Drainage and Waste Disposal: 2015 Edition

ONLINE VERSION
The Building Regulations 2010
H
Drainage and waste disposal
APPROVED DOCUMENT
H1 Foul water drainage
H2 Wastewater treatment systems and cesspools
H3 Rainwater drainage
H4 Building over sewers
H5 Separate systems of drainage
H6 Solid waste storage on
iti
ed
15
20
For use in England*

ONLINE VERSION
ONLINE VERSION
MAIN CHANGES IN THE
2015 EDITION
This approved document supports Part H of
Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations 2010.
It takes effect on 1 October for use in England*.
The 2002 edition as amended, will continue to apply
to work started before 1 October 2015 or work
subject to a building notice, full plans application
or initial notice submitted before that date.
The main changes are:
• Additional guidance on solid waste storage in
H6 and reference updated.
• Consequential amendment of limits of
application of requirement H3 due to
amendment of Part M.
*This approved document gives guidance for

compliance with the Building Regulations for
building work carried out in England. It also applies
to building work carried out on excepted energy
buildings in Wales as defined in the Welsh Ministers
(Transfer of Functions) (No 2) Order 2009.
ONLINE VERSION
ONLINE VERSION H
Contents
PAGE PAGE
Use of guidance 4 Ventilating stacks 23

The Approved Documents 4 Greywater recovery systems 24
Limitation on requirements 4
Appendix H1-B Repairs, alterations and
Materials and workmanship 4 discontinued use of drains and sewers 25
Technical specifications 4 Legislation 25
The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Power to examine and test 25
Regulations 1992 5
Power to require repairs 25
Safe working in drains and sewers 5
Power to repair drains or private sewers 25
Foul water drainage Repair, reconstruction or alterations to
– The Requirement H1 6 underground drains or sewers 25
Sealing or removal of disused drains
Guidance 6
or sewers 25
Performance 6
Guidance 26
Introduction to provisions 6
Repairs and alterations 26
Section 1: Sanitary pipework 7 Sealing disused drains 26
Traps 7
Appendix H1-C Adoption of sewers and
Branch discharge pipes 7 connection to public sewers 27
Discharge stacks 10 An agreement with the sewerage
undertaker to adopt sewers on completion 27
Materials for pipes, fittings and joints 11
Requisition of a sewer from the
Workmanship 12
sewerage undertaker 27
Air tightness 12
Adoption by the sewerage undertaker at
Alternative approach 12 the request of the owner 27
Adoption by the sewerage undertaker at
Section 2: Foul drainage 13
its own volition 27
Outlets 13
Making connections to public sewers 27
Surcharging of drains 13
Drains which could be used to drain
Layout 13 other developments 27
Special protection – rodent control 14 Adoption of surface water sewers by
the highway authority 27
Protection from settlement 14
Depth of pipe cover 15 Wastewater treatment systems
and cesspools
Pipe gradients and sizes 15
– The Requirement H2 29
Pumping installations 16
Guidance 29
Materials for pipes and jointing 16
Performance 29
Bedding and backfilling 17
Clearance of blockages 19
Options 30
Workmanship 21
Septic tanks 31
Testing and inspection 21
Siting 31
Alternative approach 22
Design and construction 31
Appendix H1-A Additional guidance
Marking 31
for larger buildings 23
Drainage fields and drainage mounds 31
Capacity of pipes 23
Siting 31
Traps 23
Ground conditions 32
Branch discharge pipes 23
Approved Document H Drainage and waste disposal
ONLINE VERSION 1
H CONTENTS ONLINE VERSION
PAGE PAGE
Design and construction 32 Section 2: Drainage of paved areas 43

Constructed wetlands/reed beds 33 Design rainfall intensities 44
Marking 35 Freedraining surfaces 44
Packaged treatment works 35 Pervious paving 44
Siting 35 Drainage systems 44
Design and construction 35 Alternative approach 44
Marking 35
Section 3: Surface water drainage 45
Cesspools 35
Outlets 45
Siting 35
Combined systems 45
Design and construction 35
Design rainfall intensities 45
Marking 35
Design 45
Greywater and rainwater storage tanks 36
Layout 45
Depth of pipes 45
Appendix H2-A Maintenance of Pipe gradients and sizes 45
wastewater treatment systems
Materials for pipes and jointing 46
and cesspools 37
Bedding and backfilling 46
Legislation 37
Clearance of blockages 46
Power to examine and test 37
Workmanship 46
Power in respect of overflowing or leaking
cesspools, septic tanks, etc. 37 Testing and inspection 46
Power to require repairs 37 Contaminated runoff 46
Disused septic tanks, cesspools, etc. 37 Soakaways and other infiltration
drainage systems 46
Powers of the Environment Agency 37
Other types of infiltration system 46
Guidance on maintenance 37
Detention ponds 47
Septic tanks 37
Drainage fields and mounds 37
Packaged treatment works 37 Appendix H3-A Oil separators 47
Constructed wetlands/reed beds 38 Legislation 47
Cesspools 38 Technical guidance 47
Rainwater drainage Building over existing sewers

– The Requirement H3 39 – The Requirement H4 48
Guidance 39 Guidance 48
Performance 39 Performance 48
Introduction to provisions 40 Introduction to provisions 48
Undue risk in the event of failure of the
Section 1: Gutters and rainwater pipes 40
drain or sewer 49
Design rainfall intensities 40
Maintaining access 49
Gutters 40
Protection of the drain or sewer during
Rainwater pipes 41 construction 49
Siphonic roof drainage systems 42 Protection from settlement 49
Eaves drop systems 42
Rainwater recovery systems 42
Materials for gutters, rainwater pipes
and joints 42
Drainage and waste disposal Approved Document H

2
ONLINE VERSION
CONTENTS ONLINE VERSION H
PAGE PAGE
Separate systems of drainage 11. Protection for pipes laid at shallow

– The Requirement H5 51 depths (minimum sizes) 19
12. Joints for concrete encased pipes
Guidance 51 (minimum sizes) 19
Performance 51
H2
1. Drainage field 32
Provision where separate sewer 2. Drainage mound 33
systems are provided 51 3. Typical horizontal flow reed bed
treatment system 34
Provision where separate sewer
4. Typical vertical flow reed bed
systems are proposed 52
treatment system 34
Contaminated runoff 52
H3
Solid waste storage
1. Rainfall intensities for design of gutters
– The Requirement H6 53
and rainfall pipes (litres per second
per square metre) 41
Guidance 53
2. Rainfall intensities for design of drainage
Performance 53 from paved areas and underground
rainwater drainage (litres per second
per square metre) 43
Domestic developments 54 3. Discharge capacities of rainwater
drains running full 45
Capacity 54
Siting 54 TABLES
Design 54
H1
Non-domestic developments 55
1. Minimum trap sizes and seal depths 7
Alternative approach 55 2. Common branch discharge pipes
(unventilated) 9
Appendix H6-A Relevant waste collection 3. Minimum diameters for discharge stacks 10
legislation 55 4. Materials for sanitary pipework 11
5. Flow rates from dwellings 16
Collection of household waste 55
6. Recommended minimum gradients
Collection of commercial and for foul drains 16
industrial waste 55 7. Materials for below ground
gravity drainage 16
Access for removal of waste to
8. Limits of cover for class 120 clayware
be maintained 55
pipes in any width of trench 18
9. Limits of cover for class M concrete
Standards referred to 56
pipes in any width of trench 18
10. Limits of cover for thermoplastics
Other publications referred to 60
(nominal ring stiffness SN4) pipes in
any width of trench 18
DIAGRAMS
11. Minimum dimensions for access
fittings and inspection chambers 19
H1
12. Minimum dimensions for manholes 20
1. Direct connection of ground floor 13. Maximum spacing of access points
WC to a drain 7 in metres 21
2. Branch connection to stacks – 14. Materials for access points 21
crossflow prevention 8 A1. Flow rates from dwellings 23
3. Branch connections 9 A2. Flow rates from appliances 23
4. Branch ventilation pipes 10 A3. Minimum trap sizes and seal depths
5. Stub stack 11 additional to Table 2 23
6. Termination of ventilation stacks or C1. Characteristics that should be
ventilation part of discharge 11 considered when designing or laying
7. Pipes penetrating walls 15 a shared drain/sewer so that it meets
8. Pipe runs near buildings 15 the basic requirements for adoption 28
9. Discharge capacities of foul drains
running 0.75 proportional depth 15 H3
10. Bedding for pipes 17
1. Calculation of drained area 40
2. Gutter sizes and outlet sizes 40
ONLINE VERSION 3
H ONLINE VERSION
Use of guidance
THE APPROVED DOCUMENTS MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP
This document is one of a series that has been Any building work which is subject to the
approved and issued by the Secretary of State requirements imposed by Schedule 1 to the
for the purpose of providing practical guidance Building Regulations shall be carried out in
with respect to the requirements of Schedule 1 accordance with regulation 7. Guidance on
to and Regulation 7 of the Building Regulations meeting these requirements on materials and
2010 (SI 2010/2214) for England and Wales. workmanship is contained in Approved
Document 7.
At the back of this document is a list of all the
documents that have been approved and issued Building Regulations are made for specific
by the Secretary of State for this purpose. purposes, primarily the health and safety, welfare
and convenience of people and for energy
Approved Documents are intended to provide
conservation. Standards and other technical
guidance for some of the more common building
specifications may provide relevant guidance to
situations. However, there may well be alternative
the extent that they relate to these considerations.
ways of achieving compliance with the requirements.
However, they may also address other aspects of
Thus there is no obligation to adopt any
performance or matters which, although they
particular solution contained in an Approved
relate to health and safety etc., are not covered by
Document if you prefer to meet the relevant
the Building Regulations.
requirement in some other way.
When an Approved Document makes reference
Other requirements to a named standard, the relevant version of the
The guidance contained in an Approved Document standard to which it refers is the one listed at the
relates only to the particular requirements of the end of the publication. However, if this version
Regulations which the document addresses. The has been revised or updated by the issuing
building work will also have to comply with the standards body, the new version may be used as
requirements of any other relevant paragraphs in a source of guidance provided it continues to
Schedule 1 to the Regulations. address the relevant requirements of the
Regulations.
There are Approved Documents which give
guidance on each of the Parts of Schedule 1 and THE WORKPLACE (HEALTH,
on Regulation 7.
SAFETY AND WELFARE)
LIMITATION ON REQUIREMENTS REGULATIONS 1992
In accordance with Regulation 8, the requirements The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare)
in Parts A to K and N (except for paragraphs H2 Regulations 1992 contain some requirements
and J6) of Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations which affect building design. The main
do not require anything to be done except for the requirements are now covered by the Building
purpose of securing reasonable standards of Regulations, but for further information see
health and safety for persons in or about buildings Workplace health, safety and welfare. Workplace
(and any others who may be affected by buildings (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992.
or matters connected with buildings). Approved Code of Practice L24. Published by
HSE Books 1992 (ISBN 0 7176 0413 6).
Paragraphs H2 and J7 are excluded from Regulation 8
because they deal directly with prevention of The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare)
the contamination of water. Parts L and M are Regulations 1992 apply to the common parts
excluded because they respectively address the of flats and similar buildings if people such as
conservation of fuel and power and access and cleaners and caretakers are employed to work in
facilities for disabled people. These matters are these common parts. Where the requirements of
amongst the purposes, other than health and the Building Regulations that are covered by this
safety, that may be addressed by Building Part do not apply to dwellings, the provisions may
Regulations. still be required in the situations described above
in order to satisfy the Workplace Regulations.

4
ONLINE VERSION
ONLINE
USE OF GUIDANCE VERSION H
SAFE WORKING IN DRAINS
AND SEWERS
Laying and maintaining drains are hazardous
operations. Appropriate safety codes should be
followed including procedures for working in
confined spaces. Safe working procedures and
permits to work may be required in some situations.
Relevant statutory requirements can be found
in the Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare)
Regulations 1996, SI 1996/1592, the Construction
(Design and Management) Regulations 1994, SI
1994/3140 and the Confined Spaces Regulations
1997, SI 1997/1713.
The Health and Safety Executive operates an
Information Line on 08701 545500, and produces
the following advisory codes and information
leaflets related to earthworks, drainage and
working in confined spaces which are available
from HSE Books, Tel 01787 881165.
Health and Safety in Excavation – be safe and
shore, Booklet HSG 185.
Safe Work in Confined Spaces – Approved
Code of Practice, Regulations and Guidance,
Booklet L101.
ONLINE VERSION 5
H1 ONLINE
FOUL WATER DRAINAGE VERSION
The Requirement
This Approved Document, which took effect on
1 April 2002, deals with the following Requirement
which is contained in the Building Regulations
2010
Requirement Limits on application
Foul water drainage

H1. (1) An adequate system of drainage shall be provided to Requirement H1 does not apply to the diversion of water which
carry foul water from appliances within the building to one of has been used for personal washing or for the washing of
the following, listed in order of priority: clothes, linen or other articles to collection systems for re-use.
(a) a public sewer; or, where that is not reasonably
practicable,
(b) a private sewer communicating with a public
sewer; or, where that is not reasonably practicable,
(c) either a septic tank which has an appropriate
form of secondary treatment or another wastewater treatment
system; or, where that is not reasonably practicable,
(d) a cesspool.
(2) In this Part ‘foul water’ means waste water which
comprises or includes:
(a) waste from a sanitary convenience, bidet or
appliance used for washing receptacles for foul waste; or
(b) water which has been used for food preparation,
cooking or washing.
Guidance
Performance Introduction to provisions
In the Secretary of State’s view the requirement 0.1 The capacity of the system should be large
of H1 will be met if a foul water drainage system: enough to carry the expected flow at any point.
a. conveys the flow of foul water to a foul water 0.2 The capacity depends on the size and
outfall (a foul or combined sewer, a cesspool, gradient of the pipes. Minimum sizes and gradient
septic tank or holding tank); limits are given in the text.
b. minimises the risk of blockage or leakage; 0.3 The pipe sizes quoted in this document are
nominal sizes used as a numerical designation in
c. prevents foul air from the drainage system
convenient round numbers approximately equal
from entering the building under working
to a manufacturer’s size. Equivalent pipe sizes
conditions;
for individual pipe standards will be found in the
d. is ventilated; standards listed in Tables 4, 7 and 14.
e. is accessible for clearing blockages; and
f. does not increase the vulnerability of the
building to flooding.

6
ONLINE VERSION
ONLINE VERSION H1
Section 1: Sanitary pipework
1.1 The provisions in this section are applicable
to domestic buildings and small non-domestic Table 1 Minimum trap sizes and
buildings. Further guidance on larger buildings is seal depths
given in Appendix A. Complex systems in larger
Appliance Diameter of trap Depth of seal
buildings should be designed in accordance with (mm) (mm of water
BS EN 12056 (see paragraph 1.39). or equivalent)
1.2 The guidance in these provisions is Washbasin 1
applicable for WCs with major flush volumes Bidet 32 75
of 5 litres or more. Where WCs with major flush
volumes less than 5 litres are used, consideration Bath 2
Shower 2 40 50
should be given to the increased risk of blockages.
Guidance on the design of sanitary pipework Food waste
suitable for use with WCs with major flush volumes disposal unit
as low as 4 litres can be found in BS EN 12056 Urinal bowl
Sink 40 75
(see paragraph 1.39). Washing machine 2
Dishwashing machine 2
Traps
WC pan – outlet 75 50
1.3 All points of discharge into the system <80mm
should be fitted with a trap (e.g. a water seal trap) WC pan – outlet
to prevent foul air from the system entering the >80mm 100 50
building. Under working and test conditions traps
1
The depth of seal may be reduced to 50mm only with flush grated
should retain a minimum seal of 25mm of water wastes without plugs on spray tap basins.
or equivalent.
2
Where these appliances discharge directly to a gully the depth
of seal may be reduced to not less than 38mm.
1.4 Table 1 gives minimum trap sizes and seal
3
Traps used on appliances with flat bottom (trailing waste
depths for the appliances which are most used discharge) and discharging to a gully with a grating may have
(for other appliances see Appendix paragraph A4). a reduced water seal of not less than 38mm.
1.5 Pressure fluctuation – To prevent the

water seal from being broken by the pressures
which can develop in the system the branch Branch discharge pipes
discharge pipes should be designed as described
in paragraphs 1.7 to 1.25. 1.7 Branch pipes should discharge into
another branch pipe or a discharge stack unless
1.6 Access for clearing blockages – If a trap the appliances discharge to a gully. Gullies are
forms part of an appliance the appliance should generally at ground floor level, but may be at
be removable. All other traps should be fitted basement level. Branch pipes should not discharge
directly after the appliance and should be into open hoppers.
removable or be fitted with a cleaning eye.
1.8 If the appliances are on the ground floor
the pipe(s) may discharge to a stub stack or
discharge stack, directly to a drain or (if the pipe
carries only wastewater) to a gully. (See paragraphs
1.11 and 1.30.)
1.9 A branch pipe from a ground floor closet
should only discharge directly to a drain if the
depth from the floor to the drain is 1.3m or less
(see Diagram 1).
Diagram 1 Direct connection of

ground floor WC to a drain
ONLINE VERSION 7
H1 ONLINE
SANITARY PIPEWORK VERSION
Diagram 2 Branch connection to stacks – crossflow prevention
1.10 A branch pipe should not discharge into a c. All sanitary pipework receiving condensate
stack in a way which could cause crossflow into should be made from materials resistant to
any other branch pipe. (See Diagram 2.) a pH value of 6.5 and lower. The installation
should be in accordance with BS 6798.
1.11 A branch discharge pipe should not
discharge into a stack lower than 450mm above 1.15 Sizes of branch pipes – Pipes serving a
the invert of the tail of the bend at the foot of the single appliance should have at least the same
stack in single dwellings of up to 3 storeys (see diameter as the appliance trap (see Table 1).
Diagram 2). (For multi-storey buildings this should If a pipe serves more than one appliance, and is
be increased, see Appendix paragraphs A5 and A6.) unventilated, the diameter should be at least the
size shown in Table 2.
1.12 Branch pipes may discharge into a stub
stack. (See paragraph 1.30.) 1.16 Bends in branch pipes should be avoided
if possible. Where they cannot they should have
1.13 A branch pipe discharging to a gully
as large a radius as possible.
should terminate between the grating or sealing
plate and the top of the water seal. 1.17 Junctions on branch pipes of about the
same diameter should be made with a sweep
1.14 Condensate drainage from boilers may be
of 25mm radius or at 45°. Connection of branch
connected to sanitary pipework. The connection
pipes of 75mm diameter or more to a stack of
should be made using pipework of minimum
equal diameter should be made with a sweep
diameter 22mm through a 75mm condensate
of 50mm minimum radius or at 45°.
trap. If an additional trap is provided externally
to the boiler to provide the 75mm seal, an air gap 1.18 Branch pipes up to 40mm diameter joining
should be provided between the boiler and the trap. branch pipes 100mm diameter or greater should,
if practicable, connect to the upper part of the
a. The connection should preferably be made to
pipe wall of the larger branch.
an internal stack with a 75mm condensate trap.
1.19 Ventilation of branch pipes – separate
b. If the connection is made to a branch pipe,
ventilation will not be needed to prevent the
the connection should be made downstream
water seals in traps from being lost by pressures
of any sink waste connection.
which can develop in the system if the length
and slope of the branch discharge pipes do not
exceed those shown in Table 2 or Diagram 3.

