7

Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Sets

1
Mathematics – Grade 7
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Sets
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from
their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Evelyn Q. Relos
Editor: Lilli Ann O. Hermogenes
Reviewer: Dioleta B. Borais

2
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

This module is a set of self-paced activities designed to help the students
learn the concepts gradually. The support of the family is necessary so that the
learner will find it easy to understand the concepts and accomplish the tasks herein.
The facilitator must see to it that the learner will use separate sheets for the answers
since this will still be used in the future.

For the learner:

This module is designed to be interactive to suit your learning needs. The
concepts are presented in a way that illustrative examples are shown to guide you in
the practice exercises. The concepts can be learned within one to two days. The
practice exercises, on the other hand, can be accomplished on a daily basis.
Meaning, one practice exercise is good for one day so that you will still have time to
study other subject areas and/or enrich your learning from this module. Remember
that separate sheets for your answers must be used to facilitate the checking.

3
 GRADE 7 (QUARTER 1)
MODULE 1

SETS

I. Introduction:
Welcome to Mathematics 7 lessons!

As a grade 7 learner in Mathematics, you have to demonstrate understanding

of key concepts of sets and the real number system. Hence, in this first module in
Mathematics 7, sets, subsets, cardinality of sets, union and intersection of sets will be
discussed.
This module is composed of four lessons:
Lesson 1: Well-Defined Sets
Lesson 2: Cardinality of Sets
Lesson 3: Universal and Subsets
Lesson 4: Union and Intersection of Sets and the Difference of Two
Sets

II. Objective:
After performing the activities in this module 1, you are expected to illustrate
well-defined sets, subsets, universal sets, null set, cardinality of sets, union and
intersection of sets and different of two sets.

III. Vocabulary List:

As you perform the activities in this module, you need to be familiar with the
words that you will encounter here:

Set-isa well-definedgroup of distinct objects, called elementsthat have a common

characteristic.
Well-defined – clearly stated or described.
Distinct – recognizably different in nature from something else of a similar type.
Element – thename given to an object within a set. ∈is the symbol for element read
as “is an element of”

Ways of writing sets:

1. Roster Notation or Listing method: Writing the elementsof a set as a list,
separated by commas and enclosed within curly braces { }.
Set A = {1,2,3}
2. Set builder Notation: elements of the set are described.
Set A {x/x first three counting numbers} [read as “A is a set of x such that x is the
firstthree counting numbers”] or [read as “Set A contains the element x such that x is
the first three counting numbers”]

But wait, before you perform the activitiesin this module, take this simple test
first to find out how much you already know about the topic to be discussed.

4
 IV. Pre-Test:
Direction: Read carefully each problem. Write the letter of the correct answer on a
sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is well-defined set?
a. popular actors c. beautiful flowers
b. favorite teachers d. consonant letter in the alphabet.
2. Set G= {multiples of 3}. Which of the following is NOT true about set G?
a. 3 ∈ G b. 6 ∈ G c. 8 ∈ G d. 9 ∈ G
3. Describe the set of counting numbers using roster notation.
a. B= {1,2,3,4,5, …} c. B= {1,2,3,4,5}
b. B= {2,4,6,8,10} d. B= {x/x is a counting numbers}
4. How will you describe set C= {January, February, May, July} using set-builder
notation?
a. C= {x/x is a month of a year with 30 days}
b. C= {x/x is a month of a year with 31 days}
c. C= {x/x is a month of a year ends with letter Y}
d. C= [x/x is a month of a year with letter U in its name}
5. Which is the best method to describe the set of presidents in the Philippines up to
present?
a. Roster notation c. Both a and b
b. Set-builder notation d. None of the above

6. Set C= {red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet}, what is the cardinality of set C?
a. 6 b. 5 c. 0 d. 4
7. Which of the following set is an example of empty set?
a. H= {quadrilaterals} c. D= {days of a week starts with A}
b. C= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, …} d. D= {days of a week ends with y}
8. How do we represent the element of a null set?
a. { } b. ∅ c. ∈ d. both a and b
9. Which of the following is a finite set?
a. { } c. {3, 6, 9, …}
b. {…, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …} b. set of positive numbers
10. Which of the following statement is TRUE?
a. Empty set contains an element
b. Cardinality of null set is always zero
c. Finite set is a null set
d. Infinite set has cardinality

Refer to the given below for numbers 11-15.

