield present in 100 parts of theoretical yield
is called percentage yield. It is calculated by the following formula by the
following formula.
Formula: -
Percentage yield: Actual Yield x 100 Theoretical Yield
Q: Why actual yield is less than theoretical yield?
Ans: Due to the following reason actual yield is always less than theoretical yield.
Reason:
1. Reaction may be reversible:
In this case product which is formed in a reaction can be converted back
into reactants as a result net amount of product decreases.
2. Reactants may be impure:
Sometime a reactant may contain same impurities. So, total amount of
reactant is combination of reactant and impurities. Less amount of reactant
are available for the reaction or an impurity may react to form unwanted
products.
3. Formation of By-product:
Sometime some amount of reactant is consumed in the formation of By-
product. This is due to the presence of impurities or change in reaction
condition.
4. Mechanical Loss:
During on experimental sometime. Some amount of reactant or product is
last due to human’s error. This also decreases the yield of a reaction.
Exercise:
Q2: Answer the following questions briefly.
i. What is gram atom? Why the concept of gram atom is useful in chemistry?
Ans: Gram Atom:
When atomic mass of an element is expressed in grams then it is called
gram atomic mass or simply gram atom.
Usefulness of Gram atom:
Gram atom of any element contain 6.02x10 23 atoms. Atom of any element
is extremely small particle. It is not possible to see or weight an atom or even a
group of atom. On the other hand one gram atom contain a large number of atom
23
(6.02x10 atom). This amount of atom can be seen as well weighed. That is why
concept of gram atom is very useful in chemistry.
ii. The mass of 5 moles of an element X is 60g. calculate the molar mass of the
element. Name of element
Ans: Given:
Element = x
No of moles = 5 mol
Mass of element = ?
To find: -
a. Major Mass = ?
b. Name of element = ?
Formula: -
Mole = Mass in gram
Molar Mass
Molar Mass = Mass in gram
Mole
Solution:
Molar Mass = 60g
S
Molar Mass = 12 g/mole
SinѲ 12 g/mol is the mass of carbon. So the name of element is carbon.
iii. Explain why balanced chemical equation are used in stoichiometric
problems?
Ans: Stoichiometric Problems: -
Stoichiometric calculations are based on a basic composition that is “Law
of conservation of mass and law of definite proportion must be obeyed” during
these calculations.
In order to fulfil this basic condition of stoichiometric calculation a
balanced chemical equation is required. Balanced chemical equations are actually
this symbolic form of law of conservation of mass which states that “Total amount
of reactants in a reaction is always equal to total amount of product”. It balanced
chemical equation are not used in Stoichiometric calculation law of conservation
of mass will be obeyed.
iv. How will you identify limiting reagent in a reaction?
Ans: Identification of Limiting Reactants:
Following are the steps to identify the limiting reactants: -
1. Write the BCE for given reaction.
2. Convert amount of all reactant into mole.
3. Calculate mole of product from the moles of all the reactant using BCE.
4. Reactants that produces least number of mole of produce will be limiting
reactant and the reactant that produce more number of mole of product will be
excess reactant.
Yield of a Reaction:
Amount of product in a chemical reaction is called yield of a reaction. Yield of a reaction
indicates the efficiency of a reaction. Efficiency of a reaction and yield of a reaction
directly related to each other.
There are three type of yield.
4. Theoretical Yield:
Amount of product obtained by calculation based on balanced chemical equation is
called theoretical yield, expected yield. Theoretical yield is always maximum in a
reaction.
5. Actual Yield:
Amount of product formed actually during an experiment by the reaction of reactant is
called actual yield practical yield, or experimental yield.
6. Percentage Yield:
Number of parts of actual yield present in 100 parts of theoretical yield is called
percentage yield. It is calculated by the following formula by the following formula.
Formula: -
Percentage yield: Actual Yield x 100 Theoretical Yield
v. Define molar volume of a gas. What will be the volume of 2.5 moles of H 2 and
60g of NH3 at STP?
Ans: Molar Volume
3
“The volume of one mole of any gas (ideal) is 22.4dm at STP this volume
is called molar volume”. Only ideal gas contain this volume at STP.
