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Ist Lecture PDF

The document defines key concepts in vector spaces and linear algebra, including: 1) A vector space is an additive abelian group where vectors can be combined with scalars through scalar multiplication, satisfying certain properties. 2) A norm on a linear space is a function that assigns a non-negative length to each vector, satisfying properties like absolute homogeneity and subadditivity. 3) A normed linear space is a linear space equipped with a norm, turning it into a metric space where distance is defined as the norm of the difference between two vectors. 4) A semi-norm is similar to a norm but only satisfies some of the properties, notably it can assign a length of zero to non-

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Gaurav Khangwal
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104 views

Ist Lecture PDF

The document defines key concepts in vector spaces and linear algebra, including: 1) A vector space is an additive abelian group where vectors can be combined with scalars through scalar multiplication, satisfying certain properties. 2) A norm on a linear space is a function that assigns a non-negative length to each vector, satisfying properties like absolute homogeneity and subadditivity. 3) A normed linear space is a linear space equipped with a norm, turning it into a metric space where distance is defined as the norm of the difference between two vectors. 4) A semi-norm is similar to a norm but only satisfies some of the properties, notably it can assign a length of zero to non-

Uploaded by

Gaurav Khangwal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER – 1

Vector Space: A vector space or linear vector space X is an


additive abelian group (whose elements are called vectors) with the
property that any scalar and any vector x can be combined by an
called scalar multiplication to yield a vector αx in such a way that
(i) operation  ( x + y ) =  x +  y
(ii) (  +  ) x =  x +  x
(iii) ( ) x =  (  x )
(iv) 1.x = x,  x, y  X

Where and  are scalars.

A linear space is called a real linear space or a complex linear space


according as the scalars are real numbers or complex numbers.
Vector

Norm: A norm on a linear space 𝑋 over the scalar field R or C


is a function‖. ‖: 𝑋 → ℝ satisfying
(i) ‖𝑥‖ ≥ 0 and‖𝑥‖ = 0 if and only if𝑥 = 0 for𝑥 ∈ 𝑋
(ii) ‖𝛼𝑥‖ = |𝛼|‖𝑥‖
(iii) ‖𝑥 + 𝑦‖ ≤ ‖𝑥‖ + ‖𝑦‖

Further,‖𝑥‖ is called norm of 𝑥. The non-negative real


number ‖𝑥‖ is considered as the length of the vector 𝑥.
Normed Linear Space: A normed linear space is an ordered
pair(𝑋, ‖. ‖) where‖. ‖ is a norm on 𝑋.
Norm: A norm on a linear space 𝑋 over the scalar field R or
C is a function‖. ‖: 𝑋 → ℝ satisfying
(i) ‖𝑥 ‖ ≥ 0 and‖𝑥 ‖ = 0 if and only if𝑥 = 0 for𝑥 ∈ 𝑋
(ii) ‖𝛼𝑥 ‖ = |𝛼|‖𝑥 ‖
(iii) ‖𝑥 + 𝑦‖ ≤ ‖𝑥 ‖ + ‖𝑦‖

Further,‖𝑥 ‖ is called norm of 𝑥. The non-negative real


number ‖𝑥 ‖ is considered as the length of the vector 𝑥.
Normed Linear Space: A normed linear space is an ordered
pair(𝑋, ‖. ‖) where‖. ‖ is a norm on 𝑋.

Semi Norm : A semi-norm on a linear space 𝑋 is a function


𝜌: 𝑋 → ℝ satisfying the following properties.
(i) 𝜌(𝑥) ≥ 0, ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑋
(ii) 𝜌(𝛼𝑥) = |𝛼|𝜌(𝑥), ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑋where 𝛼 is scalar.
(iii) 𝜌(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝜌(𝑥) + 𝜌(𝑦), ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑋
we observe that a semi-norm becomes a norm if it satisfies one
additional condition i.e.
‖𝑥‖ = 0 if and only if𝑥 = 0

Property (ii) is called absolute homogeneity and property (iii) is


called subadditivity.

Thus a semi-norm𝜌 is non-negative real, subadditive, absolutely


homogeneous function of the linear space.
Example 1.1: 𝜌(𝑥) = |𝑥| is a semi- norm on the linear space ℂ
of complex numbers.
Similarly if𝑓: 𝑋 → ℝ is a linear map, then𝜌(𝑥) = |𝑓(𝑥)| is a
semi-norm on 𝑋 .

Semi Normed Linear Space: Thus a semi-normed linear space


is an ordered(𝑋, 𝜌) where
𝜌 is a semi-norm on 𝑋.

Remark 1.2: Every normed linear space is a metric space w.r.t.


the metric defined by
𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) = ‖𝑥 − 𝑦‖
But converse need not be true.
Proof- Let𝑁be a normed linear space
(i) 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑁 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 ∈ 𝑁 [∵ 𝑁 is a linear
space ]
⇒ ‖𝑥 − 𝑦‖ ≥ 0 [∵ 𝑁 is a normed linear
space ]
⇒ 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) ≥ 0
(ii) 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 ⇔ ‖𝑥 − 𝑦‖ = 0
⇔𝑥−𝑦=0 [By the (ii) property of
normed linear space]
⇔ 𝑠𝑥 = 𝑦
(iii) 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) = ‖𝑥 − 𝑦‖
= ‖(−1)(𝑦 − 𝑥)‖
= | − 1|‖(𝑦 − 𝑥)‖
= ‖(𝑦 − 𝑥)‖
= 𝑑(𝑦, 𝑥)
(iv) ‖𝑥 − 𝑦‖ = ‖𝑥 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 − 𝑦‖
≤ ‖𝑥 − 𝑧‖ + ‖𝑦 − 𝑧‖
⇒ 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) ≤ 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑧) + 𝑑(𝑦, 𝑧)
This 𝑑 satisfies all the four properties of a metric space.
Now, we shall prove that a metric space need not be a
normed linear space.

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