INTRODCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS

(IoT)

Anyone who says that the Internet has fundamentally changed society may be
right, but at the same time, the greatest transformation actually still lies ahead of us.
Several new technologies are now converging in a way that means the Internet is on the
brink of a substantial expansion as objects large and small get connected and assume their
own web identity.

Following on from the Internet of computers, when our servers and personal
computers were connected to a global network, and the Internet of mobile telephones,
when it was the turn of telephones and other mobile units, the next phase of development
is the Internet of things, when more or less anything will be connected and managed in
the virtual world. This revolution will be the Net’s largest enlargement ever and will have
sweeping effects on every industry — and all of our everyday lives.

Smart connectivity with existing networks and context-aware computation using

network resources is an indispensable part of IoT. With the growing presence of Wi-Fi
and 4G-LTE wireless Internet access, the evolution towards ubiquitous information and
communication networks is already evident. However, for the Internet of Things vision to
successfully emerge, the computing paradigm will need to go beyond traditional mobile
computing scenarios that use smart phones and portables, and evolve into connecting
everyday existing objects and embedding intelligence into our environment. For
technology to disappear from the consciousness of the user, the Internet of Things
demands: a shared understanding of the situation of its users and their appliances,
software architectures and pervasive communication networks to process and convey the
contextual information to where it is relevant, and the analytics tools in the Internet of
Things that aim for autonomous and smart behavior. With these three fundamental
grounds in place, smart connectivity and context-aware computation can be
accomplished.

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DEFITNITION OF INTERNET OF THINGS
(IoT)

“Today computers and the Internet are almost wholly dependent on human beings
for information. Nearly all of the roughly 50 petabyte (1 petabyte=10 15 bytes) of data
available on the Internet were first captured and created by human beings by typing,
pressing a record button, taking a digital picture, or scanning a bar code. Conventional
diagrams of the Internet leave out the most numerous and important routers of all -
people. The problem is, people have limited time, attention and accuracy all of which
means they are not very good at capturing data about things in the real world. And that's a
big deal. We're physical, and so is our environment … You can't eat bits, burn them to
stay warm or put them in your gas tank. Ideas and information are important, but things
matter much more. Yet today's information technology is so dependent on data originated
by people that our computers know more about ideas than things. If we had computers
that knew everything there was to know about things using data they gathered without any
help from us we would be able to track and count everything, and greatly reduce waste,
loss and cost. We would know when things needed replacing, repairing or recalling, and
whether they were fresh or past their best. The Internet of Things has the potential to
change the world, just as the Internet did or even more.

TRENDS

Internet of Things has been identified as one of the emerging technologies in IT as

noted in Gartner’s IT Hype Cycle. A Hype Cycle is a way to represent the emergence,
adoption, maturity, and impact on applications of specific technologies. It has been

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forecasted that IoT will take 5–10 years for market adoption.

Fig. Gartner 2012 Hype Cycle of emerging technologies.

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Fig. Internet Usage and Population Statistics

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Fig.Google search trends since 2004 for terms IoT, Wireless Sensor Networks,
Ubiquitous Computing.

IDC estimates Internet of Things (IoT) market to grow to $8.9 trillion with over
212 billion connected things by 2020. The no. of connected devices surpassed total world
population in year 2005 and it is estimated that no. of devices will be around 50 billion
which is about 7 times of the world population at that time. From the simplest day to day
activities to the most complex human emotions, IoT will impact it.

ARCHITECTURE OF INTERNET OF THINGS

Architecture of internet Of Things contains basically 4 layers:

⦁ Application Layer

⦁ Gateway and the network layer

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 ⦁ Management Service layer

⦁ Sensor layer

APPLICATION LAYER:

⦁ Lowest Abstraction Layer

⦁ With sensors we are creating digital nervous system.

⦁ Incorporated to measure physical quantities

⦁ Interconnects the physical and digital world

⦁ Collects and process the real time information

GATEWAY AND THE NETWORK LAYER:

⦁ Robust and High performance network infrastructure

⦁ Supports the communication requirements for latency, bandwidth or security

⦁ Allows multiple organizations to share and use the same network independently

MANAGEMENT LAYER:

⦁ Capturing of periodic sensory data

⦁ Data Analytics (Extracts relevant information from massive amount of raw data)

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 ⦁ Streaming Analytics (Process real time data)

⦁ Ensures security and privacy of data.