Given: -
Molar mass of NH3 (1x14) + (3x1)=17
Mass of NH3 in grams = 60g
To find: -
a. Volume of H2=?
b. Volume of NH3=?
a. Solution:
As mole = Volume of gas
Molar Volume
Volume of gas = mole x molar volume
Volume of H2 gas = 2.5 x 22.4
Volume of H2 = 53 dm3
b. Volume of NH3:
First of all = Moles of NH3=?
Mole = Mass in grams
Molar Mass
Moles x 60= 3.5 mol
17
Mole = Volume of gas
Molar Volume
Volume of NH3= mole x moalr volume
Volume of NH3= 23.5x22.4
Volume of NH3= 18.4 dm3
vi. Why the actual yield is usually less than theoretical yield of a reaction?
Ans: Due to the following reason actual yield is always less than theoretical
yield.
Reason:
1. Reaction may be reversible:
In this case product which is formed in a reaction can be converted back into
reactants as a result net amount of product decreases.
2. Reactants may be impure:
Sometime a reactant may contain same impurities. So, total amount of reactant
is combination of reactant and impurities. Less amount of reactant are available
for the reaction or an impurity may react to form unwanted products.
3. Formation of By-product:
Sometime some amount of reactant is consumed in the formation of By-
product. This is due to the presence of impurities or change in reaction
condition.
4. Mechanical Loss:
During on experimental sometime. Some amount of reactant or product is last
due to human’s error. This also decreases the yield of a reaction.
vii. What is formula mass of a compound? What are the steps involved in
calculating formula mass of a compound? Explain with an example.
Ans: Formula Mass:
Mass of one formula unit of an ionic compound which is compared with the mass
of one atom of Carbon-12 is called formula mass unit or simply formula mass”.
OR
The sum of atomic masses of all the atoms presents in one formula unit of an ionic
compound is called formula unit mass or simply formula mass.
Calculation of Formula Mass: -
Formula mass of an ionic compound is calculated from the following steps: -
i. Write down the formula of formula unit of an ionic compound.
ii. Determine the total mass of each element in the formula unit. Total mass of an
element in a formula unit is determined by the following formula.
Total mass of element = Atomic mass of element x No of atoms of elements
iii. Total masses of all the elements in formula unit are added to get the formula u nit
mass of formula mass of a compound. Unit of formula mass of a compound is a-m-
u.
Example:
Calculate formula mass of Calcium Chloride
Solution:
Step No 1: CaCl2
Step No 2: (40x1)+(35.5x2)
Step No 3: 40+71=111 a-m-u
b. Calculate formula masses of the following compounds:
Ans: (i) HNO3
Solution:
HNO3
= (1x1) + (14x1) + (16+3)
= 63 a-m-u
(ii) C6H12O6
Solution:
C6H12O6
= (12x6) + (1x12) + (16+6)
= 156 a-m-u
(iii) C3H8
Solution:
C 3 H8
= (12x3) + (1+8)
= 36 +8
= 44 a-m-u
(iv) C2H5OH=
Solution:
C2H5OH=
= (12x2) + (1+5) + (16x1)+(1x1)
= 24 + 5 + 16 + 1
= 46 a-m-u
(v) Al2O3=
Solution:
Al2O3=
= (27x2) + (16x3)
= 54 + 48
= 102 a-m-u
(vi) K2Cr2O7=
Solution:
K2Cr2O7=
= (39x2) + (52x2) + (16x7)
= 78 + 104 +112
= 294 a-m-u
(vi) K2Cr2O7=
Solution:
K2Cr2O7=
= (39x2) + (52x2) + (16x7)
= 78 + 104 +112
= 294 a-m-u
Q No. 4 (a) Define and explain mole and Avogadro’s number with examples.
Ans: Mole
MOLE:-
Mole is a counting unit i.e. like a pair, dozen, century etc.
PAIR:-
Two similar quantities are called pair.
DOZEN:
12 similar substances are called a dozen.
CENTURY:
100 similar substances are called century.
Avogadro’s Number: -
Number of particles (atoms, ions, molecules or formula unit) present in one mole
of a substance is called Avogadro’s number.
