Lecture 10 (A) - MR Alok Bhowmick On Chapter 8 & 9

IRC:SP:114-2018
GUIDELINES FOR SEISMIC

DESIGN OF ROAD BRIDGES
LECTURE 10A - COVERAGE :

 CHAPTER 8 : DESIGN OF BRIDGE COMPONENTS
 CHAPTER 9 : DUCTILE DETAILING OF STRUCTURES
ALOK BHOWMICK
President , IAStructE
IRC:SP:114-2018
GUIDELINES FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF ROAD BRIDGES
CONTENT OF CHAPTER 8 CONTENT OF CHAPTER 9
(DESIGN OF BRIDGE COMPONENTS) (DUCTILE DETAILING OF STRUCTURES)
1. General 1. Ductile Detailing of RCC

2. Superstructure Structures
3. Substructure : Piers &
Abutments 2. Ductile Detailing of
4. Foundation Steel and Steel
5. Bearings, Seismic Composite Structures.
Connections &
Expansion Joints (Lecture to be delivered
by Dr S K Garg)
IRC:SP:114-2018
CHAPTER 8
(DESIGN OF BRIDGE COMPONENTS)
1. This chapter explains the procedure for seismic design of various
bridge components.
2. Transfer of force mechanism from bearing to substructure and
foundation has also been covered.
3. The chapter deals with “Regular” bridges only. For this purpose,
‘Regular’ bridges are defined as those bridges, where seismic
actions are resisted primary thru’ abutments and flexure of piers.
IRC:SP:114-2018 : Chapter 8
IS:1893 (Part-3) definition of Regular / Irregular Bridges :
IS:1893 (Part-3) definition of Regular / Irregular Bridges :
EC8 definition of Regular / Irregular Bridges is more
mathematical :
 Criterion based on the variation of local required force reduction
factors “ri” of the ductile members ‘i’ :
ri = R x MEd,i /MRd,I = R x Seismic moment / Section resistance
• A bridge is considered regular when the “irregularity index, ρir :

ρir = max(ri) / min( ri) ≤ ρ0 = 2
• Piers contributing less than 20% of the average force per pier are not
considered
8.2 : Superstructure
In-plane Forces LOADS ON BRIDGES Out-of-plane Forces
VERTICAL LOAD HORIZONTAL LOAD
DL & SIDL LIVE LOAD VERT. EQ LOAD WIND LOAD HOR. EQ LOAD, BR. etc.
SUPERSTRUCTURE PIERS / ABUTMENTS
SLAB GIRDERS / BOX PORTAL FRAME CANTILEVER MASONRY PIERS

8.2 : Superstructure : Refer clause 6.4.1 for Design Philosophy
8.2 : Superstructure ….contd.
1. Mostly, Superstructure design is governed by vertical
loads. For design, vertical Seismic is to be considered for
all seismic zones in case of PSC structures. In case of
RCC structures, vert. seismic to be considered in Zone IV
and V.
2. Lateral Loads due to Seismic are taken by Piers.
Superstructure generally do not play any major role,
except transferring the lateral load from Superstructure
thru’ Bearings (Exception : Integral Bridges).
8.2 : Superstructure ….contd.
1. However superstructure is prone to being unseated or
toppled at pier cap due to lateral loads. So provision for
large seating width, unseating prevention blocks, seismic
links and holding down devices are necessary.
2. All Superstructures shall be designed for Elastic Seismic

Forces (Either with R = 1 or from capacity design
principle, whichever is lower). Plastic hinges not allowed
to be formed in deck.
8.2 : Superstructure …contd.
Main Elements in Superstructure, which is covered
in great detail in this guideline are :
1. Linkage Elements : To prevent undesirable movements
of adjacent superstructure units at supports (Ties, Cables,
Dampers…etc.)
2. Seismic Stoppers : To prevent dislodgement of

Superstructure.
3. Seating Widths : A minimum support length in capping

at expansion end of girder.
4. Holding Down Device : A minimum support length in

capping at expansion end of girder.
8.3 : Substructures : Piers & Abutments :
(Refer clause 6.4.2 for Design Philosophy)
8.3 : Substructures : Piers & Abutments …contd.
1. Capacity Design Concept is applicable for connections and
Foundations : Ensures that the ductile elements in the structure
will yield prior to failure of the brittle elements.
2. Damage preferred in Piers; Pier base detailed for ductility and

overstrength for design of Pier section.
Capacity design Moment concept :
Within the length of members developing plastic hinges (Lh)
Integral Deck
Pier
DELETED
8.3.3 Load Combination
For design of substructure, the seismic force shall be

assumed to act from any horizontal direction. For this
purpose, two separate analyses shall be performed for
design seismic forces acting along two orthogonal
horizontal directions. The design seismic force resultants at
any cross-section of a bridge component resulting from the
analysis in the two orthogonal horizontal directions shall be
combined as per Clause 4.2.2
3. Skewed abutments are highly vulnerable to damage
during seismic actions.
4. Guideline recommends to restrict skew angles of Bridge