SENSOR LAYER:

⦁ Provides a user interface for using IoT.

⦁ Different applications for various sectors like Transportation, Healthcare,

Agriculture, Supply chains, Government, Retail etc.

INTERNET OF THINGS ELEMENTS

There are three IoT components which enables seamless:

(a) Hardware—made up of sensors, actuators and embedded communication hardware

(b) Middleware—on demand storage and computing tools for data analytics and

(c) Presentation—novel easy to understand visualization and interpretation tools which

can be widely accessed on different platforms and which can be designed for different
applications

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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

RFID technology is a major breakthrough in the embedded communication

paradigm which enables design of microchips for wireless data communication. They
help in the automatic identificationof anything they are attached to acting as an electronic
barcode. The passive RFID tags are not battery powered and they use the power of the
reader’s interrogation signal to communicate theID to the RFID reader. This has resulted
in many applications particularly in retail and supply chain management. The applications

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can be found in transportation (replacement of tickets, registrationstickers) and access
control applications as well. The passive tags are currently being used in many bank cards
and road toll tags which are among the first global deployments. Active RFID
readershave their own battery supply and can instantiate the communication. Of the
several applications, the main application of active RFID tags is in port containers for
monitoring cargo.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

Recent technological advances in low power integrated circuits and wireless

communications have made available efficient, low cost, low power miniature devices for
use in remote sensing applications. The combination of these factors has improved the
viabilityof utilizing a sensor network consisting of a large number of intelligent sensors,
enabling the collection, processing, analysis and dissemination of valuable information,
gathered in a varietyof environments. Active RFID is nearly the same as the lower
endWSNnodes with limited processing capability and storage. The scientific challenges
that must be overcome in order to realize theenormous potential of WSNs are substantial
and multidisciplinary in nature. Sensor data are shared among sensor nodes and sent to a
distributed or centralized system for analytics. The components that make up the WSN
monitoring network include:

⦁ WSN hardware—Typically a node (WSN core hardware) contains sensor

interfaces, processing units, transceiver units and power supply. Almost always,
they comprise of multiple A/Dconverters for sensor interfacing and more modern
sensor nodes have the ability to communicate using one frequency band making
them more versatile.

⦁ WSN communication stack—The nodes are expected to be deployed in an ad-hoc

manner for most applications. Designing an appropriate topology, routing and
MAC layer is critical for the scalability and longevity of the deployed network.
Nodes in a WSN need to communicate among themselves to transmit data in

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 single or multi-hop to a base station. Node drop outs, and consequent degraded
network lifetimes, are frequent.

⦁ WSN Middleware—A mechanism to combine cyber infrastructurewith a Service

Oriented Architecture (SOA) and sensor networksto provide access to
heterogeneous sensor resources ina deployment independent manner. This is
based on theidea of isolating resources that can be used by several applications.A
platform-independent middleware for developingsensor applications is required,
such as an Open Sensor WebArchitecture.

⦁ Secure Data aggregation—An efficient and secure data aggregationmethod is

required for extending the lifetime of thenetwork as well as ensuring reliable data
collected from sensors. Node failures are a common characteristic of WSNs,the
network topology should have the capability to heal itself.Ensuring security is
critical as the system is automaticallylinked to actuators and protecting the
systems from intrudersbecomes very important.

Addressing schemes(IPv6)

The ability to uniquely identify ‘Things’ is critical for the success of IoT. This will
not only allow us to uniquely identify billions of devices but also to control remote
devices through the Internet.

The few most critical features of creating a unique address are:

⦁ Uniqueness

⦁ Reliability

⦁ Persistence

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 ⦁ Scalability.

Every element that is already connected and those that are going to be connected,
must be identified by their unique identification, location and functionalities. The current
IPv4 may support to an extent where a group of cohabiting sensor devices can be
identified geographically, but not individually. The Internet Mobility attributes in the
IPV6 may alleviate some of the device identification problems; however, the
heterogeneous nature of wireless nodes, variable data types, concurrent operations and
confluence of data from devices exacerbates the problem further. Persistent network
functioning to channel the data trafficubiquitously and relentlessly is another aspect of
IoT. Although, the TCP/IP takes care of this mechanism by routing in a more reliable and
efficient way, from source to destination, the IoT faces a bottleneck at the interface
between the gateway and wireless sensor devices. Furthermore, the scalability of the
device address of the existing network must be sustainable. The addition of networks and
devices must not hamper the performance of the network, the functioning of the devices,
the reliability of the data over the network or the effective use of the devices from the
user interface. To address these issues, the Uniform Resource Name (URN) system is
considered fundamental for the development of IoT. URNcreates replicas of the resources
that can be accessed through the URL. With large amounts of spatial data being gathered,
it is often quite important to take advantage of the benefits of metadata for transferring
the information from a database to the user via the Internet. IPv6 also gives a very good
option to access the resources uniquely and remotely. Another critical development in
addressing is the development of a lightweight IPv6 that will enable addressing home
appliances uniquely.