Value: -
It is a constant number. Its value is 6.02x1023.
This value was determined experimentally by an Italian scientist “Amedo
Avogadro”
Symbol: -
It is represented by “NA or L”
Example: -
1 mole of sodium = 6.02x1023 atoms
1 mole of water = 6.02x1023 molecules
1 mole of sodium chloride = 6.02x1023 atoms
Formula units
(b) Given the equation CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + ∆
How can this equation be read in terms of particles, moles and masses?
Ans: EQUATION:
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + heat
i. In Terms of Mole:
One mole of methane reacts with two moles of oxygen to produce one mole
of carbon dioxide and two moles of water along with evolution of heat.
ii. In terms of Particles:
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + heat

6.02x1023 2(6.02x1023) → 6.02x1023 (6.02x1023)
6.02x1023 12.04x1023 6.02x1023 12.04x1023
6.02x1023 particles of methane reacts with 12.04x10 23 particles of oxygen to
produce 6.02x1023 particles of water along with the evolution of heat.
iii. In terms of Masses: -
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + heat
(12x1) + (1x4) 2(16x2) (12x1) + (16x2) 2(1x2)+ (16x1)
12+4 2(32) 12+13 2 (2+16)
16g 64g 44g 2(18)
19 g 64g 44g 36
16 grams of methane reacts with
64 grams of oxygen two produce
44 grams of carbon dioxide and 36 grams of water along with the evolution of
heat.
Q No. 5 (a) What do you mean by percentage. Composition of a compound? How
the percentage of an element is calculated in a compound?
Ans: Percentage Composition:
Number of parts of element present in 100 parts of a compound is called
percentage composition is called percentage composition. Percentage composition of an
element depends upon total mass of an element in a compound. Total mass of an element
in a compound is determined by the following formula.
Total mass of element.
Atomic mass of element x total number of atoms
Percentage composition of can be determined either.
3. When formula of a compound is not given.
%age of element: Amount of element x 100
Amount of Compound
4. When formula of a compound is given than.
%age of element: Total mass of element x 100
Molar mass of compound
There is a direct relation between percentage of element and total mass of
element in a compound. Total mass means (mass of element x number of atom
of that element).
(b) Calculate the percentage composition of each of the following compounds
(given atomic weights of element)
Ans: i. MgSO4
Solution: MgSO4
Molar Mass = (24x1) + (32x1) + (16x4)
= 24 + 32 + 64 = 1200
Percentage composition of Mg = Mass of element x 100
Molar mass
Percentage composition of mg = 24/120 x 100
Percentage composition of mg = 20%
Percentage composition of S = 32 x 100
120
Percentage composition of S = 26.7%
Percentage composition of O2= 64 x 100
Percentage composition of O2=53.3%
ii. C3H4O
Solution:
Molar Mass of C3H4O = (12x3) + (1x6) + (16x1)
= 36 + 6 + 16
Molar Mass = 58
Percentage composition of “C” = Mass of element x 100
Molar mass
Percentage composition of “C” = 36 x 100
58
Percentage composition of “C”= 62.1%
Percentage composition of “H2” = 6 x 100
58
Percentage composition of H2 = 10.3%
58
Percentage composition of O2=27.6%
iii. KMnO4
Solution:
Molar Mass of KMnO4 = (39x1) + (54x1) + (16x4)
Molar Mass = 39 + 54 + 64
Molar Mass = 157
Percentage composition of “K” = Mass of element x 100
157
Percentage composition of “K” = 39 x 100
157
Percentage composition of “K” = 24.8%
Percentage composition of “Mn” = 54 x 100
157
Percentage composition of Mn = 34.4%
157
Percentage composition of O2 = 40.8%