Given: U = {positive integers less than 15}

A = {factors of 12}
B = {none-zero multiples of 5 less than 15}
C = {5,10}
D = {1,2,3,4,6,12}
E={}
11. Which set can be consider as universal set?
a. Set A b. Set D c. Set U d. Set E
12. What is the relationship of set C and B?
a. Equivalent set b. Equal set c. proper subset d. universal set

5
 13. Which among the given sets can be consider as a proper subset of any set?
a. Set E b. Set B c. Set U d. Set C
14. Which of the following statement is NOT true about the given set?
a. n(A)=n(D) c. n(B)=n(C)
b. U ⊂ any set d. A ⊆ D
15. Which symbol will best represent the relationship of set C to set U?
a. ⊂ b. ⊆ c. ⊄ d. ⊈
16. Which diagram illustrates(𝐶 ∪ 𝐷)?

a. c.

b. d.

17. Which sets operation is being describe in the Venn diagram?

a. C∪B∪ D
b. C∩B∩ D
c. B- (C ∪ D)
d. (C ∪ D) – B

Refer to the given below for numbers 18-20.

Given:
U = {multiples of 10} F = {10,20,30,40,50} G = {10,20,30} H = {40,50} I = {20}

18. What is F – G?
a. {10, 20,30, 40,50} c. {10, 20, 30}
b. {40, 50} d. {20}
19. What is H ∩ G?
a. { } c. {10, 20, 30, 40,50}
b. {40, 50} d. {10, 20, 30}
20. Which of the following sets is a disjoint set?
a. F and G b. G and H c. I and G c. F and H

How was your pre-test? If you find the pre-test difficult, don’t feel bad. This
means that this module is for you. It will help you understand some important
concepts that you can apply in your daily life. Are you ready? You may now start.

6
V. Learning Activities

Lesson 1
WELL-DEFINED SETS

Can you illustrate well-defined sets?

Can you identify well-defined sets?
What are the ways of representing well-defined sets?

Hopefully, by the end of this lesson, you can illustrate well defined sets.

Example 1: The adviser of Grade 7-Sunflower thought of grouping the students in different
ways. How many groups would there be? If you were asked by the adviser to group 10
students, how will you group the 10 students?

The table shows the ages, birthday and gender of 10 students in Grade 7 – Sunflower.
Student in 7-Sunflower Age Birthday Gender
Maria 13 September 11 Girl
Marco 15 October 12 Boy
Xavier 15 September 10 Boy
Ana 13 October 9 Girl
Joan 13 December 7 Girl
Angel 15 September 6 Girl
Erica 12 November 9 Girl
Abe 13 October 19 Boy
Rommel 15 February 4 Boy
Oriel 14 November 8 Boy

Using the above data,

1. List down the girls. Call the list as group A______________________________
2. List down the names of students whose age is 13. Call this group B. _________
3. List down the boys who love to dance as group C. ________________________
4. What help you in listing down the names in Groups A, B and C? _____________
5. Were you able to list down the names right away in Group A, B and C? _______

Listing down the names in groups A and B is easier than listing down the names in
group C. Identifying the boys who love to dance is difficult by just simply using the given
data.

Groups A and B are examples of sets. Group A is a collection of girls in the given
data. Group B is a collection of students whose age is 13. The students in each group share
a common characteristic which is well-defined. Maria, Ana, Joan, Angel and Erica are
elements of Set A. Maria, Ana, Joan and Abe are elements of Set B. Set A and Set B can
be represented by:

A = {Maria, Ana, Joan, Angel, Erica}

The name of the set is A. The elements are Maria, Ana, Joan, Abe.

B = {Maria, Ana, Joan, Abe}

The name of the set is B. The elements are Maria, Ana, Joan, Abe

7
A capital letter is used to name a set. The elements are enclosed in curly braces { }.

There are two ways of writing a set: roster notation or listing method and
set-builder notation
a) In roster notation, the elements are listed one by one and are
separated by a comma.
A= {Maria, Ana, Joan, Angel, Erica}
B = {Maria, Ana, Joan, Abe}
b) In set-builder notation, a descriptor is used instead of listing all
the elements of the set.
A = {x/x is a girl in 7-Sunflower}
B = {x/x is a student in 7-Suflower whose age is 13}
The symbol x/x is read as “x such that x is a _____”

Using the table, illustrate the set of boys whose birth month is September.
Answer:S = {Xavier} or
S = {x/x is a boy whose birth month is September}