8
ONLINE VERSION
ONLINE
SANITARY PIPEWORK VERSION H1
Table 2 Common branch discharge pipes (unventilated)
Appliance Max. no. to Max. length of Min. size of Gradient limits
be connected branch pipe (m) pipe (mm) (mm fall per metre)
WC outlet > 80mm 8 15 100 18 2 to 90
WC outlet < 80mm 1 15 75 3 18 to 90
Urinal – bowl 31 50
Urinal – trough 31 65 18 to 90
Urinal – slab 31
Washbasin or bidet 3 1.7 30 18 to 22
1.1 30 18 to 44
0.7 30 18 to 87
3.0 40 18 to 44
4 4.0 50 18 to 44
1
Should be as short as possible to prevent deposition.
2
May be reduced to 9mm on long drain runs where space is restricted, but only if more than one WC is connected.
3
Not recommended where disposal of sanitary towels may take place via the WC, as there is an increased risk of blockages.
4
Slab urinals longer than seven persons should have more than one outlet.
Diagram 3 Branch connections
ONLINE VERSION 9
H1 ONLINE
1.20 If the figures in Table 2 and Diagram 3 are 3 storeys discharge stacks should be located
exceeded the branch pipe should be ventilated inside the building.
by a branch ventilating pipe to external air, to a
1.28 Sizes of stacks – Stacks should have at
ventilating stack (ventilated branch system) or
least the diameter shown in Table 3 and should
internally by use of an air admittance valve.
not reduce in the direction of flow. Stacks serving
1.21 A separate ventilating stack is only likely urinals should be not less than 50mm, stacks
to be preferred where the numbers of sanitary serving closets with outlets less than 80mm
appliances and their distance to a discharge stack should be not less than 75mm and stacks serving
are large. (See Appendix paragraphs A7 to A9.) closets with outlets greater than 80mm should
be not less than 100mm. The internal diameter
1.22 Branch ventilating pipes – should be
of the stack should be not less than that of the
connected to the discharge pipe within 750mm
largest trap or branch discharge pipe. For larger
of the trap and should connect to the ventilating
buildings the maximum flow should be checked.
stack or the stack vent, above the highest
(See paragraphs A.1 to A.3.)
‘spillover’ level of the appliances served (see
Diagram 4). The ventilating pipe should have
a continuous incline from the discharge pipe
to the point of connection to the ventilating Table 3 Minimum diameters for
stack or stack vent.
discharge stacks
Stack size Max. capacity
(mm) (litres/sec)
Diagram 4 Branch ventilation pipes 50* 1.2
65* 2.1
75† 3.4
90 5.3
100 7.2
Notes:
* No WCs.
† Not more than 1 WC with outlet size <80mm.
1.29 Ventilation of discharge stacks – To

prevent water seals in the traps from being lost
by pressures which can develop in the system,
discharge stacks should be ventilated. Discharge
stacks connected to drains liable to surcharging
or near an intercepting trap require ventilating
1.23 Branch ventilating pipes which run direct pipes of not less than 50mm diameter connected
to outside air should finish at least 900mm above to the base of the stack above the likely flood level.
any opening into the building nearer than 3m 1.30 Stub stacks – A stub stack may be used
(see Diagram 6 and paragraph 1.31). if it connects into a ventilated discharge stack or
1.24 Branch ventilating pipes to branch pipes into a ventilated drain not subject to surcharging
serving one appliance should be at least 25mm and no connected water closet has a floor level
diameter or where the branch is longer than 15m more than 1.3m and no other branch into the
or has more than 5 bends, should be at least 32mm. stub stack has a centreline more than 2m to the
centre line above the invert of the connection or
1.25 Rodding points should be provided to drain (see Diagram 5).
give access to any lengths of discharge pipe
which cannot be reached by removing traps or
appliances with internal traps (see paragraph 1.6).
Discharge stacks
1.26 All stacks should discharge to a drain. The
bend at the foot of the stack should have as large
a radius as possible and at least 200mm at the
centre line.
1.27 Offsets in the ‘wet’ portion of a discharge
stack should be avoided. If they are unavoidable
then in a building of not more than 3 storeys there
should be no branch connection within 750mm
of the offset. In a building over 3 storeys a
ventilation stack may be needed with connections
above and below the offset. In buildings over

10
ONLINE VERSION
ONLINE
SANITARY PIPEWORK VERSION H1
adequate ventilation, should be accessible for
Diagram 5 Stub stack maintenance and should be removable to give
access for clearance of blockages. Air admittance
valves should not be used outside buildings or in
dust laden atmospheres. Where there is no open
ventilation on a drainage system or through
connected drains, alternative arrangements to
relieve positive pressures should be considered.
1.34 Access for clearing blockages – rodding
points should be provided in discharge stacks to
give access to any lengths of pipe which cannot
be reached from any other part of the system. All
pipes should be reasonably accessible for repair.
Rodding points in stacks should be above the
spillover level of appliances.
Materials for pipes, fittings

and joints
1.35 Any of the materials shown in Table 4 may
1.31 Ventilating pipes open to outside air
be used (the references are to British Standard
should finish at least 900mm above any opening
or European Standard Specifications). Where
into the building within 3m and should be finished
necessary different metals should be separated
with a wire cage or other perforated cover, fixed
by non-metallic material to prevent electrolytic
to the end of the ventilating pipe, which does not
corrosion. Care should be taken to ensure
restrict the flow of air (see Diagram 6). In areas
continuity of any electrical earth bonding
where rodent control is a problem (see paragraph
requirements. Pipes should be firmly supported
2.22) these should be metallic.
without restricting thermal movement. Attention
is also drawn to the requirement of Part B of
Schedule 1 to the Building Regulations 2000 and
Diagram 6 Termination of ventilation guidance in the Approved Document relating to
penetration of fire separating elements and fire
stacks or ventilation part of stopping provisions.
discharge
Table 4 Materials for sanitary pipework

Material British Standard
Pipes
Cast iron BS 416, BS EN 877
Copper BS EN 1254, BS EN 1057
Galvanised steel BS 3868
PVC-U BS EN 1329
Polypropylene (PP) BS EN 1451
ABS BS EN 1455
Polyethylene (PE) BS EN 1519
Styrene copolymer
1.32 Sizes of stack ventilation pipes – stack blends (PVC + SAN) BS EN 1565
ventilation pipes (the dry part above the highest
PVC-C BS EN 1566
branch) may be reduced in size in one and two
storey houses, but should be not less than 75mm. Traps BS EN 274, BS 3943
1.33 Ventilated discharge stacks may be Note: Some of these materials may not be suitable for carrying trade
terminated inside a building when fitted with effluent or condensate from boilers.
air admittance valves complying with BS EN
12380:2002. Where these valves are used they
should not adversely affect the amount of 1.36 Sanitary pipework connected to WCs
ventilation necessary for the below ground should not allow light to be visible through the
system which is normally provided by open pipe wall, as this is believed to encourage
stacks of the sanitary pipework. Air admittance damage by rodents.
valves should be located in areas which have
ONLINE VERSION 11
H1 ONLINE
Workmanship
1.37 Good workmanship is essential.
Workmanship should be in accordance with
BS 8000 Workmanship on Building Sites Part 13:
Code of practice for above ground drainage.
Air tightness
1.38 The pipes, fittings and joints should be
capable of withstanding an air test of positive
pressure of at least 38mm water gauge for at
least 3 minutes. Every trap should maintain a
water seal of at least 25mm. Smoke testing may
be used to identify defects where a water test
has failed. Smoke testing is not recommended
for PVC-U pipes.
Alternative approach
1.39 The requirement can also be met by
following the relevant recommendations of
BS EN 12056 Gravity drainage systems inside
buildings. Relevant clauses are in Part 1: General
and performance requirements, Clauses 3–6;
Part 2 Sanitary pipework, layout and calculation,
Clauses 3 to 6 and National Annexes NA to NG
(System III is traditionally in use in the UK); Part 5
Installation and testing, instructions for operation,
maintenance and use, Clauses 4–6, 8, 9 and 11.
BS EN 12109 Vacuum Drainage Systems
Inside Buildings.

12
ONLINE VERSION
ONLINE VERSION H1
Section 2: Foul drainage
2.1 This section gives guidance on the where the drainage connects to the public sewer)
construction of underground drains and sewers care should be taken to ensure that the property
from buildings to the point of connection to an is not at increased risk of flooding. In all such
existing sewer or a cesspool or wastewater cases the sewerage undertaker should be
treatment system and includes any drains or consulted to determine the extent and possible
sewers outside the curtilage of the building. frequency of the likely surcharge.
Disused and defective pipework is known to
2.9 For basements containing sanitary
harbour rats (see Appendix H1-B).
appliances, where the risk of flooding due to
2.2 Some public sewers may carry foul water surcharge of the sewer is considered by the
and rainwater in the same pipes. If the drainage sewerage undertaker to be high, the drainage from
system is also to carry rainwater to such a sewer, the basement should be pumped (see paragraphs
the following provisions still apply but the pipe 2.36 to 2.39). Where the risk is considered to be
sizes may need to be increased to carry the low an anti-flooding valve should be installed on
combined flows (see paragraph 2.35). In some the drainage from the basement.
circumstances, separate drainage should still
2.10 For other low-lying sites (i.e. not basements)
be provided (see Approved Document H5).
where risk is considered low, sufficient protection
for the building may be possible by provision of
Outlets a gully outside the building at least 75mm below
2.3 Foul drainage should be connected to a the floor level. This should be positioned so that
public foul or combined sewer wherever this is any flooding from the gully will not damage any
reasonably practicable. For small developments buildings. In higher risk areas an anti-flooding
connection should be made to a public sewer valve should be provided, or the drainage system
where this is within 30m provided that the pumped (see paragraph 2.36 to 2.39).
developer has the right to construct the drainage 2.11 Anti-flooding valves should preferably be
over any intervening private land. Where levels of the double valve type, and should be suitable
do not permit drainage by gravity a pumping for foul water and have a manual closure device.
installation should be provided (see paragraphs They should comply with the requirements of
2.36 to 2.39). prEN 13564. A single valve should not normally
2.4 For larger developments it may be economic serve more than one building. A notice should
to connect to a public sewer even where the be provided inside the building to indicate that
sewer is some distance away. For developments the system is drained through such a valve.
comprising more than one curtilage, the developer This notice should also indicate the location
may requisition a sewer from the sewerage of any manual override, and include advice on
undertaker who has powers to construct sewers necessary maintenance.
over private land (see Appendix H1-C, C.4). 2.12 All drainage unaffected by surcharge
2.5 The sewerage undertaker should be should by-pass the protective measures and
notified at least three weeks before it is intended discharge by gravity.
to connect to the public sewer (see Appendix
H1-C, C.7). Layout
2.6 Where it is not reasonably practicable to 2.13 The layout of the drainage system should
connect to a public sewer, it may be possible to be kept simple. Changes of direction and gradient
connect to an existing private sewer that connects should be minimised and as easy as practicable.
with a public sewer. The permission of the owner Access points should be provided only if
or owners of the sewer will be required. The sewer blockages could not be cleared without them.
should be in satisfactory condition and have
2.14 Connection of drains to other drains or
sufficient capacity to take the additional flows.
private or public sewers, and of private sewers to
2.7 Where none of these options is reasonably public sewers, should be made obliquely, or in
practicable, a wastewater treatment system or the direction of flow.
cesspool should be provided (see Approved
2.15 Connections should be made using
Document H2).
prefabricated components. Where holes are cut
in pipes a drilling device should be used to avoid
Surcharging of drains damaging the pipe.
2.8 Combined and rainwater sewers are 2.16 Where connections made to existing
designed to surcharge (i.e. the water level in the drains or sewers involve removal of pipes and
manhole rises above the top of the pipe) in heavy insertion of a junction, repair couplings should be
rainfall. Some foul sewers also receive rainwater used to ensure a watertight joint and the junction
and therefore surcharge. For low-lying sites should be carefully packed to avoid differential
(where the ground level of the site or the level of settlement with adjacent pipes.
a basement is below the ground level at the point
ONLINE VERSION 13
H1 ONLINE
FOUL DRAINAGE VERSION
2.17 Sewers (serving more than one property) c. Rodent barriers – a number of rodent barrier
should be kept as far as is practicable away from devices are used in other countries; these
the point on a building where a future extension include: enlarged sections on discharge
is likely (e.g. rear of a house, or side of house stacks to prevent rats climbing, flexible
where there is room for a side extension). downward facing fins in the discharge stack,
or one way valves in underground drainage.
2.18 The system should be ventilated by a flow
of air. A ventilating pipe should be provided at d. Metal cages on ventilator stack terminals
or near the head of each main drain. An open should also be used to discourage rats
ventilating pipe (without an air admittance valve) from leaving the drainage system (see
should be provided on any drain fitted with an paragraph 1.31).
intercepting trap (particularly on a sealed system),
e. Covers and gratings to gullies may be
and on any drain subject to surcharge. Ventilated
displaced or attacked by rats. Solid plastic
discharge stacks may be used (see paragraphs
covers or metal gratings which can be fixed
1.27 and 1.29). Ventilating pipes should not finish
in place should be used to discourage rats
near openings in buildings (see paragraph 1.31).
from leaving the system.
2.19 Pipes should be laid to even gradients and
any change of gradient should be combined with Protection from settlement
an access point (see paragraph 2.49).
2.23 A drain may run under a building if at least
2.20 Pipes should also be laid in straight lines 100mm of granular or other flexible filling is
where practicable but may be laid to slight provided round the pipe. On sites where excessive
curves if these can still be cleared of blockages. subsidence is possible additional flexible joints
Any bends should be limited to positions in or may be advisable or other solutions such as
close to inspection chambers or manholes (see suspended drainage, particularly where the pipe
paragraph 2.49) and to the foot of discharge and is adjacent to structures or where soil conditions
ventilating stacks. Bends should have as large change in the course of the pipe run. Where
a radius as practicable. the crown of the pipe is within 300mm of the
2.21 Drainage serving kitchens in commercial underside of the slab, special protection should
hot food premises should be fitted with a grease be provided (see paragraph 2.44).
separator complying with BS EN 1825-1:2004 and 2.24 At any points where pipes are built into
designed in accordance with BS EN 1825-2:2002 a structure, including an inspection chamber,
or other effective means of grease removal. manhole, footing, ground beam or wall, suitable
measures should be taken to prevent damage or
Special protection – misalignment. This may be achieved by either:
rodent control a. building in a length of pipe (as short as
possible) with its joints as close as possible
2.22 Where the site has been previously to the wall faces (within at most 150mm) and
developed the local authority should be consulted connected on each side of rocker pipes by a
to determine whether any special measures are length of at most 600mm and flexible joints
necessary for control of rodents. Special measures (see Diagram 7(a)); or
which may be taken include the following.
b. forming an opening to give at least 50mm
a. Sealed drainage – drainage having access clearance all round the pipe and the opening
covers to the pipework in the inspection masked with rigid sheet material to prevent
chamber instead of an open channel. These ingress of fill or vermin. It is important that the
should only be used in inspection chambers, void is also filled with a compressible sealant
where maintenance can be carried out from to prevent ingress of gas (see Diagram 7(b)).
the surface without personnel entry.
2.25 A drain trench should not be excavated
b. Intercepting traps – These are susceptible to lower than the foundations of any building nearby
blockage and require frequent maintenance. (see Diagram 8) unless either:
Intercepting trap stoppers should be of the
locking type that can be easily removed from a. where the trench is within 1m of the
the chamber surface and securely replaced foundation the trench is filled with concrete
after blockage clearance. It is important that up to the lowest level of the foundation; or
stoppers are replaced after maintenance. b. where the trench is further than 1m from the
These should only be used in inspection building, the trench is filled with concrete
chambers where maintenance can be carried to a level below the lowest level for the
out from the surface without personnel entry. building equal to the distance from the
building, less 150mm.

14
ONLINE VERSION
FOUL DRAINAGE O N L I N E VERSION H1
2.26 Where pipes are to be laid on piles or
Diagram 7 Pipes penetrating walls beams or in a common trench, or where the
ground may prove unstable particularly where
there is a high water table, advice may be
found in TRL A guide to the design loadings
for buried rigid pipes. The local authority may
be able to provide information regarding the
site.
Depth of pipe cover

2.27 The depth of cover will usually depend on
the levels of the connections to the system, the
gradients at which the pipes should be laid and
the ground levels.
2.28 Pipes also need to be protected from
damage and if the limits of cover are not attainable
it may be possible to choose another pipe
strength and pipe bedding class combination
(Guidance is given in BS EN 1295-1 National
Annex NA). Alternatively special protection can
be provided (see paragraphs 2.41 to 2.45).
Pipe gradients and sizes

2.29 Drains should have enough capacity
to carry the flow. The flow depends on the
appliances connected (see paragraphs 0.1–0.3
and Table 5) and the capacity depends on the
Diagram 8 Pipe runs near buildings size and gradient of the pipes (see Diagram 9).
Diagram 9 Discharge capacities

of foul drains running
0.75 proportional depth
ONLINE VERSION 15
H1 ONLINE
2.35 Combined systems – the capacity of
Table 5 Flow rates from dwellings systems carrying foul water and rainwater should
Number of dwellings Flow rate (litres/sec) take account of the combined peak flow (see
Approved Document H3 Rainwater drainage
1 2.5 paragraph 3.8).
5 3.5
Pumping installations
10 4.1
2.36 Where gravity drainage is impracticable,
15 4.6 or protection against flooding due to surcharge
in downstream sewers is required, a pumping
20 5.1
installation will be needed.
25 5.4
2.37 Package pumping installations are
30 5.8 available which are suitable for installation within
buildings. Floor mounted units may be particularly
suited for installation in basements. These should
2.30 Sewers (i.e. a drain serving more than conform to BS EN 12050. Pumping installations
one property) should normally have a minimum for use inside buildings should be designed in
diameter of 100mm when serving no more than accordance with BS EN 12056-4.
10 dwellings. Sewers serving more than 10 2.38 Package pumping installations suitable for
dwellings should normally have a minimum installation outside buildings are also available.
diameter of 150mm. See also Table C1. Guidance on the design of pumping installations
2.31 The flow depends on the type, number for use outside buildings may be found in
and grouping of appliances. BS EN 752-6.
2.32 Appliances are seldom in use 2.39 Where foul water drainage from a building
simultaneously and the minimum drain sizes is to be pumped, the effluent receiving chamber
in normal use are capable of carrying the flow should be sized to contain 24-hour inflow to
from quite large numbers of appliances. Table 5 allow for disruption in service. The minimum daily
shows approximate flow rates resulting from the discharge of foul drainage should be taken as
typical household group of 1 WC, 1 bath, 1 or 2 150 litres per head per day for domestic use.
washbasins, 1 sink and 1 washing machine used For other types of building, the capacity of the
for design purposes in BS EN 12056. receiving chamber should be based on the
calculated daily demand of the water intake for
2.33 A drain carrying foul water should have an the building. Where only a proportion of the foul
internal diameter of at least 75mm. A drain carrying sewage is to be pumped, then the capacity
effluent from a WC or trade effluent should have should be based pro-rata. In all pumped systems
an internal diameter of at least 100mm. the controls should be so arranged to optimise
2.34 Table 6 shows the flattest gradients at pump operation.
which drains should be laid (depending on the
flow and the appliances connected to them) Materials for pipes and jointing
and the capacity they will then have (see also
paragraphs 0.1–0.3). Table 7 Materials for below ground
gravity drainage
Table 6 Recommended minimum
Rigid pipes
gradients for foul drains
Vitrified clay BS 65, BS EN 295
Peak flow Pipe size Minimum Maximum
(litres/sec) (mm) gradient capacity Concrete BS 5911
(1 in ...) (litres/sec)
Grey iron BS 437
<1 75 1:40 4.1
100 1:40 9.2 Ductile iron BS EN 598
>1 75 1:80 2.8 Flexible pipes

100 1:80* 6.3
150 1:150† 15.0 UPVC BS EN 1401+
Notes: PP BS EN 1852+
* Minimum of 1 WC Structure walled
† Minimum of 5 WCs plastic pipes BS EN 13476
+ Application area code UD should normally be specified