iv. C4 C6
Solution:
Molar Mass of C4C6 = (12x6) + (1x6)
Molar Mass = 72 + 6 = 78
Percentage composition of “C” = Mass of element x 100
157
Percentage composition of “C” = 72 x 100
78
Percentage composition of “C” = 92.3%
Percentage composition of “H2” = 6 x 100
78
Percentage composition of H2 = 7.7%
v. NaAl(SO4)2
Solution:
Molar Mass of NaAl(SO4)2 = (23x1) + (27x1) + (16x4)
Molar Mass = 23 + 23+ {22(32+64)}
Molar Mass = 50+192
Molar Mass of NaAl(SO4)2 = 242gram
Percentage composition of Na = Mass of element x 100
Molar mass
Percentage composition of Na = 23 x 100
2242
Percentage composition of Na = 9.5%
Percentage composition of Al= 27 x 100
242
Percentage composition of Al = 11.2%
Percentage composition of S= 64 x 100
242
Percentage composition of “S”= 26.4%
Percentage composition of “O2”= 18x100
242
Percentage composition of O2 = 52.9%
vi. CaCO3
Solution:
Molar Mass of CaCO3 = (40x1) + (12x1) + (16x3)
Molar Mass of CaCO3 = 40 + 12+ 48
Molar Mass of CaCO3 = 100
Percentage composition of “Ca” = 40x100
100
Percentage composition of “Ca” = 12 x 100
100
Percentage composition of C = 12%
Percentage composition of O2 = 48 x 100
242
Percentage composition of O2 = 48%
vii. CH4
Solution:
Molar Mass of CH4 = (12x1) + (1x4)
Molar Mass of CH4 = 12 + 4
Molar Mass of CH4 = 16 grams
Percentage composition of “Ca” = 40x100
100
Percentage composition of C = 75%
Percentage composition of H2 = 4 x 100
16
Percentage composition of H2 = 25%
Q 6(a) Differentiate between a limiting reagent and a reagent in excess. How will
you identify the limiting reagent in a chemical reaction?
Ans: Limiting Reactants:
The reactants that consume earlier in a chemical reaction are called limiting
reactants.
OR
The reactants that produce least number of moles of product are called limiting
reactants.
Excess Reactants: -
The reactants whose some amount left unreacted at the end of a reaction are called
excess reactants.
OR
The reactants that produce more number of moles of a product are called excess
reactants.
a. How does a limiting reagent control the amount of product formed gin an
example.
Ans: See Page No. 30 and 31.
Q 7 A technician weights 40 grams of sodium chloride. How many moles of formula

mass units in the sample?
Ans: Given
Ionic compound = NaCl
Mass of sodium chloride = 40g
Formula mass of NaCl = (23x1) + (35.5x1)
Formula mass of NaCl = 23 + 35.5
= 58.5 a-m-u
Molar mass of NaCl=
To find: -
No of moles = ?
Solution: -
Mole = Mass in gram
Molar Mass
Formula: -
Mole = 40
58.5
Mole = 0.68 moles
Q8: Calculate mass in gram of:
a. 7.75 moles of Al2O3
Given: -
No of moles = 7.75 mol
Molar mass of Al2O3=(27x2) + (16x3)
Molar mass of Al2O3= 54 + 48
= 102 g/mol
To find: -
Mass of gram = ?
Formula: -
Mole = Mass in gram
Molar mass
Solutions:
Mass in gram = Mole x Molar mass
Mass in gram = 7.75 x 102
Mass in gram = 790.5 g
b. 15 moles of H2SO4
Given: -
No of moles = 15 mol
Molar mass of H2SO4=(1x2) + (32x1) + (16x4)
Molar mass of H2SO4= 2 + 32 + 64
Molar mass of H2SO4= 98 g/mol
To find: -
Mass of gram = ?
Formula: -
Mole = Mass in gram
Molar mass
Solutions:
Mass in gram = Mole x Molar mass
Mass in grams = 15 x 98
Mass in gram = 1470 g
c. 1.0x1025 moles of H2O
Given: -
No of moles = 1.0x1025
Molar mass of H2O= (1x2) + (16x1)
Molar mass of H2O = 2 + 16
Molar mass of H2O = 18 g/mol
To find: -
Mass of gram = ?
Formula: -
Mass in gram = Noe of molecules x Mole mass
NA
Solutions
Mass in gram = 1.0x1025x18
6.02x1023
Mass = 1.0x1025x10-2318
Mass = 18x1025-2318
6.02
Mass = 2.99 x 102 g
Q 9. How many moles are present in each of the following samples.