Try this!
A. Using the table, illustrate the given set.
1. Girls in 7-Sunflower whose name starts with a vowel. Name it asV. ______
2. Students in 7-Sunflower who was born on October. Name it as O. ______
3. Boys in 7-Sunflower whose age is below 15. Name it as F. ______
4. Students in 7-Sunflower who was born in January. Name it as J. ______

Are your answers correct? Check them using this answer key:
1. V = {Ana, Angel} V={x/x is a girl whose name starts with a vowel}
2. O = {Marco, Ana, Abe} O = {x/x is student who was born in October}
3. F = {Abe, Oriel} F = {x/x is boy whose age is below 15}
4. J = { } J = {x/x is a student who was born in January}

Example 2: Consider the following collection/group

Collection S: subjects that a grade 7 student will study this school year
Collection F: the difficult subjects that a grade 7 student will study this school
year

Can you list down the subjects in collection S? how about in Collection F?

Collection S: English, Filipino, Math, Science, AP, TLE, MAPEH, EsP

All the students can list down all the subjects. The description for the group is
stated clearly or well-defined.

Collection F: ______

8
 There is no definite answer for this. Some of the students may have difficulty
in one subject say Math, while another student may find Math easy. The description
for collection F is not clearly stated.

Collection S is a well-defined set. It can be illustrated as:

S = {English, Filipino, Math, Science, AP, TLE, MAPEH, EsP}
S = {x/x is a subject that a grade 7 student will study this school year}
Collection F is Not a well-defined set. There is no definite list for the set.

We are now ready in determining whether a collection/group of objects is well-defined or

not. We can illustrate well-defined sets.

Example of well-defined set:

1. The set of even numbers from 1 t0 10
2. The set of months that ends with Y

The elements of the set of even numbers from 1 to 10 are 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. Since
we can clearly tell what is included in this set, we consider this set as well-defined. Likewise,
the set of months that ends in Y is a well-defined set. What are those months included in this
set? Let us illustrate the second set in roster notation.

Is your answer M= {January, February, May, July}?

Note: You can use any letter in the alphabet aside from M.

Examples of NOT well-defined sets

1. The best songs of 2020
2. The favorite fruits of students

These sets are not well-defined. The word best and favorite depend on ones likes
and dislikes. A song which you think the best may not the best for others. The same with
favorite fruits, the favorite fruit of your friend may not be your favorite.

Try this!

A. Tell whether the set is well-defined or not.

1. A: The cities in Bicol Region _______
2. B; The beautiful girls in your class _______
3. C:{2,4, 6, …, 16, 18, 20} _______
4. D = {Philippine National Anthem, Ako ay Pilipino, Pilipinas Kong
Mahal, Albay Forever, Bicol Regional March} _______
5. E= {1,3,5,7,9, 11, …} _______
B. Illustrate the well-defined set in the above activity.
1. __________
2. __________
3. __________
4. __________
5. __________

9
Answer: Note: The ellipses represented by the
A. three dots (…)
• written right after the last element
1. Well-defined
means “and so on”. There are too
2. Not
many to mention. Say, D= {1,3, 5, 7,
3. Well-defined 9, 11, …}. This means any odd
4. Not number is an element of D.
5. Well-defined • written among the elements means
B “up to”. Say, E = {2,4,6 …, 12,14,16}
1. A = {Iriga, Naga, Ligao, Legazpi, The pattern tells us that it is a set of
Tabaco, Sorsogon, Masbate} even numbers 2 to 16. Therefore, the
A = {x/x is a city in Bicol region} missing numbers are 6,8, and 10.
3. C = {2, 4, 6, …, 16, 18, 20}
C = {x/x is an even number from 2 to 20}
5. E = {x/x is an odd number}

VI. Exercises 1

A. Tell whether the set is well-defined or not. If it is well-defined, illustrate the set
in a roster notation and set-builder notation
1. W: days of the week
2. T: beautiful teachers in your school
3. P: prime numbers between 10 and 2
4. M: months of the year with 32 days
5. A: popular actors
6. N: multiples of 4
7. O: factors of 24
8. R: prime numbers from 1 to 20
9. C = 5, 10, 15, …, 35,40,45
10. B = a, e, i, o, u
11. E= addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
12. F= addends of 8
13. G= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, ….
14. H = x, y and z
15. J = { }

B. Illustrate 3 well-defined sets.

10
 Lesson 2
NULL SET AND CARDINALITY OF SET

You have just identified well-defined sets and illustrated them in roster notation and
set-builder notation. There is a need to identify the characteristic of the elements to illustrate
the set correctly. In the well-defined sets, can its elements be counted? Is there a limit as to
the number of its elements?

