CIVIL WORKS INSTRUCTIONS

AviMet® AWOS and LLWAS

M211028EN-B
PUBLISHED BY

Vaisala Oyj Phone (int.): +358 9 8949 1

P.O. Box 26 Fax: +358 9 8949 2227
FI-00421 Helsinki
Finland

Visit our Internet pages at http://www.vaisala.com/

© Vaisala 2011

No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical (including photocopying), nor may its contents be communicated to a third
party without prior written permission of the copyright holder.

The contents are subject to change without prior notice.

Please observe that this manual does not create any legally binding obligations for
Vaisala towards the customer or end user. All legally binding commitments and
agreements are included exclusively in the applicable supply contract or Conditions of
Sale.
________________________________________________________________________________

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1
GENERAL INFORMATION............................................................................ 3
About This Manual ................................................................... 3
Contents of This Manual ....................................................... 3
Version Information ............................................................... 3
Feedback............................................................................... 3
Safety......................................................................................... 3
General Safety Considerations ............................................. 3
Product Related Safety Precautions ..................................... 3
ESD Protection...................................................................... 3
Inspections for Delivery Damage ........................................... 3
Technical Support .................................................................... 3

CHAPTER 2
SELECTING SENSOR LOCATIONS............................................................. 3
WMO Recommendations for Surface Weather
Measurements .......................................................................... 3
NCAR Recommendations for LLWAS Sensor
Locations .................................................................................. 3
ICAO Recommendations for AWOS Sensor Locations........ 3
Locating a Ceilometer ........................................................... 3
Locating Visibility sensors (LT31 Transmissometer,
FD12, FS11).......................................................................... 3
Locating a Background Luminance Sensor .......................... 3
Locating a Wind Mast............................................................ 3
Locating a Weather Station................................................... 3
Locating a Solar Panel .......................................................... 3
Locating Radio Transmission Antenna ................................. 3
Locating Runway and Soil Temperature Sensors ................ 3
Locating Thunderstorm Sensor TSS928................................ 3
General Sensor Exposure..................................................... 3
Noise Sources near the Sensor ............................................ 3
Radio Frequency (RF) Noise ........................................... 3
Very Low Frequency Noise.............................................. 3
Optical Noise.................................................................... 3

CHAPTER 3
PREPARING FOUNDATIONS FOR THE SENSORS ................................... 3
Frost Damage Prevention........................................................ 3
Concrete Foundation Dimensions and Preparation ............. 3
Preparation of Foundation..................................................... 3
Work Instruction for Casting of Foundation........................... 3
Foundation Dimensions ........................................................ 3
General Principles for Foundation Pattern............................ 3
Concrete Foundation Types.................................................... 3

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Lightning Protection and Grounding .....................................3

Lightning Rod ........................................................................3
Grounding of Electrical Equipment ........................................3
Grounding of LT31.................................................................3
Leveling of Concrete Foundation ...........................................3
Ground Filling Material at Sensor Site ...................................3
Cable Conduits .........................................................................3
Mechanical Protection of Cables above Ground Level ........3
Concrete Foundations for Sensors ........................................3
Concrete Foundation for Ceilometer CL31 ...........................3
Concrete Foundation for LT31 Transmissometer .................3
Using an Existing Foundation ..........................................3
Concrete Foundation for FD12/P and FS11..........................3
Creating a New Concrete Foundation..............................3
Using an Existing Concrete Block ....................................3
Concrete Foundation for Rain Gauge RG13/RG13H............3
Concrete Foundations for Masts ............................................3
Tiltable Pole Mast DKP210 ...................................................3
Foundation Set included in delivery .................................3
Guy Wires.........................................................................3
Soil and Frost Conditions .................................................3
Orientation of the Mast .....................................................3
Concrete Foundation Types.............................................3
Creating a New Concrete Foundation.........................3
Using an Existing Concrete Foundation......................3
Short Pole Mast .....................................................................3
Orientation of the Mast Equipped with the Standard
Foundation Set .................................................................3
Orientation of the Mast Equipped with the Tilt
Division Flange.................................................................3
Soil and Frost Conditions .................................................3
Concrete Foundations ......................................................3
Creating a New Concrete Foundation.........................3
Using an Existing Concrete Foundation......................3
Exel Composite Masts...........................................................3
Preparing the Foundation.................................................3
Casting the Foundation ....................................................3
Concrete Foundation for TSS928..........................................3

CHAPTER 4
OUTDOOR CABLING AND OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION ......................3
Field Power Cabling .................................................................3
Power Requirements for Sensors .........................................3
Mains (AC) Voltage Requirements........................................3
Power Cable Types ...............................................................3
Power Cable Shield Grounding .............................................3
Power Cable Termination and Overvoltage Protection .........3
Cabling Works with Power Cables ........................................3
Vaisala Termination Box .......................................................3
Field Signal Cabling .................................................................3
Signal Cable Types ...............................................................3
Signal Cable Termination and Overvoltage Protection .........3
Cabling Works with Signal Cables ........................................3
Vaisala Termination Boxes for Signal Cables .......................3
Example of a Grounding Plan for Cabling.............................3

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CHAPTER 5
INDOOR EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION........................................................ 3
Selecting Locations for Indoor Equipment............................ 3
Indoor Equipment Grounding ................................................. 3
Power Cabling .......................................................................... 3
Signal Cabling for Indoor Equipment..................................... 3
Local Area Network Cabling ................................................... 3

CHAPTER 6
EXAMPLES OF FOUNDATION AND INSTALLATION DRAWINGS ........... 3

List of Figures
Figure 1 Principle of Locating Meteorological Equipment at an
Airport (Cross-Section)............................................................... 3
Figure 2 Recommendations for Sensor Locations at an Airport (Top
View)........................................................................................... 3
Figure 3 Recommended Location for Forward Scatter Sensor................ 3
Figure 4 LT31 RX + LM21 ........................................................................ 3
Figure 5 Recommended Obstacle Free Zone for Wind Masts in
Open Areas ................................................................................ 3
Figure 6 Recommended Mast Length for Wind Sensors on Top of
a Building.................................................................................... 3
Figure 7 Example of Solar Panel Mast DKP203 ...................................... 3
Figure 8 Example of ROSA Installation (with LT31)................................. 3
Figure 9 Foundation in an Area without Soil Frosting .............................. 3
Figure 10 Foundation in an Area with Soil Frost ........................................ 3
Figure 11 Grounding with the Lightning Rod and Conductor Isolated
from the Mast ............................................................................. 3
Figure 12 DKP210 Mast: Grounding with the Lightning Rod and
Conductor Isolated from the Mast and Equipment..................... 3
Figure 13 Passive Lightning Rod and the Holders ..................................... 3
Figure 14 Electrical Grounding Principle for Weather Station and
Mast............................................................................................ 3
Figure 15 CL31 Installation......................................................................... 3
Figure 16 CL31 Foundation and Pedestal-2 .............................................. 3
Figure 17 LT31 Dowel Installation .............................................................. 3
Figure 18 LT31 Breakable Bolt................................................................... 3
Figure 19 Cable Feedings from Foundation to LT31.................................. 3
Figure 20 Example LT31 Installation .......................................................... 3
Figure 21 Rain Gauge RG13...................................................................... 3
Figure 22 Tiltable Pole Mast DKP210 with Winch under Installation ......... 3
Figure 23 Foundation Set ........................................................................... 3
Figure 24 Guy Wires Set ............................................................................ 3
Figure 25 DKP210 Mast Orientation........................................................... 3
Figure 26 Foundation Assembly for the Mast Base ................................... 3
Figure 27 Foundation Assemblies for a New Concrete Foundation........... 3
Figure 28 Accessories for Installation on an Existing Concrete
Foundation ................................................................................. 3
Figure 29 Orientation of the Standard Foundation Set .............................. 3
Figure 30 Orientation of the Tilt Division Flange and the Tilting
Direction ..................................................................................... 3

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Figure 31 Base Plate of the Short Pole Mast (Dimensions in mm) ............3
Figure 32 Foundation Assemblies for a New Concrete Foundation...........3
Figure 33 Accessories for Existing Concrete Pad Installation ....................3
Figure 34 Slab and Drum Foundations.......................................................3
Figure 35 Casting A Foundation with A Casting Jig or A Base Frame.......3
Figure 36 Exel Mast Installation..................................................................3
Figure 37 Example Power Cabling Plan (CatIII) .........................................3
Figure 38 Example Signal Cable Plan (CatIII) ............................................3
Figure 39 Field Cables Equipped with Mandatory Termination Boxes.......3
Figure 40 Installing the Termination Box to the Sensor Support Pole........3
Figure 41 Cable Glands in Termination Box...............................................3
Figure 42 Front View (through Cable Gland) of Power Connections:
Arrow Indicates Cover Plate Direction........................................3
Figure 43 Signal Cable Grounding .............................................................3
Figure 44 Example of Krone Connection Terminals...................................3
Figure 45 DRW231410 (1/2), Foundation Pattern Example.......................3
Figure 46 DRW231410 (2/2), Foundation Pattern Example.......................3
Figure 47 DRW231402, Optional Base Reinforcement..............................3
Figure 48 DRW231310, Site Layout LT31..................................................3
Figure 49 DRW231318, Receiver Foundation LT31 ..................................3
Figure 50 DRW231319, Transmitter Foundation LT31 ..............................3
Figure 51 DRW231321, Reinforcement Assy LT31 ...................................3
Figure 52 DRW231386, Optional Base Assy LT31 ....................................3
Figure 53 DRW231224, Foundation Square, DKP 6-10m..........................3
Figure 54 DRW231225, Guying Foundation, DKP 6-10m..........................3
Figure 55 DRW231287, Reinforcement Assy DKP 6-10m,
DKP 2-4m, RG13........................................................................3
Figure 56 DRW231289, Reinforcement Assy DKP 6-10 m ........................3
Figure 57 DRW231222, Foundation Square, DKP 2-4m............................3
Figure 58 DRW231288, Reinforcement Assy, DKP 2-4m ..........................3
Figure 59 DRW231220, Foundation Square EXEL 11, 1/2 ........................3
Figure 60 DRW231220, Foundation Square EXEL 11, 2/2 ........................3
Figure 61 DWR231227, Standard Foundation, TSS928 ............................3
Figure 62 DRW231228, Foundation Square TSS928 ................................3
Figure 63 DWR231248, Concrete Reinforcing Assy TSS928
Standard .....................................................................................3
Figure 64 DRW231214 (FS11, FD12, Foundation, Round) .......................3
Figure 65 DRW231215 Foundation Square FS11&FD12 ..........................3
Figure 66 DRW231233 Round Concrete Reinforcing FS11&FD12,
CL31, RG13................................................................................3
Figure 67 DRW231245 Reinforcement Bar Assembly FS11&FD12 ..........3
Figure 68 DRW231218 Foundation Round RG13......................................3
Figure 69 DRW231219 Foundation Square RG13.....................................3
Figure 70 DRW231216 Foundation Round CL31.......................................3
Figure 71 DRW231217 Foundation Square CL31......................................3

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List of Tables
Table 1 Manual Revisions ....................................................................... 3
Table 2 Recommended Tilt Angle for Solar Panel .................................. 3
Table 3 Soil Type and Concrete Quality Descriptions............................. 3
Table 4 Square and Round Foundation Soil Type 1 & 2 ........................ 3
Table 5 Square Foundation Soil Type 3 (Round Foundations are
not Used).................................................................................... 3
Table 6 Maximum Tolerated Height Difference between Light
Transmitter and Receiver versus Baseline ................................ 3
Table 7 Dimensioning of the Concrete Slab Foundation for Mast
Heights up to 10 Meters ............................................................. 3
Table 8 Dimensioning of the Concrete Drum Foundation for Mast
Heights up to 10 Meters ............................................................. 3
Table 9 Soil Type and Concrete Descriptions......................................... 3
Table 10 Power Requirements for Sensors .............................................. 3
Table 11 Mains (AC) Cable Selection for Equipment Using Approx.
150 W (CL31, FD12, FS11, Data Loggers)................................ 3
Table 12 Mains (AC) Cable Selection for Equipment Using More
than 450 W (LT31 Transmissometer) ........................................ 3
Table 13 Cable Gland Specifications for Vaisala Termination Box........... 3
Table 14 Signal Cable Selection ............................................................... 3
Table 15 Signal Cable Selection for AWSS301 and MILOS..................... 3
Table 16 Example of the Use of the Connectors ...................................... 3
Table 17 Foundation and Civil Works Drawings ....................................... 3

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Chapter 1 ________________________________________________________ General Information

CHAPTER 1
GENERAL INFORMATION

This chapter provides general notes for the manual and the product.

About This Manual

This is a manual for the civil work preparations of the AviMet®
Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) and Low-level
Windshear Alert System (LLWAS) field equipment.