30 g of Mgs
Ans: Given:
Mass of grams =30g
Molar mass = (24x1) + (32x1)
= 24 + 32
Molar mass = 56 g/mol
To find: No of moles = ?
Formula: -
Mole = Mass / Molar Mass
Formula: -
Mol = Mass / Molar Mass
Mol = 30
56
Mol = 0.54 mol
b. 8.85kg of CO2
Ans: Given: -
Mass of CO2=8.85kg
Mass of CO2 in grams = 8.85 x 1000
= 8.85 g
Molar mass = (12x1) + (16x2)
= 12 + 32
Molar mass = 44
To find = No of moles = ?
Formula: -
Mole = Mass in gram
Molar mass
Formula: -
Mole = 8850
= 44
Moles = 201.1 mol
c. 40 dm3 of O2 gas at STP.
Ans: Given: -
Volume = 40dm3
Molar volume = 22.4 dm3
To find: number of moles = ?
Formula: Mole = Volume of gas in dm3
Molar Volume
Solution:
Mole = 40
22.4
Mole = 1.8 mol
d. 7.5x1020 molecules of C6H6.
Ans: Given: - Nos of molecules 7.5x1020
Molar mass of C6H6 = (12x6) + (1x6)
= 72 + 6
Molar mass of C6H6 = 78
To find: number of moles = ?
Formula: Mole = No of Particles / NA
Solution:
Mole = 7.5x1020
= 6.02x1023
Mole = 7.5 x 1020 x 10-23
= 6.02
Mole = 1.2 x 1020 x 1020-23
Mole = 1.2 x 10-23 mol
Q10: Calculate the mass percentage of a metal in a compound that is formed by
0.233 g of metal combining with 0.354 of Oz.
Ans: Given:
Mass of metal = 0.233 g
Mass of metal = 0.2354g
Mass of compound = mass of metal + mass O
Mass of compound = 0.587 g
To find:
Percentage composition of metal = ?
Formula percentage, composition = Amount of metal x 100
Amount of compound
Percentage composition = 0.39 x 100
39%
Q11: given the equation: 242+O2 → 2H2O
a. How many moles of water will be obtained by burning 5.6 moles of O 2 in an
excess of H2?
Given: -
242+O2 → 2H2O
No of moles of O2=5.6 mol
Solution: -
According to BCE:
1 mole of O2 produce = 2 moles of H2O
5.6 moles of O2 shall produce = x.
By Cross Multiplication: -
x = 2 x 5.6
x = 11.2 mole of H2O
So 5.6 moles of O2 produces 11.2 mole of H2O of H2O.
b. How many moles of O2 would be needed to react 58.5 g of H2 to form water.
Given: -
Mass of H2 = 58.5 g
Molar mass of H2 = (1x2) = 2
To find: -
Moles of O2 = ?
Solution: -
Moles of H2 = mass in gram
Molar mass
Moles of H2 = 58.5
2
Moles of H2 = 29.25 mole
According to BCE: -
2 moles of H2 require 1 mole of O2
29.2 moles of H2 require = x
2xx = 1x24.25
2xx = 29.25
x = 14.62 moles
c. Given: -
Mass of H2O = 120g
Molar mass of H2O = (1x2) + (16x1)
= 2 + 16 = 18
To find: -
Mass of H2=?
Solution: -
Moles of H2O= mass in gram
Molar mass
Given the equation N + 3H2 →2NH3 at STP How many moles of JNB NH3 would be
formed if 6.3 dm of N2 gas react with excess of H2.
Given: -
BCE :
N2 +3H2→ 2NH3
Volume of N 2 = 6.32dm 3
Mole of N2 = Volume in dm3
Molar volume
Mole of N2 = 6.3= 0.28mol
22.4
Find: -
Moles of NH3 = ?
Solution: -
According to BCE :-
1 Mole of N2 produce = 2 mole of NH3
0.28 Mole of N2 Shall produce = x
x x 1 = 0.28 x 2
x = 0.56 Moles of NH3
Calculate the mass of Mg metal required to consume 2560g of CO2 in the reaction 2Mg
+ CO2 →2MgO + C.