Can you illustrate null sets?

Can you identify the cardinality of the set?

I. Objective: After performing the activities in this lesson, you are expected to illustrate null
set and cardinality of set.

II. Vocabulary List

The following are terms that you must remember from this point on.
A null set, also called empty set, is a set with no elements. The symbols { } or ∅
refer to null set or empty set.
Cardinality of set is the number of elements contained in a set. The cardinality of a
set A is written as n(A). For example, given: M = {b, c, d}.M contains 3 elements. The
cardinality of M is 3. In symbol, n(M)=3.

Finite sets are the sets having a countable number of members.

Examples of a finite set: P={0, 3, 6, 9, …, 99} for n(P) = 100
M = {x/x is the month of the year} for n (M) = 12
Infinite sets are the sets in which the number of elements cannot be counted or
determined (never ending).
Examples: W= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …} for n(W) = cannot be determined
L = {x/x is a point on a line} for n(L) = cannot be determined

III. Learning Activities.

Sing theselines of the song, Bicol Regional March.

(taken from the lyrics of “Bicol Regional March” by Francisco B. Bulalacao Jr. )

Bicolandia! Bicolandia!
Our native land, behold!
Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur
Catanduanes, Masbate, Sorsogon

Cities of Iriga, Naga, Ligao

Legazpi, Tabaco, Sorsogonand Masbate
Abode of noble heroes,
Landof the free
Oh! Mt. Mayon is watching over thee

11
Activity 1
Illustrate the following sets:

a. cities of Bicol Region ___________________

b. provinces of Bicol Region ___________________
c. provinces of Bicol Region that ends with a vowel_____________________________
d. cities of Bicol Region beginning with A _____________________

Answer:
A= {Iriga, Naga, Ligao, Legazpi, Tabaco, Sorsogon, Masbate}
B= {Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Masbate, Sorsogon}
C= {Masbate}
D= { } or D= ∅

If you notice, set D has no element. A set with no element or member is called null
set. It is represented by the symbol { } or ∅. Null set is also called as empty set.

Try this:
A. Which of the following is null set? Write ø if it is and X, if it is Not.
1. H= {x/x is a point on a circle} ________________
2. E = {h, o, n, e, s, t, y} ________________
3. F= {x/x is a month with 27 days}________________
4. G= {x/x is an even number between 0 to 1} ________________
5. K = {0, 1, 2, 3, …, 32} ________________

Answer:
1. X 2. X 3. ø 4. ø 5. X

Activity 2
Count the number of elements found in:
a. K = {0, 1, 2, 3, …, 32} _____
b. E = {h, o, n, e, s, t, y} _____
c. H= {x/x is a point on a circle} _____
d. F= {x/x is a month with 27 days}_____
e. G= {x/x is an even numbers between 0 and 1}_____

Answer:
a. 33 b. 7 c. cannot be counted d. 0 e. 0

Let us now discuss cardinality of set.

Consider these sets:
A= {Iriga, Naga, Ligao, Legazpi, Tabaco, Sorsogon, Masbate}
B= {Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Masbate,
Sorsogon}
C= {Masbate}
D= { } or D= ∅

How many elements are there in: 1) A ____ 2) B ____ 3) C ____ 4)D ____

12
 Cardinality of set is the total number of elements included in a set. So, instead of
saying: “There are 7 elements in Set A”, we just simply say: “The cardinality of Set A is 7”.

In symbols, the cardinality of set is n(A).

The cardinality of Set A Is 7 n(A) = 7

The cardinality of Set B is 6 n(B) = 6
What is the cardinality of Set C? n(C) = ____
What is the cardinality of Set D? n(D) = ____

Try this!
Illustrate the cardinality of the following sets
1. R = {x/x a vowel of the English alphabet}
2. C= {red, yellow, orange, green, violet, blue}
3. M = {2, 4, 6}
4. W = {x/x is a day the week ending in s}
5. E = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, …}

Answer:

1. n(A)=5 2. n(B)=6 3. n(C)=3 4. n(D)=0 5. Infinite (difficult to count)

You were able to illustrate right away the cardinality and count the elements of sets R, C,
E and W. There is an end in the counting. Sets having a countable number of elements are
called finite sets. Sets R, C, M and W are called finite sets.
You have difficulty in illustrating the cardinality of Set E. It is difficult to count the
elements for there are three dots at the end of the last element. The three dots mean “and
so on” and the counting goes on and on. The elements of Set E are not countable. Sets in
which the number of elements cannot be counted or determined (never ending) are called
infinite sets. Set E is an infinite set.