The purpose of this manual is to give guidelines for:

- Selecting installation sites

- Electric and data cables specifications
- Preparing foundations
- Grounding
- Overvoltage and lightning protection issues.

Some recommendations for installing the field equipment can be found in

this manual. However, for instructions on erecting the sensors, refer to
the appropriate sensor manuals.

The instructions provided are mainly for outdoor equipment installation.

Some guidelines are also given for indoor equipment.

Software installation instructions are not included in this manual.

The level of detail in this manual is intended for technicians or engineers

trained in electromechanical devices.

Contents of This Manual

This manual consists of the following chapters:

- Chapter 1, General Information, includes important safety, document

version and warranty information, and instructions for the arrival
inspection of the delivery.

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- Chapter 2, Selecting Sensor Locations, describes the recommended

locations for Vaisala meteorological equipment for installation at an
airport.
- Chapter 3, Preparing Foundations for the Sensors, describes how to
create foundations for sensors and masts and how to ground the
equipment properly.
- Chapter 4, Outdoor Cabling and Overvoltage Protection, describes the
power and signal cabling needed for the field equipment.
- Chapter 5, Indoor Equipment Installation, describes the power and
signal cabling for indoor equipment.
- Chapter 6, Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings,
provides generic foundation and installation drawing examples for the
field equipment.

If applicable, always refer to the airport or system specific documentation

for items that are specific to your system. In case of inconsistency, the
airport specific documentation overrides the information given in this
manual. Airport or system specific material may include:

- System specific siting information

- System specific installation instructions
- System specific wiring diagrams

NOTE For detailed foundation and installation information on sensors and other
equipment, refer to the individual instruction manuals that are supplied
with the equipment.

Version Information
Table 1 Manual Revisions
Manual Code Description
M211028EN-B This manual, with updated Exel mast foundation set.
M211028EN-A Previous version of this manual.
M210513EN-C AviMet AWOS and LLWAS Field Equipment, Installation
Manual (delivered version).
(CL31 and LT31 replacing CT25K and MITRAS)
M210513EN-A/B Midas IV AWOS and LLWAS Field Equipment,
Installation Manual (previous versions).
M210289en-A Automated Weather Observing System Field Equipment,
Installation Manual (previous version).

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Feedback
Vaisala Customer Documentation Team welcomes your comments and
suggestions on the quality and usefulness of this publication. If you find
errors or have other suggestions for improvement, please indicate the
chapter, section, and page number. You can send comments to us by e-
mail: manuals@vaisala.com

Safety

General Safety Considerations

Throughout the manual, important safety considerations are highlighted
as follows:

WARNING Warning alerts you to a serious hazard. If you do not read and follow
instructions very carefully at this point, there is a risk of injury or even
death.

CAUTION Caution warns you of a potential hazard. If you do not read and follow
instructions carefully at this point, the product could be damaged or
important data could be lost.

NOTE Note highlights important information on using the product.

Product Related Safety Precautions

This section lists precautions related to the field equipment installation in
general. To ensure your safety, you must also read the device specific
safety precautions that are listed in the corresponding field device
manuals.

WARNING To minimize shock hazard, the instrument chassis and cabinet must be
connected to an electrical ground. The power cable must either be
plugged into an approved electrical outlet or the instrument must be
carefully grounded to a low-resistance safety ground.

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WARNING Do not operate the equipment in an explosive environment, for example,

in the presence of flammable gases or fumes.

WARNING Do not attempt internal service or adjustment unless another person,

capable of rendering first aid and resuscitation, is present.

WARNING Operating personnel must not remove instrument covers. Component

replacement or internal adjustments must be made by qualified
maintenance personnel. Do not replace components with the power cable
connected. Under certain conditions, dangerous voltages may exist for
some time even with the power cable disconnected. To avoid injuries
disconnect power and discharge circuits before touching them.

WARNING Do not touch hot parts, such as heaters or blowers.

WARNING Never look directly into the Transmitter of the Ceilometer CL31 with
magnifying optics (such as glasses, binoculars, or telescopes)

CAUTION Do not install substitute parts or modify the unit. Improper modification
can damage the product or lead to malfunction. Contact Vaisala for
repairs to ensure that safety features are maintained.

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ESD Protection
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) can cause immediate or latent damage to
electronic circuits. Vaisala products are adequately protected against
ESD for their intended use. However, it is possible to damage the product
by delivering electrostatic discharges when touching, removing, or
inserting any objects inside the equipment housing.

To make sure you are not delivering high static voltages yourself:

- Handle ESD sensitive components on a properly grounded and

protected ESD workbench. When this is not possible, ground yourself
to the equipment chassis before touching the boards. Ground yourself
with a wrist strap and a resistive connection cord. When neither of the
above is possible, touch a conductive part of the equipment chassis
with your other hand before touching the boards.
- Always hold the boards by the edges and avoid touching the
component contacts.

Inspections for Delivery Damage

Check the shipping boxes for possible damage. Check that there are no
loose parts or connectors before installing the mechanics of the
equipment and cabling them. If there is any damage, contact Vaisala.

CAUTION If the device has been damaged during transportation, do not connect it to
the AC power source. Do not carry out electrical tests before you are
certain that it is safe to power up the device.

Technical Support
For technical questions, contact your Vaisala responsible Project
Manager or the Vaisala technical support:

E-mail helpdesk@vaisala.com
Phone (int.) +358 9 8949 2789
Fax +358 9 8949 2790

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Chapter 2 __________________________________________________ Selecting Sensor Locations

CHAPTER 2
SELECTING SENSOR LOCATIONS

This chapter describes the recommended locations for Vaisala

meteorological equipment for installation at an airport.

Typically, the equipment contains meteorological sensors and masts.

When planning the exact installation sites at your airport, consult the
local authorities for best possible sensor positions. The instructions given
in this manual are recommendations based on different authorities and
practical experience.

CAUTION Always keep a safe distance from navigation and precision landing
system devices and antennas. Consult the responsible airport authorities
for safe sensor locations.

CAUTION Consider the electromagnetic interference issues between the instruments

as an airport is typically equipped with high energy emission devices
such as precision approach radars.

Select a steady and dry place for each sensor according to local building
practice.

The outdoor equipment may include, for example, the following

instruments:

- Ceilometers for cloud detection

- Wind sensors with wind vanes and anemometers / Ultrasonic Wind
sensors
- Transmissometers for visibility measurements
- Forward scatter meters for visibility measurements
- Background luminance sensor
- Pressure sensor
- Temperature and relative humidity sensors
- Rain gauges

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- Sun duration sensor

- Runway and soil temperature sensors
- Thunderstorm sensor

WMO Recommendations for Surface Weather

Measurements
WMO Publication No. 8 (Guide to Meteorological Instruments and
Methods of Observation) gives multiple guidelines to site selection,
sensor measurement techniques, and measurement data calculation.

One of the basic rules is that an "aviation meteorological observing

station should make observations that describe the conditions specific to
the local aerodrome site." Where measurement stations are used for
several purposes the most stringent requirement will dictate the precise
sensor locations.

Generally, siting in aerodromes requires some compromises as runway

obstacle free zones, navigation equipment, and buildings limit the
number of suitable sites. Typically, however, an aerodrome is such a
large, level, open area that the WMO recommendations for good
obstacle-free surface weather measurement locations apply. For more
detailed information, consult the WMO Publication No. 8.

NCAR Recommendations for LLWAS Sensor

Locations
For the location of Low Level Windshear Alert System (AviMet
LLWAS) always consult Vaisala or NCAR. The performance of LLWAS
is directly related to sensor network measurement accuracy, network
coverage, and geometry. Therefore, a thorough site survey is required
where exact sensor positions, measurement heights, and possible
obstacles are considered.

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ICAO Recommendations for AWOS Sensor

Locations
Finding a suitable site for the weather station is important for getting
representative ambient measurements. Normally, the suitable site should
represent the general area of interest.

The most detailed instructions and guidelines for selecting locations for
meteorological equipment at the airport are found in the ICAO
publication, ICAO Manual of Aeronautical Practice, Seventh edition -
2006 (Doc 8896-AN/893). ICAO recommends precise locations for each
sensor type and gives strict guidelines for obstacle-free zones where no
meteorological equipment is allowed.

Meteorological equipment should locate on transitional surfaces next to

the runway. Inner transitional surface should only include frangible
constructions and necessary instruments, while non-frangible masts and
supports should be located further away.

The ICAO definition of frangible construction is defined in DOC 9157

AN/901, Aerodrome Design Manual. Different measuring methods
apply, but the basic rule is that the front area of a wing of an aircraft
should be able to collapse the mast constructions without further damage
to wing or fuel tanks. Consult Vaisala or your mast supplier for further
advice regarding frangibility calculations.

Figure 1 shows the basic principle of selecting sensor locations at an

airport as a cross-sectional view of the runway (Doc 8896-AN/893)

CAUTION Always keep a safe distance from the navigation and precision landing
system devices and antennas. Also consider the electromagnetic
interference between the instruments.

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Figure 1 Principle of Locating Meteorological Equipment at an
Airport (Cross-Section)
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Figure 2 shows the recommended minimum distance to visible obstacles.

WIND SPEED TEMPERATURE WIND SPEED

WIND DIRECTION RELATIVE HUMIDITY WIND DIRECTION
10 m PRESSURE 10 m

90 - 300 m

90 - 300 m
> 90 m
CEILOMETER
CEILOMETER

RUNWAY
12

30
900-
1200m 1200 m
66 - 120 m

66 - 120 m
at middle

66 - 120 m
at middle
marker or RVR RVR RVR marker or
approach LP11 LR11 LP11 LR11 LP11 LR11 approach
area area

Appr. MID POINT OF RUNWAY Appr.

300 m 300 m

0907-101

Figure 2 Recommendations for Sensor Locations at an Airport

(Top View)

Locating a Ceilometer
The cloud height measurement device ceilometer should be located at the
end of the runway (up to 1000 m from the threshold) or at the middle
marker. The middle marker is typically an ideal place, as it is shielded
(with a fence) and provides mains (AC) and communication lines. When
installing the ceilometer at the middle marker, proximity with the middle
marker antenna should, however, be avoided as the RF field of the
antenna may interfere with the operation of the ceilometer. The minimum
(horizontal) distance from the antenna and its support devices should be
at least 5 meters.

If possible, the ceilometer should be installed upwind from the runway

centerline (not straight in the glide path). This will prevent aircrafts and
possible fuel leaks from affecting the optical parts of the ceilometer.

Routing of the communication cable and the mains (AC) supply should
also be considered while locating the ceilometer.

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Locating Visibility sensors (LT31

Transmissometer, FD12, FS11)
Two types of visibility sensors are possible:

- Forward scatter sensors: FD12/FD12P/FS11

- Transmissometer: LT31
For RVR calculations 3 different parameters are needed:

- Visibility: measured by FD12/FD12P/FS11/LT31

- Background Luminance: measured by LM21 sensor
- Runway Light settings: measured by RSI50 RWY Light Interface
module
The visibility sensors should be located about 300 meters along the
runway from the threshold towards the center of the runway. The middle
sensor should be located along the runway at a distance of 1000 and 1500
meters (respectively) from the threshold, and the other end at a distance
of about 300 meters from the other end of the runway.

- Category I runways:
- One Visibility sensor near the touchdown zone, with a
recommended baseline of 30 meters
- Category II runways:
- Shorter than 2400 meters: Two Visibility sensors
- Longer than 2400 meters: Three Visibility sensors
- Category III runways:
- Three transmissometers

The recommended distance for visibility measurement from the runway

centerline is between 66 to 120 m. Sometimes it is possible to place the
sensor close to another facility (such as the glide path antenna) because
of practical reasons (power is already available). The distance from an
ILS glide path building should be more than 30 m.

Visibility sensors should never be installed near precision approach

radars (PAR). The strong electromagnetic field of the radar may
influence the efficiency of the transmissometer. A safe distance from
radar devices is typically 200 to 300 meters, where the electromagnetic
field is less than 5 V/ meter.

For transmissometer, the Light Transmitter LTT111 should be located in

such a way that the transmitter optics never point directly towards the
sun. Light Receiver LTR111 and Light Transmitter LT111 should be
approximately (±0.5 m) on the same horizontal level, but we recommend
to level them perfectly.

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Chapter 2 __________________________________________________ Selecting Sensor Locations

For forward scatter sensors, the Light Receiver optics should never point
directly towards the sun.

For Forward scatter sensors like FD12, FD12P and FS11, the
surrounding of the sensor should be obstacle free.

Figure 3 Recommended Location for Forward Scatter Sensor

NOTE For the Forward scatter sensors (FD12/FD12P/FS11) we recommend

gravel or similar for the ground filling material. This material would have
the best qualities against ground reflections.