Abutments and Piers to less than 30o. If required,
increase span length to reduce skew.
The design shear force at the critical sections of substructures
shall be the lower of the following:
a) Maximum elastic SF at the critical section of the bridge component divided by
the response reduction factor for the components as per Table 4.1.
b) Maximum SF that develops when the substructure has maximum moment that
it can sustain (i.e., the over strength plastic moment capacity) in single
column or singlepier type substructure.
c) Maximum SF that is developed when plastic moment hinges are formed in the
substructure so as to form a collapse mechanism in multiple column frame
type or multiple-pier type substructures, in which the plastic moment capacity
shall be the over strength plastic moment capacity.
8.4 : Foundation
1. Force demand on Foundation should be based on

capacity design principle. In general it is not allowed that
bridge foundations are intentionally used as sources of
hysteretic energy dissipation and therefore should, as far
as practicable, be designed to remain undamaged under
the design seismic action. . This is a marked change from
past practice.
8.4 : Foundation
2. Soil flexibilities included in modelling foundation of the

bridge for S-S-I generally leads to longer natural period
and hence lower seismic force.
3. However, on the other hand, consideration of soil
flexibilities shall result in larger lateral deflections. Soil
properties shall be properly estimated. Range of value to
be considered to account for uncertainities. Highest value
of soil stiffness to be considered for for calculating natural
period and base shears while lowest value for deflections.
8.5 : Bearings, Seismic Connections & Expansion Joints
1. Detailed guideline given for Bearing Arrangement in this
guideline for Seismic Zone IV and V.
CASE 1
1. EB TAKING VERTICAL
LOADS
2. SEPARATE SEISMIC
REACTION BLOCKS TO
TAKE LATERAL LOADS
3. REACTION BLOCKS TO
BE DESIGNED FOR
CAPACITY DESIGN
FORCES
guideline for Seismic Zone IV and V. CASE 2
1. RESTRAINED EB WITH IN-

BUILT FIXITY
ARRANGEMENT TAKING
VERT. + LAT. LOADS
2. SEPARATE SEISMIC
REACTION BLOCKS TO
TAKE LATERAL LOADS
3. REACTION BLOCKS TO BE
DESIGNED FOR SAME ‘R’
VALUE AS THAT OF
SUBSTRUCTURE.
guideline for Seismic Zone IV and V.
CASE 3
1. FREE POT/PTFE BEARINGS

TO TAKE VERTICAL LOADS
2. SEPARATE SEISMIC
REACTION BLOCKS TO
TAKE LATERAL LOADS
3. REACTION BLOCKS TO BE
DESIGNED FOR CAPACITY
DESIGN FORCES
8.5.2.5 Minimum Overlap Length (lov) at moveable joint :
Lov
The overlap length lov shall be such as to ensure that the

function of the support is maintained under extreme seismic
displacements.
 lm : is the minimum support length securing the safe transmission of the vertical
reaction ≥ 40cm,
 deg : is the effective displacement of the two parts due to differential seismic ground
displacement,
 dg : is the design value of the peak ground displacement = 0.025 αg S TC TD
 Lg : is the distance beyond which ground motion may be considered uncorrelated;
taken as 500 m
 αg : is the ground acceleration = ‘Z’ x 9.81 m/sec2
 S : is the soil factor
 TC : is the upper limit of the period of the constant part of the spectral acceleration; =
0.4 for Type I (Rock or Hard Soil) N > 30; = 0.5 for Type II (Medium Soil); = 0.65 for Type III (Soft Soil)
N < 10
 TD : is the value defining the beginning of the constant displacement response range
of the spectrum =2.0
 des : is the effective seismic displacement of the support due to the
deformation of the structure, estimated as follows:
 For decks fixed at piers either monolithically or through fixed bearings,
des = dED, where dEd is the total longitudinal design seismic displacement,
dEd = dE + dg + 0.50dT
where :
- dE = design seismic displacement
- dg = long term displacement due to permanent and quasi-permanent actions (eg.
posttensioning, shrinkage and creep of concrete)
- dT = displacement due to thermal movements
 For decks connected to piers or to an abutment through seismic links with

slack equal to ‘s’:
- des = dEd + s
8.5.3 : Seismic Connections - Reaction Blocks
While transferring seismic loads through Seismic connections, care shall be
taken to ensure that the dynamic shock effect is duly taken into account.
REACTION
BLOCKS
8.5.3 : Seismic Connections – Links & Holding Down Devices)
HOLDING
DOWN SEISMIC
DEVICES LINKS
8.5.3 : Seismic Connections – Links
Linkage to be designed for part load = .Q