Remember:
-The cardinality of null set is always
zero.

-Null set is always a finite set.

Activity 3

Illustrate the cardinality of set.

1. B= {10, 20, 30, …, 80} _____
2. C= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, …} _____
3. D= {x/x/is an odd number less than 16} _____
4. E= {x/x is an even number greater than 10} _____
5. L = {ø} ___

13
Activity 4
Tell whether the sets in No. 3 is finite or infinite set.
1. __________
2. __________
3. __________
4. __________
5. __________

IV. Exercises 2

Given a set in numbers 1 to 10,

A. Illustrate the cardinality of set. (Use symbol)
B. Illustrate the null set. Write ø if it is a null set and X if it is Not.
C. Identify whether the set is finite or infinite. Write F if it is finite and I if it is Not

No. 1 is done for you.

1. E = {w, i, s, d, o, m}
A.n(E) = 6 B.X C.F

2. A = {20, 18, 16, 14, …, 2}

3. B = {x/x is a positive number}
4. C = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, …}
5. M= {x/x is a color of the rainbow}
6. E= {x/x is the name of a senior citizen in your place whose age is 30}
7. G={ }
8. L = {x/x is the symbol for cardinality}

14
 Lesson 3
UNIVERSAL SET AND SUBSETS

You have illustrated cardinality of sets. A set may be finite or infinite. It depends on
the number of element/s it contain/s. How about if we have a set whose elements are the
elements of another set? What do we call this set
Can you illustrate subset?
Can you illustrate universal set?

I. Objective: After performing the activities here in this lesson, you are expected to illustrate
universal set and subset.

II. Vocabulary List

The universal set, U, is the set that contains all elements under consideration.
If all the elements of set A are also elements of set B, then A is a subset of B. This means
that subsets can be created from any defined universal set. The set of natural numbers
itself is a subset of the set of real numbers, which could be another example of a universal
set.
Equal sets have the same element, even though they could be out of order. Thus, it has
equal cardinality.
Equivalent sets have different element but have the same amount of element.
Remember:
Equal sets are always an equivalent set.
Equivalent sets may or may not an equal set.

III. Learning Activities

A. Most of us love to eat ice cream. Below are the different flavors of ice cream we
can choose from. What are the possible sets of flavors of ice cream we can have?

Chocolate Butter Vanilla

The table below lists the possible flavor or flavors of ice cream we can choose from
the available flavors:

If we chose Any If you chose Any If you chose None of

If we chose All three
one two the 3 flavors
chocolate chocolate, butter chocolate, butter, vanilla
Butter butter, vanilla
vanilla chocolate, vanilla

Using the table, illustrate the possible flavor or flavors of ice cream in a set:
1. Set with one element: ____________________________________________
2. Set with two elements: ___________________________________________

15
 3. Set with three elements: __________________________________________
4. Set with no element _____________________________________________
5. Set representing the choices of flavors: ______________________________

Answer: 1. {chocolate} {butter} {vanilla}

2. {chocolate, butter} { butter, vanilla} {chocolate, vanilla}
3. {chocolate, butter, vanilla}
4. { }
5. {chocolate, butter, vanilla}

Each element of the sets from numbers 1-4 is also the element of the set in number5.
Set #5 is the set of all the flavors under consideration.
Set #5 is an example of universal set while sets #1-4 are examples of subsets.
The set that contains all elements under considerationis called universal set while set
that is a part of the universal set is called subset or proper subset.

Set A is a proper subset of B if and Set A is a subset of B if and only if all

only if all element in A is in B, but at element in A is in B, and all element of
least one element in B is not in A. B is also at element of A.
Given: Given:
Let B= {1,2,3,4,5} Let B= {1,2,3,4,5}
A= {1,2,5} A= {1,2,3,4,5}
A is a proper subset of B A is a proper subset of B
In symbol In symbol
𝐴⊂𝐵 𝐴⊆𝐵
The element of A are 1,2 and 3. All of The element of A and B are equally
it are also in B, but there are two the same.
elements in B not in A. This element Remember:
are 4 and 5 *any set is a subset of it self

B. Consider these of examples of universal sets and its proper subsets.

Let A be the set of the letters of the English alphabet.