Locating a Background Luminance

Sensor
A background luminance sensor is installed at the Receiver LTR111 of
LT31 Transmissometer or with a forward scatter sensor. The optics of a
background luminance meter should never be pointed directly towards
the sun. Thus in the northern hemisphere, the background luminance
meter should point to the north. The background luminance meter should
be tilted (33º) to point slightly above the runway lights. It must not point
directly to the runway lights but it may view the part of the scattered light
dome, which is also seen by the approaching pilot.

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0907-102

Figure 4 LT31 RX + LM21

Locating a Wind Mast

Finding a suitable site for the weather station (attached to Wind Mast) is
important for getting representative ambient measurements. Normally,
the suitable site should be a steady and dry place that represents the
general area of interest.

Allow sufficient clearance for the wind sensors, in other words, the
station should not be located next to a building or any other object that
might affect air flow.

In general, any object of height (h) will not remarkably disturb the wind
measurement at a minimum distance of 10 × h. As an example, locate the
weather station at least 100 meters away from a 10-meter high tree.

The position of the wind mast should be representative of the touchdown

zone and take-off area. Surrounding obstacles and soil surface should be
considered as they may affect wind measurements. By using frangible
masts wind sensors can be installed closer to the runway. Refer to
Chapter 6, Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings below.

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Chapter 2 __________________________________________________ Selecting Sensor Locations

M in im u m d is ta n c e 1 0 x h to
v is ib le o b s ta c le s .

r= 1 5 0 m

A t le a s t 1 5 0 m o p e n a r e a to a ll d ire c tio n s .

Figure 5 Recommended Obstacle Free Zone for Wind Masts in

Open Areas

h ( m i n ) = 1 .5 x H

H is re p la c e d w ith W h
if W < H

H
W

Figure 6 Recommended Mast Length for Wind Sensors on Top

of a Building

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Locating a Weather Station

The weather station's central data logger unit (MAWS301) is attached to
the wind mast. A suitable installation height for the weather station is 1.5
to 2 meters. Because of the location conditions of the wind mast, all
sensors will have good weather observation conditions. In general,
temperature, humidity, and pressure should not be measured closer than
ten meters from buildings or trees.

The radiation shield is important in protecting the Weather Station

enclosure from direct sunlight and must always be used.

The pressure sensor is located inside the MAWS301 enclosure box.

The Temperature and Humidity sensors are located on a support arm

which is attached to the wind mast. A suitable height for the sensor is 2
meters and use of proper radiation shield is compulsory.

The Sun duration sensor can also be located on the same support arm. It
should face south (true south, not magnetic) on the Northern Hemisphere
and north on the Southern Hemisphere.

The Rain Gauge RG13(H) is located on the ground near the weather
station and is installed on the pedestal that is included in the delivery. In
general, objects should not be closer to the gauge than a distance twice
their height above the gauge surface. And it should be installed in a way
that the guy-wires of the mast are not positioned above the sensor so
water dripping can be avoided.

The standard cable length is 10 m, and therefore the rain gauge should
not be located more than 6 m from the weather station. However, the
cable length may be shortened or lengthened if required. If the cable is
lengthened, please ensure a good quality environmental connector, or a
heat shrink joint.

Due to its low weight, the rain gauge must be mounted securely.

24 __________________________________________________________________ M211028EN-B
Chapter 2 __________________________________________________ Selecting Sensor Locations

Locating a Solar Panel

Figure 7 Example of Solar Panel Mast DKP203

WARNING Photovoltaic modules generate direct current (DC) when exposed to

sunlight or other sources of light. Although single modules produce low
voltage and current, shocks and burns can still result from contact with
module output wiring. PV modules do not have to be "connected" (i.e.,
powering a load) to generate electricity. Since modules produce
electricity whenever light is preset, the module should be completely
covered by an opaque cloth or other material before electrical
connections to the modules or other system components are handled.

The panel should face south (true south, not magnetic) on the Northern
Hemisphere and north on the Southern Hemisphere. The panel can be
tilted towards the sun: it should be more vertical the further away you are
from the equator.

The panel should be installed at a fixed horizontal angle, in order to

maximize the annual energy output shown in Table 2 below. At some
installations, the tilt may need to be adjusted seasonally. At most
latitudes, performance can be improved during the summer by using an
angle smaller than the chart's recommendation; conversely, a larger angle
can improve winter performance.

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Table 2 Recommended Tilt Angle for Solar Panel

Latitude of site Tilt angle
0-4° 10°
5-20° Add 5° to local latitude
21-45° Add 10° to local latitude
46-65° Add 15° to local latitude
65-75° 80°

CAUTION Handle with care: impact on the front or rear surface can damage the
module. Do not bend the module.

NOTE Do not concentrate light on the module in an attempt to increase its

power output.

Locating Radio Transmission Antenna

When using radio communication for transmitting the sensor data,
finding a suitable site for the antenna is important. Choose the site of the
mast so that there will be a clear line of sight from the sensor antenna to
the receiving antenna.

Radio antennas can be installed on any type of masts. Ceilometer CL31

has a special support kit for radio antenna.

Locating Runway and Soil Temperature

Sensors
Find the most representative location for the sensors. The maximum
distance between road sensor DRS511 and the weather station is 200
meters.

The road sensor DRS511 can be used with AWS301 (only temperature)
or with its weather station ROSA (Surface Analyzer for Roads and
Runways). The ROSA system is able to analyze the surface condition, to
make an estimate of de-icing chemical concentration, snow, water, or
moisture amount on the surface and freezing temperature. The system
warns about ice, frost, and precipitation.

26 __________________________________________________________________ M211028EN-B
Chapter 2 __________________________________________________ Selecting Sensor Locations

0907-096

Figure 8 Example of ROSA Installation (with LT31)

Locating Thunderstorm Sensor TSS928

Sensor performance is strongly dependent on proper siting and
installation. In order to get proper performance from the Sensor apply
(within reason and practicality) the site selection guidelines described in:

- "TSS928 Installation book: M210405EN-A".

When using the sensor with other instruments nearby, carefully review
the possibility of interference to and from the other instruments.

General Sensor Exposure

Because the sensor is an electromagnetic-optical sensor, it requires good
exposure to the atmosphere. Avoid mounting the sensor adjacent to taller
objects, such as tall masts, buildings, trees, or other objects that
electrically shield or optically obstruct signals to the sensor.

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- Mount the sensor on a firm, stable surface.

- Place the sensor less than 3 m high on a pole or mast. Periodic
maintenance will be easier and there will be less risk of direct
lightning discharge to the Sensor.
- Use sites that are on flat ground or a building less than 12 m tall.
- Install the sensor away from outdoor lighting fixtures.
- Do not install the sensor in the path of a transmitting radio antenna,
near electric motors, or near power transformers.
- Install the sensor more than 9 m from low-voltage power lines (110 to
440 VAC), low power RF transmitting antennas (less than 4 watts), or
active chimneys and exhaust ducts.
- Install the sensor more than 91 m from medium-voltage power lines
(440 VAC to 16 kVAC), high power RF transmitting antennas (> 4
watts), or smokestacks.
- Install the sensor more than 460 m from high-voltage power lines
(>16 kVAC), arc welders, or other gas-discharge equipment.

The near-perfect site is flat and essentially the same in all directions from
the sensor for a distance of at least 200 m. Flat means that no object is
elevated more than two degrees from the sensor base at a minimum
distance 300 m.

Noise Sources near the Sensor

Radio Frequency (RF) Noise

The sensor is highly immune to most forms of radio frequency (RF)
noise. Manmade RF interference occurs at all power levels and at
frequencies from under 1 kHz to over 10 GHz. Therefore, it is not
possible to make specific statements about the proper distance for the
sensor from a particular radio transmitter. In general, the Sensor should
be more than 90 m from high-power RF transmitting antennas (> 4
watts). There should be as much distance as practical possible between
the sensor and radio transmitting antennas. It should be mounted away
from and out of the beam of directional radio transmitters. The sensor
should not be mounted in the strong illumination of radar beams or other
microwave transmitters.

Very Low Frequency Noise

The sensor is a wideband RF sensor and interference can be caused by
sources of VLF (very low frequency) electromagnetic noise such as
power lines, transformers, and rotating electrical machinery. The sensor

28 __________________________________________________________________ M211028EN-B
Chapter 2 __________________________________________________ Selecting Sensor Locations

should not be mounted under or near AC power distribution lines (refer

to the distances already mentioned above).

Optical Noise
The sensor has a sensitive optical channel and therefore must be mounted
away from pulsed or variable optical interference sources. The sensor
should not be mounted in the illumination of outdoor lights such as night
lamps, parking lot lamps or automobile headlights. The sensor should not
be mounted near weather sensors that employ pulsed light sources such
as laser ceilometers, pulsed LEDs, and IRLEDs such as those that are
used in present weather sensors.

Although pulsed light sources may not interfere with the sensor under
clear weather conditions, they may interfere under conditions of snow,
rain, ice, dust, and smoke due to scattered light.

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CHAPTER 3
PREPARING FOUNDATIONS FOR THE
SENSORS

This chapter describes how to create foundations for sensors and masts
and how to ground the equipment properly.

All the following equipment need solid and steady concrete foundations:

- DKP210 or DKP206 Pole Masts for wind sensors

- DKP202 Pole Masts for weather stations
- Composite material or fiberglass masts for wind sensors
- Ceilometer CL31
- LT31 Transmissometers
- Visibility Meter FD12
- Weather Sensor FD12P
- Visibility Sensor FS11
- MAWSS301 Weather Stations mounted on a mast
- Rain Gauge RG13/RG13H

NOTE Extreme care should be taken with the foundation of LT31

transmissometer as the performance of the RVR measurement system is
dependent on the alignment of LT31 transmitter and receiver.

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Frost Damage Prevention

CAUTION At all times never make concrete foundations at freezing temperatures.
The drying process of the cement will be altered which results in poor
cement qualities.

When designing a foundation, local construction companies must be

consulted for different soil type requirements. Special attention should be
paid to the transmissometer foundations as the long term accuracy of the
instrument may be affected by small movements of the foundation.

Figure 9 below and Figure 10 below show foundation examples for

different kinds of soils.

9605-016

Figure 9 Foundation in an Area without Soil Frosting

The following numbers refer to Figure 9 above:

1 = Concrete foundation
2 = Light grit bricks
3 = Sand / frost free ground
4 = Close sand

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9605-015

Figure 10 Foundation in an Area with Soil Frost

The following numbers refer to Figure 10 above:

1 = Concrete foundation
2 = Light grit bricks
3 = Sand (upper layer)
4 = Insulating material
5 = Frost line (frost in the ground / frost free ground)
6 = Sand
7 = Close sand
8 = Clay

The foundation type shown in Figure 10 above can also be used in clay
soil.

Concrete Foundation Dimensions and

Preparation

Preparation of Foundation
Hinged Base Plate
Part of Foundation Bolt Remaining Visible Refer to corresponding drawing
in Chapter 6 below.
Allowed deviation of the position of the ± 0,3º = 5,2mm / 1000 mm
jig/base frame from the horizontal level

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NOTE Hot dip galvanised foundation bolts shall in no case be welded to the
steel reinforcement of the foundation. Fasten the foundation bolts with
wire.

NOTE Protect the thread of the foundation bolts during the casting for example
with tape.

NOTE For the position of foundation bolts, see the corresponding foundation
drawings Chapter 6 below.

Work Instruction for Casting of

Foundation
Refer to drawing DRW231410 in Chapter 6, see Figure 45 below and
Figure 46 below.

If a locating jig is not available (option), the base frame can be used as a
jig. Fit the base frame with locating bushes. They will centre the
foundation bolts to the holes in the base frame and make sure that the
bolts will be positioned accurately at their correct places in the concrete.

Make a cast mould with its steel reinforcements in accordance with the
design of a local civil engineer.

Place the cable duct tubes in foundation prior to casting. The cable duct
is drawn under the ground through the foundation up to and as close as
possible to either inside corner of the base plate that is facing the felling
direction of the mast.

Fasten the foundation bolts to the cast jig (or with the locating bushes to
the base frame). If you use the base frame as a jig, make sure that you
fasten and install the bolts correctly in accordance with the illustration on
the following page, the flat surface up.

Protect the threads in the anchor bolts by using for example tape.

Place the casting jig (or the base frame) with its bolts at its position.
Fasten the bolts to the steel reinforcement with wire if necessary. The
foundation bolts must remain above the concrete surface: refer to
individual foundation drawings for measurements.

Cast concrete in the foundation mould.

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Chapter 3 _________________________________________ Preparing Foundations for the Sensors

Make sure that the cast jig (or base frame) is in a horizontal position.
Correct the position before the concrete hardens.

When the concrete is hard, remove the cast jig (or base frame).

Foundation Dimensions
For selecting the concrete foundation size, see the following tables.

NOTE In a groundwater area the foundation shall be deeper.