Note: S
ome of these materials may not be suitable for conveying
trade effluent

16
ONLINE VERSION
2.40 Any of the materials shown in Table 7 may 2.42 Rigid pipes – The types of bedding and
be used (the references are to British Standard backfilling which should be used for rigid pipes
Specifications). Joints should be appropriate to of standard strength laid in a trench of any width
the material of the pipes. To minimise the effects are shown in Diagram 10 and Tables 8 and 9.
of any differential settlement pipes should have Minimum and maximum depths of cover are also
flexible joints. All joints should remain watertight shown for each type.
under working and test conditions and nothing
2.43 Flexible pipes – These will become
in the pipes, joints or fittings should project into
deformed under load and require support to limit
the pipe line or cause an obstruction. Different
the deformation. The bedding and backfilling
metals should be separated by non-metallic
should be as shown in Diagram 10. Minimum
materials to prevent electrolytic corrosion.
and maximum depths of cover are also shown
in Table 10.
Bedding and backfilling
2.44 Where pipes have less than the minimum
2.41 The choice of bedding and backfilling recommended cover in Table 8, 9 or 10, the pipes
depends on the depth at which the pipes are to should, where necessary, be protected from
be laid and the size and strength of the pipes. damage by a reinforced concrete cover slab with a
Diagram 10 Bedding for pipes
ONLINE VERSION 17
H1 ONLINE
flexible filler and at least 75mm of granular material 2.45 Where it is necessary to backfill the trench
between the top of the pipe and the underside of with concrete in order to protect nearby foundations
the flexible filler below the slabs (see Diagram 11 (see paragraph 2.25) movement joints formed
and paragraphs 2.28, 2.42 and 2.43). with compressible board should be provided at
each socket or sleeve joint face (see Diagram 12).
Table 8 Limits of cover for class 120 clayware pipes in any width of trench
Nominal size Laid in fields Laid in light roads Laid in main roads
100mm 0.6m – 8+m 1.2m – 8+m 1.2m – 8m
225mm 0.6m – 5m 1.2m – 5m 1.2m – 4.5m
400mm 0.6m – 4.5m 1.2m – 4.5m 1.2m – 4m
600mm 0.6m – 4.5m 1.2m – 4.5m 1.2m – 4m
Notes:
1. All pipes assumed to be Class 120 to BS EN 295; other strengths and sizes of pipe are available, consult manufacturers.
2. Bedding assumed to be Class B with bedding factor of 1.9; guidance is available on use of higher bedding factors with clayware pipes.
3. Alternative designs using different pipe strengths and/or bedding types may offer more appropriate or economic options using the procedures
set out in BS EN 1295.
4. Minimum depth in roads set to 1.2m irrespective of pipe strength.
Table 9 Limits of cover for class M concrete pipes in any width of trench
300mm 0.6m – 3m 1.2m – 3m 1.2m – 2.5m
450mm 0.6m – 3.5m 1.2m – 3.5m 1.2m – 2.5m
600mm 0.6m – 3.5m 1.2m – 3.5m 1.2m – 3m
Notes:
1. All pipes assumed to be Class M to BS 5911; other strengths and sizes of pipe are available, consult manufacturers.
2. Bedding assumed to be Class B with bedding factor of 1.9.
4. Minimum depth in roads set to 1.2m irrespective of pipe strength.
Table 10 Limits of cover for thermoplastics (nominal ring stiffness SN4) pipes in any
width of trench
100mm – 300mm 0.6m – 7m 0.9m – 7m 0.9m – 7m
Notes:
1. For drains and sewers less than 1.5m deep and there is a risk of excavation adjacent to the drain and depth, special calculation is necessary, see
BS EN 1295.
2. All pipes assumed to be to in accordance with the relevant standard listed in Table 7 with nominal ring stiffness SN4; other strengths and sizes of
pipe are available, consult manufacturers.
3. Bedding assumed to be Class S2 with 80% compaction and average soil conditions.
5. Minimum depth is set to 1.5m irrespective of pipe strength to cover loss of side support from parallel excavations.

18
ONLINE VERSION
Diagram 11 Protection for pipes Diagram 12 Joints for concrete
laid at shallow depths encased pipes
(minimum sizes) (minimum sizes)
Clearance of blockages a. rodding eyes – capped extensions of the pipes;

2.46 Sufficient and suitable access points b. access fittings – small chambers on
should be provided for clearing blockages from (or an extension of) the pipes but not
drain runs which cannot be reached by any with an open channel;
other means. The siting, spacing and type of c. inspection chambers – chambers with
the access points will depend on the layout, working space at ground level;
depth and size of the runs.
d. manholes – deep chambers with working
2.47 The provisions described below are for space at drain level.
normal methods of rodding (which need not be in
the direction of flow) and not mechanical means 2.49 Siting of access points – access should
of clearing. be provided at the following points:
2.48 Access points should be one of four types. a. on or near the head of each drain run, and
Tables 11 and 12 show the depth at which each b. at a bend and at a change of gradient, and
type should be used and the recommended
dimensions it should have. The dimensions c. at a change of pipe size (but see below if it
should be increased at junctions if they do not is at a junction), and
allow enough space for branches. The types are: d. at a junction unless each run can be cleared
from an access point (some junctions can
only be rodded through from one direction).
Table 11 Minimum dimensions for access fittings and inspection chambers

Internal sizes Cover sizes
Type Depth to invert Length x width Circular Length x width Circular

from cover level (mm x mm) (mm) (mm x mm) (mm)
(m)
Rodding eye As drain but min. 100 Same size as

pipework 1
Access fitting
small 150 diam. 0.6 or less,
150 x 100 except where 150 x 100 150 150 x 100 1 Same size as
large 225 x 100 situated in a 225 x 100 225 225 x 100 1 access fitting
chamber
Inspection chamber
shallow 0.6 or less 225 x 100 190 2 – 190 1
1.2 or less 450 x 450 450 Min. 430 x 430 430
deep > 1.2 450 x 450 450 Max. 300 x 300 3 Access restricted
to max. 350 3
Notes:
1. The clear opening may be reduced by 20mm in order to provide proper support for the cover and frame.
2. Drains up to 150mm.
3. A larger clear opening cover may be used in conjunction with a restricted access. The size is restricted for health and safety reasons to deter entry.
ONLINE VERSION 19
H1 ONLINE
Table 12 Minimum dimensions for manholes
Type Size of largest Min. internal Min. clear
pipe (DN) dimensions 1 opening size 1
Rectangular Circular Rectangular length Circular
length and width diameter and width diameter
Manhole
< 1.5m deep to soffit ≤ 150 750 x 675 7 1000 7 750 x 675 2 na 3
225 1200 x 675 1200 1200 x 675 2
300 1200 x 750 1200
>300 1800 x The larger of 1800
(DN+450) or (DN+450)
>1.5m deep to soffit ≤ 225 1200 x 1000 1200 600 x 600 600
300 1200 x 1075 1200
375-450 1350 x 1225 1200
>450 1800 x The larger of 1800
(DN+775) or (DN+775)
Manhole shaft 4
> 3.0m deep to Steps 5 1050 x 800 1050 600 x 600 600
soffit of pipe Ladder 5 1200 x 800 1200
Winch 6 900 x 800 900 600 x 600 600
Notes:
1. Larger sizes may be required for manholes on bends or where there are junctions.
2. May be reduced to 600 by 600 where required by highway loading considerations, subject to a safe system of work being specified.
3. Not applicable due to working space needed.
4. Minimum height of chamber in shafted manhole 2m from benching to underside of reducing slab.
5. Min. clear space between ladder or steps and the opposite face of the shaft should be approximately 900mm.
6. Winch only – no steps or ladders, permanent or removable.
7. The minimum size of any manhole serving a sewer (i.e. any drain serving more than one property) should be 1200mm x 675mm rectangular
or 1200mm diameter.
2.50 Access should be provided to long runs. 2.53 Where half round channels are used in
The distances between access points depend inspection chambers and manholes the branches
on the types of access used but should not be up to and including 150mm diameter should
more than shown in Table 13 for drains up to and discharge into the channel in the direction of flow
including 300mm. at or above the level of the horizontal diameter.
A branch with a diameter >150mm should be
2.51 Access points to sewers (serving more
set with the soffit level with that of the main drain.
than one property) should be in places where
Where the angle of the branch is more than 45°
they are accessible and apparent for use in an
a three quarter section branch should be used.
emergency. Examples of suitable locations
Channels and branches should be benched up
include highways, public open space, unfenced
at least to the top of the outgoing pipe and at a
front gardens and shared or unfenced driveways.
slope of 1 in 12. The benching should be rounded
2.52 Construction of access points – these at the channel with a radius of at least 25mm.
should contain the foul water under working and
test conditions and resist the entry of groundwater
and rainwater. Any of the materials shown in
Table 14 may be used.

20
ONLINE VERSION
Table 13 Maximum spacing of access points in metres
To Access Fitting
From
Small Large To Junction To Inspection chamber To Manhole
Start of external drain 1

12 12 – 22 45
Rodding eye 22 22 22 45 45
Access fitting: small

150 diam. and 150 x 100 – – 12 22 22
large 225 x 100 – – 22 45 45
Inspection chamber 22 45 22 45 45
shallow
Manhole and inspection – – – 45 90 2

chamber deep
Notes:
1. Stack or ground floor appliance
2. May be up to 200 for man-entry size drains and sewers
Table 14 Materials for access points

2.57 Any drain or sewer should be protected
1. Inspection chambers from damage by construction traffic and heavy
and manholes machinery. Protection may be provided by
Clay, bricks and blocks BS 3921 providing barriers to keep such traffic away
Vitrified clay BS EN 295, BS 65
Concrete – precast BS 5911 from the line of the sewer. Heavy materials
Concrete – in situ BS 8110 should not be stored over drains or sewers.
Plastics BS 7158
2.58 Where piling works are being carried out
2. Rodding eyes and care should be taken to avoid damage to any
access fittings drain or sewer. The position of the drain or sewer
(excluding frames as pipes
and covers) see Table 7
should be established by survey. If the drain or
ETA Certificates sewer is within 1m of the piling, trial holes should
be excavated to establish the exact position of
the sewer. The location of any connections
should also be established. Piling should not be
2.54 Inspection chambers and manholes
carried out where the distance from the outside
should have removable non-ventilating covers
of the sewer to the outside of the pile is less than
of durable material (such as cast iron, cast or
two times the diameter of the pile.
pressed steel, precast concrete or plastics) and
be of suitable strength. Small lightweight access
covers should be secured (for example with Testing and inspection
screws) to deter unauthorised access (for example 2.59 Water tightness – after laying, including
by children). Inspection chambers and manholes any necessary concrete or other haunching or
in buildings should have mechanically fixed airtight surrounding and backfilling, gravity drains and
covers unless the drain itself has watertight private sewers should be tested for water tightness
access covers. Manholes deeper than 1m should using either an air test or a water test. Information
have metal step irons or fixed ladders. on test requirements is given in paragraphs 2.60
and 2.61 for pipe sizes up to 300mm. For further
Workmanship information and for larger sizes see BS 8000
Part 14 or BS EN 1610.
2.55 Good workmanship is essential.
Workmanship should be in accordance with 2.60 Air test – for pipes up to 300mm diameter,
BS 8000 Workmanship on Building Sites Part 14: the pipe should be pressurised up to a pressure of
Code of practice for below ground drainage. 110mm water gauge and held for approximately
5 minutes prior to testing. Following this the pipe
2.56 During construction, drains and sewers
should be able to hold an initial 100mm pressure
which are left open should be covered when
with a maximum loss of head on a manometer
work is not in progress to prevent entry by rats.
of 25mm in a period of 7 minutes.
ONLINE VERSION 21
H1 ONLINE
2.61 Water test – For pipes up to 300mm
diameter the system should be filled with water
up to a depth of 5m above the lowest invert in
the test section and a minimum depth of 1m
measured at the highest invert in the test section.
This may then be left for a period (one hour is
generally sufficient) to condition the pipe. The
test pressure should then be maintained for a
period of 30 minutes, by topping up the water
level as necessary so that it is within 100mm of the
required level throughout the test. The losses per
square metre of surface area should not exceed
0.15 litres for test lengths with only pipelines or
0.20 litres for test lengths including pipelines and
manholes, or 0.40 litres for tests with only manholes
and inspection chambers alone (i.e. no pipelines).
2.62 Connectivity – Where separate drainage
systems are provided (see Approved Document
H5), connections should be proven to ensure that
they are connected to the correct system.
following the relevant recommendations of BS
EN 752. The relevant clauses are in Part 3, Part 4
and Part 6. BS EN 752, together with BS EN 1610
and BS EN 1295, contains additional information
about design and construction. BS EN 12056
describes the discharge unit method of calculating
flows. Also by providing systems meeting the
requirements of BS EN 1091 Vacuum sewerage
systems outside buildings, or BS EN 1671
Pressure sewerage systems outside buildings.

22
ONLINE VERSION
ONLINE VERSION H1
Appendix H1-A: Additional guidance for
larger buildings
Capacity of pipes Traps
(see paragraph 1.28) (see paragraph 1.4)
A.1 The flow depends on the type, number A.4 Minimum trap sizes and seal depths for
and grouping of appliances. appliances not listed in Table A2 are shown in
Table A3.
A.2 Appliances are seldom in use simultaneously
and the minimum stack sizes in normal use are
capable of carrying the flow from quite large
numbers of appliances. Table A1 shows approximate Table A3 Minimum trap sizes and seal
flow rates resulting from the typical household
group of 1 WC, 1 bath, 1 or 2 washbasins, 1 sink depths additional to Table 2
and 1 washing machine used for design purposes Appliance Diam. of trap Depth of seal
in BS EN 12056. (mm) (mm)
Sanitary towel macerator 40 75
Food waste disposal unit

Table A1 Flow rates from dwellings (industrial type) 50 75
Number of Flow rate Urinal stall

dwellings (litres/sec) (1 to 6 person position) 65 50
1 2.5
5 3.5
10 4.1
15 4.6 Branch discharge pipes
20 5.1
25 5.4 (see paragraph 1.10)
30 5.8
A.5 A branch pipe should not discharge into
a stack less than 750mm above the invert of the
tail of the bend at the foot of the stack in a multi-
A.3 Flow rates for other commonly used storey building up to 5 storeys. Alternatively a
appliances not covered in Table A1 are shown in branch pipe serving any ground floor appliance may
Table A2. discharge direct to a drain or into its own stack.
A.6 If the building has more than 5 storeys
ground floor appliances, unless discharging to
Table A2 Flow rates from appliances a gully or drain, should discharge into their own
stack. If the building has more than 20 storeys
Appliance Flow rate ground floor appliances, unless discharging to
(litres/sec)
a gully or drain, and first floor appliances should
Spray tap basin 0.06 discharge into their own stack.
Washing machine 0.70 Ventilating stacks
Dishwashing machine 0.25 (see paragraph 1.21)
Urinal (per person) 0.15 A.7 A dry stack may provide ventilation for
branch ventilation pipes as an alternative to
carrying them to outside air or to a ventilated
discharge stack (ventilated system).
A.8 Ventilation stacks serving buildings with
not more than 10 storeys and containing only
dwellings should be at least 32mm diameter (for
all other buildings see paragraph 1.29).
A.9 The lower end of a stack may be connected
directly to a ventilated discharge stack below
the lowest branch discharge pipe connection
and above the bend at the foot of the stack or
to the crown of the lowest branch discharge pipe
connection providing it is ≥75mm diameter.
ONLINE VERSION 23
H1 ONLIN
ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE E LARGER
FOR V E R BUILDINGS
SION
Greywater recovery systems
A.10 Sanitary pipework and underground
drainage used to collect greywater for recovery
and re-use within the building should be designed
and constructed in accordance with the guidance
in this Approved Document.
A.11 All pipework carrying greywater for
re-use should be clearly marked with the word
‘GREYWATER’ in accordance with Water Regulations
Advisory Scheme Information Guidance Note
09-02-05 Marking and Identification of Pipework
for Reclaimed and Grey Water Systems.
A.12 Guidance on external storage tanks is
given in Approved Document H2.
A.13 Further guidance on greywater recovery
systems can be found in the Water Regulations
Advisory Scheme leaflet No. 09-02-04 Reclaimed
Water Systems. Information about installing,
modifying or maintaining reclaimed water systems.

24
ONLINE VERSION
H1 ONLINE VERSION
Appendix H1-B: Repairs, alterations and
discontinued use of drains and sewers
Legislation owner. The costs may be recovered from the
owner or owners of the drain or sewer.
B.1 Although the Building Regulations do
not include requirements for the continuing Repair, reconstruction or
maintenance or repair of drains and sewers,
local authorities and sewerage undertakers have alterations to underground
powers to ensure that adequate maintenance drains or sewers
is carried out, that repairs and alterations are
carried out properly, and that disused drains B.6 Although repairs, reconstruction or minor
and sewers are sealed. alterations to drains or sewers are not normally
covered under the Building Regulations, local
Power to examine and test authorities have other powers to control such works.
B.2 Under Section 48 (Power of local authority B.7 Material alterations to existing drains
to examine and test drains etc. believed to be and sewers are, however, covered under the
defective) of the Public Health Act 1936 the local Building Regulations.
authority may test any drain or sewer where it B.8 Notice to be given before repairs or
appears to them that they have reasonable alterations are carried out. Under Section 61
grounds for believing that is in such a condition: (Repair etc. of drain) of the Building Act 1984,
a. as to be prejudicial to health or a nuisance any person intending to repair, reconstruct or
(for example it is harbouring rats); or alter a drain must, except in an emergency, give
24 hours notice to the local authority of their
b. (for those drains or sewers indirectly intention to carry out the works. Where the works
connecting to a public sewer) is so defective are carried out in an emergency they shall not
that groundwater leaks into it. cover over the work without giving such notice.
B.3 Under Section 114 (Power to investigate They must also give free access to the local
defective drain or sewer) of the Water Industry authority to inspect the works.
Act 1991, sewerage undertakers may examine B.9 The local authority may, if appropriate, use
and test any drain or private sewer connecting their powers under Section 48 of the 1936 Public
with a public sewer, where it appears to them Health Act (see paragraph B.2) to test the drain,
that they have reasonable grounds for believing or under Section 59 of the Building Act 1984 (see
that is in such a condition: paragraph B.4) to require remedial works.
a. as to be injurious or likely to cause injury to
health or be a nuisance; or Sealing or removal of disused
b. is so defective that subsoil water leaks into it. drains or sewers
B.10 Disused drains and sewers offer ideal
Power to require repairs harbourage to rats and frequently offer a route for
B.4 Under Section 59 (Drainage of building) them to move between sewers and the surface.
of the Building Act 1984 the local authority may They could also collapse causing subsidence.
require the owner of a building to carry out B.11 Under Section 62 (Disconnection of drain)
remedial works where a soil pipe, drain or of the Building Act 1984, any person who carries
private sewer is: out works which result in any part of a drain
a. insufficient; becoming permanently disused, they shall seal
the drain at such points as the local authority
b. in such a condition as to be prejudicial to may direct.
health or a nuisance; or
B.12 Section 82 (Notices about demolition) of
c. so defective that subsoil water leaks into it. the Building Act 1984 allows the local authority
to require any person demolishing a building to
Power to repair drains or remove or seal any sewer or drain to which the
private sewers building was connected.
B.5 Under Section 17 (Power to repair drains B.13 Under Section 59 (Drainage of building)
etc. and to remedy stopped up drains etc.) of of the Building Act 1984, the local authority can
the Public Health Act 1961, as amended, local require the owner of a building to remove, or
authorities have powers to repair or remove otherwise render innocuous, any disused drain or
blockages on drains or private sewers which are sewer which is prejudicial to health or a nuisance.
not sufficiently maintained or kept in good repair
or are stopped up, provided the cost does not
exceed £250. They must first give notice to the
ONLINE VERSION 25
REPAIRS, ALTERATIONS AND DISCONTINUED
OAND
N LSEWERS
INE VERSION
H1 USE OF DRAINS
Guidance
B.14 Paragraphs B.15 to B.19 give guidance on
the appropriate methods associated with the repair
and alteration of drains and sewers, and the
removal or sealing of disused drains and sewers.
Repairs and alterations

B.15 Repairs, reconstruction and alterations to
existing drains and sewers should be carried out
to the same standards as new drains and sewers
(see Approved Document H1 Section 2).
B.16 Where new pipework is connected to
existing pipework, particular consideration
should be given to the following points.
a. Ensuring that the existing pipework is not
damaged, for example by using proper
cutting equipment.
b. Ensuring that the resulting joint is water tight,
for example by using purpose made repair
couplings.
c. Ensuring that differential settlement does
not occur between the existing and new
pipework, for example by proper bedding
of the pipework.
Sealing disused drains

B.17 Disused drains or sewers provide ideal
nesting sites for rats. In order to prevent this
disused drains or sewers should be disconnected
from the sewer system as near as possible to the
point of connection. This should be done in a
manner which does not damage any pipe which
is still in use and ensures that the sewer system is
water tight. This may be carried out, for example,
by removing the pipe from a junction and placing
a stopper in the branch of the junction fitting.
Where the connection was to a public sewer the
sewerage undertaker should be consulted.
B.18 Drains or sewers less than 1.5m deep which
are in open ground should as far as is practicable
be removed. Other pipes should be sealed at
both ends and at any point of connection, and
grout filled to ensure that rats cannot gain access.
B.19 Larger pipes (225mm and above) should
be grout filled to prevent subsidence or damage
to buildings or services in the event of collapse.