Let B be the set of vowels.
Let C be the set of consonants.
Let D be the distinct letters in the word KEEP.
Let E be the set of the letters of the word SAFE.

Illustrate sets A, B, C. D and E in roster notation:

A= ________________________________________________
B= ________________________________________________
C= ________________________________________________
D= ________________________________________________
E= ________________________________________________

16
Answer: A= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z}
B= {a, e, i, o, u}
C= {b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z}
D= {k, e, p)
E= {s, a, f, e}

Using the above sets, which set can be considered as universal set? _______which
set can be considered asproper subset? _______________

Set A is the universal set.

Set B, C, D, and E are proper subsets.

Symbol Read as
𝐵⊂𝐴 “B is a proper subset of A”
𝐶⊂𝐴 “C is a proper subset of A”
𝐷⊂𝐴 “D is a proper subset of A”
𝐸⊂𝐴 “E is a proper subset of A”

Try this!
Given:
Let W= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, 11}
B= {2,4,6,8,10}
D= {10, 8, 6, 4, 2}
E= {2,3,5,7, 11}
L= { }
M= {0}

Tell whether the following statement is TRUE or FALSE.

1. Set W is a universal set. _____________

2. Set M is a proper subset of W. (𝑀 ⊂ 𝑊)_____________
3. 𝐿 ⊂ 𝑊_____________
4. 𝐷 ⊂ 𝐵_____________
5. 𝑊 ⊂ 𝐸_____________

Answer:

1. True, W contains all the element of other sets.

2. False, M is not a proper subset of W (𝑀 ⊄ 𝑊), since 0 is not an element of W.
3. True, remember empty set is a proper subset of any set.
4. False, Set D and B have equally the same element. Thus, D is a subset of B
(𝐷 ⊆ 𝐸)
5. False, W is not a proper subset of E. (𝑊 ⊄ E). Take note W is a universal set.

17
 Different symbols to remember:
⊂ “is a proper subset of”
⊄, ⊈, ∉, ≠
⊆ “is a subset of”
* the line drawn in every
symbol reads as “not”
for example,⊄ “not a proper subset of”

IV. Exercises 3

Given:

U = {x/x is a teacher of your school}

A = {x/x is a teacher in Grade 7 of your school}
B= {x/x is a Math teacher of your school}
C = {x/x is an adviser of your class in your school}
D = {x/x is teacher in Math and MAPEH in your school}

A. Identify the:
1. Universal set.
2. Subset of U with one element
3. Subset of U which is a null set
4. Subset of U with more than two elements

B. Which subset of U contains all the elements of U?

18
 Lesson 4
Union and Intersection of Sets and the Difference of Two Sets

This lesson deals union and intersection of sets.

Can you illustrate union and intersection of sets?

Can you illustrate difference of two sets?

I. Objective:
In this lesson, you are expected to illustrate union and intersection and difference of two
sets.

II. Vocabulary List

The following are terms that you must remember from this point on.

Venn diagram is a visual illustration that uses circles to show relationship among sets.

Intersection of sets is a set containing elements common to the given set. The intersection
of A and B, denoted by A ∩ B, is the set containing all elements of A that also belong to B.

Union of sets is the set of all elements form by two or more sets. The union of A and B,
denoted by A ∪ B, is the set of elements which are in A or in B or in both.

Difference of sets. The difference of Set Bwritten A - B is the set of all elements of A that
are not elements of B.

Two sets are said to be joint sets if they have a common element.

Two sets are said to be disjoint sets if they have no element in common.

III. Learning Activities

Observe at the Venn diagram below. When does operation on set be possibly performed?

Figure 1 Figure 2

In Figure 1, the two circles overlap each other. Set A and B have something in
common. An element in A is also an element in B. Figure 1 illustrates Joint Sets

In Figure 2, the two sets are separated from each other. Set A and B have no
element in common. Figure 2 illustrates Disjoint Sets. Operation on sets is possible if two
sets are Joint.

19
UNION AND INTERSECTION OF TWO SETS

The Venn diagram shows that the universal set represents the students of G7-
Macopa. It also shows us two proper subsets. A= {x/x is a student who plays badminton} and
B= {x/x is a student who plays volleyball}.

