16

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 Lect-16

In the next lecture ...

• Solve problems from

– Entropy
– Carnot cycle
– Exergy
– Second law efficiency

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Problem 1

• A heat engine receives reversibly 420

kJ/cycle of heat from a source at 327oC
and rejects heat reversibly to a sink at
27oC. There are no other heat transfers.
Consider three different rates of heat
rejection (a) 210 kJ (b) 105 kJ and (c)
315 kJ. For each of these cases show
which cycle is reversible, irreversible and
impossible.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Solution: Problem 1

High temperature
Source, TH=327+273=600 K

QH=420 kJ QH=420 kJ QH=420 kJ

HE 1 HE 2 HE 3

QL=210 kJ QL=105 kJ QL=315 kJ

Low temperature
Sink, TL=27+273=300 K

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Solution: Problem 1

• From the Clausius inequality, we have

δQ
∫ T
≤0

For heat engine 1,

δQ QH QL 420 210
∫ T
= − = −
TH TL 600 300
=0

∴ Heat engine 1 operates on a reversible cycle.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Solution: Problem 1

• We now look at heat engine 2.

For heat engine 2,

δQ QH QL 420 105
∫ T
= − = −
TH TL 600 300
= 0.35

δQ
Since ∫ T
> 0, the cycle is impossible.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Solution: Problem 1

• Heat engine 3

For heat engine 3,

δQ QH QL 420 315
∫ T
= − = −
TH TL 600 300
= −0.35

δQ
Since ∫ T
< 0, the cycle is irreversible and possible.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Problem 2

• A block of iron weighing 100 kg and having

a temperature of 100oC is immersed in 50
kg of water at a temperature of 20oC. What
will be the change in entropy of the
combined system of iron and water?
Specific heats of iron and water are 0.45
kJ/kg K and 4.18 kJ/kg K, respectively.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Problem 2

Water
20oC
50 kg

Iron
m=100 kg
100oC

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Solution: Problem 2

• Let Tf be the final temperature of the

system after it reaches thermal
equilibrium.
• From energy balance, we know that,
{m x cp x (T-Tf )}iron={m x cp x (Tf-T)}water
100x0.45x103(373-Tf )=50x4.18x103(Tf -293)
Tf =307.3 K

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Solution: Problem 2

ΔStotal=ΔSiron +ΔSwater
• We know that for solids and liquids, dV=0
ΔS = m x c x lnTf/T
ΔSiron = 100 x 0.45x103 ln(307.3/373)
= -8.7189 kJ/K (Why is this negative?)
ΔSwater= 50 x 4.18x103 ln(307.3/293)
= 9.9592 kJ/K
ΔStotal = -8.7189 + 9.9592=1.2403 kJ/K

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Problem 3

• An inventor claims to have developed a

power cycle capable of delivering a net
work output of 415 kJ for an energy input
by heat transfer of 1000 kJ. The system
undergoing the cycle receives heat from a
source of 500 K and rejects heat to a sink
of 300 K. Determine if this is a valid claim.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Solution: Problem 3

QH=1000 kJ

TH=500 K

W net=410 kJ

TL=300 K

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Solution: Problem 3
• We know that efficiency of the cycle
ηth = Wnet/QH
= 415/1000=0.415 or 41.5%
• The maximum efficiency that any cycle can
have while operating between TH = 500 K
and TL = 300 K is given by the Carnot
efficiency.
ηmax = 1-TL/TH = 1-300/500
=0.40 or 40%
Since ηth >ηmax, the claim is not feasible.
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Problem 4

• A heat pump is to be used to heat a house

during the winter. The house is to be
maintained at 21°C at all times. The house
is estimated to be losing heat at a rate of
120,000 kJ/h when the outside
temperature drops to -7°C. Determine the
minimum power required to drive this heat
pump.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Solution: Problem 4
120,000 kJ/h

House
TH = 21oC
QH

Heat
Wnet,in
pump

QL

Cold outside air

TL=-7oC

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Solution: Problem 4
• The heat pump must supply heat to the
house at a rate of
QH = 120,000 kJ/h
= 120,000/3600 kJ/s =33.3 kW
• The power required will be minimum when
the heat pump operates on a reversible
cycle.
• The COP for such a cycle is
1
COPHP =
1 − TL / TH
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Solution: Problem 4
• The COP for such a cycle is

1 1
COPHP = = = 10.5
1 − TL / TH 1 − (−7 + 273) /( 21 + 273)

• The minimum required power,

Wnet,in = QH /COPHP = 33.3/10.5
= 3.17 kW

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Problem 5

• Air flows through an adiabatic compressor

at 2 kg/s. The inlet conditions are 1 bar and
310 K and the exit conditions are 7 bar and
560 K. Determine the net rate of exergy
transfer and the irreversibility. The ambient
temperature can be taken as 298 K, the
specific heat at constant pressure for air is
1.005 kJ/kgK and the gas constant for air is
0.287 kJ/kgK.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Solution: Problem 5