26
ONLINE VERSION
ONLINE VERSION H1
Appendix H1-C: Adoption of sewers and
connection to public sewers
C.1 There are a number of different ways in Making connections to public sewers
which a sewer may become a public sewer.
Drains serving only one curtilage cannot be C.7 Under Section 106 (Right to communicate
adopted by the sewerage undertaker. with public sewer) of the Water Industry Act 1991,
the owner or occupier of a building has a right
An agreement with the sewerage to connect to a public sewer subject to the
following restrictions.
undertaker to adopt sewers on
a. Where the public sewer is designated as
completion either a foul sewer or a surface water sewer,
C.2 Under Section 104 (Agreements to adopt the right is limited to connection of foul drains
sewer or sewage disposal works at future date) or surface water drains as appropriate.
of the Water Industry Act 1991, a sewerage b. The manner of the connection would not be
undertaker may enter into an agreement with a prejudicial to the public sewer system.
developer to adopt a sewer at some time in the
future subject to certain conditions. In cases of c. 21 days notice is given to the sewerage
dispute appeals may be made to the Director undertaker of the intention to make the
General of Water Services. connection.
C.3 Sewerage undertakers normally require C.8 Under Section 107 (Right of undertaker to
the work to be carried out in accordance with undertake making of communication with public
their standards which are published in Sewers sewers) of the Water Industry Act 1991, the
for Adoption. sewerage undertaker may undertake the work
of making the connection and recover their
Requisition of a sewer from the reasonable costs. Alternatively they may allow
the developer to undertake to carry out the work
sewerage undertaker under their supervision.
C.4 Under Section 98 (Requisition of public C.9 Guidance on making connections to existing
sewer) of the Water Industry Act 1991, the owner sewers is given in paragraphs 2.15 and 2.16.
or occupier of a building or proposed building or
a local authority may requisition a sewer from the Drains which could be used to
sewerage undertaker. The sewer is constructed
by the sewerage undertaker who may use its drain other developments
rights of access to land. The person requisitioning C.10 Section 112 of the Water Industry Act
the sewer may be required to contribute towards 1991 enables the sewerage undertaker to require
the cost of the sewer over a period of 12 years. that a drain or sewer be constructed in a different
manner so that it may form part of the general
Adoption by the sewerage system of drainage. The sewerage undertaker
repays the person constructing the drain or
undertaker at the request of sewer the additional costs of complying with
the owner the undertaker’s requirement.
C.5 Under Section 102 (Adoption of sewers and Where land or property neighbouring the applicant’s
disposal works) of the Water Industry Act 1991, site is likely to be developed, it would be prudent
a person may request a sewerage undertaker for the applicant to discuss the possibilities with the
to adopt an existing sewer. The sewer should planning authority and the sewerage undertaker.
be in good condition and accessible. In cases
of dispute, appeals may be made to the Director Adoption of surface water sewers
General of Water Services.
by the Highway Authority
Adoption by the sewerage C.11 Under Section 37 (Highway created by
dedication may become maintainable at public
undertaker at its own volition expense) or Section 38 (Power of highway
C.6 Under Section 102 (Adoption of sewers authorities to adopt by agreement) of the Highways
and disposal works) of the Water Industry Act Act 1980, a highway authority may adopt, or agree
1991, a sewerage undertaker may decide to to adopt in the future the drainage associated
adopt an existing sewer of its own volition. with a highway. Under Section 115 (Use of
The sewer should be in good condition and highway drains as sewers and vice versa) of the
accessible. In cases of dispute, appeals may be Water Industry Act 1991, the highway authority
made to the Director General of Water Services. may agree that a highway drain may be used to
drain rainwater from buildings. This power is
descretionary.
ONLINE VERSION 27
H1 ADOPTION OF O N L I AND
SEWERS N E CONNECTION
V E R S I OTONPUBLIC SEWERS
Table C1 Characteristics that should be considered when designing or laying a
shared drain/sewer so that it meets the basic requirements for adoption
a. Sewers should be designed and constructed in accordance with the Protocol on Design Protocol on Design, Construction and
Construction and Adoption of Sewers in England and Wales Adoption of Sewers in England and
Wales, Defra, 2002
b. Sewers should be laid at an appropriate distance from buildings so as to avoid damage H1-2.17, H1-2.25 and Diagram 8. The
to the foundations distance from foundation to any drain
is set out in H1-2.25.
When building over a sewer the
recommended minimum distance
is 3m (H4-1.6)
c. The manholes and chambers, especially in private land, should be located so that they H1-2.51. Consult sewerage undertaker
are, and continue to be, easily accessible manually or, if necessary, with maintenance about access for plant
equipment such as pipe jetters or mini-excavators. This is of particular importance
where the depth would justify mechanical excavation to undertake repair work
Although design codes indicate that access points may be up to 200m apart, it is
unlikely that it would be possible to rod or safely pressure jet small-diameter pipes over
such a distance; 100m is more appropriate
d. The last access point on the house drain should be sized to allow man entry and should H1-2.51
be located in an accessible position. This access point should, as far as practicable, be
located adjacent to the curtilage and preferably form an interface with the connection to
the lateral where it runs outside the curtilage of the property to discharge into a sewer in
a highway, into public open space or into third-party land
As this final manhole is likely to be in position where vehicle or plant loading is
anticipated, its construction should accord with Sewers for Adoption
e. House ‘collector’ drains serving each property should normally discharge into the sewer H1-2.13 to 2.16
via a single junction or a manhole
f. Sewers should not be laid deeper than necessary, but in all cases the structural integrity H1-2.27 and BS EN 1295-1
of the pipe needs to be maintained. This can normally be done by providing a cover
to the top of the pipe barrel of 1.2m or 0.9m in highways or private land respectively. If
these depths are not practicable, special protection measures such as a concrete slab
should be provided
g. Sizing and design of manholes and chambers should depend on the depth and on H1-2.48
whether man entry is required. Manholes on or near highways or other roads need to
be of robust construction
h. Sewers should be laid in straight lines in both vertical and horizontal alignments H1-2.19
j. The first preference should be to provide separate foul and surface water sewerage Requirement H5, H1-2.35 and H3-3.5.
systems. Where ‘combined’ or ‘partially combined’ sewerage is unavoidable, the sizing See also BS EN 752 Parts 3 and 4,
and the design of that sewer should be enhanced in accordance with the current codes particularly note Annex ND in BS EN
and design methodologies to make additional provisions to deal with the runoff 752 Part 4

28
ONLINE VERSION
ONLIN
WASTEWATER TREATMENT E V EAND
SYSTEMS R SCESSPOOLS
ION H2
The Requirement
2010.
Wastewater treatment systems and cesspools

H2. (1) Any septic tank and its form of secondary treatment,
other wastewater treatment system or cesspool shall be so sited
and constructed that:
(a) it is not prejudicial to the health of any person;
(b) it will not contaminate any watercourse, underground
water or water supply;
(c) there are adequate means of access for emptying
and maintenance; and
(d) where relevant, it will function to a sufficient
standard for the protection of health in the event of a
power failure.
(2) Any septic tank, holding tank which is part of a
wastewater treatment system or cesspool shall be:
(a) of adequate capacity;
(b) so constructed that it is impermeable to liquids;
and
(c) adequately ventilated.
(3) Where a foul water drainage system from a building
discharges to a septic tank, wastewater treatment system or
cesspool, a durable notice shall be affixed in a suitable place
in the building containing information on any continuing
maintenance required to avoid risks to health.
Guidance
Performance i. be prejudicial to health or a nuisance;
In the Secretary of State’s view the requirements ii. adversely affect water sources or resources;
of H2 will be met if: iii. pollute controlled waters;
a. wastewater treatment systems: iv. be in an area where there is a risk
i. have sufficient capacity to enable of flooding.
breakdown and settlement of solid matter d. septic tanks and wastewater treatment
in the wastewater from the buildings; systems and cesspools are constructed and
ii. are sited and constructed so as to prevent sited so as to:
overloading of the receiving water. i. have adequate ventilation;
b. cesspools have sufficient capacity to store ii. prevent leakage of the contents and
the foul water from the building until they ingress of subsoil water.
are emptied;
e. having regard to water table levels at any
c. wastewater treatment systems and cesspools time of the year and rising groundwater
are sited and constructed so as not to: levels, drainage fields are sited and
constructed so as to:
ONLINE VERSION 29
H2 GUIDANCE ONLINE VERSION
i. avoid overloading of the soakage capacity 1.3 Septic tanks with some form of secondary
and treatment will normally be the most economic
means of treating wastewater from small
ii. provide adequately for the availability of
developments (e.g. 1 to 3 dwellings). Appropriate
an aerated layer in the soil at all times.
forms of secondary treatment for use with septic
f. a notice giving information as to the nature tanks (drainage fields, drainage mounds or
and frequency of maintenance required for constructed wetlands) are described in paragraphs
the cesspool or wastewater treatment system 1.4 to 1.10 below.
to continue to function satisfactorily is
1.4 Drainage fields typically consist of a
displayed within each of the buildings.
system of sub-surface irrigation pipes which
allow the effluent to percolate into the surrounding
Introduction to provisions soil. Biological treatment takes place naturally in
0.1 A wastewater treatment system may be the aerated layers of soil.
a septic tank, together with a drainage field or 1.5 Drainage fields may be used to provide
other means of secondary treatment, or other secondary treatment in conjunction with septic
wastewater treatment system. tanks. They may be used where the subsoil is
0.2 Paragraphs 1.1 to 1.72 give guidance only sufficiently free-draining and the site is not prone
on the general principles relating to capacity, to flooding or waterlogging at any time of year.
siting and ventilation of cesspools and 1.6 The Environment Agency does not permit
wastewater treatment systems. drainage fields or drainage mounds in prescribed
0.3 Any discharge from a wastewater Zone 1 groundwater source-protection zones.
treatment system is likely to require a consent 1.7 Drainage mounds are essentially drainage
from the Environment Agency. fields placed above the natural surface of the
Note: Initial contact with the Environment ground providing an aerated layer of soil to treat
Agency is normally made as part of the planning the discharge.
procedures for non-mains drainage. Where there 1.8 Drainage mounds may be used where the
have not previously been such discussions with subsoil is occasionally waterlogged, but where
the Environment Agency, those seeking Building drainage fields would otherwise be suitable.
Regulations approval for non-mains drainage
should contact the area office of the Environment 1.9 Constructed wetlands (for example reed
Agency in order to determine whether a consent beds) are man-made systems which exploit the
to discharge is required and what parameters natural treatment capacity of certain wetland plants.
apply. This should be done before an application 1.10 Constructed wetlands discharging to a
is made for Building Regulations approval as it suitable watercourse may be used to treat septic
may have a direct bearing on the type of system tank effluent where drainage fields are not
that may be installed. Further information is practical. The consent of the Environment
available in the Environment Agency’s Pollution Agency may be required.
Prevention Guideline No. 4 Disposal of sewage
where no mains drainage is available. 1.11 Packaged treatment works – This term
is applied to a range of systems engineered to
0.4 Specialist knowledge is advisable in the treat a given hydraulic and organic load using
detailed design and installation of small sewage prefabricated components which can be installed
treatment works and guidance is given in with minimal site work. They use a number of
BS 6297:1983 Code of practice for design and processes which are different in detail, all treat
installation of small sewage treatment works effluent to a higher standard than septic tank
and cesspools (see also paragraph 1.72). systems and this normally allows direct discharge
to a watercourse.
Options
1.12 Packaged treatment works discharging
1.1 The use of non-mains foul drainage, such to a suitable watercourse will normally be more
as wastewater treatment systems or cesspools, economic for larger developments than septic tanks.
should only be considered where connection to They should also be considered where space is
mains drainage is not practicable (see Approved limited or where other options are not possible.
Document H1).
1.13 Cesspools – A cesspool is a watertight
1.2 Septic tanks provide suitable conditions for tank, installed underground, for the storage of
the settlement, storage and partial decomposition sewage. No treatment is involved.
of solids which need to be removed at regular
intervals. The discharge can, however, still be 1.14 Where no other option is feasible a
harmful and will require further treatment from either cesspool may be acceptable.
a drainage field/mound or constructed wetland.

30
ONLINE VERSION
GUIDANCE ONLINE VERSION H2
Septic tanks 1.24 Septic tanks should be provided with
access for emptying and cleaning. Access covers
1.15 Septic tanks should only be used in should be of durable quality having regard to the
conjunction with a form of secondary treatment corrosive nature of the tank contents. The access
(e.g. a drainage field, drainage mound or should be lockable or otherwise engineered to
constructed wetland). prevent personnel entry.
Siting Marking
1.16 Septic tanks should be sited at least 1.25 A notice should be fixed within the building
7m from any habitable parts of buildings, and describing the necessary maintenance. An
preferably downslope. example of such wording is:
1.17 Where they are to be emptied using a ‘The foul drainage system from this property
tanker, the septic tank should be sited within 30m discharges to a septic tank and a <insert type of
of a vehicle access provided that the invert level secondary treatment>. The tank requires monthly
of the septic tank is no more than 3m below the inspections of the outlet chamber or distribution
level of the vehicle access. This distance may box to observe that the effluent is free-flowing
need to be reduced where the depth to the invert and clear. The septic tank requires emptying at
of the tank is more than 3m. There should also be least once every 12 months by a licensed contractor.
a clear route for the hose such that the tank can The <insert type of secondary treatment> should
be emptied and cleaned without hazard to the be <insert details of maintenance of secondary
building occupants and without the contents treatment>. The owner is legally responsible to
being taken through a dwelling or place of work. ensure that the system does not cause pollution,
a health hazard or a nuisance.’
Design and construction
1.18 Septic tanks should have a capacity below Drainage fields and
the level of the inlet of at least 2,700 litres (2.7m³)
for up to 4 users. The size should be increased drainage mounds
by 180 litres for each additional user. 1.26 Paragraphs 1.27 to 1.44 give guidance on
1.19 Factory-made septic tanks are available design and construction of drainage fields and
in glass reinforced plastics, polyethylene or drainage mounds to provide secondary treatment
steel and should meet the requirements of to the discharge from a septic tank or package
BS EN 12566-1. Particular care is necessary treatment plant.
in ensuring stability of these tanks. Siting
1.20 Septic tanks may also be constructed in 1.27 A drainage field or mound serving a
brickwork or concrete, roofed with heavy concrete wastewater treatment plant or septic tank should
slabs. Brickwork should be of engineering bricks be located:
and be at least 220mm thick. The mortar should
be a mix of 1:3 cement–sand ratio. In situ concrete a. at least 10m from any watercourse or
should be at least 150mm thick of C/25/P mix permeable drain;
(see BS 5328). b. at least 50m from the point of abstraction of
1.21 Septic tanks should prevent leakage of the any groundwater supply and not in any Zone
contents and ingress of subsoil water and should 1 groundwater protection zone;
be ventilated. Ventilation should be kept away c. at least 15m from any building;
from buildings.
d. sufficiently far from any other drainage fields,
1.22 The inlet and outlet of a septic tank should drainage mounds or soakaways so that the
be designed to prevent disturbance to the surface overall soakage capacity of the ground is not
scum or settled sludge and should incorporate at exceeded.
least two chambers or compartments operating
in series. Where the width of the tank does not 1.28 The disposal area should be downslope of
exceed 1200mm the inlet should be via a dip groundwater sources.
pipe. To minimise turbulence, provision should be 1.29 No water supply pipes or underground
made to limit the flow rate of the incoming foul services other than those required by the
water. For steeply laid drains up to 150mm the disposal system itself should be located within
velocity may be limited by laying the last 12m of the disposal area.
the incoming drain at a gradient of 1 in 50 or flatter.
1.30 No access roads, driveways or paved
1.23 The inlet and outlet pipes of a septic tank areas should be located within the disposal area.
should be provided with access for sampling
and inspection (see Approved Document H1,
paragraph 2.48).
ONLINE VERSION 31
Ground conditions 1.35 Fill the 300mm square section of the hole
to a depth of at least 300mm with water and
1.31 Well drained and well aerated subsoils
allow it to seep away overnight.
are usually brown, yellow or reddish in colour.
Examples of subsoils with good percolation 1.36 Next day, refill the test section with water
characteristics are sand, gravel, chalk, sandy to a depth of at least 300mm and observe the
loam and clay loam. It is important that the time, in seconds, for the water to seep away from
percolation characteristics are suitable in both 75% full to 25% full level (i.e. a depth of 150mm).
summer and winter conditions. Poorly drained Divide this time by 150. The answer gives the
or saturated subsoils are often grey or blue in average time in seconds (Vp) required for the
colour. Brown and grey mottling usually indicates water to drop 1mm.
periodic saturation. Examples of subsoils with
1.37 The test should be carried out at least
poor percolation characteristics are sandy clay,
three times with at least two trial holes. The
silty clay and clay.
average figure from the tests should be taken.
1.32 A preliminary assessment should be The test should not be carried out during
carried out including consultation with the abnormal weather conditions such as heavy
Environment Agency and local authority to rain, severe frost or drought.
determine the suitability of the site. The natural
1.38 Drainage field disposal should only be
vegetation on the site should also give an
used when percolation tests indicate average
indication of its suitability for a drainage field.
values of Vp of between 12 and 100 and the
1.33 A trial hole should be dug to determine preliminary site assessment report and trial hole
the position of the standing groundwater table. tests have been favourable. This minimum value
The trial hole should be a minimum of 1m2 in area ensures that untreated effluent cannot percolate
and 2m deep, or a minimum of 1.5m below the too rapidly into groundwater. Where Vp is outside
invert of the proposed drainage field pipework. these limits effective treatment is unlikely to take
The groundwater table should not rise to within place in a drainage field. However, provided that
1m of the invert level of the proposed effluent an alternative form of secondary treatment is
distribution pipes. If the test is carried out in provided to treat the effluent from the septic
summer, the likely winter groundwater levels tanks, it may still be possible to discharge the
should be considered. A percolation test should treated effluent to a soakaway.
then be carried out to assess the further
suitability of the proposed area. Design and construction
1.34 Percolation test method – A hole 1.39 Drainage fields or mounds (see Diagrams
300mm square should be excavated to a depth 1 and 2) should be designed and constructed
300mm below the proposed invert level of the to ensure aerobic contact between the liquid
effluent distribution pipe. Where deep drains are effluent and the subsoil.
necessary the hole should conform to this shape 1.40 Drainage fields should be constructed
at the bottom, but may be enlarged above the using perforated pipe, laid in trenches of a
300mm level to enable safe excavation to be uniform gradient which should be not steeper
carried out. Where deep excavations are necessary than 1:200.
a modified test procedure may be adopted using
a 300mm earth auger. Bore the test hole vertically 1.41 Pipes should be laid on a 300mm layer of
to the appropriate depth taking care to remove all clean shingle or broken stone graded between
loose debris. 20mm and 50mm.
Diagram 1 Drainage field

