Semiconductors – have electrical conductivities

What are the great building blocks of engineering intermediate between conductors and insulator
materials? Biomaterials – must be compatible with body tissues
➢ Stone age [ bones, stones, fiber, clay]
➢ Iron age [ agriculture, war and manufacturing Smart materials – could sense and respond the changes
industries] in their environment
➢ Bronze age [ tin and copper to form bronze]
Nanomaterials – have structural features on the order
➢ Silicon age [ digital age]
of a nanometer some of which may be designed on the
➢ Polymer age
atomic/ molecular lever
Materials science - involves investigating the
Pick Application - Determine required Properties
relationship between structures & properties of
materials. Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
➢ role of materials scientist is to develop or magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
synthesize new materials
Properties - Identify candidate Material(s)
Materials Engineering - is designing or engineering the
structure of a material to produce a predetermined set Material: structure, composition.
of properties. Material - Identify required Processing
➢ Materials Eng. is called upon to create new Processing: changes structure and overall shape
products or systems using existing materials,
and/or develop techniques for processing The four components of the discipline of materials
materials. science and engineering
4 Types of materials
➢ processing
➢ Metal
➢ structure
➢ Ceramics
➢ properties
➢ Polymers
➢ perform
➢ Composites - non homogeneous mixture of
other 3 type combination of 3 basic category METTALIC MATERIALS:
METALS Metals - Metals are element or substances which
readily give up electrons to form metallic bonds and
Metallic bonds – strong, ductile, resistance to fracture,
conduct electricity
electric conductivity
Alloy - When two or more pure metals are melted
➢ sharing of electrons (8-valence)
together to form a new metal
CERAMIC
Properties of Metallic Materials
Ionic bonding – brittle, glassy, elastic, non-conducting,
• Metals are usually good electrical and thermal
insulative
conductors
➢ transfer • At ordinary temperature, metals are usually
solid
POLYMERS/PLASTICS • To some extent, metals are malleable and
Covalent bonding – soft, ductile, low strength, low ductile
density, thermal, electrical insulator • The freshly cut surfaces of metals are lustrous