Wireless sensor networks (considering them as building blocks of IoT), which run on a
different stack compared to the Internet, cannot possess IPv6 stack to address individually

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and hence a subnet with a gateway having a URN will be required. With this in mind, we
then need a layer for addressing sensor devices by the relevant gateway. At the subnet
level, the URN for the sensor devices could be the unique IDs rather than human-friendly
names as in the www, and a lookup table at the gateway to address this device. Further, at
the node level each sensor will have a URN (as numbers) for sensors to be addressed by
the gateway. The entire network now forms a web of connectivity from users (high-level)
to sensors (low-level) that is addressable (through URN), accessible (through URL) and
controllable (through URC).

APPLICATIONS:

There are several application domains which will be impacted by the emerging
Internet of Things. The applications can be classified based on the type of network
availability, coverage, scale, heterogeneity, repeatability, user involvement and impact.

We categorize the applications into four application domains:

(1) Personal and Home

(2) Enterprise

(3) Utilities

(4) Mobile.

There is a huge crossover in applications and the use of data between domains.
For instance, the Personal and Home IoT produces electricity usage data in the house and
makes it available to the electricity (utility) company which can in turn optimize the
supply and demand in the Utility IoT. The internet enables sharing of data between

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different serviceproviders in a seamless manner creating multiple business opportunities.

Personal and home

The sensor information collected is used only by the individuals who directly own
the network. Usually Wi-Fi is used as the backbone enabling higher bandwidth data
(video) transfer as well as higher sampling rates (Sound).

Ubiquitous healthcare has been envisioned for the past two decades. IoT gives a
perfect platform to realize this vision using body area sensors and IoT back end to upload
the data to servers. For instance, a Smartphone can be used for communication along with
several interfaces like Bluetooth for interfacing sensors measuring physiological
parameters. So far, there are several applications available for Apple iOS, Google
Android and Windows Phoneoperating systems that measure various parameters.
However, it is yet to be centralized in the cloud for general physicians to access the same.

An extension of the personal body area network is creating a home monitoring

system for elderly care, which allows the doctor to monitor patients and the elderly in
their homes thereby reducing hospitalization costs through early intervention and
treatment.

Control of home equipment such as air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines etc.,
will allow better home and energy management. This will see consumers become

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involved in the IoT revolution in the same manner as the Internet revolution itself.

Social networking is set to undergo another transformation with billions of

interconnected objects. An interesting development will be using a Twitter like concept
where individual‘Things’ in the house can periodically tweet the readings which can be
easily followed from anywhere creating a TweetOT. Although this provides a common
framework using cloud for information access, a new security paradigm will be required
for this to be fullyrealized.

Utilities

The information from the networks in this application domain is usually for
service optimization rather than consumer consumption. It is already being used by utility
companies (smart meter by electricity supply companies) for resource management in
order to optimize cost vs. profit. These are made up of very extensive networks (usually
laid out by large organization on a regional and national scale) for monitoring critical
utilities and efficient resource management. The backbone network used can vary
between cellular,Wi-Fi and satellite communication.

Smart grid and smart metering is another potential IoT application which is being
implemented around the world. Efficient energy consumption can be achieved by
continuously monitoring every electricity point within a house and using this
informationto modify the way electricity is consumed. This information at the city scale is
used for maintaining the load balance within the grid ensuring high quality of service.

Video based IoT, which integrates image processing, computer vision and
networking frameworks, will help develop a new challenging scientific research area at
the intersection of video, infrared, microphone and network technologies. Surveillance,
the most widely used camera network applications, helps track targets, identify suspicious

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activities, detect left luggage and monitor unauthorized access.

