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Ampere's Circuital Law States The Relationship Between The Current and The Magnetic Field

Ampere's Circuital Law states that the line integral of magnetic field intensity around a closed path is equal to the current enclosed by that path, multiplied by the permeability of free space. The law can be used to determine magnetic field intensity from a current distribution by choosing an Amperian path and evaluating the line integral of H around that path. Examples where Ampere's Law can be applied include finding the magnetic field due to an infinite line current, infinite current sheet, and infinitely long coaxial transmission line. The key steps are choosing a suitable path, identifying the direction of H, evaluating the integral of H around the closed path, and equating it to the enclosed current.

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55 views

Ampere's Circuital Law States The Relationship Between The Current and The Magnetic Field

Ampere's Circuital Law states that the line integral of magnetic field intensity around a closed path is equal to the current enclosed by that path, multiplied by the permeability of free space. The law can be used to determine magnetic field intensity from a current distribution by choosing an Amperian path and evaluating the line integral of H around that path. Examples where Ampere's Law can be applied include finding the magnetic field due to an infinite line current, infinite current sheet, and infinitely long coaxial transmission line. The key steps are choosing a suitable path, identifying the direction of H, evaluating the integral of H around the closed path, and equating it to the enclosed current.

Uploaded by

tareq omar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

Ampere’s Circuital Law states the relationship between the current and the magnetic field
created by it.

Ampere's Circuital Law


In electrostatics, the Gauss's law is useful to obtain the E in case of complex problems. Similarly in the
magnetostatics, the complex problems can be solved using a law called Ampere's circuital law or
Ampere's work law. ‘The Amperc's circuital law states that, ‘The line integral of magnetic field intensity
Hi around a closed path is exactly equal to the direct current enclosed by that path. ‘The mathematical
representation of Amperc’s circuital law is,

1.....

The law is very helpful to determine HI when the current distribution is symmetrical.

Proof of Ampere's Circuital Law


onsider a long straight conductor carrying direct current I placed along x axis as shown in the
Fig. 7.26. Consider a closed circular path of radius r which encloses the straight conductor
carrying direct current I. The point P is at a perpendicular distance r from the conductor.
Consider dL. at point P which direction, tangential to circular path at point P.

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This proves that the integral HirdL along the closed path gives the direct current enclosed by that
closed path. Key Point: The path enclosing the direct current I need not be a circular and it may
be ‘any irregular shape. The law does not depend on the shape of the path but the path must
enclose the direct current once. This path selected is called Amperian path similar to the
Gaussian surface used while applying Gauss’s law.

Steps to Apply Ampere's Circuital Law


Step 1: Consider a closed path preferrably symmetrical such that it encloses the direct current I
once. This is Amperian path.
Step 2 : Consider differential length dL depending upon the co-ordinate system used.
Step 3 : Identify the symmetry and find in which direction Hi exists according to the| co-ordinate
system used.
Step 4: Find H-dI, the dot product. Make sure that dL and Hi in same direction.
Step 5: Find the integral of Hi*dL around the closed path assumed. And equate it to‘current I
enclosed by the path.
Solving this for the Hi we get the required magnetic ficld intensity due to the direct current I. To
apply Ampere’s circuital law the following conditions must be satisfied, 1. The His either
tangential or normal to the path, at each point of the closed path. 2. The magnitude of H must be
same at all points of the path where H is tangential. ‘Thus identifying symmetry and identifying
the components of H present, plays an important role while applying the Ampere's circuital law.

APPLICATIONS OF AMPERE'S LAW

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We now apply Ampere's circuit law to determine H for some symmetrical current distributions
as we did for Gauss's law. We will consider an infinite line current, an infinite current sheet, and
an infinitely long coaxial transmission line.