32
ONLINE VERSION
Diagram 2 Drainage mound
Notes:
1. To provide venting of the filter, the upstream ends of the distribution pipes may be extended vertically above mound level and capped with a cowl or grille.
2. Surface water runoff and uncontaminated seepage from the surrounding soil may be cut off by shallow interceptor drains and diverted away from
the mound. There must be no seepage of wastewater to such an interceptor drain.
3. Where the permeable soil is slow draining and overlaid on an impervious layer, the mound filter system should be constructed on a gently sloping site.
1.42 Trenches should be filled to a level the true bulrush (Schoenoplectus lacustris) as
50mm above the pipe and covered with a layer well as members of the sedge family (Carex) and
of geotextile to prevent the entry of silt. The the yellow flag (Iris pseudacorus).
remainder of the trench can be filled with soil;
1.47 Constructed wetlands should not be
the distribution pipes should be laid at a minimum
constructed in the shade of trees or buildings as
depth of 500mm below the surface.
this will result in poor or patchy growth. Although
Drainage trenches should be from 300mm to winter performance is generally similar with
900mm wide, with areas of undisturbed ground respect to removal of BOD and suspended
2m wide being maintained between parallel solids, it tends to be poorer than in summer for
trenches (see Diagram 1). removal of ammonia due to lower temperatures.
This should be taken into consideration during
1.43 An inspection chamber should be installed
the design stage.
between the septic tank and the drainage field.
1.48 There are two main designs of constructed
1.44 Drainage fields should be set out as a
wetland system, horizontal flow and vertical flow.
continuous loop fed from the inspection chamber
(see Diagram 1). To calculate the floor area of the 1.49 Horizontal flow systems are continuously
drainage field (At in m²), the following formula fed with wastewater from one end. The effluent
should be used: flows horizontally through the gravel bed over
the full width of the bed to the outlet end (see
At = p x Vp x 0.25
Diagram 3). Horizontal flow systems tend to be
where p is the number of persons served by oxygen limited and they therefore tend not to be
the tank, Vp is the percolation value (secs/mm) able to completely treat concentrated effluents,
obtained as described in paragraphs 1.34–1.38. particularly those with high levels of ammonia.
Horizontal flow systems require a level site. As
Constructed wetlands/reed beds they only use a single bed less maintenance is
required than with vertical flow systems.
1.45 Reed bed treatment systems or other
constructed wetland treatment systems can be 1.50 Vertical flow systems are intermittently
used to provide secondary or tertiary treatment fed with wastewater from the top flooding the
of effluent from septic tanks or packaged surface followed by a period of rest. For this
treatment works. The systems purify wastewater reason two or more beds are normally provided
as it moves through the gravel bed around the so that they can be used in rotation. The flow
rhizomes and roots, by removing organic matter is predominantly downward to an outlet at the
(BOD), oxidising ammonia, reducing nitrate and bottom (see Diagram 4) and is collected by a
removing a little phosphorus. The mechanisms drainage network at the base. They therefore
are complex and involve bacterial oxidation, require a fall of between 1m and 2m. Vertical
filtration, sedimentation and chemical precipitation. flow systems can achieve much better oxygen
transfer than horizontal flow systems and
1.46 Reed beds generally use the common therefore achieve more complete treatment,
reed (Phragmites australis); other types of plants particularly of ammonia. They generally require
used in constructed wetlands include the reed more maintenance than horizontal systems.
maces (Typha latifolia), the rush (Juncus effusus),
ONLINE VERSION 33
Diagram 3 Typical horizontal flow reed bed treatment system
Diagram 4 Typical vertical flow reed bed treatment system

34
ONLINE VERSION
1.51 Reed bed treatment systems should be Cesspools
designed and constructed in accordance with
BRE Good Building Guide No. 42. Other forms of Siting
constructed wetland treatment system should be
1.58 The site of the cesspool should preferably
designed and constructed by specialists.
be on ground sloping away from and sited lower
Marking than any existing building in the immediate vicinity.
1.52 A notice should be fixed within the 1.59 Cesspools should be sited at least 7m
building describing the necessary maintenance. from any habitable parts of buildings and
An example of such wording is: preferably downslope.
‘The foul drainage system from this building 1.60 Cesspools should be sited within 30m of
discharges to a <insert type of primary treatment> a vehicle access and at such levels that they can
and a constructed wetland. The <insert type of be emptied and cleaned without hazard to the
primary treatment> requires <insert details of building occupants or the contents being taken
maintenance of the primary treatment>. The through a dwelling or place of work. Access may be
constructed wetland system requires <insert details through a covered space which may be lockable.
of maintenance of the constructed wetland>.’
1.53 Guidance on maintenance requirements
1.61 Cesspools should have a capacity below
for reed bed treatment systems is given in BRE
the level of the inlet of at least 18,000 litres (18m³)
Good Building Guide No. 42.
for 2 users. This size should be increased by
6800 litres (6.8m³) for each additional user.
Packaged treatment works
1.62 Cesspools should have no openings
Siting except for the inlet, access for emptying
1.54 The discharge from the wastewater and ventilation.
treatment plant should be sited at least 10m 1.63 Cesspools should prevent leakage of the
away from watercourses and any other buildings. contents and ingress of subsoil water and should
be ventilated.
1.64 Cesspools should be provided with
1.55 Packaged treatment works should be access for emptying and cleaning. Access covers
type-tested in accordance with BS 7781 or should be of durable quality having regard to the
otherwise tested by a notified body. corrosive nature of the tank contents. The access
1.56 If the packaged treatment works requires should be lockable or otherwise engineered to
power to operate it should be able to adequately prevent personnel entry.
function without power for up to 6 hours or have 1.65 Factory-made cesspools are available in
an uninterruptable power supply. glass reinforced plastics, polyethylene or steel
Marking and should meet the relevant requirements of
BS EN 12566-1. Particular care is necessary in
1.57 A notice should be fixed within the ensuring stability of these tanks.
building describing the necessary maintenance.
An example of such wording is: 1.66 Cesspools may be constructed in brickwork
or concrete, roofed with heavy concrete slabs.
‘The foul drainage system from this property Brickwork should be of engineering bricks and be
discharges to a packaged treatment works. at least 220mm thick. The mortar should be a mix
Maintenance is required <insert frequency> and of 1:3 cement–sand ratio. In situ concrete should be
should be carried out by the owner in accordance at least 150mm thick of C/25/P mix (see BS 5328).
with the manufacturer’s instructions. The owner
is legally responsible to ensure that the system 1.67 The inlet of a cesspool should be provided
does not cause pollution, a health hazard or with access for inspection (see Approved
a nuisance.’ Document H1 Section 2).
Marking
1.68 A notice should be fixed within the
building describing the necessary maintenance.
An example of such wording is:
‘The foul drainage system from this property is
served by a cesspool. The system should be
emptied approximately every <insert design
emptying frequency> by a licensed contractor
and inspected fortnightly for overflow. The owner
is legally responsible to ensure that the system
does not cause pollution, a health hazard or
a nuisance.’
ONLINE VERSION 35
Greywater and rainwater
storage tanks
1.69 Paragraphs 1.70 to 1.71 give guidance
on tanks for the storage of greywater or rainwater
for re-use within the building. It does not apply to
water butts used for the storage of rainwater for
garden use.
1.70 Greywater and rainwater tanks should:
a. prevent leakage of the contents and ingress
of subsoil water, and should be ventilated;
b. have an anti-backflow device on any overflow
connected to a drain or sewer to prevent
contamination of the stored greywater or
rainwater in the event of surcharge in the
drain or sewer;
c. be provided with access for emptying and
cleaning. Access covers should be of durable
quality having regard to the corrosive nature
of the tank contents. The access should be
lockable or otherwise engineered to prevent
personnel entry.
1.71 Further guidance on systems for greywater
and rainwater re-use can be found in the Water
Regulations Advisory Scheme leaflet No. 09-02-04.
Reclaimed Water Systems. Information about
installing, modifying or maintaining reclaimed
water systems.
following the relevant recommendations of
BS 6297:1983 Code of practice for design and
installation of small sewage treatment works and
cesspools. The relevant clauses are in Section 1,
Section 2, Section 3 (Clauses 6–11), Section 4
and Appendices.

36
ONLINE VERSION
ONLINE VERSION H2
Appendix H2-A: Maintenance of wastewater
treatment systems and cesspools
Legislation Powers of the Environment Agency
A.1 Local authorities have powers to ensure A.8 The Environment Agency has powers
that wastewater treatment systems or cesspools under Section 85 (Offences of polluting controlled
are adequately maintained. waters) of the Water Resources Act 1991 to
prosecute anyone causing or knowingly permitting
Power to examine and test pollution of any stream, river, lake, etc. or any
groundwater.
A.2 Under Section 48 (Power of local authority
to examine and test drains etc. believed to be A.9 They also have powers under Section
defective) of the Public Health Act 1936, the local 161A (Notices requiring persons to carry out
authority may test any cesspool, septic tank or anti-pollution works and operations) of the
settlement tank where it appears to them that Water Resources Act 1991 (as amended by the
they have reasonable grounds for believing that Environment Act 1995) to take action against any
it is in such a condition as to be prejudicial to person causing or knowingly permitting a situation
health or a nuisance. in which pollution of a stream, river, lake, etc. or
groundwater is likely. They can require such a
Power in respect of overflowing or person to carry out works to prevent the pollution.
leaking cesspools, septic
tanks, etc. GUIDANCE ON MAINTENANCE
A.10 Paragraphs A.11 to A.22 give guidance on
A.3 Under Section 50 (Overflowing and leaking the appropriate maintenance of wastewater
cesspools) of the Public Health Act 1936, the treatment systems and cesspools.
local authority can take action against any person
who has caused by their action, default or Septic tanks
sufferance, a septic tank, settlement tank or
cesspool to leak or overflow. They may require A.11 Septic tanks should be inspected monthly
the person to carry out repairs or to periodically to check they are working correctly. The effluent
empty the tank. in the outlet from the tank should be free-flowing
and clear. The flow in the inlet chamber should
A.4 This does not apply to the overflow of also be free-flowing.
treated effluent or flow from a septic tank into
a drainage field, provided the overflow is not A.12 If the flow is incorrect, the tank should
prejudicial to health or a nuisance. be emptied by a licensed contractor. Some
contractors offer annual maintenance contracts
A.5 It should be noted that under this section at reduced rates.
action could be taken against a builder who
had caused the problem, and not just against A.13 The septic tank should be emptied at least
the owner. once a year. It is recommended that not all sludge
is removed as it can act as an anaerobic seed.
Power to require repairs A.14 If the tank is not adequately maintained
A.6 Under Section 59 (Drainage of building) and solids are carried into a drainage field/
of the Building Act 1984, the local authority may mound, the sediments can block the pores in the
require the owner or occupier of a building to soil, necessitating the early replacement of the
carry out remedial works where a septic tank, drainage field/mound. Occasionally, it can render
settlement tank or cesspool is: the site unsuitable for future use as drainage
field/mound.
a. insufficient;
b. in such a condition as to be prejudicial to Drainage fields and mounds
health or a nuisance; or A.15 The drainage field/mound should be
c. so defective that groundwater leaks into it. checked on a monthly basis to ensure that it is
not waterlogged and that the effluent is not
Disused septic tanks, backing up towards the septic tank.
cesspools, etc. Packaged treatment works
A.7 Also under Section 59 (Drainage of building) A.16 The outlet of the works should be
of the Building Act 1984, where a disused cesspool, inspected regularly. The effluent should be free-
septic tank or settlement tank is prejudicial to flowing and clear.
health or a nuisance, the local authority may require
either the owner or the occupier to fill or remove
the tank or otherwise render it innocuous.
ONLINE VERSION 37
MAINTENANCE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
H2 SYSTEMS ANDO NLINE VERSION
CESSPOOLS
A.17 Maintenance will vary depending on the
type of plant; regular maintenance and inspection
should be carried out in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.
A.18 Where the treatment works serve more
than one property, the developer may seek to get
it adopted by the sewerage undertaker under
Section 102 (Adoption of sewers and disposal
works) or Section 104 (Agreements to adopt a
sewer or disposal works at a future date) of the
Water Industry Act 1991 (see Approved Document
H1, Appendix H1-B).
Constructed wetlands/reed beds

A.19 Guidance on maintenance of reed beds
can be found in BRE Good Building Guide No. 42.
Cesspools
A.20 Cesspools should be inspected fortnightly
for overflow and emptied as required.
A.21 Typically they require emptying on a
monthly basis by a licensed contractor.
A.22 Emptying frequencies may be estimated
by assuming a filling rate of 150 litres per person
per day. If the cesspool does not fill within the
estimated period, the tank should be checked
for leakage.

38
ONLINE VERSION
ONLINE
RAINWATER DRAINAGE VERSION H3
The Requirement
2010.
Rainwater drainage
H3. (1) Adequate provision shall be made for rainwater to be
carried from the roof of the building.
(2) Paved areas around the building shall be so constructed Requirement H3(2) applies only to paved areas:
as to be adequately drained.
(a) which provide access to the building pursuant
to requirement M1 (access and use of buildings other than
dwellings), or requirement M2 (access to extensions to
buildings other than dwellings), or requirement M4(1), (2) or
(3) (access to and use of dwellings);
(b) which provide access to or from a place of storage
pursuant to requirement H6(2) (solid waste storage); or
(c) in any passage giving access to the building,
where this is intended to be used in common by the occupiers
of one or more other buildings.
(3) Rainwater from a system provided pursuant to sub- Requirement H3(3) does not apply to the gathering of rainwater
paragraphs (1) or (2) shall discharge to one of the following, for re-use.
listed in order of priority:
(a) an adequate soakaway or some other adequate
infiltration system; or, where that is not reasonably practicable,
(b) a watercourse; or, where that is not reasonably
practicable,
(c) a sewer.
Guidance
Performance ii. minimises the risk of blockage or leakage,
In the Secretary of State’s view the requirements iii. is accessible for clearing blockages.
of H3 will be met if: c. rainwater soaking into the ground is distributed
a. rainwater from roofs and paved areas is sufficiently so that it does not damage the
carried away from the surface either by a foundations of the proposed building or
drainage system or by other means; any adjacent structure.
b. a rainwater drainage system:
i. carries the flow of rainwater from the roof
to an outfall (a soakaway, a watercourse,
a surface water or a combined sewer),
ONLINE VERSION 39
Introduction to provisions b. which are yards or other forms of access
intended to be used in common by more than
0.1 The provisions in this document in relation one building.
to the drainage of paved areas apply only to
paved areas: The provisions of H3 only apply if these surfaces
are paved.
a. within the curtilage of a building which are
0.2 Methods of drainage other than connection
i. provided in accordance with requirements to a public surface water sewer are encouraged
M2 and M4, to provide access to the where they are technically feasible.
principal entrance (see Approved Document
M volume 2 section 1 for buildings other 0.3 The capacity of the drainage system
than dwellings and Approved Document M should be large enough to carry the expected
volume 1 sections 1A, 2A and 3A for flow at any point in the system.
dwellings); 0.4 The flow depends on the area to be
ii. provided in accordance with requirement drained and the intensity of the rainfall.
H6 to give access from the building to 0.5 The capacity depends on the size and
the place for storing refuse, and from the gradient of the gutters and pipes. Capacities
place of storage to the collection point and minimum sizes are given in the text.
(see Approved Document H6);
0.6 Rainwater or surface water should not be
discharged to a cesspool or septic tank.
Section 1: Gutters and rainwater pipes

Design rainfall intensities 1.4 Table 2 shows the largest effective area
which should be drained into the gutter sizes
1.1 For eaves, gutters the rainfall intensity which are most often used. These sizes are for
should be obtained from Diagram 1. a gutter which is laid level, half round in section
1.2 Where the design incorporates valley with a sharp edged outlet at only one end and
gutters, parapet gutters, siphonic or drainage where the distance from a stop end to the outlet
systems from flat roofs, and where over-topping is not more than 50 times the water depth. At
of these systems would have particularly high greater distances the capacity of the gutter should
consequences such as water entering the be reduced. The Table shows the smallest size of
building, wetting of insulation or other dampness outlet which should be used with the gutter.
the design should be carried out in accordance 1.5 Where the outlet is not at the end, the
with BS EN 12056 (see paragraph 1.17). gutter should be of the size appropriate to the
larger of the areas draining into it. Where there
Gutters are two end outlets they may be up to 100 times
1.3 The flow into a gutter depends on the area the depth of flow apart.
of surface being drained and whether the surface
is flat or pitched (and, if it is pitched, on the angle
of pitch). Table 1 shows a way of allowing for the
pitch by working out an effective area.
Table 2 Gutter sizes and outlet sizes
Max. effective Gutter size Outlet size Flow
roof area (mm diam.) (mm diam.) capacity
(m2) (litres/sec)
Table 1 Calculation of drained area 6.0 – – –
Type of surface Effective design area 18.0 75 50 0.38
37.0 100 63 0.78
1 Flat roof plan area of relevant portion 53.0 115 63 1.11
65.0 125 75 1.37
2 Pitched roof at 30º plan area of portion x 1.29 103.0 150 89 2.16
Pitched roof at 45º plan area of portion x 1.50
Pitched roof at 60º plan area of portion x 1.87 Note: Refers to nominal half round eaves gutters laid level with outlets
at one end sharp edged. Round edged outlets allow smaller
downpipe sizes.
3 Pitched roof over 70º elevational area x 0.5
or any wall