NOTE In a soil frost area, the foundation shall reach below the soil frost
penetration depth.

CAUTION All design values mentioned in this instruction are purely indicative.
Vaisala Oyj shall not take responsibility for their applicability to the area
in question. It is highly recommended to always consult a local civil
engineer about the dimensioning of the foundation.

Table 3 Soil Type and Concrete Quality Descriptions

Soil Type 1: Sand, sandy soil
Angle of friction 25°
Weight by volume 17 kN/m3
Cohesion 0 kN/m2
Soil Type 2: Compacted coarse sand and moraine
Angle of friction 40°
Weight by volume 21 kN/m3
Cohesion 0 kN/m2
Soil Type 3: Hard clay (Round foundation not to be used)
Angle of friction 0°
Weight by volume 19 kN/m3
Cohesion 20 kN/m2

Concrete quality >K30

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Table 4 Square and Round Foundation Soil Type 1 & 2

Mast Height 4 Figure Sensor Type Length x Round H Height Mass
m (Drawing Number Width mm DIA mm mm Kg
Number)
Figure 64 600 600 420
DRW231214 below FS11, FD12
Figure 65 950x950 500 1100
DRW231215 below FS11, FD12
Figure 70 600 600 420
DRW231216 below CL31
Figure 71 950x950 500 1100
DRW231217 below CL31
Figure 68 600 600 420
DRW231218 below RG13
Figure 68 500X500 700 420
DRW232219 below RG13
Figure 57 500X500 700 420
DRW231222 below DKP2-4
Figure 61 TSS928 600 600 420
DRW231227 below Standard
Figure 62 500X500 700 420
DRW231228 below TSS928
Figure 49 1000x1000 800 2000
DRW231318 below LT31 Receiver
Figure 50 1000x1000 800 2000
DRW231319 below LT31 Transmitter
Figure 52 2500x2500 250 2000
DRW231386 below LT31 Option

Mast Height 10
m
Figure 53 700X700 800 1000
DRW231224 below DKP6-10
Figure 54 500X500 800 500
DRW231225 below DKP6-10 Gyuing
Figure 60 1700X1700 700 5000
DRW231220 below EXEL11

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Table 5 Square Foundation Soil Type 3 (Round Foundations

are not Used)
Mast Height 4 Figure Sensor Type Length x Round H Height Mass
m (Drawing Number Width mm DIA mm mm Kg
Number)
Figure 64
DRW231214 below FS11, FD12 N/A
Figure 65
DRW231215 below FS11, FD12 950x950 700 1500
Figure 70
DRW231216 below CL31 N/A
Figure 71
DRW231217 below CL31 950x950 700 1500
Figure 68
DRW231218 below RG13 N/A
Figure 68
DRW232219 below RG13 500X500 900 600
Figure 57
DRW231222 below DKP2-4 500X500 900 600
Figure 61 TSS928
DRW231227 below Standard N/A
Figure 62
DRW231228 below TSS928 500X500 900 600
Figure 49
DRW231318 below LT31 Receiver 1000x1000 1200 3000
Figure 68
DRW231319 below LT31 Transmitter 1000x1000 1200 3000
Figure 52
DRW231386 below LT31 Option N/A

Mast Height 10
m
Figure 53 700X700 1000 1400
DRW231224 below DKP6-10
Figure 54 500X500 1000 600
DRW231225 below DKP6-10 Gyuing
Figure 60 1600X1600 800 7000
DRW231220 below EXEL11

General Principles for Foundation Pattern

For general principles of making the foundation pattern, refer to drawing
DRW231410 (Figure 45 below and Figure 46 below), and to
DRW213402 for optional base reinforcement (Figure 47 below). The
drawings present only suggestions for making the patterns, always take
the local conditions and regulations into consideration.

The measurements are found in sensor specific drawings, refer to the

drawings in Chapter 6 below.

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Concrete Foundation Types

A sensor or a pole mast can be mounted onto a new or an existing
concrete foundation and fixed to the foundation with foundation screws.

When preparing a new concrete foundation, fasten the foundation screws

simultaneously as you pour in the concrete. If there is an existing
concrete foundation, you can fasten the foundation screws afterwards.
Most sensors include a template with marked locations for the foundation
screws or a pedestal that can be used as a template.

For foundation screw positions, refer to the general foundation drawing

DRW231410 (Figure 45 below and Figure 46 below), and the individual
foundation drawings of sensors and pole masts (in Chapter 6 below). For
more information on foundation types for Exel Masts, see section Exel
Composite Masts below.

The following sections provide practical examples on how to mount

different sensors and masts by creating a new concrete foundation or
using an existing one.

Lightning Protection and Grounding

All devices in high masts must be equipped with proper lightning
protection systems.

This includes a lightning rod capable of protecting all devices, a separate

lightning conductor, and a separate grounding system.

NOTE Follow local regulations for Lightning protection.

Lightning protection is typically done in one of the following ways:

- For metallic masts the lightning rod and the conductor are
physically and electrically isolated from the mast and the
equipment. The isolation is done with non-conductive pads and the
isolation distance is typically more than 30 cm. The lightning
conductor is straight and does not touch any other cables. The
lightning conductor is connected to a separate grounding system
where the grounding resistance is less than the grounding resistance of
the equipment, typically less than 3 Ω.
- The mast itself is a part of the lightning conductor. In this case all
the sensors and equipment must be electrically and physically isolated
from the mast, typically more than 30 cm. The mast conductor is
connected to a separate grounding system where the grounding

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Chapter 3 _________________________________________ Preparing Foundations for the Sensors

resistance is less than the grounding resistance of the equipment,

typically less than 3 Ω. This approach is mainly intended for locally
provided masts in, for example, LLWAS systems.

NOTE You should always consult Vaisala before using a mast as a conductor.

0907-104

Figure 11 Grounding with the Lightning Rod and Conductor

Isolated from the Mast

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0907-097

Figure 12 DKP210 Mast: Grounding with the Lightning Rod and

Conductor Isolated from the Mast and Equipment

Lightning Rod
The lightning rod (Figure 13) is a passive lightning rod made from
copper and can be delivered with the mast. The lightning rod holders are
made of non-conductive material to protect the mast devices from
overvoltage when lightning occurs. Refer to Figure 13 below.

0303-022

Figure 13 Passive Lightning Rod and the Holders

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Chapter 3 _________________________________________ Preparing Foundations for the Sensors

Grounding of Electrical Equipment

All devices and masts must be connected to a solid earth grounding point
at the installation site. This grounding point must be separate from
possible lightning protection systems, or the groundings must be
connected together below the soil surface. Proper grounding ensures safe
and trouble-free operation. Consult local authority for local grounding
requirements. The grounding resistance should be less than 10 Ω where
possible. Copper grounding cable and conductive grounding rod(s) are
recommended.

GROUNDING CONNECTOR

GROUNDING CABLE

COVERED GROUNDING WELL

9905-051

Figure 14 Electrical Grounding Principle for Weather Station

and Mast

Grounding of LT31
With LT31 Transmissometer, the protective ground of Light Receiver
must be connected to Light Transmitter via a bare, minimum 16 mm2,
copper grounding cable (supplied locally). Connect the cable between the
receiver and the transmitter to the grounding connector at the base plate.
Bury the grounding cable at least 0.7 m below the surface.

For both Transmitter and Receiver, Vaisala provides a 3-meter grounding

cable and cable clamps for connecting the grounding connectors of the

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electronics box, mains junction box, and signal junction box to the
grounding connector of the base plate.

Connect the grounding connector of the base plate to the local ground
(protective earth) using a minimum 16 mm2 copper grounding cable.
Install conductive grounding rods to make a local ground, and fasten the
grounding rods to the grounding cable. The grounding resistance should
be less than 3 Ω if possible.

The mains (AC) supply ground wire should be connected at the mains
(AC) distribution transformer to the mains (AC) ground. The local safety
regulations and practices must be complied with.

Leveling of Concrete Foundation

At airports the surface of the concrete foundation must be at the ground
level or slightly above it. This will keep the sensor and mast pedestal
clean and prevent water and dirt from getting into the cable conduits and
supporting structures of the mast. Where the surface of the foundation is
above the ground level, the surroundings of the foundation should be
filled with an appropriate material, such as sand, and the sides of the
foundation have to be sloped.

Ground Filling Material at Sensor Site

For the Forward scatter sensors (FD12/FD12P/FS11) gravel or similar for
the ground filling material is recommended. This material would have the
best qualities against ground reflections.

Living material, for example, grass will grow during summer season,
which can change the reflection properties of the ground. Another issue
is that they can get moist which again in certain conditions can increase
reflections.

On asphalt and concrete, for example, the small flack of water after
rainfall can cause sunlight reflection. When using gravel, the water will
go through and no reflections will be caused.

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Chapter 3 _________________________________________ Preparing Foundations for the Sensors

Cable Conduits
Lead all cables to the equipment through conduits.

Refer to the foundation drawings in Chapter 6, Examples of Foundation

and Installation Drawings below.

The minimum number of conduits is presented in the foundation

drawings. Make sure that the conduits are free of obstructions before
back-filling the trenches and foundations. The conduits are typically
supplied by the customer.

Mechanical Protection of Cables above Ground

Level
Lead all the cables through the concrete foundations in conduits to
prevent mechanical stress and corrosion. Also protect all parts of the
cables above the concrete foundations with flexible cable conduits to
prevent mechanical stress. The conduit ends have to be sealed with, for
example, a silicone compound, or plastic seals designed for this purpose.

0907-105

Figure 15 CL31 Installation

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Concrete Foundations for Sensors

This section describes how to create concrete foundations for Ceilometer
CL31, LT31 Transmissometer, Visibility Meter FD12 / FS11 / Weather
Sensor FD12P, and Rain Gauge RG13/RG13H.

Concrete Foundation for Ceilometer

CL31
The standard foundation for CL31 is a concrete foundation.

For a general foundation pattern example, refer to drawing:

- DRW231410 in Figure 45 below and Figure 46 below.

For foundation dimensioning, refer to:

- The tables in section Foundation Dimensions above.

For round concrete reinforcing, and round and square foundation, refer to
the following drawings in Chapter 6, Examples of Foundation and
Installation Drawings, below:

- DRW231233 (FS11, FD12, CL31, RG13, Round Concrete

Reinforcing): Figure 66 below
- DRW231217 (CL31, RG13, Foundation, Square): Figure 71 below
- DRW231216 (CL31, RG13, Foundation, Round): Figure 70 below
Mounting hardware is included in the CL31 delivery. An example of a
CL31 foundation and pedestal is presented in Figure 15 above.

NOTE Consider the tilting direction of the Ceilometer while using the pedestal
drilling plate. The Ceilometer can only be tilted ( ±12 º) door down and
up wards.

There are two alternative ways to create a concrete foundation for

Ceilometer CL31. You can either cast a new concrete foundation or use
an existing one.

1. Fasten the M10 × 40 wedge bolts to the lower ends of the

foundation screws (4 each).
2. Fix the template to the upper ends of the foundation screws with
nuts.
3. Place the template with the attached foundation screws into the
hole in such a way that approximately 50 mm (2 inches) of the
foundation screw threads stand above the surface.

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4. Pour in the concrete and finish the concrete foundation.

Using an Existing Foundation

1. Drill four holes with a diameter of 12 mm and a depth of 165 mm

(0.5 × 6.5 inches) into the concrete.
2. Fasten the M10 × 40 wedge bolts to the lower ends of the
foundation screws (4 each).
3. Place the wedge bolt and foundation screw combinations into the
holes, with the wedge bolts down, and hammer the protruding
threads down.
4. Tighten the foundation screws a few turns to attach the wedge bolts
to the drilling walls.

Figure 16 CL31 Foundation and Pedestal-2

For an example CL31 installation, see Figure 15 above.

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Concrete Foundation for LT31

Transmissometer
The surfaces of the light transmitter and receiver concrete foundations
should be on the same horizontal level. However, the longer the baseline,
the larger is the tolerated height difference. The maximum tolerated
height difference per baseline is described in Table 6 below.

Table 6 Maximum Tolerated Height Difference between Light

Transmitter and Receiver versus Baseline
Baseline Height Difference
30 m 0.5 m

The optical path of the transmissometer must be free of obstacles. The

installation site should represent the general area of interest. The distance
to buildings or other large constructions should be more than 100 m. The
transmitter is sensitive to continuous light. Direct sunlight to the optical
axis of the transmitter should be avoided. Depending on the runway
orientation, we recommend the transmitter to face north on the
measurement site (northern hemisphere).

When selecting the baseline for your LT31 Transmissometer, consider

your airport category and consult your air traffic services authority.
When designing a concrete foundation, reserve enough space for a ladder
to reach the transmissometer optics for maintenance and installation
purposes. To get a solid base for the ladder behind and in the front of the
optic head, you can create an extended concrete foundation by placing,
for example, tiles, asphalt, or tarmac on the ground.