Water network monitoring and quality assurance of drinking water is another

critical application that is being addressed using IoT. Sensors measuring critical water
parameters are installed at important locations in order to ensure high supply quality. This
avoids accidental contamination among storm water drains, drinking water and sewage
disposal. The same network can be extended to monitor irrigation in agricultural land.
The networkis also extended for monitoring soil parameters which allows informed
decision making concerning agriculture.

Mobile:

Smart transportation and smart logistics are placed in a separate domain due to the
nature of data sharing and backbone implementation required. Urban traffic is the main
contributor to traffic noise pollution and a major contributor to urban air quality
degradation and greenhouse gas emissions. Traffic congestion directly imposes
significant costs on economic and social activities in most cities. Supply chain
efficiencies and productivity, including just-in-time operations, are severely impacted by
this congestion causing freight delays and delivery schedule failures. Dynamic traffic
information will affect freight movement, allow better planning and improved scheduling.
The transport IoT will enable theuse of large scale WSNs for online monitoring of travel
times, origin– destination (O–D) route choice behavior, queue lengths and air pollutant
and noise emissions. The IoT is likely to replace the traffic information provided by the
existing sensor networks of inductive loop vehicle detectors employed at the intersections
of existing traffic control systems. They will also underpin the development of scenario-
based models for the planning and design ofmitigation and alleviation plans, as well as
improved algorithms for urban traffic control, including multi-objective control systems.
Combined with information gathered from the urban traffic controlsystem, valid and
relevant information on traffic conditions can bepresented to travelers.The prevalence of

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Bluetooth technology (BT) devices reflects thecurrent IoT penetration in a number of
digital products such as mobilephones, car hands-free sets, navigation systems, etc. BT
devicesemit signals with a unique Media Access Identification (MAC-ID)number that can
be read by BT sensors within the coverage area.

Readers placed at different locations can be used to identify themovement of the

devices. Complemented by other data sourcessuch as traffic signals, or bus GPS, research
problems that can beaddressed include vehicle travel time on motorways and
arterialstreets, dynamic (time dependent) O–D matrices on the network,identification of
critical intersections, and accurate and reliablereal time transport network state
information. There are manyprivacy concerns by such usages and digital forgetting is an
emergingdomain of research in IoT where privacy is a concern.Another important
application in mobile IoT domain is efficientlogistics management. This includes
monitoring the itemsbeing transported as well as efficient transportation planning.
Themonitoring of items is carried out more locally, say, within a truckreplicating
enterprize domain but transport planning is carried outusing a large scale IoT network.

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Cloud centric Internet of Things

The vision of IoT can be seen from two perspectives—‘Internet’ centric and
‘Thing’ centric. The Internet centric architecture will involve internet services being the
main focus while data is contributed by the objects. In the object centric architecture, the
smart objects take the center stage.

In order to realize the full potential of cloud computing as well as ubiquitous

sensing, a combined framework with a cloud at the center seems to be most viable. This
not only gives the flexibility of dividing associated costs in the most logical manner but is
alsohighly scalable. Sensing service providers can join the network and offer their data
using a storage cloud; analytic tool developers can provide their software tools; artificial

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intelligence experts can provide their data mining and machine learning tools useful in
converting information to knowledge and finally computer graphics designers can offer a
variety of visualization tools. Cloud computing can offer these services as Infrastructures,
Platformsor Software where the full potential of human creativity can be tapped using
them as services.

The new IoT application specific framework should be able to provide support for:

(1) Reading data streams either from sensors directly or fetch the data from databases.

(2) Easy expression of data analysis logic as functions/operators that process data streams
in a transparent and scalable manner on Cloud infrastructures

(3) If any events of interest are detected, outcomes should be passed to output streams,
which are connected to a visualization program. Using such a framework, the developerof
IoT applications will able to harness the power of Cloud computing without knowing
low-level details of creating reliable and scale applications.

BENEFITS OF INTERNET OF THINGS

⦁ Improved citizen's quality of life

Healthcare from anywhere

Better safety, security and productivity

⦁ New business opportunities

IoT can be used in every vertical for improving the efficiency

Creates new businesses, and new and better jobs

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 ⦁ Economical growth

Billions of dollars in savings and new services

⦁ Better environment

Saves natural resources and trees

Helps in creating a smart, greener and sustainable planet

⦁ Improved competitiveness

Competitive in providing cutting edge products/services

OPEN CHALLENGES AND FUTURE

DIRECTIONS

The proposed Cloud centric vision comprises a flexible and open architecture that
is user centric and enables different players to interact in the IoT framework. It allows
interaction in a manner suitable for their own requirements, rather than the IoT being
thrust upon them. In this way, the framework includes provisions to meet different
requirements for data ownership, security, privacy, and sharing of information.