40
ONLINE VERSION
ONLIN
GUTTERS AND RAINWATER E VERSION
PIPES H3
Diagram 1 Rainfall intensities for design of gutter and rainfall pipes
(litres per second per square metre)
1.6 Gutters should be laid with any fall Rainwater pipes

towards the nearest outlet. Where there is a fall
or the gutter has a section which gives it larger 1.8 Rainwater pipes should discharge into
capacity than a half-round gutter or the outlet is a drain or gully but may discharge to another
round edged it may be possible to reduce the gutter or onto another surface if it is drained. Any
size of the gutter and pipe. rainwater pipe which discharges into a combined
system should do so through a trap (see Approved
Paragraph 1.17 gives a reference to some Document H1).
detailed recommendations which make
reductions possible. 1.9 Where a rainwater pipe discharges onto
a lower roof or paved area, a pipe shoe should
1.7 Gutters should also be laid so that any be fitted to divert water away from the building.
overflow in excess of the design capacity, caused Where rainwater from a roof with an effective
by conditions such as above normal rainfall, area greater than 25m² discharges through a
will be discharged clear of the building, reducing single downpipe onto a lower roof, a distributor
the risk of overspilling of rainwater into the pipe should be fitted to the shoe to ensure that
building or structural overload. On flat roofs, the flow width at the receiving gutter is sufficient
valley gutter, and parapet gutters, additional so that it does not over-top the gutter.
outlets may be necessary.
ONLINE VERSION 41
H3 GUTTERS ANDO N L I N EPIPES
RAINWATER VERSION
1.10 The size of a rainwater pipe should be a. storage tanks should comply with requirement
at least the size of the outlet from the gutter. A H2 (see Approved Document H2 paragraphs
down pipe which serves more than one gutter 1.69 to 1.71);
should have an area at least as large as the
b. pipework, washouts and valves should be
largest of the contributing outlets and should be
clearly identified on marker plates (see Water
of sufficient size to take the flow from the whole
Regulations Advisory Scheme Information
contributing area.
Guidance Note 09-02-05 Marking and
Identification of Pipework for Reclaimed
Siphonic roof drainage systems and Grey Water Systems).
1.11 Siphonic roof drainage systems should 1.15 Further guidance on rainwater recovery
be designed in accordance with BS EN 12056-3 systems can be found in the Water Regulations
(see paragraph 1.17) and should take particular Advisory Scheme leaflet No. 09-02-04. Reclaimed
account of the following: Water Systems. Information about installing,
a. The need to take account of surcharge in the modifying or maintaining reclaimed water systems.
downstream drainage system as this can
reduce the flow in the downpipe. Materials for gutters, rainwater
b. For long gutters the time taken for the system pipes and joints
to prime the siphonic action may be excessive.
Overflow arrangements should be provided to 1.16 The materials used should be of adequate
prevent gutters from over-topping. strength and durability, and
1.12 Further information on the design of a. all gutter joints should remain water tight
siphonic drainage systems can be found in under working conditions. Pipes inside a
Hydraulics Research Ltd Report SR 463 building should be capable of withstanding
Performance of Syphonic Drainage Systems the air tightness test described in paragraph
for Roof Gutters. 1.32 of Approved Document H1, and
b. pipework in siphonic roof drainage systems
Eaves drop systems should be able to resist to negative pressures
in accordance with the design, and
1.13 Eaves drop systems allow rainwater from
roofs to drop freely to the ground. Where these c. gutters and rainwater pipes should be firmly
are used, they should be designed taking into supported without restricting thermal
account the following: movement, and
a. the protection of the fabric of the building d. different metals should be separated by
from ingress of water, caused by water non-metallic material to prevent electrolytic
splashing on the external walls; corrosion.
b. the need to prevent water from entering
doorways and windows; Alternative approach
c. the need to protect persons using doorways, 1.17 The performance can also be met by
etc. from falling water; following the relevant recommendations of
BS EN 12056 Gravity drainage systems inside
d. the need to protect persons and the fabric of buildings. The relevant clauses are in Part 3 Roof
the building from rainwater as it hits the ground drainage layout and calculation, Clauses 3 to 7,
by splashing, for example by provision of annex A and National Annexes, and in Part 5
a gravel layer or angled concrete apron Installation, testing instructions for operation
deflecting the water away from the building; maintenance and use, Clauses 3, 4, 6 and 11.
e. the protection of foundations from These standards contain additional detailed
concentrated discharges such as those from information about design and construction.
valleys or valley gutters or from excessive
flows due to large roofs (i.e. where the area
of roof per unit length of eaves is high).
Rainwater recovery systems

1.14 Rainwater drainage systems used to collect
water for re-use within the building (rainwater
recovery systems) should take account of
the following:

42
ONLINE VERSION
ONLINE VERSION H3
Section 2: Drainage of paved areas
2.1 This section gives guidance on the design 2.2 Surface gradients should direct water
of paved areas for rainwater drainage systems. It draining from a paved area away from buildings.
is applicable to the drainage of paved areas around Where the levels would otherwise cause water to
buildings and small car parks up to 4,000m². For concentrate along the wall of a building, a reverse
the design of systems serving larger catchments, gradient should be created, for at least 500mm
reference should be made to BS EN 752-4 (see from the wall of the building, to divert the water
paragraph 2.19). away from the wall.
Diagram 2 Rainfall intensities for design of drainage from paved areas and
underground rainwater drainage (litres per second per square metre)
ONLINE VERSION 43
H3 DRAINAGE TO O N LAREAS
PAVED INE VERSION
2.3 Gradients on impervious surfaces should 2.11 Pervious paving should not be used where
be designed to permit the water to drain quickly excessive amounts of sediment are likely to enter
from the surface. A gradient of at least 1 in 60 the pavement and block the pores.
is recommended. The gradient across a path
2.12 Pervious paving should not be used
should not exceed 1 in 40.
in oil storage areas, or where runoff may be
contaminated with pollutants. Surface water
Design rainfall intensities should not be allowed to soak into the ground
2.4 Design rainfall intensities of 0.014 litres/ where ground conditions are not suitable
second/m² may be assumed for normal situations. (see paragraph 3.25).
Where ponding of rainfall is undesirable rainfall 2.13 Further information on pervious paving
intensities should be obtained from Diagram 2. can be obtained from CIRIA report C522 –
2.5 For very high risk areas, where ponding Sustainable urban drainage systems – design
would lead to flooding of buildings, the drainage manual for England and Wales.
should be designed in accordance with BS EN
752-4 (see paragraph 2.19). Drainage systems
2.14 Where it is not possible for surfaces to be
Freedraining surfaces freedraining, or to use pervious paving, impervious
2.6 Paths, driveways and other narrow areas paving should be used with gullies or channels
of paving should be freedraining to a pervious discharging to a drainage system.
area such as grassland, provided that: 2.15 Gullies should be provided at low points
a. the water is not discharged adjacent where water would otherwise pond. Intermediate
to buildings where it could damage gullies should be provided at intervals to ensure
foundations; and that gullies are not overloaded and the depth of
flow in channels is not excessive.
b. the soakage capacity of the ground is
not overloaded. 2.16 Gully gratings should be set approximately
5mm below the level of the surrounding paved
2.7 Where water is to be drained onto the area in order to allow for settlement.
adjacent ground the edge of the paving should
be finished above or flush with the surrounding 2.17 Provision should be made to prevent silt
ground to allow the water to runoff. and grit entering the system, either by provision
of gully pots of suitable size or by catchpits.
2.8 Where the surrounding ground is not
sufficiently permeable to accept the flow, filter 2.18 Drainage from large paved areas should
drains may be provided (see paragraph 3.33). be designed in accordance with BS EN 752-4
(see 2.19).
Pervious paving
2.9 Pervious paving consists of a porous or
permeable surface overlying a granular layer 2.19 The performance can also be met by
which acts as a storage reservoir, retaining peak following the relevant recommendations of
flows while the water soaks into the underlying BS EN 752-4:1998 Drain and sewer systems
subsoil. They should be considered for larger outside buildings, Part 4 Hydraulic design and
paved areas where it is not possible to drain environmental aspects. The relevant clauses are
the rainwater to an adjacent pervious area. The
design of the storage layer is undertaken on a Clause 11 and National Annexes ND and NE.
similar basis to the design of the storage volume
in soakaways (see paragraphs 3.24–3.28). Where
infiltration is not possible (see paragraph 3.25),
they may also be used with an impermeable
barrier below the storage layer as a detention
tank prior to flows discharging to a drainage
system (see paragraph 3.35).
2.10 For steeply sloping surfaces, a check
should be made to ensure that the water level
can rise sufficiently in the granular storage layer
to allow the storage capacity to be mobilised.
A check should also be made to ensure that
the stored water will not accumulate around the
foundations of the building. Where infiltration is
not possible (see paragraph 3.25), they may
also be used with an impermeable barrier below
the storage layer as a detention tank prior to
flows discharging to a drainage system (see
paragraph 3.35).

44
ONLINE VERSION
ONLINE VERSION H3
Section 3: Surface water drainage
3.1 This section gives guidance on the Layout
design of surface water drainage systems. It is
applicable to the drainage of small catchments 3.11 Refer to paragraphs 2.13 to 2.21 of
with impervious areas up to 2 hectares. For the Approved Document H1.
design of systems serving larger catchments,
reference should be made to BS EN 752-4 Depth of pipes
(see paragraph 3.36). 3.12 Refer to paragraphs 2.27 and 2.28 of
Approved Document H1.
Outlets
3.2 Surface water drainage should discharge Pipe gradients and sizes
to a soakaway or other infiltration system 3.13 Drains should have enough capacity to
where practicable. carry the flow. The capacity depends on the size
3.3 Discharge to a watercourse may require a and gradients of the pipes.
consent from the Environment Agency, who may 3.14 Drains should be at least 75mm diameter.
limit the rate of discharge. Maximum flow rates Surface water sewers (serving more than one
can be limited by provision of detention basins building) should have a minimum size of 100mm.
(see paragraph 3.35). Diagram 3 shows the capacities of drains of
3.4 Where other forms of outlet are not various sizes at different gradients. However the
practicable, discharge should be made to a capacity can be increased by increasing the
sewer. gradient, or by using larger pipes.
3.15 75mm and 100mm rainwater drains should
Combined systems be laid at not less than 1:100. 150mm drains and
3.5 Some sewers carry both foul water and sewers should be laid at gradients not less than
surface water (combined systems) in the same 1:150 and 225mm drains should be laid at gradients
pipe. Where they do the sewerage undertaker not less than 1:225. For minimum gradients for
can allow surface water to discharge into the larger pipes see BS EN 752-4 (see paragraph 3.36).
system if the sewer has enough capacity to take
the added flow (see Approved Document H1
paragraph 2.1). Some private sewers (drains
serving more than one building that have not
Diagram 3 Discharge capacities
been adopted by the sewerage undertaker) also of rainwater drains
carry both foul water and surface water. If a running full
sewer operated as a combined system does not
have enough capacity, the surface water should
be run in a separate system with its own outfall.
3.6 In some circumstances, where a sewer is
operated as a combined system and has sufficient
capacity, separate drainage should still be provided
(see Approved Document H5).
3.7 Surface water drainage connected to
combined sewers should have traps on all inlets.
Design rainfall intensities

3.8 Design rainfall intensities of 0.014 litres/
second/m² may be assumed for normal
situations. Alternatively the rainfall intensity
may be obtained from Diagram 2.
3.9 Where low levels of surface flooding could
cause flooding of buildings the rainfall intensities
should be obtained from BS EN 752-4 (see
paragraph 3.36).
Design
3.10 Where there is evidence of a liability
to surcharging from sewers, or levels in the
building or on the site make gravity connection
impracticable, surface water lifting equipment
will be needed (see Approved Document H1
paragraphs 2.8 to 2.12).
ONLINE VERSION 45
H3 ON
SURFACE WATER LINE
DRAINAGE VERSION
Materials for pipes and jointing 3.26 Soakaways for areas less than 100m²
are generally formed from square or circular pits,
3.16 See paragraph 2.40 of Approved filled with rubble or lined with dry-jointed masonry
Document H1. or perforated ring units. Soakaways serving
larger areas are generally lined pits or trench
Bedding and backfilling type soakaways.
3.17 See paragraphs 2.41 to 2.45 of Approved 3.27 Soakaways should be designed to a return
Document H1. period of once in ten years. The design should be
carried out with storms of differing durations to
Clearance of blockages determine the duration which gives the largest
3.18 See paragraphs 2.46 to 2.54 of Approved storage volume. For small soakaways serving 25m²
Document H1. or less a design rainfall of 10mm in 5 minutes
may be assumed to give the worst case. For
Workmanship soakaways serving larger areas reference should
be made to the sources listed in paragraph 3.30.
3.19 See paragraphs 2.55 to 2.58 of Approved Where the ground is marginal overflow drains can
Document H1. be acceptable.
Testing and inspection 3.28 Percolation tests should be carried

out to determine the capacity of the soil (see
3.20 See paragraphs 2.59 to 2.62 of Approved Approved Document H2 paragraphs 1.34 to
Document H1. 1.38). Where the test is carried out in accordance
with Approved Document H2, the soil infiltration
Contaminated runoff rate (f) is related to the value Vp derived from
3.21 Where any materials which could cause the test by the equation:
pollution are stored or used, separate drainage
systems should be provided. This should include
an appropriate form of separator or treatment
system or the flow should be discharged into a
system suitable for receiving polluted effluent.
3.29 The storage volume should be calculated
3.22 On car parks, petrol filling stations or other so that, over the duration the storm, it is sufficient
areas where there is likely to be leakage or spillage to contain the difference between the inflow
of oil, drainage systems should be provided with volume and the outflow volume. The inflow
oil interceptors (see Appendix H3-A). volume is calculated from the rainfall depth (see
paragraph 3.26) and the area drained. The outflow
Soakaways and other infiltration volume (O) is calculated from the equation:
drainage systems
3.23 Infiltration devices include soakaways,
swales, infiltration basins and filter drains. Where as50 is the area of the side of the storage
3.24 Further information on the design of volume when filled to 50% of its effective depth,
infiltration drainage systems can be found in and D is the duration of the storm in minutes.
CIRIA Report 156 – Infiltration drainage – Manual 3.30 Soakaways serving larger areas should
of good practice. be designed in accordance with BS EN 752-4
3.25 Infiltration drainage is not always possible. (see paragraph 3.36), or BRE Digest 365
Infiltration devices should not be built: Soakaway design.
a. within 5m of a building or road or in areas of
unstable land (see Planning Policy Guidance
Other types of infiltration system
Note 14 Annex 1); 3.31 Swales are grass-lined channels which
transport rainwater from a site as well as
b. in ground where the water table reaches the
controlling flow and quality of surface runoff.
bottom of the device at any time of the year;
Some of the flow infiltrates into the ground. There
c. sufficiently far from any drainage fields, may be an overflow at the end into another form
drainage mounds or other soakaways so that of infiltration device or a watercourse. They are
the overall soakage capacity of the ground is particularly suitable for treatment of runoff from
not exceeded and the effectiveness of any small residential developments, parking areas
drainage field is not impaired (see Approved and roads.
Document H2);
3.32 Infiltration basins are dry grass-lined
d. where the presence of any contamination in basins designed to promote infiltration of surface
the runoff could result in pollution of a water to the ground.
groundwater source or resource.

46
ONLINE VERSION
SURFACE WATER O NLINE
DRAINAGE VERSION H3
3.33 Filter drains or french drains consist of Alternative approach
the trench, lined with a geotextile membrane
and filled with gravel. Much of the flow infiltrates 3.36 The requirement can also be met by
into the ground. A perforated pipe is often laid following the relevant recommendations of
through the gravel to assist drainage. BS EN 752-4 Drain and sewer systems outside
buildings. The relevant clauses are in Part 4
3.34 Flow enters the top of the filter drain Hydraulic design and environmental considerations
directly from runoff, or is discharged into it Clauses 3 to 12 and National Annexes NA, NB
through drains. and ND to NI. BS EN 752, together with BS EN
1295 and BS EN 1610, contains additional detailed
Detention ponds information about design and construction.
3.35 Detention ponds are used to attenuate
the flow from a drainage system, to limit the peak
rate of flow into a sewer system or watercourse.
Further information on design may be found in
the references given in paragraph 3.36 and in
Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems – A Design
Manual for England and Wales published by CIRIA.
Appendix H3-A: Oil separators

Legislation A.7 In fuel storage areas and other high risk
areas full retention separators are required. These
A.1 Under Section 85 (Offences of polluting should have a nominal size (NS) equal to 0.018
controlled waters) of the Water Resources Act times the contributing area. In addition it should
1991, it is an offence to discharge any noxious have a silt storage volume in litres equal to 100
or polluting material into a watercourse, coastal times NS.
water or underground water. Most surface water
sewers discharge to watercourses. A.8 Separators discharging to infiltration
devices or surface water sewers should be Class I.
A.2 Under Section 111 (Restrictions on use of
public sewers) of the Water Industry Act 1991, it A.9 Separators should be leak tight. Inlet
is an offence to discharge petrol into any drain or arrangements should not be direct to the water
sewer connected to a public sewer. surface. Adequate ventilation should be provided.
A.3 Premises keeping petrol must be licensed A.10 Separators should comply with the
under the Petroleum (Consolidation) Act 1928. requirements of the Environment Agency
Conditions may be placed on licences. and with BS EN 858-2002 A1 2004 and BS EN
858-2:2003. In addition, where the Petroleum Act
A.4 The Environment Agency issues guidance applies, they should comply with the requirements
notes on the provision of oil separators. of the licensing authority.
A.5 The Health and Safety Executive issues A.11 Separators should be maintained regularly
guidance notes on the storage of oil. to ensure their continued effectiveness. Provision
should be made for access for inspection and
Technical guidance maintenance.
A.6 For most paved areas around buildings or A.12 Further information on provision of
car parks where a separator is required, a by-pass separators is available in Use and design of oil
separator should be provided which has a nominal separators in surface drainage systems, Pollution
size (NSB) equal to 0.0018 times the contributing Prevention Guideline No. 3. This can be obtained
area. In addition it should have a silt storage from the Environment Agency.
volume in litres equal to 100 times NSB.
ONLINE VERSION 47
H4 OSEWERS
BUILDING OVER NLINE VERSION
The Requirement
2010.
Building over sewers

H4. (1) The erection or extension of a building or work Requirement H4 applies only to work carried out:
involving the underpinning of a building shall be carried out
(a) over a drain, sewer or disposal main which is shown on any
in a way that is not detrimental to the building or building
map of sewers; or
extension or to the continued maintenance of the drain, sewer
or disposal main. (b) on any site or in such a manner as may result in interference
with the use of, or obstruction of the access of any person to,
(2) In this paragraph ‘disposal main’ means any pipe,
any drain, sewer or disposal main which is shown on any map
tunnel or conduit used for the conveyance of effluent to or from
of sewers.
a sewage disposal works, which is not a public sewer.
(3) In this paragraph and paragraph H5 ‘map of sewers’
means any records kept by a sewerage undertaker under section
199 of the Water Industry Act 1991 (a).
(a) 1991 c. 56; Section 199 was amended by Section 97 of

the Water Act 2003 (c. 37).
Guidance
Performance c. the risk of damage to the building as a result
of failure of the drain, sewer or disposal main
In the Secretary of State’s view the requirements is not excessive having regard to:
of H4 will be met if:
i. the nature of the ground;
a. the building or extension or work involving
underpinning: ii. the condition, location or construction
of the drain, sewer or disposal main;
i. is constructed or carried out in a manner
which will not overload or otherwise iii. the nature, volume and pressure of the
cause damage to the drain, sewer or flow in the drain, sewer or disposal main;
disposal main either during or after the iv. the design and construction of the
construction; foundations of the building.
ii. will not obstruct reasonable access to
any manhole or inspection chamber on Introduction to provisions
the drain, sewer or disposal main; 0.1 These provisions apply to the construction,
b. in the event of the drain, sewer or disposal extension or underpinning of a building over or
main requiring replacement, there is a within 3m of the centreline of an existing drain,
satisfactory diversionary route or the building sewer or disposal main shown on the sewerage
or the extension will not unduly obstruct work undertaker’s sewer records whether that sewer
to replace the drain, sewer or disposal main, is a public sewer or not.
on its present alignment; 0.2 Copies of the sewer record maps are
held by the sewerage undertaker and by local
authorities. These are available for inspection
during office hours.