For general foundation pattern example, refer to:

- Drawing DRW231410 in Figure 45 below and Figure 46 below.

For foundation dimensioning, refer to:

- The tables in section Foundation Dimensions above.

For assembly, foundation, and site layout instructions, refer to the
following drawings in Chapter 6, Examples of Foundation and
Installation Drawings, below:

- DRW231386 (LT31, Optional Base Assy): Figure 52 below

- DRW231321 (LT31, Reinforcement Assy): Figure 51 below
- DRW231319 (LT31, Transmitter Foundation): Figure 50 below
- DRW231318 (LT31, Receiver Foundation): Figure 49 below
- DRW231310 (LT31, Site Layout): Figure 48 below

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There are two alternative ways to create a concrete foundation for LT31
Transmissometer. You can either cast a new concrete foundation or use
an existing one.

Using an Existing Foundation

1. Orientate the drilling template in such a manner, that one of the
drilling holes point exactly towards the opposite installation place.
On both foundations, the instrument should afterwards be mounted
in the center of the foundation surface. The distance between the
single holes, which point towards the opposite place, must match
exactly with the desired baseline length of typically 30 m (50 m
and 75 m optional). Refer to drawing DRW231310 for
receiver/transmitter/site layout (Figure 48 below).
2. Drill three 20 mm holes with a depth of 70 mm using the drilling
template. Check carefully that the holes are drilled perfectly
perpendicular. Remove the template. Clean the holes.

Figure 17 LT31 Dowel Installation

3. Insert the dowels into the holes and hammer them down until their
edges are on the foundation level. Recommended dowels: HILTI
HKD-S M16 x 65.
4. Use the HILTI tool HSD-G M16 x 65 respectively a 14 mm
mandrel bar and hammer the expanding mechanism of the wedge
bolts down until the bolts are completely fixed inside the holes.
5. Fasten the foundation screws to the inserted dowels by hand. Check
the right orientation of the foundation screws. The breaking area
(area with smaller diameter) just above the welded nut on the
optional foundation screws must point upwards. Place a washer
between the foundation surface and the welded nut.

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Figure 18 LT31 Breakable Bolt

6. Insulate the area between the foundation screw and foundation

surface below the washer with silicon rubber, so that no water can
access the drilling hole.
7. Tighten the foundation screws using the welded nut (60 Nm; max.
80 Nm).
8. Check using the drilling template, if the screw positions fit.

Detailed instructions for installing the transmitter and receiver can be

found in the LT31 Transmissometer documentation (M210667EN). The
clamps for the mains and signal junction boxes are in the installation
material box.

0912-211

Figure 19 Cable Feedings from Foundation to LT31

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0912-143

Figure 20 Example LT31 Installation

Concrete Foundation for FD12/P and

FS11
Visibility Meter FD12, Weather Sensor FD12P, and Visibility Sensor
FS11 all have a similar construction. In an airport, they should face away
from the runway and not be parallel to prevailing wind. Installation on a
concrete foundation is recommended for each of these sensors.

There are two alternative ways to create a concrete foundation for FD12,
FD12P, and FS11. You can either cast a new concrete foundation or use
an existing one.

The installation set included in the delivery contains the required

equipment for both mounting when casting a new concrete foundation
and for mounting to an existing foundation. The triangular template is

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used to ensure the correct positioning of foundation screws. The template

is removed before mounting the base plate.

For general foundation pattern example, refer to:

- Drawing DRW231410 in Figure 45 below and Figure 46 below.

For foundation dimensioning, refer to:

- The tables in section Foundation Dimensions above.

For foundation and measurement instructions, refer to the following
drawings in Chapter 6, Examples of Foundation and Installation
Drawings, below:

- DRW231245 (FS11, FD12, Reinforcement Bar Assembly): Figure 67

below
- DRW231215 (FS11, FD12, Foundation, Square): Figure 65 below
- DRW231214 (FS11, FD12, Foundation, Round): Figure 64 below
- DRW231233 (FS11, FD12, CL31, RG13, Round Concrete
Reinforcing): Figure 66 below

Creating a New Concrete Foundation

1. Place the steel reinforcements into the hole.
2. Fasten the three square plates to the lower ends of the foundation
screws with six M16 nuts.
3. Fix the template to the upper ends of the foundation screws with six
nuts.
4. Place the template with the attached foundation screws into the
hole in such a way that the foundation screw threads stand above
the surface.
5. Pour in the concrete and after it is set, remove the template.

Using an Existing Concrete Block

1. Use the template to drill three holes with a diameter of 20 mm and
a minimum depth of 65 mm (100 - 260 mm for FS11).
2. Remove the template and clean the holes.
3. Fasten the foundation screws to the wedge bolts. Protect the tops of
the screws with two nuts tightened together.
4. Place the wedge bolt and foundation screw combinations into the
holes, with the wedge bolts down, and hammer the protruding
threads down.
5. Tighten the foundation screws a few turns to attach the wedge bolts
to the hole walls.

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Detailed instructions for installing FD12, FD12P, and FS11 can be found
in the corresponding user's guides.

Concrete Foundation for Rain Gauge

RG13/RG13H
The concrete foundation should be prepared before mounting the
equipment.

For general foundation pattern example, refer to:

- Drawing DRW231410 in Figure 45 below and Figure 46 below.

For foundation dimensioning, refer to:

- The tables in section Foundation Dimensions above.

For foundation and measurement instructions, refer to the following
drawings in Chapter 6, Examples of Foundation and Installation
Drawings, below:

- DRW231219 (RG13, Foundation, Square): Figure 69 below

- DRW231218 (RG13, Foundation, Round): Figure 68 below
- DRW231233 (FS11, FD12, CL31, RG13, Round Concrete
Reinforcing): Figure 66 below
The Rain Gauge stand can be used as a drilling template.

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0912-144

Figure 21 Rain Gauge RG13

Concrete Foundations for Masts

This section describes how to create concrete foundations for the tiltable
pole mast DKP210, the short pole mast DKP202, and the Exel composite
masts.

The concrete foundation for the masts and the guy wires must be
prepared before mounting the masts. Using the template is helpful both
when casting the concrete, or drilling holes for wedge bolts. The easiest
way to mount the wedge bolts is to do it while casting the concrete
foundation. If the mast is installed onto an existing concrete foundation,
holes have to be drilled into the concrete.

For further details on each mast, refer to the following sections, the
drawings presented in Chapter 6 below, or the corresponding user's
guides.

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Tiltable Pole Mast DKP210

0303-017

Figure 22 Tiltable Pole Mast DKP210 with Winch under

Installation

For more information how to erect the mast, refer to:

- M210315EN-B.
For general foundation pattern example, refer to:

- Drawing DRW231410 in Figure 45 below and Figure 46 below.

For foundation dimensioning, refer to:

- The tables in section Foundation Dimensions above.

For foundation and measurement instructions, refer to the following
drawings in Chapter 6, Examples of Foundation and Installation
Drawings, below:

- DRW231289 (DKP 6-10 m, Reinforcement Assy): Figure 56 below

- DRW231287 (DKP 6-10 m, DKP 2-4 and RG13 Reinforcement
Assy): Figure 55 below
- DRW231225 (DKP 6-10 m, Guying Foundation): Figure 54 below
- DRW231224 (DKP 6-10 m, Foundation, Square): Figure 53 below

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Foundation Set included in delivery

The foundation set includes all the necessary installation accessories both
for a new and an existing concrete pad.

Figure 23 Foundation Set

The following numbers refer to Figure 23 above :

1 = Nuts and washers for foundation bolts

2 = Orientation plate for the mast base
3 = The eye nuts for guy wires
4 = Wedge bolts for existing concrete block
5 = Plates with the nut for guy wire blocks
6 = Square plate for the mast base
7 = Foundation bolts
8 = Bar for the wedge bolts
9 = Key piece for the wedge bolts

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Guy Wires
The DKP210 mast is delivered with 1 set of guy wires. Figure 24 below
shows the contents of one set of guy wires and the accessories. The top
fastener of the guy wires is mounted to the uppermost tube of the mast
during installation.

0207-090

Figure 24 Guy Wires Set

The following numbers refer to Figure 24 above :

1 = Top fastener
2 = Upper mast tube
3 = Guy wires
4 = Installation accessories
5 = Cable shrouds

Soil and Frost Conditions

When designing the foundation, a local construction company must be
consulted about the soil and frost conditions in your area. When the soil
is frost-susceptible, make sure to always use the proper insulation.

Orientation of the Mast

Refer to Figure 25 below for the orientation of the mast. The concrete
foundations for guy wires have to be placed in such a way that the pole
mast can be tilted west (east in the southern hemisphere) by releasing
only the guy wire 1.

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To ease the orientation of the mast, a two-headed arrow is cut on the

orientation plate. "N" should face north and "S" should face south to
ensure that the weather station devices are aimed in the correct direction.
SIDE VIEW
Mast block Guy wire block

5-
Gu

6m
yw

TOP VIEW
ire
3

120
de g
eg
0d
12

Guy wire 1
Mast tilt direction

5-6m
e2
w ir
y
Gu

Arrow points:
NORTH in northern hemisphere
SOUTH in southern hemishpere
0907-098

Figure 25 DKP210 Mast Orientation

Concrete Foundation Types

The tiltable pole mast can be mounted on a new or an existing concrete
foundation. The pole mast is fixed to the foundation with foundation
bolts.

If you are casting a new concrete foundation, fasten the foundation bolt
assembly simultaneously with the concrete pour. If there is an existing
concrete foundation, you have to drill holes for the foundation bolts. In

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both cases, use the delivered orientation plate to ensure the correct
positioning of the foundation bolts. To protect the cables, install a cable
conduit with the inner diameter of, for example, 70 mm (2.76 inches).

Creating a New Concrete Foundation

For general foundation pattern example, refer to:

- Drawing DRW231410 in Figure 45 below and Figure 46 below.

For foundation dimensioning, refer to:

- The tables in section Foundation Dimensions above.

For foundation and measurement instructions, refer to the following
drawings in Chapter 6, Examples of Foundation and Installation
Drawings, below:

- DRW231289 (DKP 6-10 m, Reinforcement Assy): Figure 56 below

- DRW231287 (DKP 6-10 m, DKP 2-4 and RG13 Reinforcement
Assy): Figure 55 below
- DRW231225 (DKP 6-10 m, Guying Foundation): Figure 54 below
- DRW231224 (DKP 6-10 m, Foundation, Square): Figure 53 below

1. Make a cast mould with steel reinforcements. Refer to drawings

listed above.
2. Place cable conduits into the casting mould prior to casting. Refer
to drawings listed above.
3. Place the steel reinforcements into the casting mould.
4. Screw the foundation bolts (number 1 in Figure 26 below) to the
nuts (6), which are fixed to the square metal plate (3).
5. Fix the orientation plate (number 2 in Figure 26 below) to the upper
ends of the foundation bolts (1) with eight nuts (4 and 5). The top
of the bolt should be approximately 80 mm above the orientation
plate.

CAUTION Protect the threads of the bolts above the orientation plate, for example,
by taping them.

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0207-069

Figure 26 Foundation Assembly for the Mast Base

6. Install the foundation assembly into the mould in such a way that
the foundation bolt threads stand above the surface. The orientation
plate (number 4 in Figure 27 below) should be at the same height
as the top of the finalized concrete foundation. Also check the
correct alignment of the foundation assembly with the orientation
plate (number 4 in Figure 27 below). "N" should face north and "S"
should face south.

0207-062

Figure 27 Foundation Assemblies for a New Concrete

Foundation

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7. For the guy wires, fix the foundation bolt (number 2 in Figure 27
above) to the plate with a nut (3). Fix the eye nut (1) to the other
end of the foundation bolt. Level the assembly in such a way that
the top of the bolt will be 40 mm above the concrete in the finalized
foundation. The eye nut will then be one centimeter above the
finalized concrete foundation.
8. Pour in the concrete and finish the concrete foundation.

Using an Existing Concrete Foundation

1. Drill holes with a diameter of 25 mm and a depth of 240 mm (±5
mm) into the concrete foundation using the orientation plate as a
template.

0207-070

Figure 28 Accessories for Installation on an Existing

Concrete Foundation

2. First, install the key piece (number 3 in Figure 28 above) correctly

inside the wedge bolt (4). The narrow end should point to the
direction of the lower arrow in Figure 28 above. Assemble the
wedge bolts into the holes. There are four bolts for the mast base
and one bolt for each of the guy wire foundations.
3. Hammer the wedge bolts (4) down using the provided bar (2).
4. Screw the foundation bolts (1) to the wedge bolts and tighten the
screws properly.
5. Fill the remaining space in the holes with a suitable compound.
6. Start assembling the mast after the compound is dry.