➢ share Lustrous: copper, silver, iro, gold

Composite - light strong and flexible (mas mahal) • When struck, metal produce typical sound
• most of the metals form alloys
Fiber - the one that provides strength • Have relatively high density
Matrix- protect fiber • They exhibit crystalline structure
Principle Metal Crystal Structures Ductile Fracture (meaning sa google ko kinuha)
(BCC) - Body-centered cubic a. Necking - an instability during tensile
deformation when the cross-sectional area of
(FCC) - Face-centered cubic the sample decreases by a greater proportion
(HCP) - Hexagonal close packed structures than the material strain hardens.
b. Microcrack formation - an indication of
Have ability to be deformed plastically material failure that can ultimately lead to
Ferrous material - These are metals and alloys complete failure
containing a high proportion of the element iron. c. Crack formation -
d. Crack propagation - Crack propagation may
CLASSIFICATIO OF FERROUS MATERIAL occur at low stress
e. Fracture- is the separation of an object or
Mild Steels or Low Carbon steel - These are moderately
material into two or more pieces under the
strong and have good weldability.
action of stress.
Medium Carbon Steels - The strength of these materials
is high but their weldability is comparatively less. Brittle fracture - is characterized by very low plastic
deformation and low energy absorption prior to
High Carbon Steels - These materials get hard and breaking.
tough by heat treatment and their weldability is poor.
Micro Examination
Cast Irons - The cost of production of these substances
Microscopes- are required for the examination of the
is quite low and these are used as ferrous casting alloys.
microstructure of the metals
non-ferrous metal - is any metal including alloys, that
Those which require high magnification to be visible are
does not contain iron in appreciable amounts.
termed microstructures.
Aluminum - Light, good conductor of electricity and
Macro etching - helps to reveal much information of
heat; greyish-white; easy to cut and machine
cast, hot-rolled and forged details
Copper - reddish-brown; ductile, malleable; can be cut
sawn, filed and machined easily; excellent conductor of Fracture examination - is a method relating to
observation of the broken surfaces of the failed part.
heat and electricity
Spark testing - is a method of determining the general
Tin - silvery-white, non-toxic, soft; normally used by
classification of ferrous materials. It is a reliable and
plating it onto other metals such as mild steel
inexpensive method to identify the metals and alloys.
Zinc - silvery-blue, does not corrode easily, ductile, not
very strong The word polymer literally means “many parts “.
polymeric solid material - may be considered as to be
Lead - very heavy, but soft appears bright and shiny
one that contains many chemically bonded parts or
bluish-grey when cut but surface changes quickly to a
units which themselves are bonded together to form a
dull grey
solid.
Brass - good conductor of heat and electricity, golden
monomers - Any process in which relatively small
yellow alloy, easy to machine and solder, made by
molecules
mixing copper and zinc
a polymer - combine chemically to produce a very large
Bronze - made by mixing copper and tin Fracture can be
defined as the separation of a body under stress into chainlike or network molecule
two or more parts. PROCESS:
Deformation of Metals (1) Extraction – crude oil and natural gas
(2) Refinement – converted to several product
Fracture - Fracture can be defined as the separation of a
body under stress into two or more parts. 1. Ethane
2. Propane
(3) Cracking process – cracking plants breakdown
into
 1. Ethylene Acrylics have good resistance to UV, good impact
2. Propylene strength, excellent dimensional stability, and low
(4) Catalyst shrinkage.
(5) Polymerization
1. Polyethylene (EVA) Ethylene Vinyl Acetate - a copolymer that can be
2. Polypropylene used in adhesives, sealants, and coatings. It is widely
blended with petroleum wax and resin tackifiers as the
A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or base of hot melt adhesives.
semi- synthetic organic solids that are moldable.
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) & Low Density
➢ typically, organic polymers of high molecular
mass, but they often contain other substances. Polyethylene (LDPE) - HDPE products are incredibly
ridged and typically selected when moisture resistance
Thermoplastics - are a class of polymers that can be and low cost are required.
softened and melted by the application of heat, and can
be processed either in the heat. Nylon belongs to the polyamides class of polymers and
is typically used in manufacturing heat-resistant
Thermoset plastics/ Thermo Setting Plastics - are materials. (Ex. Net, rope, string etc)
synthetic materials that strengthen when heated but
cannot successfully be remolded or reheated after Polycarbonate (PC) - is an amorphous engineering
initial heat-forming thermoplastic material and has stability, high impact
strength, it is tough, transparent, heat and flame
Thermoplastics - These plastics can be softened by resistance
heating and hardened by cooling any number of times
without changing the properties of the material. Polyethylene is tough and resistant to chemicals. (Ex.
Roofing, helmets)
Commodity thermoplastics - are produced in large
quantities, typically for applications that don't require Polypropylene (PP) - is formed by polymerizing
special engineered properties. propylene with suitable catalysts its value for its
strength, stiffness, and resistance to heat and impacts.
Engineered thermoplastics - are made of a special high- (Ex is mga plastic chairs, bottles)
performance segment of synthetic plastic materials that
offer premium properties. Polystyrene is a popular synthetic aromatic polymer
that is made from styrene, polystyrene can be solid or
High-performance thermoplastics meet higher foamed. (Ex. Yung mga styro foam sa ilalim ng ref)
requirements than commodity and engineered
thermoplastics. They provide greater thermal resistance Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) - is one of the most well-
& stability over both the short and long term. known amorphous commodity plastics.

