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    Numerical Analysis of Shallow Foundations

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    Md Robin
    This document discusses numerical analysis methods for shallow foundations. It provides background on why numerical methods are used, and then summarizes standard soil mechanics solutions and finite element analyses conducted for retaining walls, slopes, and shallow footings under vertical loading. It also briefly mentions combined loadings and cyclic/shakedown problems that will be covered.

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    Numerical Analysis of Shallow Foundations

    Uploaded by

    Md Robin
    35 views2 pages
    This document discusses numerical analysis methods for shallow foundations. It provides background on why numerical methods are used, and then summarizes standard soil mechanics solutions and finite element analyses conducted for retaining walls, slopes, and shallow footings under vertical loading. It also briefly mentions combined loadings and cyclic/shakedown problems that will be covered.

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    Book 3

    Original Title

    Shallow foundation

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    This document discusses numerical analysis methods for shallow foundations. It provides background on why numerical methods are used, and then summarizes standard soil mechanics solutions and finite element analyses conducted for retaining walls, slopes, and shallow footings under vertical loading. It also briefly mentions combined loadings and cyclic/shakedown problems that will be covered.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    35 views2 pages

    Numerical Analysis of Shallow Foundations

    Uploaded by

    Md Robin
    This document discusses numerical analysis methods for shallow foundations. It provides background on why numerical methods are used, and then summarizes standard soil mechanics solutions and finite element analyses conducted for retaining walls, slopes, and shallow footings under vertical loading. It also briefly mentions combined loadings and cyclic/shakedown problems that will be covered.

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    NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

    I.M. Smith

    University of Manchester, England, U.K.

    INTRODUCTION

    The numerical method which will be considered in these notes


    is the finite element method. It is at present by far the most
    widely used and versatile aid to obtaining solutions of linear
    and nonlinear problems in foundation engineering. Alternative
    methods, in particular boundary integral techniques, are
    considered at length in other lectures to the Institute.

    The first question to be answered must clearly be - why use


    numerical methods in foundation engineering at all? In order to
    answer it, some of the standard, classical solutions of soil
    mechanics are reproduced below by numerical means. It is then
    possible to see where modest extensions to current practice can
    be achieved, for example in the areas of inhomogeneous soils,
    complicated quasi-static loading states and cyclic and dynamic
    loading.

    However, what will also emerge is that in detail the


    solutions produced by numerical means, using rather simple
    constitutive assumptions, can be quite erroneous. For example
    skeleton volume changes can be quite inaccurate and this can be
    far more important in some problems than in others. The engineer
    may have to ask if he is primarily interested in collapse loads,
    or in deformations at working load.

    The solutions presented below all assume that soil is a


    continuum in which compatibility of strains always exists. Of
    course bifurcations are known to occur in practice with
    subsequent discontinuous deformation in localised zones. Since
    167

    J. B. MtlTtinl (ed.). Numericlll Methodl in Geomecluznicl. 167-185.


    Copyri8ht CI 1982 by D. Reidel Publilhing Company.
    168 1. M. SMITH

    computations relating to this kind of material behaviour have not


    yet been carried out, our interest will lie in how closely the
    continuum solutions, perhaps involving strain-softening, can
    reproduce observed behaviour.

    Load-deflection and bearing capacity of shallow footings for


    vertical loading will be considered in some detail. Since other
    lectures to the Institute deal with structure/soil interaction,
    only perfectly rigid structures will be assumed.

    Combined loadings, leading to interaction diagrams, will


    then be discussed.

    Finally some problems of cyclic loading and shakedown, with


    reference to offshore foundations, will be considered.

    STANDARD SOIL MECHANICS SOLUTIONS

    The solutions described in this lecture were obtained using


    meshes of 8-node isoparametric quadrilateral elements. Reduced,
    2x2, integration was used to evaluate the stiffness integrals.
    No attempt is made here to justify this choice theoretically, the
    interested reader being referred elsewhere (1). What is of
    immediate concern is the nature of solutions obtained for
    cohesive and cohesionless soils. The former are approximated as
    elastic-plastic, yielding according to the von Mises criterion.
    The latter are also approximated as simple elastic-plastic
    although yielding according to the Mohr-Coulomb criterion and in
    this case, both non-associated (zero volume change) and
    associated (excessive plastic dilation) flow rules are considered.
    Before shallow foundations in bearing are dealt with in detail,
    retaining walls and slopes are considered.

    RETAINING WALL SOLUTIONS

    A comprehensive set of analyses has been conducted (2) for


    both rough and smooth walls retaining cohesive and cohesionless
    soils. For example, Figure 1 shows that the Rankine active and
    passive failure states in cohesionless soil are very accurately
    captured when the retaining wall is perfectly smooth.

    For rough walls there are no "exact" solutions but Figure 2


    shows a comparison between finite element solutions and other
    approximate solutions due to Caquot and Kerisel (3). The finite
    element solutions for this c-~ material also show that the
    influence of dilatancy is negligible for a smooth wall but has a
    considerable influence on failure loads for rough walls.

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