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Short Pole Mast

Short pole masts are designed for different kinds of weather station
application like ROSA, and can also be used for Solar panel support,
Radio antenna support.

There are three types of masts available: DKP204, DKP203, and

DKP202 (4, 3, and 2 meters).

For more information about the erection of the mast, refer to:

- M210373EN-A.
For general foundation pattern example, refer to:

- Drawing DRW231410 in Figure 45 below and Figure 46 below.

For foundation dimensioning, refer to:

- The tables in section Foundation Dimensions above.

For foundation and measurement instructions, refer to the following
drawings in Chapter 6, Examples of Foundation and Installation
Drawings, below:

- DRW231287 (DKP 6-10 m, DKP 2-4 and RG13 Reinforcement

Assy): Figure 55 below
- DRW231288 (DKP 2-4 m, Reinforcement Assy): Figure 58 below
- DRW231222 (DKP 2-4 m, Foundation, Square): Figure 57 below

Orientation of the Mast Equipped with the Standard

Foundation Set
When the standard foundation set is used, the triangle plate of the
foundation set should be orientated in the middle of the concrete
foundation as illustrated in Figure 29 below.
220
240

5
18

0907-099

Figure 29 Orientation of the Standard Foundation Set

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Orientation of the Mast Equipped with the Tilt

Division Flange
When the mast is equipped with the tilt division flange, refer to Figure 30
below for the orientation of the mast. The arrow points to the tilt
direction of the mast.

0308-042

Figure 30 Orientation of the Tilt Division Flange and the Tilting

Direction

Soil and Frost Conditions

When designing the foundation, the local construction companies must
be consulted about the soil and frost conditions in your area. When the
soil is frost-susceptible, make sure to always use the proper insulation.

Concrete Foundations
The short pole mast can be mounted on a new or an existing concrete
foundation. When constructing a new concrete foundation, fasten the
foundation bolt assembly simultaneously with the concrete pour. If there
is an existing concrete foundation, you have to drill holes for the
foundation bolts. To protect the cables, install a cable conduit, which has
a maximum outer diameter of 70 mm (2.76 inches). Refer to drawing
DRW231222 in Figure 57 below.

NOTE The minimum weight of the concrete foundation for the mast is 400 kg
(882 lb.).

The short pole mast is fixed to the foundation bolts with the nuts on the
base plate. The dimensions for the base plate of the mast are described in

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Figure 31 below and they are equal to the ones of the triangle plate
shown in Figure 29 above.

0308-045

Figure 31 Base Plate of the Short Pole Mast (Dimensions in mm)

Creating a New Concrete Foundation

For general foundation pattern example, refer to:

- Drawing DRW231410 in Figure 45 below and Figure 46 below.

For foundation dimensioning, refer to:

- The tables in section Foundation Dimensions above.

For foundation and measurement instructions, refer to the following
drawings in Chapter 6, Examples of Foundation and Installation
Drawings, below:

- DRW231287 (DKP 6-10 m, DKP 2-4 and RG13 Reinforcement

Assy): Figure 55 below
- DRW231288 (DKP 2-4 m, Reinforcement Assy): Figure 58 below
- DRW231222 (DKP 2-4 m, Foundation, Square): Figure 57 below
1. Make a cast mould with steel reinforcements according to the
drawings listed above. Use 12-mm deformed steel. The distance
between the horizontal layers should be approximately 200 mm.

Note that you can make a similar steel reinforcement for the
optional support guy wire foundation, but the reinforcement bar
lengths should be adjusted according to the dimensions of the
concrete foundation. Also note that the concrete foundation for the
support guy wire does not need the cable conduit.
2. Place the steel reinforcements into the casting mould.
3. Place a cable conduit into the casting mould prior to casting. The
recommended inner diameter of a single conduit is 50 mm (2
inches) and the maximum outer diameter 70 mm (2.7 inches).

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4. Assemble the foundation set for the mast:

a. Screw the foundation bolts (number 5 in Figure 32 below) to
the wedge bolts (9).
b. Fix the lower plate to the foundation bolts (5) with cable ties
(8).
c. Fix the upper plate (6) to the foundation bolts (5) with the
cable ties (under the plate) and three nuts (7). The top of the
foundation bolts should be approximately 80 mm above the
upper plate (5).

0308-048

Figure 32 Foundation Assemblies for a New Concrete

Foundation

5. If your delivery contains the optional support guy wire, also

assemble the foundation set for it:
a. Fix the foundation bolt (number 3 in Figure 32 above) to the
wedge bolt (4).
b. Fix the nut (2) and the eye nut (1) to the other end of the
foundation bolt, in such a way that the eye remains totally
open. Level the assembly in such a way that the top of the
bolt will be 40 mm above the concrete. The bottom of the eye
nut will then be approximately one centimeter above the
finalized concrete foundation.

6. Install the foundation assembly for the mast into the mould in such
a way that the foundation bolt heads stand 80 mm above the
surface. Protect the threads of the bolts above the surface, for
example, by taping them. Also check that the alignment of the
foundation assembly is correct and meets your local requirements.
7. Pour in the concrete and finish the concrete foundation.

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Using an Existing Concrete Foundation

1. Drill three holes with a diameter of 20 mm and a depth of 200 mm
(±5 mm) into the concrete foundation using the triangle plate as a
template. If the delivery contains the optional support guy wire,
also drill a hole into the concrete foundation reserved for the
support guy wire.

0207-070

Figure 33 Accessories for Existing Concrete Pad

Installation

2. First, check that the key piece (number 3 in Figure 33 above) is

correctly inside the wedge bolt (4). The narrow end should point to
the direction of the lower arrow in Figure 33 above.
3. Hammer the wedge bolts (4) into the holes using the provided bar
(2). There are three bolts for the mast base and one bolt for the
optional support guy wire foundation.
4. Screw the foundation bolts (1) to the wedge bolts and tighten the
bolts properly.
5. Fill the remaining space of the holes with a suitable compound.
6. Start assembling the mast after the compound is dry.

Exel Composite Masts

There are two possible foundation types, slab foundation and drum
foundation. Refer to Figure 34 below, also see the Exel mast drawings in
Chapter 6 below.

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Figure 34 Slab and Drum Foundations

The following tables describe some typical examples of mast

foundations. The calculations have been made for lattice masts carrying
instruments with a total wind exposed area of 0,7 square meters (700 000
mm2). The maximum wind speed used in the calculations is 40 m/s.
Dimensioning of the foundations has been done according to DIN V
4017-100.

Table 7 Dimensioning of the Concrete Slab Foundation for

Mast Heights up to 10 Meters
Slab Foundation Soil Type 1 Soil Type 2 Soil Type 3
Mast Height Type L=W H Mass L=W H Mass L=W H Mass
Meters - mm kg mm mm kg mm mm kg
H=7 Lattice 1400 600 2900 1300 600 2500 1600 700 4400
H = 10 Lattice 1700 700 5000 1600 700 4400 1900 800 7100

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Table 8 Dimensioning of the Concrete Drum Foundation for

Mast Heights up to 10 Meters
Drum Foundation Soil Type 1 Soil Type 2 Soil Type 3
Mast Height Type L=W H Mass L=W H Mass L=W H Mass
Meters - mm kg mm mm kg mm mm kg
H=7 Lattice 1200 1500 4150 1200 1200 3350
H = 10 Lattice 1200 1900 5260 1200 1500 4200

Table 9 Soil Type and Concrete Descriptions

Soil Type 1: Sand, sandy soil
Angle of friction = 25°
Weight by volume = 17 kN/m3
Cohesion c = 0 kN/m2
Soil Type 2: Compacted coarse sand and moraine
Angle of friction = 40°
Weight by volume = 21 kN/m3
Cohesion c = 0 kN/m2
Soil Type 3: Hard clay (drum foundation should not be used)
Angle of friction = 0°
Weight by volume = 19 kN/m3
Cohesion c = 20 kN/m2
Concrete: >K30

NOTE The foundation must be deeper in a groundwater area.

NOTE In a soil frost area, the foundation must reach below the soil frost
penetration depth.

CAUTION All design values mentioned in this instruction are purely indicative.
Vaisala will not take responsibility for their applicability to the area in
question. It is highly recommended to always consult a local civil
engineer about the dimensioning of the foundation.

Preparing the Foundation

For general foundation pattern example, refer to:

- Drawing DRW231410 in Chapter 6 below.

For foundation dimensioning, refer to:

- The tables in section Foundation Dimensions above.

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For foundation and measurement instructions, refer to the following

drawings in Chapter 6, Examples of Foundation and Installation
Drawings, below:

- DRW231220 (EXEL11, Foundation, Square, Sheets 1 & 2): Figure 59

below and Figure 60 below

This section provides important information for the preparation of the

foundation.

Hinged base plate:

- Part of the foundation bolt that remains visible: 170 ±10 mm

- Allowed deviation in the jig/base frame position from the horizontal
level: ±0.3° = 5.2 mm / 1000 m
- Correct position of the base frame: Even side up

CAUTION Hot dip galvanized foundation bolts must never be welded to the steel
reinforcements of the foundation; rather they should be fastened with
wire.

CAUTION Protect the thread of the foundation bolts during the casting with, for
example, tape.

NOTE The position of the foundation bolts is the same for both 400 mm and 500
mm module masts. The same hinged base plate can be used for both
masts.

Plywood jigs (option) are available for locating the foundation bolts in
the concrete when casting the foundation.

Casting the Foundation

A plywood jig is available as an option. However, the base frame can
also be used as a jig by fitting it with locating bushes. They will center
the foundation bolts to the holes in the base frame and make sure that the
bolts are correctly positioned in the concrete (see Figure 35 below).

To cast the foundation, proceed as follows:

1. Make a cast mould with steel reinforcements according to the

design of a local civil engineer.

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2. Place the cable duct tubes into the foundation prior to casting. The
recommended duct tube is IR 65. The cable duct is drawn
underground through the foundation up to and as close as possible
to the inside corner of the base plate that faces the felling direction
of the mast.
3. Fasten the foundation bolts to the casting jig (or with the locating
bushes to the base frame). If you use the base frame as a jig, make
sure that you fasten and install the bolts correctly, with the flat
surface up, according to Figure 35 below.
4. Protect the threads of the foundation bolts with, for example, tape.
5. Place the casting jig (or the base frame) with its bolts to the correct
position. If necessary, fasten the bolts to the steel reinforcements
with wire. The foundation bolts must remain 170 mm above the
concrete surface.
6. Cast concrete in the foundation mould.
7. Make sure that the casting jig (or base frame) is in a horizontal
position. If necessary, correct the position before the concrete
hardens.
8. When the concrete is hard, remove the casting jig (or base frame).

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1011-156

Figure 35 Casting A Foundation with A Casting Jig or A Base

Frame

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0912-145

Figure 36 Exel Mast Installation

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Concrete Foundation for TSS928

Refer to "TSS928 Installation book: M210405EN-A".

For general foundation pattern example, refer to:

- Drawing DRW231410 in Figure 45 below and Figure 46 below.

For foundation dimensioning, refer to:

- The tables in section Foundation Dimensions above.

For foundation and measurement instructions, refer to the following
drawings in Chapter 6, Examples of Foundation and Installation
Drawings, below:

- DRW231248 (TSS928 Standard Concrete Reinforcing Assy): Figure

63 below
- DRW231228 (TSS928, Foundation, Square): Figure 62 below
- DRW231227 (TSS928 Standard Foundation): Figure 61 below

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Chapter 4 _____________________________________ Outdoor Cabling and Overvoltage Protection

CHAPTER 4
OUTDOOR CABLING AND
OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION

This chapter describes the power and signal cabling needed for the field
equipment.

Power and signal cables as well as cable conduits for are typically
supplied locally before the sensor installation.

In all field cabling, remember to:

- Use armored field cables.

- Use cables suitable for underground use.
- Check the cable core diameter and material according to maximum
allowable voltage drop.
- Use the drawing examples for mains (AC) and signal cables in Figure
37 below and Figure 38 below.
- Lead the cables to the equipment through conduits.
- Check the maximum cable conduit diameters in the termination boxes
or use additional termination boxes with bigger glands.
- Make a grounding plan where all the mains (AC) and signal cable
grounding points are defined.
- Ground the cable shield according to the grounding plan. Mains (AC)
cable shield must be grounded in both ends but typically the signal
cable is only grounded from one end.
- Use spike and overvoltage protection devices in both ends of all field
cables. Vaisala termination boxes include proper overvoltage
protection for the sensor ends of the cabling. The building ends of the
cables must also be protected.

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Figure 37 Example Power Cabling Plan (CatIII)

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Figure 38 Example Signal Cable Plan (CatIII)

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Field Power Cabling

Power Requirements for Sensors

Table 10 below lists the required power supply and power consumption
for typical sensors.

