Chapter 6 Arrays

Read one hundred numbers, compute their

average, and find out how many numbers are
above the average.

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 Introducing Arrays
Array is a data structure that represents a collection of the
same types of data.
double[] myList = new double[10];

myList reference
myList[0] 5.6
myList[1] 4.5
Array reference myList[2] 3.3
variable
myList[3] 13.2

myList[4] 4
Array element at
myList[5] 34.33 Element value
index 5
myList[6] 34

myList[7] 45.45

myList[8] 99.993

myList[9] 11123

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Declaring Array Variables

• datatype[] arrayRefVar;
Example:
double[] myList;

• datatype arrayRefVar[]; // This style is

allowed, but not preferred
Example:
double myList[];

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 Creating Arrays

arrayRefVar = new datatype[arraySize];

Example:
myList = new double[10];

myList[0] references the first element in the array.

myList[9] references the last element in the array.

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Declaring and Creating
in One Step

• datatype[] arrayRefVar = new

datatype[arraySize];
double[] myList = new double[10];

• datatype arrayRefVar[] = new

datatype[arraySize];
double myList[] = new double[10];

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 The Length of an Array

Once an array is created, its size is fixed. It cannot be

changed. You can find its size using
arrayRefVar.length

For example,

myList.length returns 10

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 Default Values
When an array is created, its elements are
assigned the default value of

0 for the numeric primitive data types,

'\u0000' for char types, and
false for boolean types.

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 Indexed Variables
The array elements are accessed through the index.
The array indices are 0-based, i.e., it starts from 0 to
arrayRefVar.length-1. In the example in Figure 6.1,
myList holds ten double values and the indices are
from 0 to 9.

Each element in the array is represented using the

following syntax, known as an indexed variable:

arrayRefVar[index];

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 Using Indexed Variables
After an array is created, an indexed variable can
be used in the same way as a regular variable.
For example, the following code adds the value
in myList[0] and myList[1] to myList[2].

myList[2] = myList[0] + myList[1];

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 Array Initializers

•Declaring, creating, initializing in one step:

double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

This shorthand syntax must be in one

statement.

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 Declaring, creating, initializing Using the
Shorthand Notation
double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};
This shorthand notation is equivalent to the following statements:
double[] myList = new double[4];
myList[0] = 1.9;
myList[1] = 2.9;
myList[2] = 3.4;
myList[3] = 3.5;

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 CAUTION
Using the shorthand notation, you
have to declare, create, and initialize
the array all in one statement.
Splitting it would cause a syntax
error. For example, the following is
wrong:
double[] myList;

myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

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 Processing Arrays

See the examples in the text.

1. (Initializing arrays with input values)
2. (Initializing arrays with random values)
3. (Printing arrays)
4. (Summing all elements)
5. (Finding the largest element)
6. (Finding the smallest index of the largest element)

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 Initializing arrays with input values

java.util.Scanner input = new java.util.Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter " + myList.length + " values: ");
for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++)
myList[i] = input.nextDouble();

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Initializing arrays with random values

for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++) {

myList[i] = Math.random() * 100;
}

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Printing arrays

for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++) {

System.out.print(myList[i] + " ");
}

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Summing all elements

double total = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < myList.length; i++) {
total += myList[i];
}

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Finding the largest element

double max = myList[0];

for (int i = 1; i < myList.length; i++) {
if (myList[i] > max) max = myList[i];
}

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 Enhanced for Loop (for-each loop)
JDK 1.5 introduced a new for loop that enables you to traverse the complete array
sequentially without using an index variable. For example, the following code
displays all elements in the array myList:

for (double value: myList)

System.out.println(value);

In general, the syntax is

for (elementType value: arrayRefVar) {

// Process the value
}

You still have to use an index variable if you wish to traverse the array in a
different order or change the elements in the array.

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 Copying Arrays
Often, in a program, you need to duplicate an array or a part of an
array. In such cases you could attempt to use the assignment
statement (=), as follows:

list2 = list1;
Before the assignment After the assignment
list2 = list1; list2 = list1;

list1 list1
Contents Contents
of list1 of list1

list2 list2
Contents Contents
of list2 of list2
Garbage

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 Copying Arrays

Using a loop:
int[] sourceArray = {2, 3, 1, 5, 10};
int[] targetArray = new
int[sourceArray.length];

for (int i = 0; i < sourceArrays.length; i++)

targetArray[i] = sourceArray[i];

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The arraycopy Utility

arraycopy(sourceArray, src_pos,
targetArray, tar_pos, length);

Example:
System.arraycopy(sourceArray, 0,
targetArray, 0, sourceArray.length);

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 The Arrays.sort Method
Since sorting is frequently used in programming, Java provides several
overloaded sort methods for sorting an array of int, double, char, short,
long, and float in the java.util.Arrays class. For example, the following
code sorts an array of numbers and an array of characters.