Given: -
BCE:
2Mg + CO2 →2MgO + C
Moles of = Mass in grams
Molar Mass
Moles of CO2 = 2560
44
Moles of CO2 = 58.18 mol
To find: -
Mass of Mg = ?
According to BCE :
1 Mole of CO2 consume = 2 Moles of Mg
58.18 mole of CO2 consume = x
x = 58.18 x 2
x = 116.36 moles of Mg
Now
Mass of Mg = Moles x Molar Mass
Mass of Mg = 11.634 x 24
Mass of Mg = 2792.64g
When the steam is paused through red hot carbon and a mixture of H2 and CO2 gas called
water gass is formed . H2O + C = H2 + CO2
(a) which one is the limiting reagent if 24.5g of carbon is mixed with 1.89 moles of
water vapour
(b) calculate the amount ( in grams ) of excess reagent left unreacted .
Given: - Balanced Chemical Equation

H2O + C → H2 +CO
Moles of carbon = 24.5g
Moles of carbon = Mass in grams
Molar mass
Moles of carbon = 24.5
12
Moles of carbon = 2.04 mol
Moles of water = 18.9 mol
To find: -
(a) limiting reagent
(b) Amount of excess reagent left un reacted
Solution for water: -
(a) According to BCE:
1 mole of water produce = 1mole of CO
1.89 moles of water shall produce = x
X x 1 = 1.89 x 1
X = 1.89 moles of CO
For Carbon: -
1Mole of carbon = 1mole of CO
2.04 Moles of carbon = x
By Cross multiplication
X x1 = 2.04 x 1
X = 2.04 Moles of CO
Result: -
Since water produces least number of moles of product so it is a limiting reagent.
(c) According to balanced chemical equation
1.89 moles of water requires = 1 mol of C
1.89 moles of water shall required = x
By cross multiplication :-
1 x X= 1.89 x1
X = 1.89
Moles of carbon unreacted = total moles of C - moles of C consume
Moles of carbon unreacted = 2.04-1.89
Moles of carbon = 0.15 mol
Mass of carbon = Mol x molar mass
Mass of carbon = 0.15 x 12.01
Mass of carbon = 1.8g
Calculate the percentage yield if 6.5g of hydrogen gas is produced when 5 moles
of 2inc is consumed in a reaction Zn + 2HCL → ZnCl2+ H 2
Given: -
Balanced Chemical equation :-
Zn+2HCL→ZnCl2+ H 2
Actual yield = 6.53g
Moles of Zn =5 Mol
To find: -
According to BCE :-
1mole of Zn produce = 1mol of H2
5 mole of Zn shall produce = x
Xx1=5x1
X = 5 Moles of hydrogen
Mass of H2 = Mol x molar mass
Mass of H2 = 5 x ( 1x2 )
Mass of H2 = 10g
As 10g of H2 is calculated on the basis of BCE . So it is theoretical yield
Percentage yield = Actual yield x100
10
Percentage yield = 65.3%
16. The percentage yield of following a reaction is 80% 2 Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3.
How many grams of AlCl3 will be obtained from 100g of Aluminum metal?
Ans: Given: -
Balanced Chemical Equation: -
2 Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3
Percentage yield = 85%
Mass of Aluminum = 100g
Moles of Al= 100 = 3.70 mol
27
To find: -
Grams of AlCl3 = ?
According to BCE:
2 moles of Al product: 2 moles of AlCl3
3.70 moles of Al produce = x
2 x x = 3.70 x 2
x = 3.70 x 2
2
x = 3.70 moles AlCl3
Mass of AlCl3 = mole x Molar mass
Mass of AlCl3 = 3.70 x 133.5
Mass of AlCl3 = 49.95 g
Since 493.95 g of AlCl3 is obtained by the BCE. So, it is theoretical yield.
As: Percentage yield = Actual yield x 100
Theoretical yield
Percentage yield x theoretical yield x Actual yield
100
Actual Yield = 85x493.95
100
Actual Yield = 41985.75
100
Actual Yield = 419.86 g

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CHEMISTRY NOTES F.

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + heat

Q 7 A technician weights 40 grams of sodium chloride. How many moles of formula

Given: - Balanced Chemical Equation

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