Table 10 Power Requirements for Sensors

Sensor Name Power Supply Max. Power
Consumptions
Ceilometer CL31 100/115/230 VAC ± 10 % 310 W (with heaters on)
45 ... 65 Hz
Weather sensor FD12P 115/230 V ±15 % 135 W (with heaters on)
50 … 60 Hz
Visibility meter FD12 115/230 V ±15 % 130 W (with heaters on)
50…60 Hz
Visibility meter FS11 115/230 VAC 300 VA maximum (60 VA +
+ 10 %, 50-60 Hz 240 VA defrosting heaters)
with options
220 VA minimum (30 VA +
190 VA defrosting heaters)
without options
LT31 115/130/230/240 VAC 800 W (for a complete LT31
+10 % system), 400W for
50 … 60 Hz transmitter and 400 W for
receiver
Background Luminance Connect to any LT31 Included in LT31
Meter LM21 Receiver
Rain Gauge RG13H 36 VDC 30 W
MAWS301 115/230 VAC 50 W (with sensors)
50 ... 60 Hz 100 W (with heated
sensors)

Mains (AC) Voltage Requirements

All equipment is designed for continuous 24-hour operation. The mains
(AC) should be continuous without spikes or blackouts. If the mains
(AC) voltage fluctuates more than the given tolerance, mains (AC)
voltage stabilizers or UPS systems are recommended. For maximum
allowed voltage tolerances, refer to the sensor manuals.

Power Cable Types

All the mains (AC) power cables must be armored and suitable for
underground use. The armored reinforcing increases the mechanical
strength of the cable and provides more protection against overvoltages
such as lightning strikes.

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1-phase 3-conductor power cable is recommended. All the field

equipment is designed to use only 1 phase of the mains (AC). If a 3-
phase cable is used the unused phases should be terminated into junction
boxes.

Pay attention to the outside diameter of the cables. Cable feeders in field
sensors are suitable for small cables with a diameter of 8 to 16 mm,
depending on the sensor type. Vaisala termination box feeder is suitable
for a mains (AC) cable with a diameter of up to 25 mm. For feeder types
and maximum diameters, refer to the Termination box specifications.

The minimum diameter of the cable conductor depends on the distance

between the field equipment and the mains transformer and on the power
consumption of the equipment. The minimum requirement for the power
cable is a 3 × 1.5 mm2 (AWG 15) 3-conductor power cable.

Table 11 below and Table 12 below illustrate the recommended mains

(AC) cable conductor cross sections and the typical cable diameters for
the mains (AC) voltage 230 VAC. A copper cable with a maximum
voltage drop of 5 % has been used in the calculations. For 115 VAC,
divide the maximum distances by four.

Table 11 Mains (AC) Cable Selection for Equipment Using

Approx. 150 W (CL31, FD12, FS11, Data Loggers)
Max. Distance from One Wire Cross- Nearest AWG Gauge
Voltage Source Section Area
0.5 km 1.5 mm2 No. 15 AWG
1 km 2.5 mm2 No. 13 AWG
2 km 4.0 mm2 No. 11 AWG

Table 12 Mains (AC) Cable Selection for Equipment Using

More than 450 W (LT31 Transmissometer)
Max. Distance from One Wire Cross- Nearest AWG Gauge
Voltage Source Section Area
0.5 km 4 mm2 No. 11 AWG
1 km 6 mm2 No. 9 AWG
1.5 km 10 mm2 No. 7 AWG
2 km 16 mm2 No. 5 AWG

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Power Cable Shield Grounding

The power cable shield MUST be grounded at both ends. Otherwise the
induced voltage may exceed 75 V due to the mains (AC) current.

NOTE Grounding at both ends is particularly important with cables longer than
300 m.

All sensors and masts must be properly grounded and protected for
lightning strikes. For further information, refer to Chapter 3, Preparing
Foundations for the Sensors, above or to the corresponding sensor
manuals.

Power Cable Termination and

Overvoltage Protection
All power cables must be terminated into proper termination or junction
boxes before connection to the equipment. The maximum recommended
distance between the termination box and the equipment input is 5 meters
along the mains (AC) cable.

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0912-148

Figure 39 Field Cables Equipped with Mandatory Termination

Boxes

The termination box must be equipped with overvoltage protection

capable of filtering out high energy spikes caused by lightning strikes.
The recommended protection is three Metal-oxide varistors (MOV)
between line, zero, and ground. A suitable MOV voltage is 275 VAC for
a 220-230 VAC mains (AC) voltage. A filter or inductor in line after the
MOV will increase the protection.

In case the termination box is equipped with a mains (AC) socket for
maintenance purposes, there must be an isolation switch and a line
protection switch or a fuse. A suitable fuse or switch rating is 10 A.

The field equipment includes mains (AC) isolator switches and fuse
protection.

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Cabling Works with Power Cables

Install the power cables and conduits as follows:

1. Dig a trench with a minimum depth of 70 cm for the power cables.

If the ground is not sandy, use a protection cover or a tube over the
cable.
2. Fill the bottom of the trench with a 30-cm gravel layer.
3. Install the cable conduits and lead the cables through them to the
equipment. Both the cables and the conduits are provided by the
customer.
4. Place a warning ribbon above the cable. Before back-filling the
trenches, ensure that the conduits are free of obstructions.
5. Fill the trench with soil. If there is a road over the cable trench,
protect the trench against moving or soil compacting to avoid
damage.
6. When preparing manholes, be careful to protect cable joints against
water leakage. Leave some spare length in case the soil moves.

Vaisala Termination Box

Vaisala termination box is available with different configurations. All
versions include overvoltage protection and terminals for both mains
(AC) and signal cabling. The signal cabling protective devices are chosen
according to the communication line type.

The termination box is mounted either directly to the sensor pedestal or

to the sensor pole or pole mast with the TERMBOXFIXSET mounting
set. The distance between the termination box and sensor input must not
exceed 5 meters along the cable.

In case you have to install the termination box to the sensor support pole,
do the following:

1. Connect the back plate to the termination box with the four
mounting screws (see Figure 40 below). Tighten all four screws to
ensure that the plate is firmly in place.
2. Select two angle clips from the mounting set and use them to fasten
the termination box. See Figure 40 below for details.

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0210-015

Figure 40 Installing the Termination Box to the Sensor Support

Pole

The following numbers refer to Figure 40 above:

1 = Back plate
2 = Termination box
3 = Angle clips
4 = Mounting screws
5 = M8 nuts and washers
6 = Support pole

Table 13 Cable Gland Specifications for Vaisala Termination

Box
Cable Cable Diameter Wrench Size
CG1 Mains in 18 ... 25 mm 32 mm
CG2 Mains out 18 ... 25 mm 32 mm
CG3 Mains out for instrument 7 ... 12 mm 20 mm
CG4 Auxiliary power out 7 ... 12 mm 20 mm
CG5 Signal line 1 in 7 ... 12 mm 20 mm
CG6 Signal line 1 out 5 ... 10 mm 16 mm
CG7 Signal line 2 in 7 ... 12 mm 20 mm
CG8 Signal line 2 out 5 ... 10 mm 16 mm

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0210-018

Figure 41 Cable Glands in Termination Box

The mains (AC) cable is lead into the termination box through cable
gland number 1 (CG1). The five leftmost connectors in the terminal
connector block are the connection points: PE, N, L1, L2, and L3. N and
L1 are internally wired to the surge protector board. L2 and L3 are not
wired ahead, they are connection points for unused wires.

The mains (AC) connection after the surge protector board can be taken
out from the termination box through cable glands CG2, CG3, and CG4.
CG2 is reserved for a thick outgoing cable. The mains (AC) output for
the device is taken out through CG3, whereas CG4 is used for an
auxiliary mains (AC) output. The connection points for the outgoing
wires are the five rightmost connectors in the terminal connector block:
L2, L3, L, N, and PE. The L2 and L3 connectors are merely connection
points for unused wires.

The cable glands number 5 to 8 (CG5 to 8) are reserved for signal cables.
The CG5 and CG7 are for the incoming cables. CG6 and CG8 are for the
outgoing signal cables. The signal cables are connected directly to the
screw terminals of the connector block or indirectly to the protection
component, depending on which termination box model is used.

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0210-019

Figure 42 Front View (through Cable Gland) of Power

Connections: Arrow Indicates Cover Plate Direction

The cable shield can be grounded to cable glands with diameters of 5 to

10 mm and 7 to 12 mm (CG3 - 8). Cable glands with a diameter of 18 to
25 mm cannot be used for grounding (CG1 - 2).

In case cable glands number 3 to 8 (CG3 to 8) are used, fold the cable
shield back over the O-ring of the plastic portion and mount the metal
cable gland parts according to Figure 43 below.

0210-020

Figure 43 Signal Cable Grounding

NOTE Tighten the cable glands and make sure that no parts of the cable shield
touch the circuit board.

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NOTE Connect only one end of the signal cable shield. Connecting both ends
may cause harmful ground loops with interference. Choose the grounding
points of the system carefully in advance and cut possible ground loops.
All field signal lines in Vaisala sensors are based on modems or
differential lines and are isolated by optocouplers or transformers.
Therefore, signaling does not require absolutely the same ground voltage
levels.

This note does not apply for the internal wirings of sensor mast or
assembly where RS232 is used. For example, when LM21 is used the
cable shield between LM21 and LT31 must be connected in both
ends.

CAUTION Ensure that hazardous and dangerous voltage levels do not exist in cable
shields and metal devices. Typically, grounding both ends of the mains
(AC) cable shield is necessary in order to keep the voltages on a safe
level. In case there are high voltages (>40 V) being induced in the signal
cable shields, those must also be grounded on both ends.

Always make a grounding plan and measure the ground resistance with a
proper ground resistance meter to keep the voltages of the sensor's metal
constructions on a safe level.

Field Signal Cabling

Data transmission lines from outdoor sites to airport buildings should be
prepared according to local conditions. When planning the cabling, make
a detailed cabling and wiring plan. Incoming lines to buildings must be
protected against overvoltages.

Signal Cable Types

All field cables should be armored, suitable for underground use, and led
to the equipment through conduits. If the cables are not armored, they
have to be led through protective pipes.

Modem and other signal cables should be of minimum area 0.22 mm2
(AWG 24, conductor diameter 0.61 mm) twisted pair signal cable with
shield. Recommended size is AWG 22. Typical cable types may include
10 or 20 pairs even when only 1 pair is used.

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Pay attention to the outer diameter of cables. Equipment box feeders are
suitable for signal cables with a maximum diameter of 10 mm. Vaisala
Termination box feeders accept signal cables with a maximum diameter
of 12 mm.

NOTE Connection should not be made directly to the indoor equipment cabinet
(the Krone connector). Use a proper termination and wiring terminal
assembly between the incoming line and the cabinet.

The recommended cable size for the Krone terminal is 0.4 mm2 (AWG
22).

If RS-485 connections are used, pay special attention to the quality of the
cable. The shield must be continuous and connected to the distribution
frames.

For current loop cables, the minimum cross section area of the wires
depends on the distance. Two pairs may need to be connected in parallel
to keep the voltage drop in the current loop line low enough. The pairs
must be twisted in order to reduce the interference between different
pairs.

The recommended signal cables between the equipment and the central
data unit are listed in Table 14 below.

NOTE Connect all pairs of cables to prevent unnecessary noise. Connect all
unused wires to the ground potential.

Table 14 Signal Cable Selection

Signal Cable Connections to Field Equipment Line Type No. of Pairs Needed
MAWS301 Modem 1-2
Wind Transmitter WT521 RS-485 or modem 1-2
LT31 Transmissometer, Transmitter Modem 1
LT31 Transmissometer, Transmitter to Receiver Current loop 1
LT31 Transmissometer, Transmitter to Receiver Grounding Cable Min. ∅ 16 mm2 bare copper
Weather Sensor FD12P Modem 1
Visibility Meter FD12 Modem 1
Visibility Sensor FS11 Modem 1
Ceilometer CL31 Modem 1
Runway Analyzer ROSA Modem (RS-485) 1-2
RS-232C lines from AviMet to other equipment RS-232C (TX, RX, 2 pairs per line (3
GND) conductors)
Runway Light Setting Interface RSI50 RS-485 or modem 1
Wind Display WIND50 RS-485, current 1-2
loop, or RS-232
Digital Display DD50 RS-485, current 1-2
loop, or RS-232

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Table 15 below lists the signal cables for the equipment connected to the
AWS301 data logging units.

Table 15 Signal Cable Selection for AWSS301 and MILOS

Equipment to AWSS301 Line Type No. of Pairs
Rain gauge RG13H Pulse 1
Runway Temperature Sensor DRS511, Signal provided by
extension up to 150 or 200 m possible Vaisala. Extension
to be ordered
separately.