Amorphous Thermoplastics - Commonly known for Thermoplastic Manufacturing

being translucent/clear, amorphous polymers have a Injection Molding - This process involves melting the
randomly ordered molecular structure that causes them thermoplastic resin pellets and using pressure to inject
to have a range of temperatures over which they melt. them into a mold.
Crystalline thermoplastics are comprised of high Extrusion - This process, typically used in high-volume
polymer components that are arranged in a crystalline manufacturing, involves melting thermoplastics and
structure and has a sharp melt point. pressing them through a die or steel disk in a
(ABS) Acetal Homopolymer Polyoxymethylene - It is continuous profile.
valued for its light weight, high tensile strength, Thermoforming - This process involves heating sheets
resilience, impact resistance, low moisture absorption, of thermoplastics, forming them either inside of or over
and resistance to friction and abrasion. (is a terpolymer molds, cooling, and trimming away excess material.
of acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene.)
THERMOSET PLASTIC - It is a material whose polymer
Acrylic - acrylics are polymers of methyl methacrylate chain is linked through reticulation or cross-linking,
(PMMA) which presents
➢ are also known as Lucite, Perspex, or Plexiglas.
Melamine formaldehyde (Formica) - Melamine FUNCTIONS OF A MATRIX
formaldehyde (also called melamine or MF) is a hard,
very durable, and versatile thermosetting aminoplast1 ● Holds the fibers together.
with good fire and heat resistance. ● Protects the fibers from environment.
Phenolics (Bakelite) - is a generic named material based ● Distributes the loads evenly between fibers so that all
on the thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin fibers are subjected to the same amount of strain.
polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride.
● Enhances transverse properties of a laminate.
Urea-formaldehyde - more commonly known as urea-
methanal, is produced with urea and formaldehyde, it ● Improves impact and fracture resistance of a
creates a nontransparent thermosetting resin or component.
polymer ● Carries inter laminar shear.
Epoxies are thermoset plastics made by the reaction of DESIRED PROPERTIES OF A MATRIX
two or more industrial chemical compounds and are
used in a wide array of consumer and industrial because ● Reduced moisture absorption.
of their toughness, strong adhesion, chemical resistance
● Low shrinkage.
Polyester is a manufactured synthetic fiber. It is a kind
● Low coefficient of thermal expansion.
of plastic and is usually derived from petroleum.
● Strength at elevated temperature (depending on
Melt flow testing is simply a measure of the flow of a
application).
polymer when melted.
● Low temperature capability (depending on
Impact Testing - A drop tower can be used to measure
application).
energy absorbed of a sample or to apply a set amount
of damage to a specimen at impact velocities from 1 – ● Excellent chemical resistance (depending on
24m/s. application).
Thickness Testing - Plastic films are often used to Fibers - are the important class of reinforcements, as
encapsulate, preserve and protect products destined for they satisfy the desired conditions and transfer strength
consumers or industry. to the matrix constituent influencing and enhancing
their properties as desired.
Friction Testing - Surface slip is a key factor when
printing or filling packaging materials on an automated Laminar composites are found in as many combinations
line. as the number of materials.
composite material - can be defined as a combination PARTICULATE REINFORCED Composite Microstructures
of two or more materials that results in better of metal and ceramics composites, which show particles
properties than those of the individual components. of one phase strewn in the other, are known as particle
reinforced composites.
Constituents - retain their identities in the composite.
Flakes are often used in place of fibers as can be
Composites are one of the most widely used materials
densely packed.
because of their adaptability to different situations and
the relative ease of combination with other materials Metal flakes that are in close contact with each other in
polymer matrices can conduct electricity or heat, while
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
mica flakes and glass can resist both.
➢ Natural Composite
Fillers may be the main ingredient or an additional one
➢ Synthetic Composite
in a composite.
CONSTITUENTS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Microspheres are considered to be some of the most
REINFORCEMENT - Provides strength and useful fillers.
stiffness. open molding, raw materials (resins and fiber
reinforcements) are exposed to air as they cure or
MATRIX - Protects and transfers load between fibers harden.
Hand lay-up is the most common and least expensive
open-molding method because it requires the least
amount of equipment.
Spray-up is similar to hand lay-up but uses special
equipment—most notably a chopper gun—to cut
reinforcement material into short
Filament winding is an automated process that applies
resin-saturated, continuous strands of fiber
reinforcements over a rotating cylindrical mold.
In closed-molding raw materials (fibers and resin) cure
inside a two-sided mold or within a vacuum bag (shut
off from air)
Vacuum Bag Molding is designed to improve the
mechanical properties of laminate (two or more layers
of fiber reinforcement bonded with a resin).
Vacuum infusion processing (VIP) is a technique that
uses vacuum pressure to drive resin into a laminate.
Resin transfer molding (RTM) sometimes called liquid
molding, is a closed-molding method in which
reinforcement material is loaded into a closed mold,
Compression molding is a manufacturing process in
which composite materials are sandwiched between
two matching molds under intense pressure.
Pultrusion is used to form composites into long,
consistent shapes like rods or bars.
Reinforced reaction injection molding (RRIM) is widely
used to make external and internal automotive parts.
centrifugal casting, reinforcements and resin are
deposited against the inside surface of a rotating mold.
Continuous lamination is a highly automated process in
which fibers and resin are combined, sandwiched
between two plastic carrier films—and guided through
a conveyor process.