Using the Venn diagram, a. illustrate Set A: ______________________

b. illustrate Set B: _____________________
c. Are set A and B joint sets? ____________
d. Write the elements common to A and B: ______________________________
e. Illustrate a set formed by elements from sets A and B:____________________
f. Illustrate a set formed by elements common to A and B: __________________
g. Illustrate a set formed by all elements in A but not the elements in B ________

Answer:
a. A = {Sandy, Ivan, Richard, Anton, Danny, Mike}
b. B = {Aljon, Sofia, Michelle, Danny, Anton, Mike}
c. Yes, they are joint sets.
d. Danny, Anton and Mike
e. E = {Sandy, Ivan, Richard, Anton, Danny, Mike, Aljon, Sofia, Michelle}
f. F = {Danny, Anton, Mike}
g. G = {Sandy, Ivan, Richard}

Sets A and B are joint sets. Sets A and B have an element in common.

Set E is the union of A and B, A ∪ B. The set was formed by the elements from the
two sets, A and B.
A ∪ B = {Sandy, Ivan, Richard, Anton, Danny, Mike, Aljon, Sofia, Michelle}

Set F is the intersection of A and B, A ∩ B. The set was formed by elements common
to the two sets A and B.
A ∩ B = {Danny, Anton, Mike}

Set G is the difference of A and B, A – B. The set was formed by all elements in A
but not the elements in B.
A – B = {Sandy, Ivan, Richard}

20
Examples:
Given:
A = {b, c, d}
B = {a, b, c}
C = {a, e}
D = {a, b, c, d, e}

Illustrate union sets, intersection sets and difference of two sets.

1. A or B(A∪B) = {b, c, d, a}
2. A and (A ∩ B) = {b, c}
3. C or D (C∪D) = {a, e, b, c, d}
4. C and D (C∩D) = {a, e}

Take note: “or” denotes union of two sets while “and” denotes intersection. The
shaded region on the Venn diagram below shows the union and intersection of the two
sets.

A∪B A∩B

C∪D C∩D

DIFFERENCE OF TWO SETS

When we talk about the word difference, the basic operation we are dealing with is
subtraction. Difference of two sets means you will take elements that both sets have
(intersection}, and the remaining element will be left on the sets. Let us take the examples
about English Alphabet.

Examples:
1. A-B= {d} 2. B-A= {a} 3. C-D= { } 4. D-C= {b, d, c}
Notice A-B is not the same as B-A, likewise with C-D and D-C.

21
 The set notation A-B means what is left in A after taking out the intersection of the
two sets or in another word A only. B-A means take out their intersection and what is left
only in B will be the difference of two sets. This condition is true also to the notation C-D and
D-C. In addition, notice also that C-D is an empty set. Base from the given diagram below,
we can say that set C is part of set D. Thus, all elements in C are in D. The shaded region
on the Venn diagram shows this sets operation notation.

A-B B-A

D-C C-D

IV. Exercises 4
Given:
U = the set of the months of the year
X = {March, May, June, July, October}
Y = {January, June, July}
Z = {September, October, November, December}

A. Illustrate the union and intersection of sets and the difference of two sets.
1. X ∪ Z 2. X ∩ Y 3. Z -X 4. Y ∪ Z 5. U-Z
B. Match the given sets operation notation with the diagram.
1. E∪ F 2. E – F 3. F ∩ E 4. E ∩ F∩ G 5. (F∪G) ∩ E

I II III

IV V

22
IV. Post-Test

I. Read carefully each problem. Encircle the letter of the correct answer

1. Which the following is NOT a well-defined set

a. the set of tall students in your class
b. the set of negative even numbers less than -100
c. the set of negative integers greater than zero
d. the set of even numbers that are also prime

For numbers 2-5 please refer to the given inside the box
Given:
B= {April, June, September, November}
F= {composite number}
L= {20,30,40, …, 100}
M= {distinct letter in the word MATH}
E= {baby in the Philippines whose weight is 30 to 50kg

2. Which of the following is an infinite set?

a. B b. E c. M d. F

3. What kind of set is set E?

a. null set b. equal c. equivalent d. universal

4. What is the cardinality of set M?

a. 1 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6

5. Which of the following statement is NOT true?

a. Set B, L, M and E is a finite set.
b. Set E is a null set. Thus, n(E)=0
c. n(L)=4
d. Cardinality of set F is difficult to determine since it is an infinite set.