48
ONLINE VERSION
0.3 Where it is proposed to construct a 1.4 A satisfactory diversionary route should
building over or near a drain or sewer shown on be available so that the drain or sewer could
any map of sewers, the developer should consult be reconstructed without affecting the building.
the owner of the drain or sewer, if the owner is This route should not pass within 3m from the
not the developer himself. In the case of a public building. Where the drain or sewer is more than
sewer the owner is the sewerage undertaker, 1.5m deep and the drain or sewer is accessible
who may be able to advise on the condition of to mechanical excavators the alternative route
the sewer or arrange an inspection. should also have such access.
0.4 If repair or replacement of a public 1.5 The length of drain or sewer under a
sewer is required it will be carried out by the building should not exceed 6m except with
sewerage undertaker. the permission of the owners of the drain or
sewer (i.e. the sewerage undertaker in case
0.5 Where it is proposed to construct a
of a public sewer).
building or extension over a sewer which is
intended for adoption, it is advisable to consult 1.6 Buildings or extensions should not be
the sewerage undertaker. constructed over or within 3m of any drain or
sewer more than 3m deep, or greater than
Undue risk in the event of failure 225mm in diameter except with the permission
of the owners of the drain or sewer (i.e. the
of the drain or sewer sewerage undertaker in the case of a public sewer).
1.1 Some soils are easily eroded by
groundwater leaking into the drain or sewer. Protection of the drain or sewer
Examples of such soils include fine sands, fine
silty sands, saturated silts and peat. Buildings
during construction
should not be constructed over or within 3m of 1.7 Any drain or sewer should be protected
drains or sewers in such soils unless special from damage by construction traffic and heavy
measures are taken in the design and construction machinery. Protection may be provided by
of foundations to prevent undue risk to the building providing barriers to keep such traffic away
in the event of failure of the drain or sewer. from the line of the sewer. Heavy materials
Special measures will not be needed if the should not be stored over drains or sewers.
invert of the drain or sewer is:
1.8 Where piling works are being carried out
a. above the level of the foundations; and care should be taken to avoid damage to any
drain or sewer. The position of the drain or sewer
b. above the groundwater level; and
should be established by survey. If the drain or
c. no more than 1m deep. sewer is within 1m of the piling, trial holes should
be excavated to establish the exact position of
1.2 A building constructed over or within 3m of:
the sewer. The location of any connections
a. any rising main (except those used solely to should also be established. Piling should not be
drain the building); carried out where the distance from the outside
of the sewer to the outside of the pile is less
b. any drain or sewer constructed from brick
than twice the diameter of the pile.
or masonry;
c. any drain or sewer in poor condition (e.g. the Protection from settlement
pipes are cracked, fractured, deformed more
than 5% or misaligned) 1.9 Where a drain or sewer runs under a
building at least 100mm of granular or other
would be exposed to a high level of risk in the suitable flexible filling should be provided round
event of failure of the drain or sewer. Buildings the pipe. On sites where excessive subsidence is
should not be constructed in such a position possible additional flexible joints may be advisable
unless special measures are taken. or other solutions adopted such as suspended
drainage. Where the crown of the pipe is within
Maintaining access 300mm of the underside of the slab, special
protection should be provided (see Approved
1.3 Buildings or extensions should not be
Document H1, Section 2, paragraph 2.44).
constructed over a manhole or inspection
chamber or other access fitting on any sewer 1.10 Where a drain or sewer running below
(serving more than one property). Approved a building is less than 2m deep, the foundation
Document H1 Section 2, paragraph 2.53 provides should be extended locally so that the drain or
that access points to sewers (serving more than sewer passes through the wall (see paragraph 1.11).
one property) should be in places where they are
1.11 Where a drain or sewer runs through a
accessible and apparent for use in an emergency.
wall or foundation suitable measures should be
Buildings and extensions should not be located
taken to prevent damage or misalignment. For
where they would remove such a provision where
further guidance see Approved Document H1
this already exists, unless an alternative access
paragraph 2.24.
point can be provided on the line of the sewer at a
location acceptable to the owner (i.e. the sewerage
undertaker in the case of a public sewer).
ONLINE VERSION 49
1.12 Where the drain or sewer is more than 2m 1.13 A drain trench should not be excavated
deep to invert and passes beneath the foundations, lower than the foundations of any building
the foundations should be designed as a lintel nearby. For further guidance see Approved
spanning over the line of the drain or sewer. The Document H1 paragraph 2.25.
span of the lintel should extend at least 1.5m
either side of the pipe and should be designed so
that no load is transmitted onto the drain or sewer.

50
ONLINE VERSION
ON
SEPARATE SYSTEMS OFLDRAINAGE
INE VERSION H5
The Requirement
2010.
Separate systems of drainage

H5. Any system for discharging water to a sewer which is Requirement H5 applies only to a system provided in
provided pursuant to paragraph H3 shall be separate from that connection with the erection or extension of a building where
provided for the conveyance of foul water from the building. it is reasonably practicable for the system to discharge directly
or indirectly to a sewer for the separate conveyance of surface
water which is:
(a) shown on a map of sewers; or
(b) under construction either by the sewerage undertaker or
by some other person (where the sewer is the subject of an
agreement to make a declaration of vesting pursuant to Section
104 of the Water Industry Act 1991 (b)).
(b) Section 104 was amended by Section 96 of the Schedule 9

to the Water Act 2003. and is prospectively amended by
Section 42 of the Flood and Water Management Act 2010 (c. 29).
Guidance
In the Secretary of State’s view the requirements 0.1 These provisions are to help minimise
of H5 will be met if separate systems of drains the volume of rainwater entering the public foul
and sewers are provided for foul water and sewer system as this can overload the capacity
rainwater where: of the sewer and cause flooding.
a. the rainwater is not contaminated; and Provision where separate sewer systems
b. the drainage is to be connected either are provided
directly or indirectly to the public sewer 1.1 Where the buildings are to be drained
system and either: to the public sewer system, and the sewerage
i. the public sewer system in the area undertaker has provided a separate system
comprises separate systems for foul of sewers, separate drainage systems will be
water and surface water; or necessary in order to comply with the requirements
of Section 106 (Right to communicate with public
ii. a system of sewers which provides for the sewers) of the Water Industry Act 1991 (see
separate conveyance of surface water is appendix H1-C paragraph C.7).
under construction either by the sewerage
undertaker or by some other person (where
the sewer is the subject of an agreement to
make a declaration of vesting pursuant to
Section 104 of the Water Industry Act 1991).
ONLINE VERSION 51
Provision where separate sewer systems
are proposed
1.2 Separate foul and rainwater drainage
systems should also be provided where there
is a combined sewer system at present but a
system of sewers which provides for the separate
conveyance of surface water is under construction
either by the sewerage undertaker or by some
other person (where the sewer is the subject of
an agreement to make declaration of vesting
pursuant to Section 104 of the Water Industry
Act 1991).
1.3 These separate drainage systems will both
initially connect to the existing combined sewer
system. However, when the separate sewer
systems are completed, the drainage will be
reconnected to the new sewers, minimising the
disruption to the occupiers.
Contaminated runoff
1.4 Approved Document H3 paragraph 3.21
deals with drainage from areas where materials
are stored which could contaminate runoff.
This could cause pollution if discharged to a
surface water sewer. Where such flows are to
be discharged into the foul sewer system, the
consent of the sewerage undertaker should first
be obtained in accordance with Section 106
(Right to communicate with public sewers) of
the Water Industry Act 1991 (see appendix H1-C
paragraph C.7). The sewerage undertaker should
also be consulted where such flows are to be
discharged into a foul drain which, though it
would initially connect to a combined sewer,
is intended would eventually be reconnected
to a proposed foul sewer.

52
ONLINE VERSION
ONLINE
SOLID WASTE STORAGE VERSION H6
The Requirement
2010.
Solid waste storage

H6. (1) Adequate provision shall be made for storage of
solid waste.
(2) Adequate means of access shall be provided:
(a) for people in the building to the place of storage; and
(b) from the place of storage to a collection point
(where one has been specified by the waste collection authority
under Section 46 (household waste) or Section 47 (commercial
waste) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (a) or to a
street (where no collection point has been specified).
(a) 1990 c. 43; section 46 was amended by Section 19 of the

London Local Authorities Act 2007 (2007 c. ii) and Section 47
was amended by Section 21 of that Act. Section 46 was also
amended by Section 76 and Schedule 5 to the Climate Change
Act 2008 (c. 28).
Guidance
In the Secretary of State’s view the requirements 0.1 The efficacy of a refuse storage system is
of H6 will be met if the solid waste storage is: dependent on its capacity and the ease of removal
in relation to the collection service provided by
a. designed and sited so as not to be prejudicial
the waste collection authority.
to health or local amenity;
0.2 The waste collection authority has powers
b. of sufficient area having regard to the
under Section 46 (Receptacles for household
requirements of the waste collection authority
waste) and Section 47 (Receptacles for commercial
for the number and size of receptacles under
or industrial waste) to specify the type and
Sections 46 and 47 of the Environmental
number of receptacles to be used and the
Protection Act 1990;
location where the waste should be placed for
c. sited so as to be accessible for use by collection. Consultation should take place with
people in the building and of ready access for the waste collection authority to determine
removal to the collection point specified by their requirements.
the waste collection authority under Sections
0.3 H6 applies to the erection or extension of a
46 and 47 of the Environmental Protection
building and to all material changes of use described
Act 1990.
in Regulation 5.
ONLINE VERSION 53
Domestic developments 1.10 For waste containers up to 250 litres, steps
should be avoided between the container store
Capacity and collection point wherever possible and should
not exceed 3 in number. Slopes should not exceed
1.1 For domestic developments space should
1:12. Exceptionally this may be exceeded
be provided for storage of containers for separated
provided that the lengths are not excessive and it
waste (i.e. waste which can be recycled is stored
is not part of a series of slopes. (See also
separately from waste which cannot) with a
Approved Document K1 Section 2.) For storage
combined capacity of 0.25m³ per dwelling or
areas where larger containers are to be used steps
such other capacity as may be agreed with the
should be avoided. Where this is not otherwise
waste collection authority. Where collections are
possible, the storage area should be relocated.
less frequent than once per week, this allowance
should be increased accordingly. 1.11 The collection point should be reasonably
accessible to the size of waste collection vehicles
1.2 Low rise domestic developments –
typically used by the waste collection authority.
In low rise domestic developments (houses,
bungalows and flats up to 4th floor) any dwelling 1.12 External storage areas for waste containers
should have, or have access to, a location where should be away from windows and ventilators and
at least two movable individual or communal preferably be in shade or under shelter. Storage
waste containers, meeting the requirements of areas should not interfere with pedestrian or
the waste collection authority, can be stored. vehicle access to buildings.
1.3 Where separate storage areas are provided Design
for each dwelling, an area of 1.2m x 1.2m should
be sufficient to provide for storage of waste 1.13 Unsightly bins can damage the visual
containers and provide space for access. amenity of an area and contribute to increased
levels of anti-social nuisance such as odour and
1.4 Where communal storage areas are litter, so bin storage should be planned carefully.
provided space requirements should be Where the location for storage is in a publicly
determined in consultation with the waste accessible area or in an open area around a
collection authority. building (e.g. in a front garden) an enclosure or
1.5 High rise domestic developments – in shelter should be considered. Best practice
multi-storey domestic developments dwellings guidance is given in NHBC Foundation report NF60.
up to the 4th floor may each have their own 1.14 Where enclosures, compounds or storage
waste container or may share a waste container. rooms are provided they should allow room for
1.6 Dwellings above the 4th storey may filling and emptying and provide a clear space
share a single waste container for non-recyclable of 150mm between and around the containers.
waste fed by chute, with separate storage for Enclosures, compounds or storage rooms for
any waste which can be recycled. Alternatively communal containers should be a minimum of
storage compounds or rooms should be provided. 2m high. Enclosures for individual containers
In such a case a satisfactory management should be sufficiently high to allow the lid to
arrangement for conveying refuse to the storage be opened for filling. The enclosure should be
area should be assured. permanently ventilated at the top and bottom
and should have a paved impervious floor.
1.7 The use of ‘Residents Only’ recycling
centres (areas where residents may bring their 1.15 Communal storage areas should have
recyclable waste for storage in large containers, provision for washing down and draining the floor
e.g. bottle banks) in large blocks has been found into a system suitable for receiving a polluted
to be effective in some areas. effluent. Gullies should incorporate a trap which
maintains a seal even during prolonged periods
Siting of disuse.
1.8 Storage areas for waste containers and 1.16 Any room for the open storage of waste
chutes should be sited so that the distance should be secure to prevent access by vermin.
householders are required to carry refuse does Any compound for the storage of waste should
not usually exceed 30m (excluding any vertical be secure to prevent access by vermin unless the
distance). Containers should be within 25m of waste is to be stored in secure containers with
the waste collection point specified by the waste close fitting lids.
collection authority.
1.17 Where storage rooms are provided,
1.9 The location for storage of waste separate rooms should be provided for the
containers should be sited so that, unless it is storage of waste which cannot be recycled,
completely unavoidable, the containers can be and waste which can be recycled.
taken to the collection point without being taken
1.18 High-rise domestic developments
through a building, unless it is a porch or garage,
– where chutes are provided they should be at
or a car port or other open covered space (this
least 450mm diameter and should have a smooth
provision applies only to new buildings except
non-absorbent surface and close fitting access
that extensions or conversions should not
doors at each storey which has a dwelling and
remove such a facility where one already exists).
be ventilated at the top and bottom.

54
ONLINE VERSION
Non-domestic developments 1.20 Waste storage areas should have an
impervious floor and should have provision
1.19 In other types of development, and for washing down and draining the floor into a
particularly where special problems such as high system suitable for receiving a polluted effluent.
density developments influence the provision of Gullies should incorporate a trap which maintains
a system, it is essential that the waste collection a seal even during prolonged periods of disuse.
authority is consulted for guidance on resolving
the following points. 1.21 Any room for the open storage of waste
should be secure to prevent access by vermin.
a. The volume and nature of the waste and Any compound for the storage of waste should
the storage capacity required, based on the be secure to prevent access by vermin unless the
frequency of collection and the size and type waste is to be stored in secure containers with
of waste container. close fitting lids.
b. Any requirements for segregation of waste 1.22 Waste storage areas should be marked
which can be recycled. and signs should be provided.
c. The method of waste storage, including any
on-site treatment proposed, related to the Alternative approach
intended layout and building density. 1.23 Recommendations and data on these
d. The location of waste storage areas, waste items can be found in BS 5906:2005 Code of
treatment areas and waste collection points practice for waste management in buildings.
and the access to these locations for
operatives and vehicles.
e. Hygiene arrangements in the waste storage
and waste treatment areas.
f. Fire hazards and protection measures.
Appendix H6-A: Relevant waste

collection legislation
Collection of household waste A.4 Under Section 47 (Receptacles for
commercial or industrial waste) of the Environmental
A.1 Under Section 45 (Collection of controlled Protection Act 1990, the local authority may
waste) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990, still require:
local authorities have a general duty to collect
household waste within their area without charge. a. waste of certain types to be stored separately
so that it can be recycled;
A.2 Under Section 46 (Receptacles for household
waste) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990, b. occupiers to provide containers of a specified
the local authority may require: type for storage of waste;
a. waste of certain types to be stored separately c. additional containers to be provided for
so that it can be recycled; separate storage of recyclable waste;
b. occupiers of dwellings to provide containers d. locations where containers should be placed
of a specified type for storage of waste; for emptying.
c. additional containers to be provided for Access for removal of waste to
separate storage of recyclable waste;
be maintained
d. locations where containers should be placed
for emptying. A.5 Under Section 23 (Provision of facilities for
refuse) subsection (3) of the Building Act 1984, it
Collection of commercial and is unlawful to obstruct the access (such as those
specified in Requirement H6 of the Building
industrial waste Regulations) provided for removal of waste without
A.3 Under Section 45 (Collection of controlled the consent of the local authority. In giving their
waste) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990, consent, the local authority may specify conditions
local authorities may also have a duty to collect regarding the provision of an alternative means of
commercial waste within their area where access for removal of refuse.
requested and they may also collect industrial
waste. A charge may be levied for such services.
ONLINE VERSION 55
H ONLINE VERSION
Standards referred to
H1 BS EN 752-5:1998
Drain and sewer systems outside buildings.
BS 65:1991 Rehabilitation.
Specification for vitrified clay pipes, fittings and
ducts, also flexible mechanical joints for use BS EN 752-6:1998
solely with surface water pipes and fittings. Drain and sewer systems outside buildings.
AMD 8622 1995. Pumping installations.
BS EN 274:1993 BS EN 752-7:1998
Sanitary tapware. Waste fittings for basins, bidets Drain and sewer systems outside buildings.
and baths. General technical specifications. Maintenance and operations. AMD 10440 1999.
(Withdrawn and superseded by BS EN 274-1:2002 BS EN 877:1999
Waste fittings for sanitary appliances. Requirements. Cast iron pipes and fittings, their joints and
AMD 14959 2004. BS EN 274-2:2002 Waste accessories for the evacuation of water from
fitting for sanitary appliances. Test methods. buildings. Requirements, test methods and
AMD 14957 2004. BS EN 274-3:2002 Waste quality assurance.
fittings for sanitary appliances. Quality control.
AMD 14958 2004.) BS 882:1992
Specification for aggregates from natural sources
BS EN 295-1:1991 for concrete. AMD 13579 2002.
Vitrified clay pipes and fittings and pipe joints for (Withdrawn and superseded by BS EN 1260:2002
drains and sewers. Test requirements. AMD 9290 Aggregates for concrete. AMD 15333 2004.)
1996, AMD 9429 1995, AMD 10621 1999.
BS EN 1057:1996
BS EN 295-2:1991 Copper and copper alloys. Seamless, round
Vitrified clay pipes and fittings and pipe joints for copper tubes for water and gas in sanitary
drains and sewers. Quality control and sampling. and heating applications.
AMD 10620 1999.
BS EN 1091:1997
BS EN 295-3:1991 Vacuum sewerage systems outside buildings.
Vitrified clay pipes and fittings and pipe joints for
drains and sewers. Test methods. AMD 10357 1999. BS EN 1254-1:1998
Copper and copper alloys. Plumbing fittings.
BS EN 295-6:1996 Fittings with ends for capillary soldering or capillary
Vitrified clay pipes and fittings and pipe joints for brazing to copper tubes. AMD 10099 1998.
drains and sewers. Requirements for vitrified clay
manholes. AMD 15279 2004. BS EN 1254-2:1998
BS 416-1:1990 Fittings with compression ends for use with
Discharge and ventilating pipes and fittings, copper tubes.
sand-cast or spun in cast iron. Specification for
spigot and socket systems. BS EN 1254-3:1998
BS 437:1978 Fittings with compression ends for use with
Specification for cast iron spigot and socket plastics pipes.
drain pipes and fittings. AMD 5877 1988.
BS EN 1254-4:1998
BS EN 598:1995 Copper and copper alloys. Plumbing fittings.
Ductile iron pipes, fittings, accessories and their Fittings combining other end connections with
joints for sewerage applications. Requirements capillary or compression ends. AMD 10750 1999.
and test methods.
BS EN 1254-5:1998
BS EN 752-1:1996 Copper and copper alloys. Plumbing fittings.
Drain and sewer systems outside buildings. Fittings with short ends for capillary brazing to
Generalities and definitions. copper tubes. AMD 10100 1998.
BS EN 752-2:1997 BS EN 1295-1:1998
Drain and sewer systems outside buildings. Structural design of buried pipelines under various
Performance requirements. conditions of loading. General requirements.
BS EN 752-3:1997 BS EN 1329-1:2000
Drain and sewer systems outside buildings. Plastics piping systems for soil and waste
Planning. AMD 10984 2000, AMD 13038 2001. discharge (low and high temperature) within
BS EN 752-4:1998 the building structure. Unplasticized polyvinyl
Drain and sewer systems outside buildings. chloride (PVC-U). Specifications for pipes,
Hydraulic design and environmental considerations. fittings and the system.
AMD 15442 2005.