double[] numbers = {6.0, 4.4, 1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};

java.util.Arrays.sort(numbers);

char[] chars = {'a', 'A', '4', 'F', 'D', 'P'};

java.util.Arrays.sort(chars);

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Declare/Create Two-dimensional Arrays
// Declare array ref var
dataType[][] refVar;

// Create array and assign its reference to variable

refVar = new dataType[10][10];

// Combine declaration and creation in one statement

dataType[][] refVar = new dataType[10][10];

// Alternative syntax
dataType refVar[][] = new dataType[10][10];

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 Declaring Variables of Two-
dimensional Arrays and Creating Two-
dimensional Arrays
int[][] matrix = new int[10][10];
or
int matrix[][] = new int[10][10];
matrix[0][0] = 3;

for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++)

for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++)
matrix[i][j] = (int)(Math.random() * 1000);

double[][] x;

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 Two-dimensional Array Illustration

0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2
0 0 0 1 2 3

1 1 1 4 5 6

2 2 7 2 7 8 9

3 3 3 10 11 12

4 4 int[][] array = {
{1, 2, 3},
matrix = new int[5][5]; matrix[2][1] = 7; {4, 5, 6},
{7, 8, 9},
{10, 11, 12}
};

matrix.length? 5 array.length? 4
matrix[0].length? 5 array[0].length? 3

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Declaring, Creating, and Initializing Using Shorthand
Notations

You can also use an array initializer to declare, create and

initialize a two-dimensional array. For example,

int[][] array = {
int[][] array = new int[4][3];
{1, 2, 3}, array[0][0] = 1; array[0][1] = 2; array[0][2] = 3;
{4, 5, 6}, Same as array[1][0] = 4; array[1][1] = 5; array[1][2] = 6;
{7, 8, 9}, array[2][0] = 7; array[2][1] = 8; array[2][2] = 9;
{10, 11, 12} array[3][0] = 10; array[3][1] = 11; array[3][2] = 12;
};

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 Lengths of Two-dimensional Arrays

int[][] x = new int[3][4];

x
x[0][0] x[0][1] x[0][2] x[0][3] x[0].length is 4
x[0]
x[1] x[1][0] x[1][1] x[1][2] x[1][3] x[1].length is 4

x[2]
x[2][0] x[2][1] x[2][2] x[2][3] x[2].length is 4
x.length is 3

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Lengths of Two-dimensional Arrays, cont.

int[][] array = { array.length

{1, 2, 3}, array[0].length
{4, 5, 6},
array[1].length
{7, 8, 9},
array[2].length
{10, 11, 12}
array[3].length
};

array[4].length ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

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 Ragged Arrays
Each row in a two-dimensional array is itself an array. So,
the rows can have different lengths. Such an array is
known as a ragged array. For example,
int[][] matrix = {
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
matrix.length is 5
{2, 3, 4, 5}, matrix[0].length is 5
{3, 4, 5}, matrix[1].length is 4
{4, 5}, matrix[2].length is 3
matrix[3].length is 2
{5}
matrix[4].length is 1
};

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 Ragged Arrays, cont.

int[][] triangleArray = { 1 2 3 4 5
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
{2, 3, 4, 5}, 1 2 3 4
{3, 4, 5},
{4, 5}, 1 2 3
{5}
}; 1 2

1 2

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Processing Two-Dimensional Arrays

See the examples in the text.

1. (Initializing arrays with input values)

2. (Printing arrays)
3. (Summing all elements)
4. (Summing all elements by column)
5. (Which row has the largest sum)
6. (Finding the smallest index of the largest element)

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 Initializing arrays with input values
java.util.Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter " + matrix.length + " rows and " +
matrix[0].length + " columns: ");
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
matrix[row][column] = input.nextInt();
}
}

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 Initializing arrays with random values

for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {

for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
matrix[row][column] = (int)(Math.random() * 100);
}
}

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 Printing arrays
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
System.out.print(matrix[row][column] + " ");
}

System.out.println();
}

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 Summing all elements
int total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++) {
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[row].length; column++) {
total += matrix[row][column];
}
}

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 Summing elements by column
for (int column = 0; column < matrix[0].length; column++) {
int total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < matrix.length; row++)
total += matrix[row][column];
System.out.println("Sum for column " + column + " is "
+ total);
}

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 Multidimensional Arrays
Occasionally, you will need to represent n-dimensional
data structures. In Java, you can create n-dimensional
arrays for any integer n.

The way to declare two-dimensional array variables and

create two-dimensional arrays can be generalized to
declare n-dimensional array variables and create n-
dimensional arrays for n >= 3. For example, the following
syntax declares a three-dimensional array variable scores,
creates an array, and assigns its reference to scores.

double[][][] scores = new double[10][5][2];

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