Linkage to be designed for capacity design effects ignoring bearing resistance
Seismic Links usually are considered to be

a part of retrofitting measures to existing
bridges. Should be provided with proper
slack to allow non-seismic displacements
8.5.3 : Seismic Connections – Vertical Holding Down Devices
Vertical hold-down devices shall be

provided at all supports (or hinges
in continuous structures), where
resulting vertical force U due to the
maximum elastic horizontal and
vertical seismic forces (combined
as per relevant clause of the Code) 50%DL < U < 100%DL
opposes and exceeds 50% of the [Design for minimum U = 10% DL]
dead load reaction D. U > 100%DL,
[Design for 1.2 x (U‐D)]
8.5.4 : Shock Transmission Units
Shock transmission units (STU)
are devices that provide velocity-
dependent restraint of the relative
displacement between deck and
supporting pier caps / abutment
caps
8.5.4 : Shock Transmission Units
V < 0.1 mm/sec
V > 1.0 mm/sec

IRC:SP:114-2018
CHAPTER 9
(DUCTILE DETAILING OF STRUCTURES)
1. The provisions of this clause will be applicable for all bridges in
seismic zone III, IV and V where plastic hinges are likely to be
formed.
2. Design strategy to be used is based on assumption that the plastic
response will occur in the substructure, where repair of plastic
hinges post-earthquake is relatively easy.
9.1 Detailing Rules for RCC Structures :
Objective: Increase of local ductility of reinforced concrete
sections + avoiding brittle failure modes
Confinement: for increasing ultimate concrete strain εcu
Confined concrete
fcm,c
Unconfined concrete
fcm
Ecm Esec
εc1 εcu1 εc1,c εcu,c c

Stress‐strain diagram of unconfined and confined concrete
Confinement reinforcement :
• Increasing with:
 Normalized axial force: ηk = NEd / (Acfck) .
 Axial reinforcement ratio ρ (for ρ > 0.01).
 Minimum Long. Reinforcement shall not be less than 1%
(New addition to the IRC 112 provision)
 Minimum concrete grade at Plastic Hinge Location : M30
(New addition to the IRC 112 provision)
HSD steel bars shall possess following properties :
‐ Actual 0.2% proof strength of steel
bars must not exceed the
characteristic proof strength by
more than 20%
‐ Ratio of actual ult. Strength to the
actual 0.2% proof strength / yield
strength shall be at least 1.15
Confinement reinforcement
The use of circular
pier or square pier is
preferred for better
plastic hinge
performance.
Confinement reinforcement
IRC:SP:114-2018
GUIDELINES FOR SEISMIC
DESIGN OF ROAD BRIDGES

Lecture 10 (A) - MR Alok Bhowmick On Chapter 8 & 9

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IRC:SP:114-2018

GUIDELINES FOR SEISMIC

LECTURE 10A - COVERAGE :

1. General 1. Ductile Detailing of RCC

ri = R x MEd,i /MRd,I = R x Seismic moment / Section resistance

• A bridge is considered regular when the “irregularity index, ρir :

VERTICAL LOAD HORIZONTAL LOAD

SUPERSTRUCTURE PIERS / ABUTMENTS

SLAB GIRDERS / BOX PORTAL FRAME CANTILEVER MASONRY PIERS

2. All Superstructures shall be designed for Elastic Seismic

2. Seismic Stoppers : To prevent dislodgement of

3. Seating Widths : A minimum support length in capping

4. Holding Down Device : A minimum support length in

2. Damage preferred in Piers; Pier base detailed for ductility and

For design of substructure, the seismic force shall be

4. Guideline recommends to restrict skew angles of Bridge

1. Force demand on Foundation should be based on

2. Soil flexibilities included in modelling foundation of the

1. RESTRAINED EB WITH IN-

1. FREE POT/PTFE BEARINGS

The overlap length lov shall be such as to ensure that the

 For decks connected to piers or to an abutment through seismic links with

Linkage to be designed for part load = .Q

Seismic Links usually are considered to be

Vertical hold-down devices shall be

V > 1.0 mm/sec

εc1 εcu1 εc1,c εcu,c c

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