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    12.3 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

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    The document discusses double integrals in polar coordinates. It defines a double integral in polar coordinates over a region R = {(r, θ) : a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β} as the limit of Riemann sums that approximate the integral using sample points (ri, θj) within subrectangles defined by partitions of the r and θ intervals. Examples are provided to evaluate double integrals over specific regions in polar coordinates.

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    12.3 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

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    The document discusses double integrals in polar coordinates. It defines a double integral in polar coordinates over a region R = {(r, θ) : a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β} as the limit of Riemann sums that approximate the integral using sample points (ri, θj) within subrectangles defined by partitions of the r and θ intervals. Examples are provided to evaluate double integrals over specific regions in polar coordinates.

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    The document discusses double integrals in polar coordinates. It defines a double integral in polar coordinates over a region R = {(r, θ) : a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β} as the limit of Riemann sums that approximate the integral using sample points (ri, θj) within subrectangles defined by partitions of the r and θ intervals. Examples are provided to evaluate double integrals over specific regions in polar coordinates.

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    76 views6 pages

    12.3 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

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    The document discusses double integrals in polar coordinates. It defines a double integral in polar coordinates over a region R = {(r, θ) : a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β} as the limit of Riemann sums that approximate the integral using sample points (ri, θj) within subrectangles defined by partitions of the r and θ intervals. Examples are provided to evaluate double integrals over specific regions in polar coordinates.

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    Arkansas Tech University

    MATH 2934: Calculus III


    Dr. Marcel B Finan

    12.3 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates


    There are regions in the plane that are not easily used as domains of iterated
    integrals in rectangular coordinates. For instance, regions such as a disk, ring,
    or a portion of a disk or ring.
    We start by recalling the relationship between Cartesian and polar coordinates.
    The Cartesian system consists of two rectangular axes. A point P in this system
    is uniquely determined by two numbers x and y as shown in Figure 12.3.1(a).
    The polar coordinate system consists of a point O, called the pole, and a half-
    axis starting at O and pointing to the right, known as the polar axis. A point
    P in this system is determined by two numbers: the distance r between P and
    O and an angle θ between the ray OP and the polar axis as shown in Figure
    12.3.1(b).

    Figure 12.3.1
    The Cartesian and polar coordinates can be combined into one figure as shown
    in Figure 12.3.2.
    Figure 12.3.2 reveals the relationship between the Cartesian and polar coordi-
    nates:
    y = r sin θ tan θ = xy .
    p
    r = x2 + y 2 x = r cos θ

    Figure 12.3.2

    1
    A double integral in polar coordinates can be defined as follows. Suppose we
    have a region
    R = {(r, θ) : a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β}
    as shown in Figure 12.3.3(a).

    Figure 12.3.3
    Partition the interval α ≤ θ ≤ β into m equal subintervals, and the interval
    a ≤ r ≤ b into n equal subintervals, thus obtaining mn subrectangles as shown
    in Figure 12.3.3(b). Choose a sample point (ri , θj ) in the subrectangle Rij
    defined by ri−1 ≤ r ≤ ri and θj−1 ≤ θ ≤ θj . Then
    Z Z m X
    X n
    f (x, y)dxdy ≈ f (ri , θj )∆Aij
    R j=1 i=1

    where ∆Aij is the area of the subrectangle Rij .


    To calculate the area of Rij , look at Figure 12.3.4. If ∆r and ∆θ are small then
    Rij is approximately a rectangle with area ri ∆r∆θ so

    ∆Rij ≈ ri ∆r∆θ.

    Thus, the double integral can be approximated by a Riemann sum


    Z Z m X
    X n
    f (x, y)dxdy ≈ f (ri , θj )ri ∆r∆θ
    R j=1 i=1

    Taking the limit as m, n → ∞ we obtain


    Z Z Z β Z b
    f (x, y)dxdy = f (r, θ)rdrdθ.
    R α a

    2
    Figure 12.3.4

    ExampleR 12.3.1
    R x2 +y2
    Evaluate R
    e dxdy where R : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1.

    Solution.
    We have
    √
    Z Z Z 1 Z 1−x2
    x2 +y 2 2
    +y 2
    e dxdy = √ ex dydx
    R −1 − 1−x2
    Z 2π Z 1 Z 2π  Z 1 
    r2 2
    = e rdrdθ = dθ er rdr
    0 0 0 0
     1
    2π 1 r2
    = [θ]0 e
    2 0
    =π(e − 1)

    Example 12.3.2
    Compute the area enclosed by the unit circle.

    Solution.
    The area is given by
    √
    Z 1 Z 1−x2 Z 2π Z 1

    √ dydx = rdrdθ
    −1 − 1−x2 0 0
    2π 1 1
    r2
    Z  Z  
    2π
    = dθ rdr = [θ]0
    0 0 2 0
    =π

    Example 12.3.3
    1
    Evaluate the double integral of f (x, y) = x2 +y 2 over the region D shown in

    3
    Figure 12.3.5.

    Figure 12.3.5

    Solution.
    We have
    π π
    ! Z
    Z Z 2 Z 2 
    4 1 4 1
    rdrdθ = dθ rdr
    0 1 r2 0 1 r2
    π/4 2
    = [θ]0 [ln r]1
    π
    = ln 2
    4
    Example 12.3.4
    For each of the regions shown in Figure 12.3.6, decide whether to integrate using
    rectangular or polar coordinates. In each case write an iterated integral of an
    arbitrary function f (x, y) over the region.

    Figure 12.3.6

    Solution.
    R 2π R 3
    (a) 0 0 f (r, θ)rdrdθ

    4
    R3R2
    (b) f (x, y)dydx
    R 12 R −1
    3
    (c) 0 1 f (x, y)dydx
    2 x−1

    What we have done so far can be extended to the more complicated type of
    region as shown in Figure 12.3.7.

    Figure 12.3.7

    In an argument similar to the one for type I region of Section 12.2, one can show
    that Z Z Z Z β h2 (θ)
    f (x, y)dA = f (r cos θ, r sin θ)rdrdθ.
    R α h1 (θ)

    Example 12.3.5
    Find the area enclosed by one loop of the rose r = cos (3θ).

    Solution.
    One loop is given by the region R = {(r, θ) : − π6 ≤ θ ≤ π
    6, 0 ≤ r ≤ cos (3θ)} as
    shown in the Figure 12.3.8.

    Figure 12.3.8

    5
    We have
    Z Z Z π/6 Z cos (3θ)
    A= dA = rdrdθ
    R −π/6 0
    π/6 r=cos (3θ)
    r2
    Z 
    = dθ
    −π/6 2 r=0
    Z π/6 Z π/6    π/6
    1 1 1 + cos (6θ) 1 θ 1 π
    = cos2 (3θ)dθ = 2 dθ = + sin (6θ) =
    −π/6 2 0 2 2 2 2 6 0 12

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