Some open challenges are discussed based on the IoT elements presented earlier.
The challenges include IoT specific challenges such as privacy, participatory sensing, data
analytics, GIS based visualization and Cloud computing apart from the standard WSN
challenges including architecture, energy efficiency, security, protocols, and Quality of
Service.

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Architecture

Overall architecture followed at the initial stages of IoT research will have a
severe bearing on the field itself and needs to be investigated. Most of the works relating
to IoT architecturehave been from the wireless sensor networks perspective.

European Union projects of SENSEI and Internet of Things- Architecture (IoT-A) have
been addressing the challenges particularly from the WSN perspective and have been very
successful in defining the architecture for different applications.

Energy efficient sensing

Efficient heterogeneous sensing of the urban environment needs to simultaneously

meet competing demands of multiple sensing modalities. This has implications on
network traffic, data storage, and energy utilization. Importantly, this encompasses both
fixed and mobile sensing infrastructure as well as continuous and random sampling. A
generalized framework is required for data collection and modeling that effectively
exploits spatialand temporal characteristics of the data, both in the sensing domain as
well as the associated transform domains.

Secure reprogrammable networks and privacy

Security will be a major concern wherever networks are deployed at large scale.
There can be many ways the system could be attacked disabling the network availability;
pushing erroneous data into the network; accessing personal information; etc.

The three physical components of IoT—RFID, WSN and cloud are vulnerableto such
attacks. Security is critical to any network and the first line of defense against data

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corruption is cryptography.

Of the three, RFID (particularly passive) seems to be the most vulnerable as it

allows person tracking as well as the objects and no high level intelligence can be enabled
on these devices. These complex problems however have solutions that can be
providedusing cryptographic methods and deserve more research before they are widely
accepted.

Against outsider attackers, encryption ensures data confidentiality, whereas

message authentication codes ensure data integrity and authenticity. Encryption, however,
does notprotect against insider malicious attacks, to address which noncryptographic
means are needed, particularly in WSNs. Also, periodically, new sensor applications need
to be installed, or existing ones need to be updated. This is done by remote
wirelessreprogramming of all nodes in the network. Traditional network reprogramming
consists solely of a data dissemination protocol that distributes code to all the nodes in the
network without authentication, which is a security threat. A secure reprogramming
protocol allows the nodes to authenticate every code update and prevent malicious
installation. Most such protocols are based on the benchmark protocol Deluge. We need
cryptographic add-ons to Deluge, which lays the foundation for more sophisticated
algorithms to be developed.Security in the cloud is another important area of research
which will need more attention. Along with the presence of the data and tools, cloud also
handles economics of IoT which willmake it a bigger threat from attackers. Security and
identityprotection becomes critical in hybrid clouds where private as wellas public clouds
will be used by businesses. Remembering forever in the context of IoT raises many
privacyissues as the data collected can be used in positive (for advertisementservices) and
negative ways (for defamation). Digital forgettingcould emerge as one of the key areas of
research to addressthe concerns and the development of an appropriate frameworkto
protect personal data.

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Quality of service

Heterogeneous networks are (by default) multi-service; providing more than one
distinct application or service. This implies not only multiple traffic types within the
network, but also the ability of a single network to support all applications without QoS
compromise. There are two application classes: throughput and delay tolerant elastic
traffic of (e.g. monitoring weather parameters at low sampling rates), and the bandwidth
and delay sensitive inelastic (real-time) traffic (e.g. noise or traffic monitoring), which
can be further discriminated by data-related applications (e.g. high-vs.-low resolution
videos) with different QoS requirements. Therefore, a controlled, optimal approach to
serve different network traffics, each with its own application QoS needs is required. It is
not easy to provide QoS guarantees in wireless networks, as segments often constitute
‘gaps’ in resource guaranteedue to resource allocation and management ability constraints
in shared wireless media. Quality of Service in Cloud computing is another major
research area which will require more and more attention as the data and tools become
available on clouds. Dynamicscheduling and resource allocation algorithms based on
particle swarm optimization are being developed. For high capacity applications and as
IoT grows, this could become a bottleneck.

