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Details of The Crack-Tip Stress Field in Mode I

The document summarizes the stress field near the tip of a crack in an elastic material. It describes how the stress intensity factor K characterizes the stress field and depends on applied stress and crack geometry. It also discusses how plasticity near the crack tip affects the stress field and how to incorporate a correction for plastic zone size into linear elastic fracture mechanics analyses using the stress intensity factor.

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Farid N S
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74 views22 pages

Details of The Crack-Tip Stress Field in Mode I

The document summarizes the stress field near the tip of a crack in an elastic material. It describes how the stress intensity factor K characterizes the stress field and depends on applied stress and crack geometry. It also discusses how plasticity near the crack tip affects the stress field and how to incorporate a correction for plastic zone size into linear elastic fracture mechanics analyses using the stress intensity factor.

Uploaded by

Farid N S
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Details of the Crack-Tip Stress Field in Mode I

infinite,
homogeneous,
elastic plate containing
a crack of length 2a
The stresses at a point (r,θ)
near the tip of the crack:
Ignoring the subscript of K, we may write the stress
components in expanded form as:

(7.1)
where
r << a (7.2)
units (N/m2) √m, or Pa√m, or Nm−3/2.
For a thin plate, plane-stress conditions σ33 = σ13 =σ23 = 0.
For a thick plate (infinite in the direction of thickness),
plane-strain conditions (σ33=ν(σ11 +σ22) and σ13 = σ23 = 0).

Consider again Eq. 7.1. The right-hand side has three


quantities: K, r, and f(θ), f(θ) here designating the group
of terms containing the angle θ in Eq. 7.1. The terms r
and f(θ) describe the stress distribution around the
crack tip.

√r and f(θ) are identical for all cracks in two- or three-


dimensional elastic solids.
The stress intensity factor K :the applied stress σ and the
appropriate crack dimensions, in this case half the crack
length a.

K : (stress σ and 1/2a) external conditions

Corresponding to fracture when stresses and strains at


the crack tip reach a critical value.

K Kc
Kc depends on the dimensions of the specimen
 Plane-stress conditions thickness of the sample
 Plane-strain conditions independent of the
thickness of the specimen (KIc)
Some of the more common configurations and the
corresponding expressions for K are presented
For samples of finite dimensions: a central through-the-
thickness crack of length 2a, in a plate of width W:

(7.3)

For the same crack in an infinite plate,

Tan πa/W is expanded in a series:

infinite solid, a/W = 0,


 The LEFM treatment is valid for low-enough stresses
such that the size of the plastic zone at the crack tip
is small with respect to the crack length and the
dimensions of the sample.

 How to incorporate a correction term for the


presence of a plastic zone at the crack tip.
Plastic-Zone Size Correction

Equations 6.2−6.4 show a √r singularity; that is, σ11, σ22,


and σ12 go to infinity when √r = 0

For a great majority of materials ,local yielding will occur


at the crack tip, which would relax the peak stresses.

When yielding occurs at the crack tip, it becomes


blunted; that is, the crack surfaces separate without
any crack extension.
The plastic zone (radius ry) will
then be embedded in an
elastic stress field. Outside
and far away from the plastic
zone, the elastic stress field
‘‘sees” the crack and the
perturbation due to the
plastic zone, as if there were
present a crack in an elastic
material with the leading edge
of the crack situated inside
the plastic zone.
A crack of length 2(a + ry) in an ideal elastic material
produces stresses almost identical to elastic stresses in
a locally yielded member outside the plastic zone. If the
stress applied is too large, the plastic zone increases in
size in relation to the crack length, and the elastic
stress field equations lose precision.

When the plastic zone is small in relation to the crack


length = radius ry at the crack tip. From Equation 7.1,
for θ = 0, r = ry, and σ22 = σy, the yield stress:
The plastic-zone radius

(7.4)

In fact, the plastic-zone radius is a little bigger than


(1/2π)(K/σy)2, due to redistribution of load in the vicinity
of the crack tip.

Irwin takes into account the plastic constraint factor in


the case of plane strain, gave the following
expressions for the size of the plastic zone:
Dugdale–Bilby–Cottrell–Swinden (BCS) model of a crack.

The plasticity spreads out at the two ends of a crack in


the form of narrow strips of length R

The center of perturbation, the apparent crack tip, is


located a distance ry from the real crack tip. The
effective crack length:
Substituting (a + ry) for a in the elastic stress field
equations gives an adequate adjustment for the crack-tip
plasticity under conditions of small-scale yielding

Combining the internal stress field surrounding the


plastic enclaves with the external stress field associated
with the applied stress σ acting on the crack, Dugdale
Showed:
From this relation, one notes that as σ → σy, c/a → 0, a
→ ∞ (i.e., general yielding occurs).

as σ/σy decreases (using the series expansion for


cosine),

Noting that a = c + R and using the binomial expansion

Thus, for σ << σy,


(7.4)

(7.5)

Comparing Eq. 7.5 with Eq. 7.4, we see that there is good
agreement between the two (π/8 ≈ 1/π). In fact, the size
of the plastic zone varies with θ also. A formal
representation of the plastic zone at the crack front
through the plate.
Variation in Fracture Toughness with Thickness
The ratio of the plate
thickness B to the size of
the plastic zone, 2ry:

B/(Kc/σy)2 is greater than 1/π


(i.e., B >>2ry), the fracture
toughness value Kc does not
change with B
B/(Kc/σy)2 is much smaller than 1/π
(i.e., B << 2ry), fracture toughness
to increase linearly with the plate
thickness.
The existing flaw, and not the yield stress, limits the maximum load.

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