56
ONLINE VERSION
O N LTO
STANDARDS REFERRED INE VERSION H
BS EN 1401-1:1998 BS 3921:1985
Plastics piping systems for non-pressure Specification for clay bricks.
underground drainage and sewerage. Unplasticized (Current but partially superseded by BS EN 772-
poly(vinylchloride) (PVC-U). Specifications for 3:1998 Method of test for masonry units.
pipes, fittings and the system. AMD 13794 2002. Determination of net volume and percentage
of voids of clay masonry units by hydrostatic
BS EN 1451-1:2000
weighing. BS EN 772-7:1998 Method of test for
Plastics piping systems for soil and waste
masonry units. Determination of water absorption
discharge (low and high temperature) within
of clay masonry damp proof course units by
the building structure. Polypropylene (PP).
boiling in water.)
Specifications for pipes, fittings and the system.
AMD 13819 2002. BS 5255:1989
Specification for thermo-plastics waste pipe
BS EN 1455-1:2000
and fittings.
(Current but partially superseded by BS EN 1329-
(low and high temperature) within the building
1:2000 Plastics piping systems for soil and waste
structure. Acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene (ABS).
discharge (low and high temperature) within the
building structure. Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride)
AMD 13818 2002.
(PVC-U). Specifications for pipes, fittings and the
BS EN 1519-1:2000 system. BS EN 1455-1:2000 Plastics piping systems
Plastics piping systems for soil and waste for soil and waste (low and high temperature)
discharge (low and high temperature) within within the building structure. Acrylonitrile-
the building structure. Polyethylene (PE). butadiene-styrene (ABS). Specifications for
Specifications for pipes, fittings and the pipes, fittings and the system. AMD 13818 2002.
system. AMD 13817 2002. BS EN 1519-1:2000 Plastics piping systems for
soil and waste discharge (low and high temperature)
BS EN 1565-1:2000
within the building structure. Polyethylene (PE).
discharge (low and high temperature) within the
AMD 13817 2002. BS EN 1565-1:2000 Plastics
building structure. Styrene copolymer blends
piping systems for soil and waste discharge
(SAN + PVC). Specifications for pipes, fittings
(low and high temperature) within the building
and the system. AMD 13816 2002.
structure. Styrene copolymer blends (SAN +
BS EN 1566-1:2000 PVC). Specifications for pipes, fittings and the
Plastics piping systems for soil and waste system. AMD 13816 2002. BS EN 1566-1:2000
discharge (low and high temperature) within Plastics piping systems for soil and waste
the building structure. Chlorinated poly (vinyl discharge (low and high temperature) within the
chloride) (PVC-C). specification for pipes, building structure. Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride)
fittings and the system. AMD 13815 2002. (PVC-C). Specification for pipes, fittings and the
system. AMD 13815 2002.)
BS EN 1610:1998
Construction and testing of drains and sewers. BS 5911-2:1982
Precast concrete pipes, fittings and ancillary
BS EN 1671:1997
products. Specification for inspection chambers.
Pressure sewerage systems outside buildings.
AMD 5146 1986, AMD 8077 1994, AMD 11030 2001.
BS EN 1825-1:2004 (Withdrawn and superseded by BS 5911-4:2002
Installations for separation of grease. Principles Concrete pipes and ancillary concrete products.
of design, performance and testing, marking and Specification for unreinforced and reinforced
quality control. concrete inspection chambers. AMD 15038 2004.
BS EN 1917:2002 Concrete manholes and
BS EN 1825-2:2002
inspection chambers, unreinforced, steel fibre
Installations for separation of grease. Selection
and reinforced. AMD 15289 2004.)
of nominal size, installation and maintenance.
BS 5911-100:1988
BS EN 1852-1:1998
Plastics piping systems for non-pressure
products. Specification for unreinforced and
underground drainage and sewerage.
reinforced pipes and fittings with flexible joints.
Polypropylene (PP). Specifications for pipes,
AMD 6269 1989, AMD 7588 1993.
fittings and the system. AMD 14514 2003.
(Withdrawn and superseded by BS 5911-1:2002
BS 3868:1995 Concrete pipes and ancillary concrete products.
Specification for prefabricated drainage stack Specification for unreinforced and reinforced
units in galvanized steel. concrete pipes (including jacking pipes) and
fittings with flexible joints. AMD 15040 2004.
BS EN 1916:2002 Concrete pipes and fittings,
unreinforced, steel fibre and reinforced.
AMD 15288 2004.)
ONLINE VERSION 57
H ONLIN
STANDARDS REFERRED TOE VERSION
BS 5911-120:1989 BS EN 12056-1:2000
Precast concrete pipes, fittings and ancillary Gravity drainage systems inside buildings.
products. Specification for reinforced jacking General and performance requirements.
pipes with flexible joints. AMD 9020 1996.
BS EN 12056-2:2000
Gravity drainage systems inside buildings.
Concrete pipes and ancillary concrete products.
Sanitary pipework, layout and calculation.
Specification for unreinforced and reinforced
concrete pipes (including jacking pipes) and BS EN 12056-3:2000
fittings with flexible joints. AMD 15040 2004. Gravity drainage systems inside buildings. Roof
BS EN 1916:2002 Concrete pipes and fittings, drainage, layout and calculation.
unreinforced, steel fibre and reinforced.
BS EN 12056-4:2000
AMD 15288 2004.)
BS 5911-200:1994 Wastewater lifting plants. Layout and calculation.
BS EN 12056-5:2000
products. Specification for unreinforced and
reinforced manholes and soakaways of circular
Installation and testing, instructions for operation,
cross section. AMD 11031 2001, AMD 13205 2001.
maintenance and use.
Concrete pipes and ancillary concrete products. BS EN 12109:1999
Specification for unreinforced and reinforced Vacuum drainage systems inside buildings.
concrete manholes and soakaways. AMD 15039
BS EN 12380:2002
2004. BS EN 1917:2002 Concrete manholes and
Air admittance valves for drainage systems.
inspection chambers, unreinforced, steel fibre
Requirements, test methods and valuation of
and reinforced. AMD 15289 2004.)
conformity.
BS 6798:2000
BS EN 13564-1:2002
Specification for installation of gas-fired hot
Anti-flooding devices for buildings. Quality
water boilers of rated input not exceeding 70kW.
assurance.
AMD 14908 2005.
BS EN 13564-2:2002
BS 7158:2001
Anti-flooding devices for buildings. Test methods.
Plastics inspection chambers for drains and
sewers. Specification. BS EN 13564-3:2002
(Current but superseded by BS EN 13598-1:2003 Anti-flooding devices for buildings. Quality
Plastics piping systems for non-pressure assurance.
underground drainage and sewerage. Unplasticized
poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U), polypropylene (PP)
and polyethylene (PE). Specifications for ancillary H2
fittings including shallow inspection chambers.) BS 5328-1:1997
BS 8000-13:1989 Concrete. Guide to specifying concrete. AMD
Workmanship on building sites. Code of practice 10364 1999, AMD 13876, AMD 14163 2002.
for above ground drainage and sanitary appliances. (Withdrawn and superseded by BS 8500-1:2002
Concrete. Complementary British Standard to BS
BS 8000-14:1989 EN 206-1. Method of specifying and guidance for
Workmanship on building sites. Code of practice the specifier. AMD 14639 2003. BS 8500-2:2002
for below ground drainage. Concrete. Complementary British Standard to BS
BS 8110-1:1997 EN 206-1. Specification for constituent materials
Structural use of concrete. Code of practice and concrete. AMD 14640 2003. BS EN 206-1:2000
for design and construction. AMD 9882 1998, Concrete. Specification, performance, production
AMD 13468 2002, AMD 16016 2005. and conformity. AMD 13189 2001, AMD 14857
2004, AMD 15359 2004, AMD 15406 2004.)
BS EN 12050-1:2001
Wastewater lifting plants for buildings and sites. BS 5328-2:1997
Principles of construction and testing. Lifting Concrete. Methods for specifying concrete
plants for wastewater containing faecal matter. mixes. AMD 9691 1997, AMD 10365 1999,
AMD 10612 1999, AMD 13877.
BS EN 12050-2:2001 (Withdrawn and superseded by BS 8500-1:2002
Wastewater lifting plants for buildings and sites. Concrete. Complementary British Standard to BS
Principles of construction and testing. Lifting EN 206-1. Method of specifying and guidance for
plants for faecal-free wastewater. the specifier. AMD 14639 2003. BS 8500-2:2002
BS EN 12050-3:2001 Concrete. Complementary British Standard to BS
Wastewater lifting plants for buildings and sites. EN 206-1. Specification for constituent materials
Principles of construction and testing. Lifting and concrete. AMD 14640 2003. BS EN 206-1:2000
plants for wastewater containing faecal matter Concrete. Specification, performance, production
for limited applications. and conformity. AMD 13189 2001, AMD 14857
2004, AMD 15359 2004, AMD 15406 2004.)

58
ONLINE VERSION
O N LTO
STANDARDS REFERRED INE VERSION H
BS 5328-3:1990 BS EN 752-6:1998
Concrete. Specification for the procedures to be Drain and sewer systems outside buildings.
used in producing and transporting concrete. AMD Pumping installations.
6927 1991, AMD 7176 1992, AMD 9312, AMD
BS EN 752-7:1998
10366 1999, AMD 10708 1999, AMD 13878 2002.
Maintenance and operations. AMD 10440 1999.
EN 206-1. Method of specifying and guidance for BS EN 858:2001
the specifier. AMD 14639 2003. BS 8500-2:2002 Separator systems for light liquids (e.g. oil and
Concrete. Complementary British Standard to BS petrol). Principles of product design, performance
EN 206-1. Specification for constituent materials and testing, making and quality control. AMD
and concrete. AMD 14640 2003. BS EN 206-1:2000 15525 2005.
Concrete. Specification, performance, production
BS EN 858-2:2003
and conformity. AMD 13189 2001, AMD 14857
Separator systems for light liquids (e.g. oil and
2004, AMD 15359 2004, AMD 15406 2004.)
petrol). Selection of nominal size, installation,
BS 5328-4:1990 operation and maintenance.
Concrete. Specification for the procedures to be
BS EN 1295-1:1998
used in sampling, testing and assessing compliance
Structural design of buried pipelines under various
of concrete. AMD 6928 1991, AMD 8760 1995,
conditions of loading. General requirements.
AMD 9313, AMD 10367 1999, AMD 10611 1999.
(Withdrawn and superseded by BS 8500-1:2002 BS EN 1610:1998
Concrete. Complementary British Standard to BS Construction and testing of drains and sewers.
EN 206-1. Method of specifying and guidance for
BS EN 12056-1:2000
the specifier. AMD 14639 2003. BS 8500-2:2002
General and performance requirements.
EN 206-1. Specification for constituent materials
and concrete. AMD 14640 2003. BS EN 206-1:2000 BS EN 12056-2:2000
Concrete. Specification, performance, production Gravity drainage systems inside buildings.
and conformity. AMD 13189 2001, AMD 14857 Sanitary pipework, layout and calculation.
2004, AMD 15359 2004, AMD 15406 2004.)
BS EN 12056-3:2000
BS 6297:1983 Gravity drainage systems inside buildings. Roof
Code of practice for design and installation of drainage, layout and calculation.
small sewage treatment works and cesspools.
BS EN 12056-4:2000
AMD 1650 1990.
BS 7781:1994 Wastewater lifting plants. Layout and calculation.
Procedure for type testing of small biological
BS EN 12056-5:2000
domestic wastewater treatment plants.
BS EN 12566-1:2000 Installation and testing, instructions for operation,
Small wastewater treatment plants less than 50 PE. maintenance and use.
Part Prefabricated septic tanks. AMD 14918 2004.
H4
H3 –
BS EN 752-1:1996
Generalities and definitions. H5
BS EN 752-2:1997 –
Performance requirements. H6
BS EN 752-3:1997 BS 5906:2005
Drain and sewer systems outside buildings. Code of practice for waste management in
Planning. AMD 10984 2000, AMD 13038 2001. buildings.
BS EN 752-4:1998
Hydraulic design and environmental
considerations. AMD 15442 2005.
BS EN 752-5:1998
Rehabilitation.
ONLINE VERSION 59
H ONLINE VERSION
Other publications referred to
H1 Department for Communities and Local
Government
Water Regulations Advisory Scheme (WRAS)
Planning Policy Guidance 14, Development on
Information and Guidance Note 09-02-05 unstable land – Annex 1: Landslides and planning,
Marking and identification of pipe work for 1996. ISBN 0 11753 259 2. Available to download
reclaimed and (grey water) systems, 1999. from www.gov.uk
Information and Guidance Note 09-02-04 Water Regulations Advisory Scheme (WRAS)
Reclaimed water systems. Information about
installing, modifying or maintaining reclaimed Information and Guidance Note 09-02-05
water systems, 1999. Marking and identification of pipe work for
reclaimed and (greywater) systems, 1999.
WRAS documents available from WRAS, Fern
Close, Pen-y-Fan Industrial Estate, Oakdale, Information and Guidance Note 09-02-04
Gwent, NP11 3EH, Tel 01495 248454, Fax 01495 Reclaimed water systems. Information about
249235, email info@wras.co.uk. Available to installing, modifying or maintaining reclaimed
download from www.wras.co.uk/ water systems, 1999.
Water Research Council (WRc)

H4
Sewers for adoption. A design and construction
–
guide for developers, 5th edition, 2001.
ISBN 1 89892 043 5
H5
H2 –
BRE
H6
Good Building Guide GBG 42 Part 1 Reed beds:
application and specification, 2000. NHBC Foundation
ISBN 1 86081 436 0
Report NF60 Avoiding rubbish design.
Good Building Guide GBG 42 Part 1 Reed beds: Providing for bin storage on new housing
design, construction, 2000. ISBN 1 86081 437 9 developments, 2015. Available to download
from www.nhbcfoundation.org
Environment Agency
Pollution Prevention Guidelines PPG 4 Disposal of
sewage where no mains drainage is available, 2001.
Available to download from www.netregs.gov.uk
H3
BRE
Digest 365 Soakaway design, 1991 (minor
revisions 2003). ISBN 1 86081 604 5
CIRIA
Publication C522 Sustainable urban drainage
systems – design manual for England and Wales,
2000. ISBN 0 86017 522 7
Report 156 Infiltration drainage – Manual of good
practice, 1996. ISBN 0 86017 457 3
Environment Agency
Pollution Prevention Guidelines PPG 3 Use and
design of oil separators in surface water drainage
systems, 2000. Available to download from
www.netregs.gov.uk
H R Wallingford
Report SR 463 Performance of syphonic drainage
systems for roof gutters.

60
ONLINE VERSION
ONLINE VERSION
LIST OF APPROVED DOCUMENTS
The following documents have been published
to give guidance on how to meet the Building
Regulations. You can find the date of the edition
approved by the Secretary of State at
www.gov.uk.
Approved Document A
Structure
Approved Document B
Fire safety
Volume 1: Dwellinghouses
Volume 2: Buildings other than dwellinghouses
Approved Document C
Site preparation and resistance to contaminants
and moisture
Approved Document D
Toxic substances
Approved Document E
Resistance to the passage of sound
Approved Document F
Ventilation
Approved Document G
Sanitation, hot water safety and water efficiency
Approved Document H
Drainage and waste disposal
Approved Document J
Combustion appliances and fuel storage systems
Approved Document K
Protection from falling, collision and impact
Approved Document L1A
Conservation of fuel and power in new dwellings
Approved Document L1B
Conservation of fuel and power in existing dwellings
Approved Document L2A
Conservation of fuel and power in new buildings
other than dwellings
Approved Document L2B
Conservation of fuel and power in existing buildings
other than dwellings
Approved Document M
Access to and use of buildings
Volume 1: Dwellings
Volume 2: Buildings other than dwellings
Approved Document P
Electrical Safety – Dwellings
Approved Document Q
Security – Dwellings
Approved Document 7
Materials and workmanship
ONLINE VERSION
ONLINE VERSION
Published by NBS, part of RIBA Enterprises Ltd, and available to purchase from:
RIBA Bookshops Mail Order
The Old Post Office, St Nicholas Street
Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 1RH
Telephone orders/General enquiries: +44 (0)191 244 5557
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Or order online at:
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ISBN 978-1-85946-599-8
Stock code 84830
© Crown Copyright, 2015

You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under
the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.
To view this licence, visit www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/ www.thenbs.com

or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or
email psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk.
Where we have identified any third-party copyright information, you will need to obtain
permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available for download
at www.gov.uk.
Copyright in the typographical arrangement, excluding logos, of the cover and the internal
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ONLINE VERSION

The Building Regulations 2010

For use in England*

*This approved document gives guidance for

Use of guidance 4 Ventilating stacks 23

Approved Document H Drainage and waste disposal

Design and construction 32 Section 2: Drainage of paved areas 43

Rainwater drainage Building over existing sewers

Drainage and waste disposal Approved Document H

Separate systems of drainage 11. Protection for pipes laid at shallow

Approved Document H Drainage and waste disposal

Drainage and waste disposal Approved Document H

Approved Document H Drainage and waste disposal

Requirement Limits on application

Foul water drainage

Drainage and waste disposal Approved Document H

1.5 Pressure fluctuation – To prevent the

Diagram 1 Direct connection of

Approved Document H Drainage and waste disposal

Drainage and waste disposal Approved Document H

Diagram 3 Branch connections

Approved Document H Drainage and waste disposal

1.29 Ventilation of discharge stacks – To

Drainage and waste disposal Approved Document H

Materials for pipes, fittings

Table 4 Materials for sanitary pipework

Cast iron BS 416, BS EN 877

Copper BS EN 1254, BS EN 1057

Galvanised steel BS 3868

Polypropylene (PP) BS EN 1451

Polyethylene (PE) BS EN 1519

Approved Document H Drainage and waste disposal

Drainage and waste disposal Approved Document H

Approved Document H Drainage and waste disposal

Drainage and waste disposal Approved Document H

Depth of pipe cover

Pipe gradients and sizes

Diagram 9 Discharge capacities

Approved Document H Drainage and waste disposal

>1 75 1:80 2.8 Flexible pipes

+ Application area code UD should normally be specified

Drainage and waste disposal Approved Document H

Diagram 10 Bedding for pipes

Approved Document H Drainage and waste disposal

100mm 0.6m – 8+m 1.2m – 8+m 1.2m – 8m

225mm 0.6m – 5m 1.2m – 5m 1.2m – 4.5m

400mm 0.6m – 4.5m 1.2m – 4.5m 1.2m – 4m

600mm 0.6m – 4.5m 1.2m – 4.5m 1.2m – 4m

300mm 0.6m – 3m 1.2m – 3m 1.2m – 2.5m

450mm 0.6m – 3.5m 1.2m – 3.5m 1.2m – 2.5m

600mm 0.6m – 3.5m 1.2m – 3.5m 1.2m – 3m

100mm – 300mm 0.6m – 7m 0.9m – 7m 0.9m – 7m

Drainage and waste disposal Approved Document H

Clearance of blockages a. rodding eyes – capped extensions of the pipes;

Table 11 Minimum dimensions for access fittings and inspection chambers

Type Depth to invert Length x width Circular Length x width Circular

Rodding eye As drain but min. 100 Same size as

Approved Document H Drainage and waste disposal

soffit of pipe Ladder 5 1200 x 800 1200

*This approved document gives guidance for

Separate systems of drainage 11. Protection for pipes laid at shallow

Diagram 1 Direct connection of

Diagram 3 Branch connections

Table 4 Materials for sanitary pipework

Diagram 9 Discharge capacities

Diagram 10 Bedding for pipes

Table 11 Minimum dimensions for access fittings and inspection chambers

Table 14 Materials for access points

Diagram 1 Drainage field

Diagram 4 Typical vertical flow reed bed treatment system