New protocols

The protocols at the sensing end of IoT will play a key role in complete
realization. They form the backbone for the data tunnel between sensors and the outer
world. For the system to work efficiently, an energy efficient MAC protocol and
appropriate routing protocol are critical. Several MAC protocols have been proposed for
various domains with TDMA (collision free), CSMA (low traffic efficiency) and FDMA
(collision free but requires additional circuitry in nodes) schemes available to the user.
None of them are accepted as a standard and with more ‘things’ available this scenario is
going to get more cluttered, which requires further research. An individual sensor can

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drop out for a number of reasons,so the network must be self-adapting and allow for
multi-path routing. Multi-hop routing protocols are used in mobile ad hoc networks and
terrestrial WSNs. They are mainly divided into three categories—data centric, location
based and hierarchical, again based on different application domains. Energy is the main
consideration for the existing routing protocols. In the case of IoT, it should be noted that
a backbone will be available and thenumber of hops in the multi-hop scenario will be
limited. In such a scenario, the existing routing protocols should suffice in practical
implementation with minor modifications.

Cloud computing

Integrated IoT and Cloud computing applications enabling the creation of smart
environments such as Smart Cities need to be able to :

(a) Combine services offered by multiple stakeholders

(b) Scale to support a large number of users in a reliable and decentralized manner.

They need to be able operate in both wired and wireless network environments and deal
with constraints such as access devices or data sources with limited power andunreliable
connectivity.

The Cloud application platforms need to be enhanced to support :

(a) The rapid creation of applications by providing domain specific programming tools
and environments.

(b) Seamless execution of applications harnessing capabilities of multiple dynamic and

heterogeneous resources to meet quality of service requirements of diverse users.

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NEXT STEPS

The thought of always being tracked and your data being recorded does bring a
fear to a consumers mind, but we have to move away from it to see the benefits that this
great technology is going to bring to us. The above examples were about a 'connected
you', making your life seamless, but it brings with it higher benefits like connected cities,
better commerce and an improved ecosystem.

As often happens, history is repeating itself. Just as in the early days when Cisco’s
tagline was “The Science of Networking Networks,” IoT is at a stage where disparate
networks and a multitude of sensors must come together and interoperate under a
common set of standards.

This effort will require businesses, governments, standards organizations, and

academia towork together toward a common goal. Next, for IoT to gain acceptance
among the general populace, service providers and others must deliver applications that
bring tangible value to peoples’ lives. IoT must not represent the advancement of
technology for technology’s sake; the industry needs to demonstrate value in human
terms.

In conclusion, IoT represents the next evolution of the Internet. Given that
humans advanceand evolve by turning data into information, knowledge, and wisdom,
IoT has the potential tochange the world as we know it today—for the better. How

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quickly we get there is up to us.

CONCLUSION:

The proliferation of devices with communicating–actuating capabilities is

bringing closer the vision of an Internet of Things, where the sensing and actuation
functions seamlessly blend into the background and new capabilities are made possible
through access of rich new information sources. The evolution of the next generation
mobile system will depend on the creativity of the users in designing new applications.
IoT is an ideal emerging technology to influence this domain by providing new evolving
data and the required computational resources for creating revolutionary apps.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Ashton, K.: That ‘Internet of Things’ Thing. RFID Journal,

www.rfidjournal.com/article/ print/4986 (2009)
2. European Commission: Internet of Things – An action plan for Europe.
COM(2009) ,http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2009/com2009_
0278en01.pdf (2009)
3.Fleisch, E.: What is the Internet of Things? When Things Add Value. Auto-ID
Labs White Paper WP-BIZAPP-053, Auto-ID Lab St. Gallen, Switzerland (2010)
4. Frank, C., Bolliger, P., Mattern, F., Kellerer, W.: The Sensor Internet at Work:
Locating Everyday Items Using Mobile Phones. Pervasive and Mobile Computing
(2008)
5.Guinard, D., Trifa, V., Wilde, E.: Architecting a Mashable Open World Wide
Web of Things. TR CS-663 ETH Zürich,
www.vs.inf.ethz.ch/publ/papers/WoT.pdf (2010)

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6. Kindberg, T., Barton, J., Morgan, J., Becker, G., Caswell, D., Debaty, P.,
Gopal, G., Frid, M., Krishnan, V., Morris, H., Schettino, J., Serra, B., Spasojevic,
M.: People,
Places, Things: Web Presence for the Real World. Mobile Networks and
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