For numbers 6-10 please refer to the given inside the box.

Given: Let U= {all enrolled students in 7- sunflower}

B= {all boy students in 7-sunflower}
G= {all girl students in 7-sunflower}
Q= {boys and girl students in 7-sunflower}

Which of the following symbols give the relationship of the given sets in numbers 6-10?

a. ⊂ b. ⊆, c. ⊈ d. =

6.U____Q 7. B____S 8. G_____U 9. n(B)_____n(G) 10.{ } _____G

23
For numbers 11-15, refer to the given inside the box

Given: U= { x/x is an integers from -5 to 10},

A = {-5, -4, -3, -2, -1}
B = {1,2,3,4, 5,…,10}

a.{-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …, 10}

b.{-4, -2, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10}
c.{-4, -2, 0}
d.{ }- disjoint set

11. What is A ∪ B?

12. What is B ∪ C?

13. What is C-B?

14. What is A ∩ B?

15. Which Venn diagram is the correct representation of the set notation U- (B ∪ C)?
a. b.

c. d.

II. Give the answer for each item.

Given: U = {x/x is a counting number}

16. Illustrate the universal set in roster notation. _____________________________

17-18. Illustrate 5 subsets of U in set-builder notation. ________________________

19. Is U infinite or finite set? _____________________________________________

20. Are the subsets infinite or finite? ______________________________________

24
VI. Answer Key

Pretest:
1. D 6. A 11. C 16. A
2. C 7. C 12. B 17. C
3. A 8. D 13. A 18. B
4. C 9. A 14. B 19. A
5. B 10. B 15. A 20. B

Exercises 1:
1. well-defined:
W={Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday}
W={x/x is a day of a week}
2. not
3. well-defined
P={2, 3, 5, 7}
P={x/x is a prime numbers between 10 and 2
4. well-defined
M={ }
M={x/x is a month of a year with 32 days
5. not
6. well-defined
M={4, 8, 16, 20,…}
M={x/x is a multiple of 4
7. well-defined
O={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12}
O={x/x is a factor of 24}
8. well-defined
R={2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
R={x/x is a prime numbers from 1 to 20}
9. well-define
C={5,10,15, …, 35, 40, 45}
C={x/x is the first 9 multiple of 5}
10. well-defined
B={a, e, i, o, u}
B={ x/x is a vowel in the English Alphabet}
11. well-defined
E={addition, subtraction, multiplication, division}
E={x/x is the four fundamental mathematics operation
12. well-defined
F={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
F={x/x is an addends of 8}
13. well-defined
G={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, …}
G={x/x is a counting numbers}
14. well-defined
H= {x, y, z}
H={x/x is an English Alphabet from x to z}
15. well-defined
H={ }
*Varied answer can be given for set-builder notation

25
Exercises 2:

A (cardinality)B (null set or not)C(Finite or infinite)

2. n(A)=10 x F
3. difficult to determine x I
4. difficult to determine x I
5. n(M)=6 x F
6. n(E)=0 ø F
7. n(G)=0 ø F
8. difficult to determine x F

Exercises 3:
A- 1. Set U 2. Set C 3. None 4. Set A, B, and D
B- none

Exercises 4:
A- 1) X ∪ Z= {March, May, June, July, October, September, November, December}
2) X ∩ Y= {June, July}
3) Z -X= {September, November, December}
4) Y ∪ Z= {January, June, July, September, October, November, December}
5) U-Z= {January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August}
B- 1) II 2) III 3) I 4) V 5) IV

Post-test:
I- 1. A 6. B 11. A
2. D 7. A 12. B
3. A 8. A 13. C
4. B 9. D 14. D
5. C 10. A 15. C

II- 16. U={1, 2, 3, 4, …}

17. Varied answer
18. ask your teacher to check your work
19. Infinite
20. It could be infinite
Example: set of even numbers
It could be finite
Example: set of even numbers from 1 to 10

V. References
1. DLP Q1 Wk1 and Wk2
2. Grade 7 Mathematics: Patterns and Practicalities, Gladys C. Nivera, pp. 4 – 18
3. http://bit.ly/DontMemoriseYouTube
4. https://study.com/academy/lesson/equivalent-sets-definition-example.html
5. https://www.math-only-math.com
6. www.math.hawaii.edu
7. www.ccc.edu>data>download
8. https://study.com>academy>null-set
9. https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/union-set.html

26