Signal Cable Termination and

Overvoltage Protection
Vaisala sensors are equipped with overvoltage protection. However, the
components that are used are only capable of filtering out low-energy
pulses and spikes.

All signal cables must be terminated in separate termination boxes and

protected against lightning and high energy spikes at both ends before
connection to the equipment.

Vaisala termination box includes overvoltage protection for both power

and signal sections. Signal section protection is chosen according to
signal line type.

NOTE When using other than Vaisala provided termination boxes, apply
protective components to both ends of the signal cables of the
termination box and to the power distribution box of the mains (AC)
cabling.

Cabling Works with Signal Cables

Install the signal cables and conduits as follows:

1. Dig a trench with a minimum depth of 70 cm for the power cables.

If the ground is not sandy, use a protection cover or a tube over the
cable.
2. Fill the bottom of the trench with a 30-cm gravel layer.
3. Install the cable conduits and lead the cables through them to the
equipment. Both the cables and the conduits are provided by the
customer.

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4. Place a warning ribbon above the cable. Before back-filling the

trenches, ensure that the conduits are free of obstructions.
5. Fill the trench with soil. If there is a road over the cable trench,
protect the trench against moving or soil compacting to avoid
damage.
6. When preparing manholes, be careful to protect cable joints against
water leakage. Leave some spare length in case the soil moves.

Vaisala Termination Boxes for Signal

Cables
Vaisala termination boxes are provided with signal cable termination
strips and overvoltage protection. For further details, refer to section
Signal Cable Termination and Overvoltage Protection above.

Example of a Grounding Plan for Cabling

Proper grounding is an essential part of the system safe and trouble free
operation over the years. Groundings can be divided in 4 different
categories:

1. Grounding for electrical safety. All field sensor sites must be

prepared with proper electrical grounding. All equipment boxes
which are supplied by mains (AC) voltage must be connected to
this grounding point. The grounding point resistance should be < 3
Ohms whenever applicable. Follow local regulations for electrical
groundings.
2. Grounding for Lightning Protection. This includes a separate
grounding system for lightning conductor which is isolated and
located as far as possible from the electrical grounding point. The
lightning ground and electrical ground might be interconnected but
in this case the connection point must be below the soil level.
Lightning protection grounding impedance should be as low as
possible, typically below 1 - 3 Ohms. Follow local regulations for
lightning protection.
3. Grounding of signal cables for improved protection against
interference. The primary interference protection method is the use
of twisted pair cables. Recommendation is however to use also
shielded cables. Signal cable shields are typically connected to
cable feeders in sensor or termination box enclosures. Connect only
one end of long field signal cables, for example, modem lines. This
will prevent harmful ground loop currents.
4. Some systems are intended not to be grounded at all. These are, for
example, LLWAS wind sites with solar panel supply and radio

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communication. Typically the sensor site equipment might be

isolated from wind mast as the wind mast might act as lightning
downconductor. Solar and battery power operated systems do not
need electrical safety grounding if the supply cell Voltage is < 36
Volts.
Prepare always a Grounding Plan before the installation of field cabling,
grounding systems, and cable junction boxes.

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Chapter 5 _________________________________________________ Indoor Equipment Installation

CHAPTER 5
INDOOR EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION

This chapter describes the power and signal cabling for indoor
equipment.

Selecting Locations for Indoor Equipment

The Central Data Unit (CDU) of the Automated Weather Observing
system AviMet is usually installed into a cabinet and situated in a
Meteorological Office. The display and keyboard should be close (1.5 m)
to the cabinet.

The height of the cabinet may vary depending on the system

configuration. The dimensions for a mid-sized cabinet are
1.6 m × 0.6 m × 0.85 m (H × W × D). All cabinets are equipped with a
rear door. Leave enough space for installation and maintenance purposes.
During the installation and commissioning the cabinet should be
positioned in such a way that there is sufficient space to work at the rear
of the equipment.

Indoor Equipment Grounding

Connect the cabinet to the equipment ground of the room with a
grounding cable. All the sockets for mains (AC) connection should be
equipped with a Protective Earth (PE) connection. This is essential for
trouble-free computer operation.

Ensure that all PE terminals of the mains (AC) socket are in the same
potential in the same building or room where computers or peripherals
are connected together via Network or serial cables. Difference in ground
potential may damage the devices and cause electrical hazards.

CAUTION All the inside equipment must be equipped with proper grounding
terminals. Missing ground or a potential difference between ground
terminals may lead to malfunctions or electrical hazard.

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Power Cabling
Use normal office environment cabling methods for indoor equipment
cabling. Cabling is recommended to consist of independent 0 and PE
lines for ground potential equalization.

In some cases the system must be equipped with an Uninterrupted Power

Supply (UPS). UPS may not be included in the delivery. Check for
system configuration details.

Signal Cabling for Indoor Equipment

All signal cables should be connected from the field to the Main
Distribution Frame (MDF) inside the building. The MDF is typically not
included in the delivery but is an existing part of building infrastructure.
The MDF should be equipped with overvoltage protection.

Cables are led from MDF to the cabinet of the AviMet system via the
aperture in the bottom plate. The recommended cross section area of the
MDF cable wires to the cabinet is 0.4 mm2 (22 AWG recommended).
The wires should be terminated at the strip terminal (Krone) inside the
cabinet. All unused pairs must be terminated to the grounding terminal.

The upper part of the Krone terminals are connected to the COM ports at
the factory. Field cables are connected to the lower part connectors,
typically to the connectors X11 to X13. Jumper wires are used to connect
them to other connectors.

CAUTION For specific information on the connections, refer to the Indoor signal
cabling plan and the Indoor signal cabling diagrams. These drawings can
be found in the airport or system-specific documentation.

Figure 44 below illustrates the typical connection terminals of the

cabinet.

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Figure 44 Example of Krone Connection Terminals

Table 16 below presents an example of the use of the connectors. For

more specific information, refer to the airport-specific documentation.

Table 16 Example of the Use of the Connectors

Connector Used For
X1 ... X3 Modem lines
X4 ... X5 -
X6 RS-485
X7 RS-232
X8 RS-232 or displays (DD50/WD30/WD50)
X9 Displays (optional)
X10 -
X11 ... X13 Field cable cross connections with overvoltage protection
X14 -
X15 Field cable GND

Connectors X1 to X3 are for 2-wire cables, connector X6 is for 2-wire or

4-wire cables, and connectors X7 and X8 are for 3-wire cables.
Connectors X11 to X13 are equipped with an overvoltage block.

Local Area Network Cabling

The data transfer between AviMet computers is established via Local
Area Network (LAN) with TCP-IP. Therefore, all the computers must
have a TCP-IP connection between each other.

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CAUTION LAN is an essential part of the system and an important reliability factor.
If there is a malfunction in LAN the system will loose all field sensor
data.

The software used in the AviMet system is optimized for low data rates
between different computers. Therefore, 10/ 100 Mbit connections are
fast enough all over the network. In most cases even a single 1MBit
SHDSL modem line can carry all the necessary information between the
CDU and the workstation computer.

The LAN cabling must be of the type CAT 5 (or better) unshielded
(UTP) twisted pair. It must be equipped with RJ45 wall sockets for
computer connections. The computers are equipped with 2-m patch
cables with mating RJ45 connectors.

The delivery may include some LAN components such as HUB, Routers,
or Baseband modems. Check the system configuration for details.

To ensure proper operation of the LAN, make sure that the total length of
any cable segment between two network components, such as switch,
HUB and router, or switch and computer, does not exceed 100 m. As a
general rule, the length of the fixed cabling between two network
components should be approximately 90 m, reserving 10 meters for
interconnecting patch cables between the cable termination point (usually
RJ45 wall socket) and network components (such as the computer).

No part of the LAN cabling should be connected between different

buildings. The LAN with UTP cabling is intended to be used within one
building and one grounding system.

To enlarge the LAN over the entire airport area and different buildings
there is a variety of different components available:

- Baseband modems to operate LAN via normal telephone pair cable

- Optical fiber cables to interconnect different segments of LAN
- Wireless LAN (WLAN) to extend the LAN to cover larger areas

NOTE For assistance of constructing and configuring LAN consult Vaisala or

local LAN providers, such as telecommunication companies.

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

CHAPTER 6
EXAMPLES OF FOUNDATION AND
INSTALLATION DRAWINGS

This chapter provides generic foundation and installation drawing

examples for the field equipment.

More detailed drawings are available in the user's guides of the

corresponding equipment, or in the airport-specific or system-specific
documentation.

Table 17 Foundation and Civil Works Drawings

Drawing Drawing Number Figure Number
Foundation Pattern Example DRW231410 (1/2) Figure 45 below
Foundation Pattern Example DRW231410 (2/2) Figure 46 below
Optional Base Reinforcement DRW231402 Figure 47 below

LT31, Site Layout DRW231310 Figure 48 below

LT31, Receiver Foundation DRW231318 Figure 49 below
LT31, Transmitter Foundation DRW231319 Figure 50 below
LT31, Reinforcement Assy DRW231321 Figure 51 below
LT31, Optional Base Assy DRW231386 Figure 52 below

DKP 6-10 m, Foundation, Square DRW231224 Figure 53 below

DKP 6-10 m, Guying Foundation DRW231225 Figure 54 below
DKP 6-10 m, DKP 2-4 and RG13 DRW231287 Figure 55 below
Reinforcement Assy
DKP 6-10 m, Reinforcement Assy DRW231289 Figure 56 below

DKP 2-4 m, Foundation, Square DRW231222 Figure 57 below

DKP 2-4 m, Reinforcement Assy DRW231288 Figure 58 below

EXEL11, Foundation, Square DRW231220 (1/2) Figure 59 below

EXEL11, Foundation, Square DRW231220 (2/2) Figure 60 below

TSS928 Standard Foundation DRW231227 Figure 61 below

TSS928, Foundation, Square DRW231228 Figure 62 below
TSS928 Standard Concrete DRW231248 Figure 63 below
Reinforcing Assy

FS11, FD12, Foundation, Round DRW231214 Figure 64 below

FS11, FD12, Foundation, Square DRW231215 Figure 65 below
FS11, FD12, CL31, RG13, Round DRW231233 Figure 66 below
Concrete Reinforcing

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Drawing Drawing Number Figure Number

FS11, FD12, Reinforcement Bar DRW231245 Figure 67 below
Assembly

RG13, Foundation, Round DRW231218 Figure 68 below

RG13, Foundation, Square DRW231219 Figure 69 below

CL31, RG13, Foundation, Round DRW231216 Figure 70 below

CL31, RG13, Foundation, Square DRW231217 Figure 71 below

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0912-149

Figure 45 DRW231410 (1/2), Foundation Pattern Example

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0912-150

Figure 46 DRW231410 (2/2), Foundation Pattern Example

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0912-151

Figure 47 DRW231402, Optional Base Reinforcement

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-152

Figure 48 DRW231310, Site Layout LT31

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-153

Figure 49 DRW231318, Receiver Foundation LT31

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-154

Figure 50 DRW231319, Transmitter Foundation LT31

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0912-155

Figure 51 DRW231321, Reinforcement Assy LT31

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-156

Figure 52 DRW231386, Optional Base Assy LT31

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-157

Figure 53 DRW231224, Foundation Square, DKP 6-10m

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-158

Figure 54 DRW231225, Guying Foundation, DKP 6-10m

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-159

Figure 55 DRW231287, Reinforcement Assy DKP 6-10m,

DKP 2-4m, RG13

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-160

Figure 56 DRW231289, Reinforcement Assy DKP 6-10 m

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-161

Figure 57 DRW231222, Foundation Square, DKP 2-4m

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-162

Figure 58 DRW231288, Reinforcement Assy, DKP2-4m

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

1011-147

Figure 59 DRW231220, Foundation Square EXEL 11, 1/2

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

1011-148

Figure 60 DRW231220, Foundation Square EXEL 11, 2/2

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-165

Figure 61 DWR231227, Standard Foundation, TSS928

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-166

Figure 62 DRW231228, Foundation Square TSS928

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-167

Figure 63 DWR231248, Concrete Reinforcing Assy TSS928

Standard

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-168

Figure 64 DRW231214 (FS11, FD12, Foundation, Round)

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0912-169

Figure 65 DRW231215 Foundation Square FS11&FD12

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-170

Figure 66 DRW231233 Round Concrete Reinforcing

FS11&FD12, CL31, RG13

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-171

Figure 67 DRW231245 Reinforcement Bar Assembly

FS11&FD12

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-172

Figure 68 DRW231218 Foundation Round RG13

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-173

Figure 69 DRW231219 Foundation Square RG13

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-174

Figure 70 DRW231216 Foundation Round CL31

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Chapter 6 ________________________________ Examples of Foundation and Installation Drawings

0912-175

Figure 71 DRW231217 Foundation Square CL31

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www.vaisala.com

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