 Infinite Line Current


Consider an infinitely long filamentary current / along the z-axis as in Figure 7.10. To
determine H at an observation point P, we allow a closed path pass through P. This path, on
which Ampere's law is to be applied, is known as an Amperian path (analogous to the term
Gaussian surface). We choose a concentric circle as the Amperian path in view of eq. (7.14),
which shows that H is constant provided p is constant. Since this path encloses the whole
current /, according to Ampere's law

 Infinite Sheet of Current

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Consider an infinite current sheet in the z = 0 plane. If the sheet has a uniform current density
K = Kyay A/m as shown in Figure 7.11, applying Ampere's law to the rectangular closed
path (Amperian path) gives

To evaluate the integral, we first need to have an idea of what H is like. To achieve this, we
regard the infinite sheet as comprising of filaments; dH above or below the sheet due to a
pair of filamentary currents can be found using eqs. (7.14) and (7.15). As evident in Figure
7.11(b), the resultant dH has only an x-component. Also, H on one side of the sheet is the
negative of that on the other side. Due to the infinite extent of the sheet, the sheet can be
regarded as consisting of such filamentary pairs so that the characteristics of H for a pair are
the same for the infinite current sheets, that is

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 Infinitely Long Coaxial Transmission Line
Consider an infinitely long transmission line consisting of two concentric cylinders having
their axes along the z-axis. The cross section of the line is shown in Figure 7.12, where the z-
axis is out of the page. The inner conductor has radius a and carries current / while the outer
conductor has inner radius b and thickness t and carries return current -/. We want to
determine H everywhere assuming that current is uniformly distributed in both conductors.
Since the current distribution is symmetrical, we apply Ampere's law along the Am

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EXAMPLE:
A toroid whose dimensions are shown in Figure 7.15 has N turns and carries current /. De
termine H inside and outside the toroid.
Solution:
We apply Ampere's circuit law to the Amperian path, which is a circle of radius p show
dotted in Figure 7.15. Since N wires cut through this path each carrying current /, the n<
current enclosed by the Amperian path is NI. Hence,

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Summary
The full version of Ampere's Law is one of Maxwell's Equations that describe the
electromagnetic force. Ampere's Law specifically says that the magnetic field created by an
electric current is proportional to the size of that electric current with a constant of
proportionality equal to the permeability of free space.
Stationary charges produce an electric field proportional to the magnitude of the charge. But
moving charges produce magnetic fields proportional to the current (charge and movement).
The only problem with Ampere's Law is that it is a differential equation -- in other words, you
need to do some calculus to use it. When you use Ampere's Law, you look at the particular
situation you're in, plug in some values for that situation and complete the integral. This will get
you an equation that fits the particular situation.
But instead of doing the messy calculus, we can look at the result of all that work. The situation
we're going to look at in more detail is using Ampere's Law to find the magnetic field created
by a long, straight, current-carrying wire.
The field created by a long, straight, current-carrying wire is in the form of concentric circles.
And as you move further from the wire, those circles get further apart -- or in other words, the
field gets weaker. We could create an equation for this by using Ampere's Law and doing some
calculus. But we can actually derive this equation without any calculus at all.
Instead of an integral, we'll use a sum. The sum of all the magnetic field elements that make up
the concentric circle: magnetic field B times the length of the element delta-L is equal to mu-
zero (permeability of free space) times the current in the wire I. This is Ampere's Law.

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References

1. Electromagnetic Theory isbn 97881843168003 by technical puplication pune-india

2. Engineering Electromagnetics (William H. Hayt, Jr) 8th

3. Electromagnetic Foundations of Electrical Engineering by J. A. Brandao Faria

4. Electromagnetic Alkali Metal Pump Research Program by J. P. Verkamp and R. G.

Rbudy

5. Griffiths, David J. (1999). Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Pearson/Addison-

Wesley. pp. 322–323. ISBN 0-13-805326-X.

6. Rogalski, Mircea S.; Palmer, Stuart B. (2006). Advanced University Physics. CRC

Press. p. 251. ISBN 1-58488-511-4.

7. Owen, George E. (2003). Electromagnetic Theory. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.

p. 285. ISBN 0-486-42830-3.

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