• Exergy change per unit mass is

ψ = (h2 − h1 ) − T0 ( s2 − s1 ) (Assuming KE, PE ≅ 0)

T2 P2
= c p (T2 − T1 ) − T0 (c p ln − R ln )
T1 P1
560 7
= 1.005(560 − 310) − 298(1.005 ln − 0.287 ln )
310 1
= 240.58 kJ/kg

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Solution: Problem 5
•
Ψ = mψ = 2 × 240.58 kJ/kg = 481.16kW

• Net rate of exergy change is 418.16 kW

• The actual work required is
• •
Wact = m(h2 − h1 ) = m c p (T2 − T1 )
= 2 ×1.005 × (560 − 310) = 502.5 kW

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Solution: Problem 5

• Therefore Irreversibility,
I =Wact-Exergy
= 502.5 – 481.2
=21.3 kW

• Why is actual work higher than exergy?

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Problem 6

• A pipe carries a stream of a liquid with a

mass flow rate of 5 kg/s. Because of poor
insulation the liquid temperature increases
from 250 K at the pipe inlet to 253 K at the
exit. Neglecting pressure losses, calculate
the irreversibility rate associated with the
heat leakage. Take T0 as 293 K and specific
heat for the liquid as 2.85 kJ/kg K.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Solution: Problem 6

5 kg/s

T1=250 K T2=253 K

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Problem 6
• Rate of heat transfer to the liquid:
• •
Q = m× c × (T2 − T1 )
= 5 × 2.85 × (253 − 250)
= 42.75 kW

• Rate of entropy
• •
increase of the liquid:
T2
∆ S sys = m× c × ln
T1
253
= 5 × 2.85 × ln = 0.17 kW / K
250
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Problem 6
• Rate of entropy decrease of the
surroundings:
• Q − 42.75
∆ S surr = = = −0.1459 kW / K
T0 293
• Hence, rate of entropy increase of the
universe:
• • •
∆ S univ = ∆ S sys + ∆ S surr
= 0.17 − 0.1459 = 0.0241 kW / K

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Problem 6
• Therefore Irreversibility, I
•
I = T0 ∆ S univ
= 293 × 0.0241 = 7.06 kW
• The irreversibility associated with this
process is 7.06 kW.

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Exercise Problem 1

• Air is compressed steadily by a 5 kW

compressor from 100 kPa and 17°C to 600
kPa and 167°C at a rate of 1.6 kg/min.
During this process, some heat transfer
takes place between the compressor and the
surrounding medium at 17°C. Determine the
rate of entropy change of air during this
process.
• Ans: 0.0025 kW/K

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Exercise Problem 2

• An adiabatic vessel contains 3 kg of water at

25oC. By paddle wheel work transfer, the
temperature of water is increased to 30oC. If
the specific heat of water is 4.18 kJ/kgK, find
the entropy change of the universe.
• Ans: 0.139 kJ/K

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Exercise Problem 3

• An inventor claims to have developed an

engine that takes in 105 MJ at a temperature
of 400 K, rejects 42 MJ at a temperature of
200 K and delivers 15 kWh of mechanical
work. Is this a feasible engine?
• Ans: No as ηth>ηrev

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Exercise Problem 4

• Air enters a nozzle steadily at 300 kPa and

87°C with a velocity of 50 m/s and exits at
95 kPa and 300 m/s. The heat loss from the
nozzle to the surrounding medium at 17°C is
estimated to be 4 kJ/kg. Determine (a) the
exit temperature and (b) the exergy
destroyed during this process.
• Ans: (a) 39.5°C, (b) 58.4 kJ/kg

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Exercise Problem 5
• An iron block of unknown mass at 85°C is
dropped into an insulated tank that contains
100 L of water at 20°C. At the same time, a
paddle wheel driven by a 200-W motor is
activated to stir the water. It is observed that
thermal equilibrium is established after 20
min with a final temperature of 24°C.
Assuming the surroundings to be at 20°C,
determine (a) the mass of the iron block and
(b) the exergy destroyed during this process.
• Ans: (a) 52.0 kg, (b) 375 kJ
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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

Exercise Problem 6
• An adiabatic turbine receives gas (cp=1.09
kJ/kg K and cv=0.838 kJ/kgK) at 7 bar and
1000oC and discharges at 1.5 bar and 665oC.
Determine the second law efficiency of the
turbine assuming T0=298 K.
• Ans: 0.879

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
 Lect-16

In the next lecture ...

• Gas power cycles
• The Carnot cycle and its significance
• Air-standard assumptions
• An overview of reciprocating engines
• Otto cycle: the ideal cycle for spark-
ignition engines
• Diesel cycle: the ideal cycle for
compression-ignition engines
• Dual cycles

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Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay